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Santana-Sánchez P, Vaquero-García R, Legorreta-Haquet MV, Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda AK. Hormones and B-cell development in health and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385501. [PMID: 38680484 PMCID: PMC11045971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells is central to the adaptive immune system as they induce protective and specific antibody responses against invading pathogens. Various studies have shown that, during this process, hormones can play important roles in the lymphopoiesis, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells, and depending on the signal given by the receptor of each hormone, they can have a positive or negative effect. In autoimmune diseases, hormonal deregulation has been reported to be related to the survival, activation and/or differentiation of autoreactive clones of B cells, thus promoting the development of autoimmunity. Clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases have been associated with estrogens, prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH) levels. However, androgens, such as testosterone and progesterone (P4), could have a protective effect. The objective of this review is to highlight the links between different hormones and the immune response mediated by B cells in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The data collected provide insights into the role of hormones in the cellular, molecular and/or epigenetic mechanisms that modulate the B-cell response in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adriana Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
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2
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Komijani E, Sarkesh A, Ghaderi Shadbad P, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Advances in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: rationale and practice. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:321. [PMID: 37946301 PMCID: PMC10634124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the encouraging results and broad clinical applicability of immune checkpoint (ICP) inhibitors in cancer therapy, ICP-based immunotherapies in the context of autoimmune disease, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS), have garnered considerable attention and hold great potential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Given the well-established immunoregulatory role of ICPs in maintaining a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways to promote immune tolerance to self-antigens, a dysregulated expression pattern of ICPs has been observed in a significant proportion of patients with MS and its animal model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is associated with autoreactivity towards myelin and neurodegeneration. Consequently, there is a rationale for developing immunotherapeutic strategies to induce inhibitory ICPs while suppressing stimulatory ICPs, including engineering immune cells to overexpress ligands for inhibitory ICP receptors, such as program death-1 (PD-1), or designing fusion proteins, namely abatacept, to bind and inhibit the co-stimulatory pathways involved in overactivated T-cell mediated autoimmunity, and other strategies that will be discussed in-depth in the current review. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Komijani
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pedram Ghaderi Shadbad
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Karaca E, Yarim M. Naringenin stimulates aromatase expression and alleviates the clinical and histopathological findings of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57bl6 mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:477-490. [PMID: 37378907 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to demonstrate the possible protective and therapeutic effects of naringenin, an estrogenically effective flavonoid, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is the rodent model of multiple sclerosis. For this purpose, 50 12-week-old C57BL6 male mice were divided into five groups; control, naringenin, EAE, prophylactic naringenin + EAE, and EAE + therapeutic naringenin. The EAE model was induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55), and naringenin (50 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of naringenin were examined according to clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and RT-PCR (aromatase, 3βHSD, estrogen receptors, and progesterone receptor expression) parameters. The acute EAE model was successfully induced, along with its clinical and histopathological findings. RT-PCR showed that expression of aromatase, 3βHSD, estrogen receptor-β, and progesterone receptor gene decreased, while estrogen receptor-α increased after EAE induction. Electron microscopic analysis showed mitochondrial damage and degenerative changes in myelinated axons and neurons in EAE, which could be behind the downregulation in the expressions of neurosteroid enzymes. Aromatase immunopositivity rates also decreased in EAE, while estrogen receptor α and β, and progesterone receptor immunopositivity rates increased. Naringenin improved aromatase immunopositivity rates and gene expression in both prophylactic and therapeutic use. Clinical and histopathological findings revealed that EAE findings were alleviated in both prophylactic and therapeutic groups, along with significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltrations in the white matter of the spinal cords. In conclusion, naringenin could provide long-term beneficial effects even in prophylactic use due to stimulating aromatase expression, but it could not prevent or eliminate the EAE model's lesions completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efe Karaca
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Murat Yarim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
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4
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Anesi N, Miquel CH, Laffont S, Guéry JC. The Influence of Sex Hormones and X Chromosome in Immune Responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:21-59. [PMID: 37695424 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Males and females differ in their susceptibility to develop autoimmunity and allergy but also in their capacity to cope with infections and cancers. Cellular targets and molecular pathways underlying sexual dimorphism in immunity have started to emerge and appeared multifactorial. It became increasingly clear that sex-linked biological factors have important impact on the development, tissue maintenance and effector function acquisition of distinct immune cell populations, thereby regulating multiple layers of innate or adaptive immunity through distinct mechanisms. This review discusses the recent development in our understanding of the cell-intrinsic actions of biological factors linked to sex, sex hormones and sex chromosome complement, on immune cells, which may account for the sex differences in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases and allergies, and the sex-biased responses in natural immunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Anesi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Charles-Henry Miquel
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Laffont
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France.
- INSERM UMR1291, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Place du Dr. Baylac, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
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5
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McCombe PA, Greer JM. Effects of biological sex and pregnancy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: It's complicated. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059833. [PMID: 36518769 PMCID: PMC9742606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced in many animal strains by inoculation with central nervous system antigens and adjuvant or by the passive transfer of lymphocytes reactive with these antigens and is widely used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). There are reports that female sex and pregnancy affect EAE. Here we review the effects of biological sex and the effects of pregnancy on the clinical features (including disease susceptibility) and pathophysiology of EAE. We also review reports of the possible mechanisms underlying these differences. These include sex-related differences in the immune system and in the central nervous system, the effects of hormones and the sex chromosomes and molecules unique to pregnancy. We also review sex differences in the response to factors that can modify the course of EAE. Our conclusion is that the effects of biological sex in EAE vary amongst animal models and should not be widely extrapolated. In EAE, it is therefore essential that studies looking at the effects of biological sex or pregnancy give full information about the model that is used (i.e. animal strain, sex, the inducing antigen, timing of EAE induction in relation to pregnancy, etc.). In addition, it would be preferable if more than one EAE model were used, to show if any observed effects are generalizable. This is clearly a field that requires further work. However, understanding of the mechanisms of sex differences could lead to greater understanding of EAE, and suggest possible therapies for MS.
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Sun X, Zhang T, Li M, Yin L, Xue J. Immunosuppressive B cells expressing PD-1/PD-L1 in solid tumors: a mini review. QJM 2022; 115:507-512. [PMID: 31250021 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1/CD279) on T cells and the ligand of PD-1, programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) (CD274/B7-H1) on tumor cells or other immune cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, are important mechanisms to induce malignant immunosuppression. PD-1/PD-L1 expression on B-cell subsets, as well as their signaling and inhibitory functions in solid tumors will be discussed in this review with the focus on how B cells expressing PD-1/PD-L1 play immunosuppressive roles in tumor progression, aiming to figure out the potential for development of diagnostic tools and new therapies involving this unique group of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sun
- From the 1Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - T Zhang
- From the 1Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - M Li
- From the 1Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - L Yin
- From the 1Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - J Xue
- From the 1Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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7
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Mi Y, Han J, Zhu J, Jin T. Role of the PD-1/PD-L1 Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Recent Insights and Future Directions. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6249-6271. [PMID: 34480337 PMCID: PMC8639577 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmunity-related chronic demyelination disease of the central nervous system (CNS), causing young disability. Currently, highly specific immunotherapies for MS are still lacking. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an immunosuppressive co-stimulatory molecule, which is expressed on activated T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and other immune cells. PD-L1, the ligand of PD-1, is expressed on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. PD-1/PD-L1 delivers negative regulatory signals to immune cells, maintaining immune tolerance and inhibiting autoimmunity. This review comprehensively summarizes current insights into the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The potentiality of PD-1/PD-L1 as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for MS will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021 China
- Present Address: Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021 China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021 China
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8
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Induction of antigen-specific tolerance by nanobody-antigen adducts that target class-II major histocompatibility complexes. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1389-1401. [PMID: 34127819 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The association of autoimmune diseases with particular allellic products of the class-II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) region implicates the presentation of the offending self-antigens to T cells. Because antigen-presenting cells are tolerogenic when they encounter an antigen under non-inflammatory conditions, the manipulation of antigen presentation may induce antigen-specific tolerance. Here, we show that, in mouse models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, the systemic administration of a single dose of nanobodies that recognize MHCII molecules and conjugated to the relevant self-antigen under non-inflammatory conditions confers long-lasting protection against these diseases. Moreover, co-administration of a nanobody-antigen adduct and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, conjugated to the nanobody via a cleavable linker, halted the progression of established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in symptomatic mice and alleviated their symptoms. This approach may represent a means of treating autoimmune conditions.
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9
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Zhao J, Roberts A, Wang Z, Savage J, Ji RR. Emerging Role of PD-1 in the Central Nervous System and Brain Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1188-1202. [PMID: 33877518 PMCID: PMC8353059 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint modulator and a major target of immunotherapy as anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in cancer treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role of PD-1 in the central nervous system (CNS). PD-1 has been implicated in CNS disorders such as brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cognitive function, and pain. PD-1 signaling suppresses the CNS immune response via resident microglia and infiltrating peripheral immune cells. Notably, PD-1 is also widely expressed in neurons and suppresses neuronal activity via downstream Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 and modulation of ion channel function. An improved understanding of PD-1 signaling in the cross-talk between glial cells, neurons, and peripheral immune cells in the CNS will shed light on immunomodulation, neuromodulation, and novel strategies for treating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
| | - Alexus Roberts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Justin Savage
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
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10
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Li H, Zheng C, Han J, Zhu J, Liu S, Jin T. PD-1/PD-L1 Axis as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis: A T Cell Perspective. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:716747. [PMID: 34381337 PMCID: PMC8350166 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.716747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis is a widely studied immune checkpoint that modulates signaling pathways related to T cell activation. The use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is a promising immune therapy strategy for cancer patients. However, individuals treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may develop immune-related adverse events due to excessive immune reactions. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. T cells and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis play vital roles in the pathogenesis of MS. A better understanding of the complex relationship between the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and T cells may extend our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for MS. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in MS and discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to modulate the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiXia Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Catalán D, Mansilla MA, Ferrier A, Soto L, Oleinika K, Aguillón JC, Aravena O. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611795. [PMID: 33995344 PMCID: PMC8118522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Søndergaard HB, Airas L, Christensen JR, Nielsen BR, Börnsen L, Oturai A, Sellebjerg F. Pregnancy-Induced Changes in microRNA Expression in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:552101. [PMID: 33584638 PMCID: PMC7876450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy affects the disease course in multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly in the third trimester, where the relapse rate is reduced by as much as two thirds. This study aimed at identifying changes in microRNA (miRNA) and immune cell phenotypes in pregnant MS patients. Discovery and validation studies to detect differentially expressed miRNAs were performed with quantitative real-time PCR on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Flow cytometry analysis was performed on PBMC stained with antibodies directed against surface markers of antigen presenting cells (APCs), NK-cells, NKT cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and subsets of these cell types, including PDL1 and PDL2 expressing subsets. RNA was extracted from whole blood, monocytes, and NK-cells to investigate expression and correlation between regulated miRNAs and mRNAs. In total, 15 miRNAs were validated to be differentially expressed between third trimester pregnant and postpartum MS patients (Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate from p = 0.03–0.00004). Of these, 12 miRNAs were downregulated in pregnancy and 6 of the 15 miRNAs were altered by more than ±2-fold (+2.99- to -6.38-fold). Pregnant MS patients had a highly significant increase in the percentage of monocytes and a decrease of NK-cells and myeloid dendritic cells compared to non-pregnant MS patients. We confirm previous reports of a relative increase in CD56-bright NK-cells and a decrease in CD56-dim NK-cells in third trimester of pregnancy and report an increase in non-committed follicular helper cells. PDL1 and PDL2 expression was increased in pregnant patients together with IL10. Also, in monocytes IL10, PDL1, and PDL2 were upregulated whereas miR-1, miR-20a, miR-28, miR-95, miR-146a, miR-335, and miR-625 were downregulated between pregnant and untreated MS patients. IL10, PDL1, and PDL2 were predicted targets of MS pregnancy-changed miRNAs, further supported by their negative correlations. Additionally, previously identified pregnancy-regulated mRNAs were identified as predicted targets of the miRNAs. PDL1 and PDL2 bind PD-1 expressed on T cells with an inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation and increase in IL10 production. These results indicate that some of the effects behind the disease-ameliorating third trimester of pregnancy might be caused by changed expression of miRNAs and immunoregulatory molecules in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Laura Airas
- Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jeppe Romme Christensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Romme Nielsen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Börnsen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Annette Oturai
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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13
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Gilli F, DiSano KD, Pachner AR. SeXX Matters in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:616. [PMID: 32719651 PMCID: PMC7347971 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). An interesting feature that this debilitating disease shares with many other inflammatory disorders is that susceptibility is higher in females than in males, with the risk of MS being three times higher in women compared to men. Nonetheless, while men have a decreased risk of developing MS, many studies suggest that males have a worse clinical outcome. MS exhibits an apparent sexual dimorphism in both the immune response and the pathophysiology of the CNS damage, ultimately affecting disease susceptibility and progression differently. Overall, women are predisposed to higher rates of inflammatory relapses than men, but men are more likely to manifest signs of disease progression and worse CNS damage. The observed sexual dimorphism in MS may be due to sex hormones and sex chromosomes, acting in parallel or combination. In this review, we outline current knowledge on the sexual dimorphism in MS and discuss the interplay of sex chromosomes, sex hormones, and the immune system in driving MS disease susceptibility and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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14
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Dobson R, Yam C. Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: influence on disease trajectory. ADVANCES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE & REHABILITATION 2020. [DOI: 10.47795/rmtu3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Xiao J, Guan F, Sun L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lu S, Liu W. B cells induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection display diverse regulatory phenotypes and modulate CD4 + T cell response. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:147. [PMID: 32197642 PMCID: PMC7082913 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased activity of regulatory B cells (Breg) is known to be involved in immunosuppression during helminth infection, which is characterized by inducing IL-10-producing Breg cells. However, the current knowledge of B cell subsets differentiation and IL-10-independent immunoregulatory mechanisms of B cells in schistosomiasis is insufficient. Methods BALB/c mice were percutaneously infected with cercariae for investigating the profile of B cell subsets during Schistosoma japonicum infection. B cells isolated from the spleen or peritoneal cavity were analyzed for the regulatory phenotype after stimulation with soluble egg antigens (SEA) in vitro. CD4+ T cells were then cocultured with B cells pretreated with or without anti-PD-L1 antibody for investigating the role of B cells from infected mice on regulating CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the in vivo administration of anti-PD-L1 antibody was conducted to investigate the role of PD-L1 in regulating host immunity during infection. Results The percentages of peritoneal and splenic B-1a cells, as well as marginal zone B (MZB) cells were decreased at eight and twelve weeks after infection compared to those from uninfected mice. In splenic B cells, TGF-β expression was increased at eight weeks but declined at twelve weeks of infection, and PD-L1 expression was elevated at both eight and twelve weeks of infection. In addition, SEA stimulation in vitro significantly promoted the expression of IL-10 in peritoneal B cells and CD5 in splenic B cells, and the SEA-stimulated splenic and peritoneal B cells preferentially expressed PD-L1 and TGF-β. The splenic B cells from infected mice were able to suppress the function of Th1 and Th2 cells in vitro but to expand the expression of Tfh transcription factor Bcl6, which was further enhanced by blocking PD-L1 of B cells before co-cultivation. Moreover, Th2 response and Bcl6 expression in CD4+ T cells were also increased in vivo by blocking PD-L1 after infection, although the hepatic pathology was slightly influenced. Conclusions Our findings revealed that S. japonicum infection modulates the differentiation of B cell subsets that have the capability to affect the CD4+ T cell response. This study contributes to a better understanding of B cells immune response during schistosomiasis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengjun Lu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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16
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Maerz JK, Trostel C, Lange A, Parusel R, Michaelis L, Schäfer A, Yao H, Löw HC, Frick JS. Bacterial Immunogenicity Is Critical for the Induction of Regulatory B Cells in Suppressing Inflammatory Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3093. [PMID: 32038631 PMCID: PMC6993086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells fulfill multifaceted functions that influence immune responses during health and disease. In autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, depletion of functional B cells results in an aggravation of disease in humans and respective mouse models. This could be due to a lack of a pivotal B cell subpopulation: regulatory B cells (Bregs). Although Bregs represent only a small proportion of all immune cells, they exhibit critical properties in regulating immune responses, thus contributing to the maintenance of immune homeostasis in healthy individuals. In this study, we report that the induction of Bregs is differentially triggered by the immunogenicity of the host microbiota. In comparative experiments with low immunogenic Bacteroides vulgatus and strong immunogenic Escherichia coli, we found that the induction and longevity of Bregs depend on strong Toll-like receptor activation mediated by antigens of strong immunogenic commensals. The potent B cell stimulation via E. coli led to a pronounced expression of suppressive molecules on the B cell surface and an increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10. These bacteria-primed Bregs were capable of efficiently inhibiting the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), preventing the proliferation and polarization of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells while simultaneously promoting Th2 cell differentiation in vitro. In addition, Bregs facilitated the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) resulting in a possible feedback cooperation to establish immune homeostasis. Moreover, the colonization of germfree wild type mice with E. coli but not B. vulgatus significantly reduced intestinal inflammatory processes in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis associated with an increase induction of immune suppressive Bregs. The quantity of Bregs directly correlated with the severity of inflammation. These findings may provide new insights and therapeutic approaches for B cell-controlled treatments of microbiota-driven autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kevin Maerz
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Trostel
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Lange
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Parusel
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Michaelis
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schäfer
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans Yao
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna-Christine Löw
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia-Stefanie Frick
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Seifert HA, Gerstner G, Kent G, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Estrogen-induced compensatory mechanisms protect IL-10-deficient mice from developing EAE. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:195. [PMID: 31665042 PMCID: PMC6821034 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-10 knockout (KO) mice are protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with low-dose estrogen (E2) treatment similar to wild-type (WT) mice. Previous studies have demonstrated a decrease in tumor necrosis factor in all E2-treated groups, which led to the protection of the mice. Methods This study used IL-10 KO mice and WT mice treated either with E2 or sham pellets 7 days prior to induction of EAE. Mice were observed for 21 days post-immunization. The spleen, inguinal lymph nodes, and brain were evaluated by flow cytometry. Spinal cords were evaluated using a cytokine/chemokine array, RT-PCR, and histology. Results This study demonstrates that E2 treatment induced three heightened regulatory mechanisms that potentially protect IL-10 KO mice from EAE: (1) an increase in programmed death-ligands 1 and 2 on monocytes and macrophages in the periphery and within the CNS; (2) an increase in CD73 in the inflamed CNS, which can increase the production of the anti-inflammatory molecule adenosine; and (3) a decrease in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the spleen. Together, these factors comprise an alternative compensatory mechanism that significantly downregulates key pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor genes which are enhanced in the spinal cord of IL-10 KO mice. This group of E2-treated mice remained asymptomatic after EAE challenge similar to E2-treated WT mice, despite their having more T and B lymphocytes in the brain, and modestly increased demyelination in the spinal cord. Conclusion These results indicate that previously unrecognized compensatory mechanisms of EAE protection are stimulated by E2 in the absence of IL-10, which can provide disease protection comparable to the IL-10-dependent effects induced by E2 in WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Grant Gerstner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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18
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Maglione A, Rolla S, Mercanti SFD, Cutrupi S, Clerico M. The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View. Cells 2019; 8:E1280. [PMID: 31635066 PMCID: PMC6829884 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The third trimester of pregnancy, which is characterized by high levels of estrogens, has been shown to be associated with reduced relapse rates compared with the rates before pregnancy. These effects could be related to the anti-inflammatory properties of estrogens, which orchestrate the reshuffling of the immune system toward immunotolerance to allow for fetal growth. The action of these hormones is mediated by the transcriptional regulation activity of estrogen receptors (ERs). Estrogen levels and ER expression define a specific balance of immune cell types. In this review, we explore the role of estradiol (E2) and ERs in the adaptive immune system, with a focus on estrogen-mediated cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms related to immune tolerance and neuroprotection in MS. The epigenome dynamics of immune systems are described as key molecular mechanisms that act on the regulation of immune cell identity. This is a completely unexplored field, suggesting a future path for more extensive research on estrogen-induced coregulatory complexes and molecular circuitry as targets for therapeutics in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Maglione
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Simona Rolla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | | | - Santina Cutrupi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Marinella Clerico
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
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19
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Abstract
Pregnancy, a challenging physiological state, requires shuffling of conventional immune work-sets. Strategies to tolerate the semi-allogenic fetus in normal human pregnancy are multivariate with perfect modulation of the immune cells. Pregnancy is marked by B cell lymphocytopenia accompanied by reduced responsiveness to infectious agents. Besides this old age concept, plenty of research confirms that B cells have other crucial roles in pregnancy and undergo a wide range of modifications in terms of its proliferation, switching between its subtypes, variation in antibody productions, shifting the tides of cytokines as well as regulating other immune cells. B cells establish tolerant environment in pregnancy by producing protective antibodies to encounter the foreign paternal antigens. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) have adopted anti-inflammatory characteristics to sustain normal pregnancy. Moreover, the colossal physiological alterations during human pregnancy also include synchronized changes in the cross-talks between the pregnancy hormones and B cells. These aspects of pregnancy from the view point of B cell functions have so far appeared individually in discrete reports. This review finds its novelty in concisely presenting every facet of association of B cell with human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Dutta
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Nazmul Haque
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
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20
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Mendibe Bilbao M, Boyero Durán S, Bárcena Llona J, Rodriguez-Antigüedad A. Multiple sclerosis: pregnancy and women's health issues. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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21
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Iannello A, Rolla S, Maglione A, Ferrero G, Bardina V, Inaudi I, De Mercanti S, Novelli F, D'Antuono L, Cardaropoli S, Todros T, Turrini MV, Cordioli C, Puorro G, Marsili A, Lanzillo R, Brescia Morra V, Cordero F, De Bortoli M, Durelli L, Visconti A, Cutrupi S, Clerico M. Pregnancy Epigenetic Signature in T Helper 17 and T Regulatory Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3075. [PMID: 30671056 PMCID: PMC6331474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the anti-inflammatory role of estrogens in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), originating from the observation of reduction in relapse rates among women with MS during pregnancy, but the molecular mechanisms are still not completely understood. Using an integrative data analysis, we identified T helper (Th) 17 and T regulatory (Treg) cell-type-specific regulatory regions (CSR) regulated by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). These CSRs were validated in polarized Th17 from healthy donors (HD) and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Th17 and Treg cells from relapsing remitting (RR) MS patients and HD during pregnancy. 17β-estradiol induces active histone marks enrichment at Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3)-CSRs and repressive histone marks enrichment at RAR related orphan receptor C (RORC)-CSRs in polarized Th17 cells. A disease-associated epigenetic profile was found in RRMS patients during pregnancy, suggesting a FOXP3 positive regulation and a RORC negative regulation in the third trimester of pregnancy. Altogether, these data indicate that estrogens act as immunomodulatory factors on the epigenomes of CD4+ T cells in RRMS; the identified CSRs may represent potential biomarkers for monitoring disease progression or new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iannello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Rolla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maglione
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrero
- Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Bardina
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilenia Inaudi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania De Mercanti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Healthy Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucrezia D'Antuono
- Obstetric and Gynecologic Department, OIRM-Sant'Anna Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Tullia Todros
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Turrini
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Ospedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari Hospital, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cordioli
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Ospedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari Hospital, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Puorro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Marsili
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Lanzillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Michele De Bortoli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Durelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Santina Cutrupi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marinella Clerico
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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22
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Wąsik M, Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Regulatory B cell phenotype and mechanism of action: the impact of stimulating conditions. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:485-496. [PMID: 29998521 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A diverse population of regulatory B (Breg) cells reportedly exhibits significant immunomodulatory effects in various models of inflammatory responses and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Breg cells contribute to maintenance of homeostasis via IL-10 production and multiple IL-10-independent mechanisms. The current review describes various phenotypic and functional subsets of Breg cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases and discusses the impacts of experimental conditions that have been found to drive Breg cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wąsik
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland
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23
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Garnier L, Laffont S, Lélu K, Yogev N, Waisman A, Guéry JC. Estrogen Signaling in Bystander Foxp3neg CD4+ T Cells Suppresses Cognate Th17 Differentiation in Trans and Protects from Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3218-3228. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Esteve-Solé A, Luo Y, Vlagea A, Deyà-Martínez Á, Yagüe J, Plaza-Martín AM, Juan M, Alsina L. B Regulatory Cells: Players in Pregnancy and Early Life. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072099. [PMID: 30029515 PMCID: PMC6073150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and early infancy represent two very particular immunological states. During pregnancy, the haploidentical fetus and the pregnant women develop tolerance mechanisms to avoid rejection; then, just after birth, the neonatal immune system must modulate the transition from the virtually sterile but haploidentical uterus to a world full of antigens and the rapid microbial colonization of the mucosa. B regulatory (Breg) cells are a recently discovered B cell subset thought to play a pivotal role in different conditions such as chronic infections, autoimmunity, cancer, and transplantation among others in addition to pregnancy. This review focuses on the role of Breg cells in pregnancy and early infancy, two special stages of life in which recent studies have positioned Breg cells as important players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Esteve-Solé
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yiyi Luo
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alexandru Vlagea
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ángela Deyà-Martínez
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Yagüe
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana María Plaza-Martín
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manel Juan
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Alsina
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Said SS, Barut GT, Mansur N, Korkmaz A, Sayi-Yazgan A. Bacterially activated B-cells drive T cell differentiation towards Tr1 through PD-1/PD-L1 expression. Mol Immunol 2018; 96:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Seifert HA, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Regulatory B cells in experimental stroke. Immunology 2018; 154:169-177. [PMID: 29313944 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment options for human stroke are limited mainly to the modestly effective infusion of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), with additional improvement of functional independence and higher rates of angiographic revascularization observed after mechanical thrombectomy. However, new therapeutic strategies that address post-stroke immune-mediated inflammatory responses are urgently needed. Recent studies in experimental stroke have firmly implicated immune mechanisms in the propagation and partial resolution of central nervous system damage after the ischaemic event. A new-found anti-inflammatory role for regulatory B (Breg) cells in autoimmune diseases sparked interest in these cells as potential immunomodulators in stroke. Subsequent studies identified interleukin-10 as a common regulatory cytokine among all five of the currently recognized Breg cell subsets, several of which can be found in the affected brain hemisphere after induction of experimental stroke in mice. Transfer of enriched Breg cell subpopulations into both B-cell-depleted and wild-type mice confirmed their potent immunosuppressive activities in vivo, including recruitment and potentiation of regulatory T cells. Moreover, Breg cell therapy strongly reduced stroke volumes and treatment outcomes in ischaemic mice even when administered 24 hr after induction of experimental stroke, a treatment window far exceeding that of tPA. These striking results suggest that transfer of enriched Breg cell populations could have therapeutic value in human stroke, although considerable clinical challenges remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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27
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Abstract
Aim: Expression of PD-1 on T/B cells regulates peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity. Binding of PD-1 to its ligand, PD-L1, leads to protection against self-reactivity. In contrary, tumor cells have evolved immune escape mechanisms whereby overexpression of PD-L1 induces anergy and/or apoptosis of PD-1 positive T cells by interfering with T cell receptor signal transduction. PD-L1 and PD-1 blockade using antibodies are in human clinical trials as an alternative cancer treatment modality. Areas covered: We describe the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in disease in the context of autoimmunity, neurological disorders, stroke and cancer. Conclusion: For immunotherapy/vaccines to be successful, the expression of PD-L1/PD-1 on immune cells should be considered, and the combination of checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines may pave the way for successful outcomes to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyanbol Kuol
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14426, Melbourne VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14426, Melbourne VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14426, Melbourne VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14426, Melbourne VIC 8001, Australia
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28
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Amrouche K, Jamin C. Influence of drug molecules on regulatory B cells. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Seifert HA, Benedek G, Nguyen H, Kent G, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Estrogen protects both sexes against EAE by promoting common regulatory cell subtypes independent of endogenous estrogen. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1747-1754. [PMID: 28689297 PMCID: PMC5650507 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis predominantly affect females. Although high levels of sex hormones, particularly estrogen (E2), can reduce proinflammatory immune responses, it remains unclear if a lack of endogenous sex hormones might affect treatment with exogenous sex hormones. Pretreatment with E2 almost completely prevents intact female and male mice from developing clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by promoting various regulatory immune cell phenotypes. To evaluate the effects of exogenous estrogen in the absence of endogenous sex hormones, the current study compared EAE severity and the emergence of different immunoregulatory cell populations after E2 pretreatment of ovariectomized (OVX) female versus male mice. We found that E2 equally protected both OVX females and males from EAE over a 21 day observation period concomitant with reduced total cell numbers in spleen and spinal cord (males only), but enhanced percentages of CD19+CD5+CD1dhi, CD19+CD138+CD44hi and CD19+Tim-1+ Breg cells, CD8+CD122+ Treg cells and CD11b+CD 206+ARG-1+ anti-inflammatory M2-like monocytes/macrophages in both groups. In contrast, E2 decreased the percentage of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells in OVX females but increased these Treg cells in males and intact female mice. These data suggest that with the exception of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells, E2 protection against EAE promotes highly overlapping immunoregulatory subsets in OVX females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ha Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA.
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA.
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30
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Benedek G, Zhang J, Nguyen H, Kent G, Seifert HA, Davin S, Stauffer P, Vandenbark AA, Karstens L, Asquith M, Offner H. Estrogen protection against EAE modulates the microbiota and mucosal-associated regulatory cells. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 310:51-59. [PMID: 28778445 PMCID: PMC5570519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones promote immunoregulatory effects on multiple sclerosis. In the current study we evaluated the composition of the gut microbiota and the mucosal-associated regulatory cells in estrogen or sham treated female mice before and after autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction. Treatment with pregnancy levels of estrogen induces changes in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota. Additionally, estrogen prevents EAE-associated changes in the gut microbiota and might promote the enrichment of bacteria that are associated with immune regulation. Our results point to a possible cross-talk between the sex hormones and the gut microbiota, which could promote neuroprotection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Estrogens/therapeutic use
- Feces/microbiology
- Female
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Intestines/drug effects
- Intestines/microbiology
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microbiota/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/pathology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ha Nguyen
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hilary A Seifert
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sean Davin
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Patrick Stauffer
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lisa Karstens
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Urogynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mark Asquith
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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31
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Seifert HA, Benedek G, Liang J, Nguyen H, Kent G, Vandenbark AA, Saugstad JA, Offner H. Sex differences in regulatory cells in experimental stroke. Cell Immunol 2017; 318:49-54. [PMID: 28606360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the United States. Sex differences, including smaller infarcts in females and greater involvement of immune-mediated inflammation in males may affect the efficacy of immune-modulating interventions. To address these differences, we sought to identify distinct stroke-modifying mechanisms in female vs. male mice. The current study demonstrated smaller infarcts and increased levels of regulatory CD19+CD5+CD1dhi B10 cells as well as anti-inflammatory CD11b+CD206+ microglia/macrophages in the ipsilateral vs. contralateral hemisphere of female but not male mice undergoing 60min middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 96h of reperfusion. Moreover, female mice with MCAO had increased total spleen cell numbers but lower B10 levels in spleens. These results elucidate differing sex-dependent regulatory mechanisms that account for diminished stroke severity in females and underscore the need to test immune-modulating therapies for stroke in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jian Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ha Nguyen
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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32
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Wang K, Tao L, Su J, Zhang Y, Zou B, Wang Y, Zou M, Chen N, Lei L, Li X. TLR4 supports the expansion of FasL +CD5 +CD1d hi regulatory B cells, which decreases in contact hypersensitivity. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:188-199. [PMID: 28505514 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain B cells termed as "regulatory B cells" (Bregs) can suppress the ongoing immune responses and a splenic CD5+CD1dhi Breg subset identified earlier was shown to exert its regulatory functions through secretion of IL-10. Though FasL expression is an alternative mechanism of immune suppression used by B cells, little is known about the FasL expressing CD5+CD1dhi Bregs. In this study, we isolated splenocytes or splenic CD19+ B cells and compared the efficiency of toll-like receptor(TLR)4 ligand (lipopolysaccharide) with TLR9 ligand (CpG), anti-CD40 and TLR9 ligand (CpG) plus anti-CD40 on the FasL expression of splenic CD5+CD1dhi Bregs by flow cytometry. FasL expression in CD5+CD1dhi B cells was rapidly increased after TLR4 ligation. Intriguingly, anti-CD40 and CpG plus anti-CD40 combinations failed to stimulate FasL expression in CD5+CD1dhi B cells although the IL-10 production was up-regulated in this subset. In addition, LPS and other B10-cell inducers increased the expression of surface molecules like CD86 and CD25, which are correlated to the regulatory functions of B cells. Furthermore, NF-κB and NF-AT inhibitors decreased the TLR4-activated FasL expression in CD5+CD1dhi B cells. Then we sorted splenic CD5+CD1dhi Bregs using flow cytometry and found that TLR4-activated CD5+CD1dhi Bregs suppressed the proliferation of CFSE-labeled CD4+ T cells in vitro, which was partly blocked by anti-FasL antibody. In oxazolone-sensitized mice having contact hypersensitivity, FasL expression in splenic CD5+CD1dhi B cells was decreased compared to the control group after TLR4 ligation. Our findings suggest that the regulatory function of CD5+CD1dhi B cells could be partly mediated by Fas-FasL pathway and this FasL expressing CD5+CD1dhi Bregs might participate in the regulation of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Nanhai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528200, PR China
| | - Lei Tao
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jianbing Su
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yueyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Binhua Zou
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yiyuan Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Min Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Nana Chen
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Linsheng Lei
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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33
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Guzman-Genuino RM, Diener KR. Regulatory B Cells in Pregnancy: Lessons from Autoimmunity, Graft Tolerance, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:172. [PMID: 28261223 PMCID: PMC5313489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of pregnancy is contingent on the maternal immune system recognizing and accommodating a growing semi-allogeneic fetus. Specialized subsets of lymphocytes capable of negative regulation are fundamental in this process, and include the regulatory T cells (Tregs) and potentially, regulatory B cells (Bregs). Most of our current understanding of the immune regulatory role of Bregs comes from studies in the fields of autoimmunity, transplantation tolerance, and cancer biology. Bregs control autoimmune diseases and can elicit graft tolerance by inhibiting the differentiation of effector T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and activating Tregs. Furthermore, in cancer, Bregs are hijacked by neoplastic cells to promote tumorigenesis. Pregnancy therefore represents a condition that reconciles these fields-mechanisms must be in place to ensure maternal immunological tolerance throughout gravidity to allow the semi-allogeneic fetus to grow within. Thus, the mechanisms underlying Breg activities in autoimmune diseases, transplantation tolerance, and cancer may take place during pregnancy as well. In this review, we discuss the potential role of Bregs as guardians of pregnancy and propose an endocrine-modulated feedback loop highlighting the Breg-Treg-tolerogenic DC interface essential for the induction of maternal immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Marian Guzman-Genuino
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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34
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Benedek G, Zhang J, Nguyen H, Kent G, Seifert H, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Novel feedback loop between M2 macrophages/microglia and regulatory B cells in estrogen-protected EAE mice. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 305:59-67. [PMID: 28284347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunoregulatory sex hormones, including estrogen and estriol, may prevent relapses in multiple sclerosis during pregnancy. Our previous studies have demonstrated that regulatory B cells are crucial for estrogen-mediated protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Herein, we demonstrate an estrogen-dependent induction of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages/microglia that results in an increased frequency of regulatory B cells in the spinal cord of estrogen treated mice with EAE. We further demonstrate that cultured M2-polarized microglia promote the induction of regulatory B cells. Our study suggests that estrogen neuroprotection induces a regulatory feedback loop between M2 macrophages/microglia and regulatory B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Estrogens/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/physiology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spleen/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ha Nguyen
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hilary Seifert
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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35
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Cho KA, Lee JK, Kim YH, Park M, Woo SY, Ryu KH. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate B-cell-mediated immune responses and increase IL-10-expressing regulatory B cells in an EBI3-dependent manner. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:cmi201659. [PMID: 28042143 PMCID: PMC5675953 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector B cells are central contributors to the development of autoimmune disease by activating autoreactive T cells, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and organizing ectopic lymphoid tissue. Conversely, IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells have pivotal roles in maintaining immunological tolerance and restraining excessive inflammation in autoinflammatory disease. Thus, regulating the equilibrium between antibody-producing effector B cells and Breg cells is critical for the treatment of autoimmune disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of human palatine tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) on estradiol (E2)-induced B-cell responses in vivo and in vitro. Transplantation of T-MSC into E2-treated mice alleviated B-cell-mediated immune responses and increased the population of IL-10-producing Breg cells. T-MSCs regulated the B-cell populations by producing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced 3 (EBI3), one of the two subunits of IL-35 that is the well-known inducer of Breg cells. We demonstrate a critical role of EBI3 (IL-35) in vitro by depleting EBI3 in T-MSCs and by adding exogenous IL-35 to the culture system. Taken together, our data suggest that IL-35-secreting MSCs may become an attractive therapeutic to treat B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases via expanding Breg cells.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 2 January 2017; doi:10.1038/cmi.2016.59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Cho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhwa Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Youn Woo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ha Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
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36
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Haghmorad D, Salehipour Z, Nosratabadi R, Rastin M, Kokhaei P, Mahmoudi MB, Amini AA, Mahmoudi M. Medium-dose estrogen ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in ovariectomized mice. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:885-896. [PMID: 27602995 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1223768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a neuro-protective hormone in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The present study evaluated the role of estrogen during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at doses selected to mimic any suppressive potential from the hormone during pregnancy. Here, mice were ovariectomized and then 2 weeks later treated with MOG antigen to induce EAE. Concurrently, mice then received (subcutaneously) an implanted pellet to deliver varying estrogen amounts over a 21-day period. Clinical scores and other parameters were monitored daily for the 21 days. At the end of the period, brain/spinal cord histology was performed to measure lymphocyte infiltration; T-cell profiles were determined through ELISA, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR. Transcription factor expression levels in the CNS were assessed using real-time PCR; T-cell differentiation was evaluated via flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that estrogen inhibited development of EAE. Histological studies revealed limited leukocyte infiltration into the CNS. High and medium dose of estrogen increased TH2 and Treg cell production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, but concurrently resulted in a significant reduction in production of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17, and IL-6. Flow cytometry revealed there were also significant decreases in the percentages of TH1 and TH17 cells, as well as significant increase in percentages of Treg and TH2 cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Real-time PCR results indicated that high- and medium-dose estrogen treatments reduced T-bet and ROR-γt factor expression, but enhanced Foxp3 and GATA3 expression. Collectively, these results demonstrated that a medium dose of estrogen - similar to a pregnancy level of estrogen - could potentially reduce the incidence and severity of autoimmune EAE and possibly other autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Haghmorad
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Semnan University of Medical Sciences , Semnan , Iran
| | - Zohreh Salehipour
- b Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- c Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- b Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Semnan University of Medical Sciences , Semnan , Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ali Amini
- e Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences , Sanandaj , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- b Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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37
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Kassi
- Deparment of Biological Chemistry, Medical Scholl, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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38
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Mendibe Bilbao M, Boyero Durán S, Bárcena Llona J, Rodriguez-Antigüedad A. Multiple sclerosis: Pregnancy and women's health issues. Neurologia 2016; 34:259-269. [PMID: 27546613 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is influenced by sex, pregnancy and hormonal factors. AIMS To analyse the influence of the above factors in order to clarify the aetiopathogenic mechanisms involved in the disease. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review of scientific publications in the PubMed database using a keyword search for 'multiple sclerosis', 'MS', 'EAE', 'pregnancy', 'hormonal factors', 'treatment', and related terms. We reviewed the advances presented at the meeting held by the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) in March 2013 in London, as well as recommendations by international experts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We provide recommendations for counselling and treating women with MS prior to and during pregnancy and after delivery. Current findings on the effects of treatment on the mother, fetus, and newborn are also presented. We issue recommendations for future research in order to address knowledge gaps and clarify any inconsistencies in currently available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mendibe Bilbao
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Baracaldo, España.
| | - S Boyero Durán
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Baracaldo, España
| | - J Bárcena Llona
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Baracaldo, España
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39
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Kok LF, Marsh-Wakefield F, Marshall JE, Gillis C, Halliday GM, Byrne SN. B cells are required for sunlight protection of mice from a CNS-targeted autoimmune attack. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:10-23. [PMID: 27289166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight is a powerful immune suppressant. While exposure to UV is associated with protection from the development of autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, the precise mechanism by which UV achieves this protection is not currently well understood. Regulatory B cells play an important role in preventing autoimmunity and activation of B cells is a major way in which UV suppresses adaptive immune responses. Whether UV-protection from autoimmunity is mediated by the activation of regulatory B cells has never been considered before. When C57BL/6 mice were exposed to low, physiologically relevant doses of UV, a unique population of B cells was activated in the skin draining lymph nodes. As determined by flow cytometry, CD1d(low)CD5(-)MHC-II(hi)B220(hi) UV-activated B cells expressed significantly higher levels of CD19, CD21/35, CD25, CD210 and CD268 as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, CD274 and CD275. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice immunized with MOG/CFA was reduced by exposure to UV. UV significantly inhibited demyelination and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the spinal cord. Consequently, UV-exposed groups showed elevated IL-10 levels in secondary lymphoid organs, delayed EAE onset, reduced peak EAE score and significantly suppressed overall disease incidence and burden. Importantly, protection from EAE could be adoptively transferred using B cells isolated from UV-exposed, but not unirradiated hosts. Indeed, UV-protection from EAE was dependent on UV activation of lymph node B cells because UV could not protect mice from EAE who were pharmacologically depleted of B cells using antibodies. Thus, UV maintenance of a pool of unique regulatory B cells in peripheral lymph nodes appears to be essential to prevent an autoimmune attack on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Fong Kok
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Marshall
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Caitlin Gillis
- Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Gary M Halliday
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia.
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40
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Non-genomic oestrogen receptor signal in B lymphocytes: An approach towards therapeutic interventions for infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 76:115-8. [PMID: 27189345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The non-genomic membrane bound oestrogen receptor (mER) regulates intracellular signals through receptor-ligand interactions. The mER, along with G-protein coupled oestrogen receptor GPR 30 (GPER), induces diverse cell signalling pathways in murine lymphocytes. The mER isoform ER-alpha46 has recently been demonstrated in human B and T lymphocytes as an analogue receptor for chemokine CCL18, the signalling events of which are not clearly understood. Ligand-induced mER and GPER signalling events are shared with BCR, CD19 mediated intracellular signalling through phospholipase C, PIP2/IP3/PI3 mediated activation of Akt, MAP kinase, and mTOR. Oestrogen has the ability to induce CD40-mediated activation of B cells. The complete signalling pathways of mER, GPR30 and their interaction with other signals are targeted areas for novel drug development in B cells during infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Therefore, an in depth investigation is critical for determining shared signal outputs during B cell activation. Here, we focus on the mode of action of membrane bound ER in B cells as therapeutic checkpoints.
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41
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Floudas A, Amu S, Fallon PG. New Insights into IL-10 Dependent and IL-10 Independent Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cell Immune Suppression. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36 Suppl 1:25-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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42
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Estrogen induces multiple regulatory B cell subtypes and promotes M2 microglia and neuroprotection during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:45-53. [PMID: 27049561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones promote immunoregulatory effects on multiple sclerosis. The current study evaluated estrogen effects on regulatory B cells and resident CNS microglia during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Herein, we demonstrate an estrogen-dependent induction of multiple regulatory B cell markers indicative of IL-10 dependent as well as IFN-γ dependent pathways. Moreover, although estrogen pretreatment of EAE mice inhibited the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells into the CNS, it enhanced the frequency of regulatory B cells and M2 microglia. Our study suggests that estrogen has a broad effect on the development of regulatory B cells during EAE, which in turn could promote neuroprotection.
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43
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Zhang J, Lapato A, Bodhankar S, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Treatment with IL-10 producing B cells in combination with E2 ameliorates EAE severity and decreases CNS inflammation in B cell-deficient mice. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1117-27. [PMID: 25776868 PMCID: PMC4561218 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical improvement during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients suggests that sex hormones exert potent regulatory effects on autoimmune function. Our previous studies demonstrated that estrogen- (17β-estradiol; E2) mediated protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS, hinges on the B cells, leading to elevated numbers of IL-10 secreting CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B regulatory cells (Bregs) in wild type mice. Our data show that co-administration of E2 and IL-10(+) B cells ameliorates EAE disease severity and limits CNS infiltrating leukocytes in B cell deficient mice. Additionally, treatment with E2 and Bregs reduces demyelination and dramatically decreases the proportion of CD11b(+)CD45(hi) activated microglia/macrophages found in the CNS of immunized animals compared to vehicle, E2 or Breg cells alone. Furthermore, mice given E2 and Bregs exhibit increased numbers of peripheral programmed death-1 positive CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and up-regulation of programmed death receptor-ligand-1 and CD80 expression on monocytes. Our study suggests IL-10 producing Bregs have powerful therapeutic potential as an agent against EAE when augmented with E2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Andrew Lapato
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sheetal Bodhankar
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Correspondence author: Halina Offner, Neuroimmunology Research R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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44
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Gorosito Serrán M, Fiocca Vernengo F, Beccaria CG, Acosta Rodriguez EV, Montes CL, Gruppi A. The regulatory role of B cells in autoimmunity, infections and cancer: Perspectives beyond IL10 production. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3362-9. [PMID: 26424657 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The term regulatory B cells (B regs) is ascribed to a heterogeneous population of B cells with the function of suppressing inflammatory responses. They have been described mainly during the last decade in the context of different immune-mediated diseases. Most of the work on B regs has been focused on IL-10-producing B cells. However, B cells can exert regulatory functions independently of IL-10 production. Here we discuss the phenotypes, development and effector mechanisms of B regs and advances in their role in autoimmunity, infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Gorosito Serrán
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Facundo Fiocca Vernengo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian G Beccaria
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva V Acosta Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina L Montes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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45
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Estrogen receptor signal in regulation of B cell activation during diverse immune responses. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:42-7. [PMID: 26299327 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of signalling through oestrogen receptors (ERs) in the regulation of B cell activation is an area of growing importance not only in terms protective immunity but also in the determination of the mechanisms of the onset of autoimmune disorders and cancers. The mode of signalling action of this single chain nuclear receptor protein molecule depends on its ability to bind to the promoters of Pax5, HOXC4 and apolipoprotein B RNA-editing enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) genes. ER-mediated transcriptional regulation induces class switch recombination of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (VH) to DH-JH genes and somatic hypermutation in developing B cells. The mode of action of ER is associated with BCR-signal pathways that involve the regulator proteins BAFF and APRIL. Additionally, the plasma membrane-bound G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor-1 (GEPR1) directs diverse cell signalling events in B cells that involve the MAPK pathways. These signals are immensely important during progenitor and precursor B cell activation. We have focused our goals on the medicinal aspects of ER-signalling mechanisms and their effects on polyclonal B cell activation.
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46
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Kempe P, Hammar M, Brynhildsen J. Symptoms of multiple sclerosis during use of combined hormonal contraception. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015. [PMID: 26196655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence and disease course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is influenced by sex steroids, and several studies have shown less disease activity during high estrogen states. We have previously shown variation in symptom experience related to the estrogen/progestogen phase in women using combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) in a small sample. The aim of this study was to confirm these results in a larger sample. STUDY DESIGN Self-assessment of symptoms of MS in relation to CHC cycle by 22 female MS patients. A symptom diary based on a validated instrument for cyclical symptoms was used. Mean symptom scores for high and low estrogen/progestogen phases were compared. RESULTS The women scored four out of ten symptoms significantly higher during the pill-free week than during the CHC phase (p<.05). CONCLUSION Women with MS report more pronounced symptoms during the pill-free, low-estrogen/progestogen phase of CHC use. Future studies should investigate, with a prospective, controlled design, the effects that continuous-use regimens of CHC have in women with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Kempe
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, County Hospital Sundsvall, Sweden.
| | - Mats Hammar
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Brynhildsen
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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47
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Zhang J, Benedek G, Bodhankar S, Lapato A, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. IL-10 producing B cells partially restore E2-mediated protection against EAE in PD-L1 deficient mice. J Neuroimmunol 2015. [PMID: 26198929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Women with multiple sclerosis (MS) often experience clinical improvement during pregnancy, indicating that sex hormones might have therapeutic effects in MS. Our previous studies have demonstrated that B cells and PD-L1 are crucial for E2 (17β-estradiol)-mediated protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We here demonstrate that the transfer of IL-10(+) B cells into E2-treated PD-L1(-/-) mice after EAE induction could partially restore E2-mediated protection and decrease the frequency of pro-inflammatory cells in the CNS compared to E2/saline treated PD-L1(-/-) mice. Hence, co-administration of IL-10(+) B cells and E2 might have a powerful therapeutic potential for treatment of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Sheetal Bodhankar
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Andrew Lapato
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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48
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Ray A, Wang L, Dittel BN. IL-10-independent regulatory B-cell subsets and mechanisms of action. Int Immunol 2015; 27:531-6. [PMID: 25999596 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although classically B cells are known to play important roles in immune protection via humoral immunity, recently their regulatory mechanisms have been best appreciated in the context of autoimmunity. Several studies have identified different subsets of regulatory B cells that vary not only in their phenotype but also in their mechanism of action. Although the best-studied mechanism of B-cell immune regulation is IL-10 production, other IL-10-independent mechanisms have been proposed. These include maintenance of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells; production of transforming growth factor-β, IL-35, IgM or adenosine or expression of PD-L1 (programmed death 1 ligand 1) or FasL (Fas ligand). Given that B-cell-targeted therapy is being increasingly used in the clinic, a complete understanding of the mechanisms whereby B cells regulate inflammation associated with specific diseases is required for designing safe and effective immunotherapies targeting B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Ray
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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49
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Oxombre B, Lee-Chang C, Duhamel A, Toussaint M, Giroux M, Donnier-Maréchal M, Carato P, Lefranc D, Zéphir H, Prin L, Melnyk P, Vermersch P. High-affinity σ1 protein agonist reduces clinical and pathological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1769-82. [PMID: 25521311 PMCID: PMC4376455 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Selective agonists of the sigma-1 receptor (σ1 protein) are generally reported to protect against neuronal damage and modulate oligodendrocyte differentiation. Human and rodent lymphocytes possess saturable, high-affinity binding sites for compounds binding to the σ1 protein and potential immunomodulatory properties have been described for σ1 protein ligands. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is recognized as a valuable model of the inflammatory aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we have assessed the role of a σ1 protein agonist, containing the tetrahydroisoquinoline-hydantoin structure, in EAE. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EAE was induced in SJL/J female mice by active immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)139-151 peptide. The σ1 protein agonist was injected i.p. at the time of immunization (day 0). Disease severity was assessed clinically and by histopathological evaluation of the CNS. Phenotyping of B-cell subsets and regulatory T-cells were performed by flow cytometry in spleen and cervical lymph nodes. KEY RESULTS Prophylactic treatment of EAE mice with the σ1 protein agonist prevented mononuclear cell accumulation and demyelination in brain and spinal cord and increased T2 B-cells and regulatory T-cells, resulting in an overall reduction in the clinical progression of EAE. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This σ1 protein agonist, containing the tetrahydroisoquinoline-hydantoin structure, decreased the magnitude of inflammation in EAE. This effect was associated with increased proportions of B-cell subsets and regulatory T-cells with potential immunoregulatory functions. Targeting of the σ1 protein might thus provide new therapeutic opportunities in MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/pathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis/blood
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, sigma/agonists
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Sigma-1 Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oxombre
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - C Lee-Chang
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - A Duhamel
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 2694, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - M Toussaint
- Université de LilleLille, France
- CNRS UMR8161Lille, France
| | - M Giroux
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle de neurologie–Service de Neurologie DLille, France
| | - M Donnier-Maréchal
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
| | - P Carato
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
| | - D Lefranc
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - H Zéphir
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle de neurologie–Service de Neurologie DLille, France
| | - L Prin
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle d'immunologie–Centre de Biologie Pathologie et GénétiqueLille, France
| | - P Melnyk
- Université de LilleLille, France
- CNRS UMR8161Lille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
- Inserm UMR-S1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research CenterLille, France
| | - P Vermersch
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
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50
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Haghmorad D, Amini AA, Mahmoudi MB, Rastin M, Hosseini M, Mahmoudi M. Pregnancy level of estrogen attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in both ovariectomized and pregnant C57BL/6 mice through expansion of Treg and Th2 cells. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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