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Ratiani L, Pachkoria E, Mamageishvili N, Shengelia R, Hovhannisyan A, Panossian A. Efficacy of Kan Jang ® in Patients with Mild COVID-19: A Randomized, Quadruple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1196. [PMID: 37765004 PMCID: PMC10535596 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the treatment of Kan Jang®, a fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. ex. Nees and Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim extracts in patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19. Methods. One hundred and forty patients received six capsules of Kan Jang® (n = 68, daily dose of andrographolides-90 mg) or placebo (n = 72) and supportive treatment (paracetamol) for 14 consecutive days in a randomized, quadruple-blinded, placebo-controlled, two-parallel-group design. The efficacy outcomes were the rate of cases turning to severe, the detection rate of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 over the time of treatment, the duration, and the severity of symptoms (sore throat, runny nose, cough, headache, fatigue, loss of smell, taste, pain in muscles) in the acute phase of the disease. Other efficacy measures included improving cognitive and physical performance, quality of life, and the levels of inflammatory blood markers-interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, and D-dimer. Results. Kan Jang® significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the rate of cases turning to severe (5.36%) compared to the placebo (17.86%) and decreased the detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 virus over the time of the treatment. The statistical difference in the rates of patients with clinical deterioration in the Kan Jang treatment and placebo control groups was significant (p = 0.0176) both in the 112 patients in the included-per-protocol (IPP) analysis and in the 140 patients in the intended-to-treat (ITT) analysis (p = 0.0236); the absolute risk reduction in cases thanks to the Kan Jang treatment was 12.5%, and the number we needed to treat with Kan Jang was 8. The patient's recovery time (number of sick days at the home/clinic) was shorter in the Kan Jang group compared with the placebo group. The rate of attenuation of inflammatory symptoms in the Kan Jang® group was significantly higher, decreasing the severity of cough, sore throat/pain, runny nose, and muscle soreness compared with the placebo group. Kan Jang® significantly decreased the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptoms scores compared to the placebo in the sample size of 140 patients. However, the relief of fatigue and headache and the decrease in IL-6 in the blood were observed only in a subset of 86 patients infected during the second three waves of the pandemic. Kan Jang® significantly increased physical activity and workout; however, it did not affect cognitive functions (attention and memory), quality of life score, inflammatory marker D-dimer, and C-reactive protein compared with the placebo group. Conclusions. Overall, the results of this study suggest that Kan Jang® is effective in treating mild and moderate COVID-19 irrespective of the SARS-CoV-2 variant of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levan Ratiani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First University Clinic, Tbilisi State Medical University, Gudamakari St., Tbilisi 0141, Georgia; (L.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Elene Pachkoria
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First University Clinic, Tbilisi State Medical University, Gudamakari St., Tbilisi 0141, Georgia; (L.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Nato Mamageishvili
- Department for History of Medicine and Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University, Vazha-Pshavela Ave. 33, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia; (N.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Ramaz Shengelia
- Department for History of Medicine and Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University, Vazha-Pshavela Ave. 33, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia; (N.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Areg Hovhannisyan
- Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry of the National Academy of Science, Azatutian Ave. 26, Yerevan 375014, Armenia;
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Silva BR, Monteiro FR, Cezário K, do Amaral JB, Paixão V, Almeida EB, dos Santos CAF, Amirato GR, Oliveira DBL, Durigon EL, Aguiar AS, Vieira RP, dos Santos JDMB, Furtado GE, França CN, Shio MT, Bachi ALL. Older Adults Who Maintained a Regular Physical Exercise Routine before the Pandemic Show Better Immune Response to Vaccination for COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1939. [PMID: 36767315 PMCID: PMC9915291 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to investigate the specific-antibody response to the COVID-19 vaccination and the immunophenotyping of T cells in older adults who were engaged or not in an exercise training program before the pandemic. METHODS Ninety-three aged individuals (aged between 60 and 85 years) were separated into 3 groups: practitioners of physical exercise vaccinated with CoronaVac (PE-Co, n = 46), or vaccinated with ChadOx-1 (PE-Ch, n = 23), and non-practitioners vaccinated with ChadOx-1 (NPE-Ch, n = 24). Blood samples were collected before (pre) and 30 days after vaccination with the second vaccine dose. RESULTS Higher IgG levels and immunogenicity were found in the PE-Ch and NPE-Ch groups, whereas increased IgA levels were found only in the PE-Ch group post-vaccination. The PE-Co group showed a positive correlation between the IgA and IgG values, and lower IgG levels post-vaccination were associated with age. Significant alterations in the percentage of naive (CD28+CD57-), double-positive (CD28+CD57+), and senescent (CD28-CD57+) CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were found post-vaccination, particularly in the PE-Ch group. CONCLUSIONS The volunteers vaccinated with the ChadOx-1 presented not only a better antibody response but also a significant modulation in the percentage of T cell profiles, mainly in the previously exercised group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rodrigues Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | | | - Kizzy Cezário
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Bussador do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab., Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Vitória Paixão
- ENT Research Lab., Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Ewin Barbosa Almeida
- ENT Research Lab., Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Freitas dos Santos
- Discipline of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04020-050, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Gislene Rocha Amirato
- Mane Garrincha Sports Education Center, Sports Department of the Municipality of Sao Paulo (SEME), São Paulo 04039-034, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Andressa Simões Aguiar
- Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
- Infection Control Service, São Luiz Gonzaga Hospital of Santa Casa de Misericordia of São Paulo, São Paulo 02276-140, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P. Vieira
- Post-graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation and in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Evangélica de Goiás (Unievangelica), Av Universitária km 3,5, Anápolis-Go 75083-515, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços—S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Nunes França
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Marina Tiemi Shio
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
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Kruglova TS, Fomina DS. The informative value of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T-cell count and cHIS scale as predictors of severe COVID-19 when using interleukin-6 receptor blockers in the in-hospital setting. TERAPEVT ARKH 2022; 94:1294-1302. [PMID: 37167168 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.11.202002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background. Clinical and laboratory signs of hyperinflammatory response in COVID-19 may serve as prognostic markers of the disease scenario. In real-world practice, there is an unmet need to determine the optimal timing of identifying predictors of SARS-CoV-2 adverse outcomes in the context of patient stratification to improve the effectiveness of anti-IL-6R therapy. Lymphopenia has a high informative value for the adverse prognosis of the COVID-19 course; however, the informative value of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ T-cell count remains questionable. In addition to lymphocyte phenotyping, a six-criterion additive scale (cHIS) was used in the study.
Aim. To study the informative value of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ T-cell phenotyping and cHIS scale as predictors of severe COVID-19 when using IL-6R blockers.
Materials and methods. A single-center, bi-directional study included 179 patients with SARS-CoV-2-induced community-acquired pneumonia with severe acute inflammation and progressing respiratory failure. Data were obtained from electronic patient records. Anti-IL-6R was administered in addition to standard therapy in the cohorts. The following disease outcomes were used to determine the informative value of the studied parameters: mortality and hospital discharge. Inflammatory markers were measured before and after administering anti-IL-6R, followed by monitoring. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 25.0). The quantitative indices were described using the median and interquartile range. Quantitative indices were compared using nonparametric methods: MannWhitney U-test, KruskalWallis test. The groups were compared by qualitative characteristics using Pearson's chi-square test. Correlation analysis of quantitative indicators was performed using Spearman rank correlation. For additional analysis of the cHIS scale, odds ratio and decision tree methods were used. Differences were considered statistically significant at р0,05.
Results. Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes as a predictor of the severe SARS-CoV-2 requires further research. The cHIS scale may be implemented in routine clinical practice due to its high predictive value. A cHIS score of 2 on the first day of admission is a critical threshold for intensification and revision of therapy. The prognosis with cHIS is logically relevant in the first three days of hospitalization.
Conclusion. The main result of the study is the definition of target groups of patients with community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia for the IL-6R-blockers, considering the timing of their effective use in real clinical practice.
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Araújo LPD, Dias MEC, Scodeler GC, Santos ADS, Soares LM, Corsetti PP, Padovan ACB, Silveira NJDF, de Almeida LA. Epitope identification of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins using in silico approaches to obtain a conserved rational immunogenic peptide. IMMUNOINFORMATICS 2022; 7:100015. [PMID: 35721890 PMCID: PMC9188263 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuno.2022.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Abstract
The lung is the primary site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced immunopathology whereby the virus enters the host cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Sophisticated regeneration and repair programs exist in the lungs to replenish injured cell populations. However, known resident stem/progenitor cells have been demonstrated to express ACE2, raising a substantial concern regarding the long-term consequences of impaired lung regeneration after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, clinical treatments may also affect lung repair from antiviral drug candidates to mechanical ventilation. In this review, we highlight how SARS-CoV-2 disrupts a program that governs lung homeostasis. We also summarize the current efforts of targeted therapy and supportive treatments for COVID-19 patients. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells or resident lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells in preventing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. We propose that, in addition to symptomatic treatments being developed and applied in the clinic, targeting lung regeneration is also essential to restore lung homeostasis in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwen Ma
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Yue
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Ikewaki N, Kurosawa G, Kisaka T, Abraham SJK. Controlled modulation of all the arms of the immunity including innate immunity by biological response modifier glucans, a simple yet potential nutritional supplement strategy to fight
COVID
‐19. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14156. [PMID: 35403253 PMCID: PMC9114898 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune modulation, being one of the potential strategies to combat COVID‐19 infection, emphasis has been laid on enhancing the innate immune response in a balanced manner. Beta (β)‐glucans have been suggested as nonspecific immunostimulatory adjuvants to beneficially boost protective antiviral immunity. Through this article, we wish to emphasize that β‐glucans not only enhance the innate immunity but also possess the capability to modulate all the arms of the immunity viz., innate, adaptive, TRIM at different sites including those postulated to be the entry site of the SARS‐CoV2. Other than immune modulation capabilities, the beneficial metabolic‐ and coagulation‐related effects of β‐glucans, a simple nutritional supplementation strategy, make them be considered for larger clinical studies to validate their prophylactic vaccine adjuvant and nutritional‐based therapeutic supplement activities to effectively fight the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobunao Ikewaki
- Department of Medical Life Science Kyushu University of Health and Welfare Nobeoka Japan
- Institute of Immunology Junsei Educational Institute Nobeoka Japan
| | - Gene Kurosawa
- Department of Academic Research Support Promotion Facility, Center for Research Promotion and Support Fujita Health University Toyoake Japan
| | - Tomohiko Kisaka
- Bio Design Division, Translational Research Center Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Samuel J. K. Abraham
- The Mary‐Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH) Nichi‐In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM) Chennai India
- School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Chuo Japan
- Antony‐Xavier Interdisciplinary Scholastics (AXIS) GN Corporation Co. Ltd. Kofu Japan
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Huang J, Wang J, Li Y, Wang Z, Chu M, Wang Y. Tuftsin: A Natural Molecule Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:859162. [PMID: 35402510 PMCID: PMC8984176 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.859162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continuously progresses despite the application of a variety of vaccines. Therefore, it is still imperative to find effective ways for treating COVID-19. Recent studies indicate that NRP1, an important receptor of the natural peptide tuftsin (released from IgG), facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we found 91 overlapping genes between tuftsin targets and COVID-19-associated genes. We have demonstrated that tuftsin could also target ACE2 and exert some immune-related functions. Molecular docking results revealed that tustin could combine with ACE2 and NRP1 in stable structures, and their interacted regions cover the binding surfaces of S1-protein with the two receptors. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, we confirmed that tuftsin can bind ACE2 and NRP1 directly. Importantly, using SPR-based competition assay we have shown here that tuftsin effectively prevented the binding of SARS-CoV-2 S1-protein to ACE2. Collectively, these data suggest that tuftsin is an attractive therapeutic candidate against COVID-19 and can be considered for translational as well as clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology(Peking University), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chu, ; Yuedan Wang,
| | - Yuedan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology(Peking University), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chu, ; Yuedan Wang,
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Significance of Immune Status of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients in Determining the Efficacy of Therapeutic Interventions. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030349. [PMID: 35330349 PMCID: PMC8955701 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now being investigated for its distinctive patterns in the course of disease development which can be indicated with miscellaneous immune responses in infected individuals. Besides this series of investigations on the pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), significant fundamental immunological and physiological processes are indispensable to address clinical markers of COVID-19 disease and essential to identify or design effective therapeutics. Recent developments in the literature suggest that deficiency of type I interferon (IFN) in serum samples can be used to represent a severe progression of COVID-19 disease and can be used as the basis to develop combined immunotherapeutic strategies. Precise control over inflammatory response is a significant aspect of targeting viral infections. This account presents a brief review of the pathophysiological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the understanding of the immune status of infected patients. We further discuss the immune system’s interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and their subsequent involvement of dysfunctional immune responses during the progression of the disease. Finally, we highlight some of the implications of the different approaches applicable in developing promising therapeutic interventions that redirect immunoregulation and viral infection.
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Brueggeman JM, Zhao J, Schank M, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Trained Immunity: An Overview and the Impact on COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837524. [PMID: 35251030 PMCID: PMC8891531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectively treating infectious diseases often requires a multi-step approach to target different components involved in disease pathogenesis. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a global health crisis that requires a comprehensive understanding of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to develop effective therapeutics. One potential strategy to instill greater immune protection against COVID-19 is boosting the innate immune system. This boosting, termed trained immunity, employs immune system modulators to train innate immune cells to produce an enhanced, non-specific immune response upon reactivation following exposure to pathogens, a process that has been studied in the context of in vitro and in vivo clinical studies prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Evaluation of the underlying pathways that are essential to inducing protective trained immunity will provide insight into identifying potential therapeutic targets that may alleviate the COVID-19 crisis. Here we review multiple immune training agents, including Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), β-glucan, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the two most popular cell types involved in trained immunity, monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, and compare the signaling pathways involved in innate immunity. Additionally, we discuss COVID-19 trained immunity clinical trials, emphasizing the potential of trained immunity to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding the mechanisms by which training agents activate innate immune cells to reprogram immune responses may prove beneficial in developing preventive and therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Brueggeman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Jonathan P. Moorman,
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Cyanobacteria and Algae-Derived Bioactive Metabolites as Antiviral Agents: Evidence, Mode of Action, and Scope for Further Expansion; A Comprehensive Review in Light of the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020354. [PMID: 35204236 PMCID: PMC8868401 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19—a severe acute respiratory syndrome disease caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—has recently attracted global attention, due to its devastating impact, to the point of being declared a pandemic. The search for new natural therapeutic drugs is mandatory, as the screening of already-known antiviral drugs so far has led to poor results. Several species of marine algae have been reported as sources of bioactive metabolites with potential antiviral and immunomodulatory activities, among others. Some of these bioactive metabolites might be able to act as antimicrobial drugs and also against viral infections by inhibiting their replication. Moreover, they could also trigger immunity against viral infection in humans and could be used as protective agents against COVID-In this context, this article reviews the main antiviral activities of bioactive metabolites from marine algae and their potential exploitation as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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11
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Mardi A, Meidaninikjeh S, Nikfarjam S, Majidi Zolbanin N, Jafari R. Interleukin-1 in COVID-19 Infection: Immunopathogenesis and Possible Therapeutic Perspective. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:679-688. [PMID: 34882013 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The newfound coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), initiated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an international public health concern, threatening the lives of millions of people worldwide. The virus seems to have a propensity to infect older males, especially those with underlying diseases. The cytokine storm following hyperactivated immune responses due to SARS-CoV-2 infection is probably the crucial source of severe pneumonia that leads to acute lung injury, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or acute respiratory distress syndrome, and finally multiple organ dysfunction syndromes, as well as death in many cases. Several studies revealed that interleukin (IL)-1β levels were elevated during COVID-19 infection. In addition, the IL-1 cytokine family has a pivotal role in the induction of cytokine storm due to uncontrolled immune responses in COVID-19 infection. This article reviews the role of IL-1 in inflammation and utilization of IL-1 inhibitor agents in controlling the inflammatory outcomes initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Meidaninikjeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Nikfarjam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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ACE2 and Innate Immunity in the Regulation of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Acute Lung Injury: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111483. [PMID: 34768911 PMCID: PMC8583933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the protracted battle against coronavirus acute respiratory infection (COVID-19) and the rapid evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), no specific and effective drugs have to date been reported. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a zinc metalloproteinase and a critical modulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In addition, ACE2 has anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis functions. ACE has become widely known in the past decade as it has been identified as the primary receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, being closely associated with their infection. SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the lung, which induces a cytokine storm by infecting alveolar cells, resulting in tissue damage and eventually severe acute respiratory syndrome. In the lung, innate immunity acts as a critical line of defense against pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to summarize the regulation of ACE2, and lung host cells resist SARS-CoV-2 invasion by activating innate immunity response. Finally, we discuss ACE2 as a therapeutic target, providing reference and enlightenment for the clinical treatment of COVID-19.
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Jung HE, Lee HK. Current Understanding of the Innate Control of Toll-like Receptors in Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2132. [PMID: 34834939 PMCID: PMC8622567 DOI: 10.3390/v13112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, threatens the entire world. It has affected every aspect of life and increased the burden on both healthcare and socioeconomic systems. Current studies have revealed that excessive inflammatory immune responses are responsible for the severity of COVID-19, which suggests that anti-inflammatory drugs may be promising therapeutic treatments. However, there are currently a limited number of approved therapeutics for COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize microbial components derived from invading pathogens, are involved in both the initiation of innate responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the hyperinflammatory phenotype of COVID-19. In this review, we provide current knowledge on the pivotal role of TLRs in immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrate the potential effectiveness of TLR-targeting drugs on the control of hyperinflammation in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
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14
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Effect of Age on Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204798. [PMID: 34682920 PMCID: PMC8538457 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective but balanced cellular and inflammatory immune response may limit the severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), whereas uncontrolled inflammation leads to disease progression. Older age is associated with higher risk of COVID-19 and a worse outcome, but the underlying immunological mechanisms for this age-related difference are not clear. We investigated the impact of age on viral replication, inflammation, and innate and adaptive cellular immune responses in 205 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. During the early symptomatic phase of COVID-19, we found that patients above 65 years had significantly higher viral load, higher levels of proinflammatory markers, and inadequate mobilization and activation of monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and CD8 T cells compared to those below 65 years. Our study points toward age-related deficiencies in the innate immune cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 as a potential cause of poorly controlled viral replication and inflammation during the early symptom phase and subsequent disease progression.
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Identification of serum prognostic biomarkers of severe COVID-19 using a quantitative proteomic approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20638. [PMID: 34667241 PMCID: PMC8526747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented threat to humanity that has provoked global health concerns. Since the etiopathogenesis of this illness is not fully characterized, the prognostic factors enabling treatment decisions have not been well documented. Accurately predicting the progression of the disease would aid in appropriate patient categorization and thus help determine the best treatment option. Here, we have introduced a proteomic approach utilizing data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) to identify the serum proteins that are closely associated with COVID-19 prognosis. Twenty-seven proteins were differentially expressed between severely ill COVID-19 patients with an adverse or favorable prognosis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that 15 of the 27 proteins might be regulated by cytokine signaling relevant to interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and their differential expression was implicated in the systemic inflammatory response and in cardiovascular disorders. We further evaluated practical predictors of the clinical prognosis of severe COVID-19 patients. Subsequent ELISA assays revealed that CHI3L1 and IGFALS may serve as highly sensitive prognostic markers. Our findings can help formulate a diagnostic approach for accurately identifying COVID-19 patients with severe disease and for providing appropriate treatment based on their predicted prognosis.
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16
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Xu J, Xiao W, Shi L, Wang Y, Yang H. Is Cancer an Independent Risk Factor for Fatal Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients? Arch Med Res 2021; 52:755-760. [PMID: 34074544 PMCID: PMC8142843 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has brought new challenges for global health systems. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate whether pre-diagnosed cancer was an independent risk factor for fatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. METHOD A comprehensive search was conducted in major databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE to identify all published full-text studies as of January 20, 2021. Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q-statistic and I² test. A meta-analysis of random- or fixed-effects model was used to estimate the effect size. Publication bias, sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were also carried out. RESULTS The confounders-adjusted pooled effects (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31-1.65; pooled hazard ratio [HR] = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.21-1.54) indicated that COVID-19 patients with pre-diagnosed cancer were more likely to progress to fatal outcomes based on 96 articles with 6,518,992 COVID-19 patients. Further subgroup analyses by age, sample size, the proportion of males, region, study design and quality rating exhibited consistent findings with the overall effect size. CONCLUSION Our analysis provides the objective findings based on the adjusted effect estimates that pre-diagnosed cancer is an independent risk factor for fatal outcome of COVID-19 patients. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, health workers should pay particular attention to cancer care for cancer patients and should prioritize cancer patients for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenwei Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Address reprint requests to: Haiyan Yang, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Phone: (+86) (371) 67781248; FAX: (+86) (371) 67781248
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17
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Melo AKG, Milby KM, Caparroz ALMA, Pinto ACPN, Santos RRP, Rocha AP, Ferreira GA, Souza VA, Valadares LDA, Vieira RMRA, Pileggi GS, Trevisani VFM. Biomarkers of cytokine storm as red flags for severe and fatal COVID-19 cases: A living systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253894. [PMID: 34185801 PMCID: PMC8241122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the laboratory parameters and biomarkers of the cytokine storm syndrome associated with severe and fatal COVID-19 cases. METHODS A search with standardized descriptors and synonyms was performed on November 28th, 2020 of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, LILACS, and IBECS to identify studies of interest. Grey literature searches and snowballing techniques were additionally utilized to identify yet-unpublished works and related citations. Two review authors independently screened the retrieved titles and abstracts, selected eligible studies for inclusion, extracted data from the included studies, and then assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Eligible studies were those including laboratory parameters-including serum interleukin-6 levels-from mild, moderate, or severe COVID-19 cases. Laboratory parameters, such as interleukin-6, ferritin, hematology, C-Reactive Protein, procalcitonin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and D-dimer, were extracted from the studies. Meta-analyses were conducted using the laboratory data to estimate mean differences with associated 95% confidence intervals. DATA SYNTHESIS The database search yielded 9,620 records; 40 studies (containing a total of 9,542 patients) were included in the final analysis. Twenty-one studies (n = 4,313) assessed laboratory data related to severe COVID-19 cases, eighteen studies (n = 4,681) assessed predictors for fatal COVID-19 cases and one study (n = 548) assessed laboratory biomarkers related to severe and fatal COVID-19 cases. Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated levels of interleukin-6, ferritin, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase, C-Reactive-Protein, procalcitonin, creatinine, neutrophils and leucocytes were associated with severe and fatal COVID-19 cases. CONCLUSIONS This review points to interleukin-6, ferritin, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, C-Reactive Protein, procalcitonin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and D-dimer as important biomarkers of cytokine storm syndrome. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 and hyperferritinemia should be considered as red flags of systemic inflammation and poor prognosis in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karla G. Melo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Evidence-Based Health Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Keilla M. Milby
- Evidence-Based Health Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza M. A. Caparroz
- Evidence-Based Health Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital de Base, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina P. N. Pinto
- Evidence-Based Health Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil
- Fulbright Alumna at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo R. P. Santos
- Evidence-Based Health Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Data Science, Synova Health, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline P. Rocha
- Evidence-Based Health Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilda A. Ferreira
- Department of Lokomotor System, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Viviane A. Souza
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Rejane M. R. A. Vieira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gecilmara S. Pileggi
- Department of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Virgínia F. M. Trevisani
- Evidence-Based Health Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Rheumatology, Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Shen J, Wang C, Dong C, Tang Z, Sun H. Reductions in mortality resulting from COVID-19 quarantine measures in China. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:254-260. [PMID: 33432337 PMCID: PMC7928732 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the impact of quarantine measures on the cause of death. Methods We use time series analysis with the data from death cause surveillance database of Suzhou from January 2017 to December 2019 to estimate the expected deaths from January to June 2020 and compare these expected deaths with the reported numbers of deaths. Results After the implementation of epidemic prevention measures in Suzhou in the first 3 months, overall number of all-cause deaths declined for 5.36, 7.54 and 7.02% compared with predicted numbers. The number of deaths from respiratory causes and traffic accidents declined shapely by 30.1 and 26.9%, totally. When quarantine measures were released (April–June), however, the observed numbers of total deaths exceeded the predicted deaths. People aged over 70 accounted for 91.6% of declined death number in respiratory causes and people aged over 60 accounted for 68.0% of declined death number in traffic accidents. Women over the age of 80 benefited the most from respiratory prevention (accounts for 41% of all reductions), whereas women aged over 60 benefited the most from traffic control (44%). Conclusions Overall, the whole population benefited from the epidemic prevention measures especially elderly females. This study is a useful supplement to encourage the government to develop regular preventive measures under the era of normalized epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Congju Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Suzhou High-tech Zone, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zaixiang Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongpeng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Hanan N, Doud RL, Park IW, Jones HP, Mathew SO. The Many Faces of Innate Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060596. [PMID: 34199761 PMCID: PMC8228170 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is important for initial antiviral response. SARS-CoV-2 can result in overactivity or suppression of the innate immune system. A dysregulated immune response is associated with poor outcomes; with patients having significant Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratios (NLR) due to neutrophilia alongside lymphopenia. Elevated interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 leads to overactivity and is a prominent feature of severe COVID-19 patients. IL-6 can result in lymphopenia; where COVID-19 patients typically have significantly altered lymphocyte subsets. IL-8 attracts neutrophils; which may play a significant role in lung tissue damage with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps leading to cytokine storm or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Several factors like pre-existing co-morbidities, genetic risks, viral pathogenicity, and therapeutic efficacy act as important modifiers of SARS-CoV-2 risks for disease through an interplay with innate host inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss the role of the innate immune system at play with other important modifiers in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hanan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
| | - Ronnie L. Doud
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
| | - In-Woo Park
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Harlan P. Jones
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stephen O. Mathew
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-5407
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20
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Solimani F, Meier K, Ghoreschi K. Janus kinase signaling as risk factor and therapeutic target for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1071-1075. [PMID: 33675065 PMCID: PMC8250126 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine signaling, especially interferon (IFN) signaling is closely linked to several aspects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. During initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic patients present with impaired type I/III IFN-mediated antiviral responses. Interestingly, IFNs regulate the cellular entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 on epithelial and endothelial cells. As reported recently, critically ill COVID-19 patients show genetic polymorphisms in one IFN receptor gene (IFNRA2) and in a gene locus near the Janus kinase (JAK) TYK2, which is key for IFN, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 signaling, and T helper (Th) 1/Th17 cell-mediated antiviral immune responses. In the advanced stage of the disease, critically ill COVID-19 patients develop a cytokine storm where many inflammatory mediators using the JAK/STAT signaling pathway such as IL-6, IFN-γ, the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or IL-2, and chemokines result in an influx of macrophages and neutrophils damaging the lung tissue. The knowledge on the cytokine and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in severe COVID-19 disease explains the promising first results with JAK inhibitors like baricitinib, which not only dampen the inflammation but in the case of baricitinib also affect virus replication and endocytosis in target cells. Here, we summarize the current immunological associations of SARS-CoV-2 infection with cytokine signaling, the JAK/STAT pathway, and the current clinical stage of JAK inhibitors for improving severe COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Solimani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyCharité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Katharina Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyCharité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyCharité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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21
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Attia YA, El-Saadony MT, Swelum AA, Qattan SYA, Al-Qurashi AD, Asiry KA, Shafi ME, Elbestawy AR, Gado AR, Khafaga AF, Hussein EOS, Ba-Awadh H, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Alhussaini B, Alyileili SR, El-Tarabily KA, Abd El-Hack ME. COVID-19: pathogenesis, advances in treatment and vaccine development and environmental impact-an updated review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22241-22264. [PMID: 33733422 PMCID: PMC7969349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diseases negatively impact the environment, causing many health risks and the spread of pollution and hazards. A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a recent respiratory syndrome epidemic in humans. In December 2019, the sudden emergence of this new coronavirus and the subsequent severe disease it causes created a serious global health threat and hazards. This is in contrast to the two aforementioned coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 (in 2002) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV (in 2012), which were much more easily contained. The World Health Organization (WHO) dubbed this contagious respiratory disease an "epidemic outbreak" in March 2020. More than 80 companies and research institutions worldwide are working together, in cooperation with many governmental agencies, to develop an effective vaccine. To date, six authorized vaccines have been registered. Up till now, no approved drugs and drug scientists are racing from development to clinical trials to find new drugs for COVID-19. Wild animals, such as snakes, bats, and pangolins are the main sources of coronaviruses, as determined by the sequence homology between MERS-CoV and viruses in these animals. Human infection is caused by inhalation of respiratory droplets. To date, the only available treatment protocol for COVID-19 is based on the prevalent clinical signs. This review aims to summarize the current information regarding the origin, evolution, genomic organization, epidemiology, and molecular and cellular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the diagnostic and treatment approaches for COVID-19 and its impact on global health, environment, and economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Shaza Y A Qattan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel D Al-Qurashi
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Asiry
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, 22511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Gado
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, 22511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
| | - Elsayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar-243, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 122, India
| | - Bakr Alhussaini
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdualziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem R Alyileili
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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22
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Kanimozhi G, Pradhapsingh B, Singh Pawar C, Khan HA, Alrokayan SH, Prasad NR. SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, Molecular Targets and Experimental Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638334. [PMID: 33967772 PMCID: PMC8100521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recent pandemic outbreak threatening human beings worldwide. This novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection causes severe morbidity and mortality and rapidly spreading across the countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for basic fundamental research to understand the pathogenesis and druggable molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2. Recent sequencing data of the viral genome and X-ray crystallographic data of the viral proteins illustrate potential molecular targets that need to be investigated for structure-based drug design. Further, the SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogen isolated from clinical samples needs to be cultivated and titrated. All of these scenarios demand suitable laboratory experimental models. The experimental models should mimic the viral life cycle as it happens in the human lung epithelial cells. Recently, researchers employing primary human lung epithelial cells, intestinal epithelial cells, experimental cell lines like Vero cells, CaCo-2 cells, HEK-293, H1299, Calu-3 for understanding viral titer values. The human iPSC-derived lung organoids, small intestinal organoids, and blood vessel organoids increase interest among researchers to understand SARS-CoV-2 biology and treatment outcome. The SARS-CoV-2 enters the human lung epithelial cells using viral Spike (S1) protein and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor. The laboratory mouse show poor ACE-2 expression and thereby inefficient SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, there was an urgent need to develop transgenic hACE-2 mouse models to understand antiviral agents' therapeutic outcomes. This review highlighted the viral pathogenesis, potential druggable molecular targets, and suitable experimental models for basic fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Kanimozhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dharmapuram Gnanambigai Government Arts College for Women, Mayiladuthurai, India
| | - B. Pradhapsingh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - Charan Singh Pawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman H. Alrokayan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - N. Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
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23
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Shu Z, Chang K, Zhou Y, Peng C, Li X, Cai W, Wei L, Zheng Q, Tian H, Xia J, Yang K, Wang N, Liu J, Min X, Yan D, Sun J, Wu H, Li X, Zheng Y, Yu Z, Lu X, Yang Y, Jia T, Ji J, Zou Q, Wang Y, Xiao M, Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Sun F, Zhu Q, Jiang X, Wang G, Tang SCW, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang N, Zhang B, Tong X, Liu B, Zhou X, Chan KW, Li X. Add-On Chinese Medicine for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (ACCORD): A Retrospective Cohort Study of Hospital Registries. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:543-575. [PMID: 33683189 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chinese medicine (CM) was extensively used to treat COVID-19 in China. We aimed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of add-on semi-individualized CM during the outbreak. A retrospective cohort of 1788 adult confirmed COVID-19 patients were recruited from 2235 consecutive linked records retrieved from five hospitals in Wuhan during 15 January to 13 March 2020. The mortality of add-on semi-individualized CM users and non-users was compared by inverse probability weighted hazard ratio (HR) and by propensity score matching. Change of biomarkers was compared between groups, and the frequency of CMs used was analyzed. Subgroup analysis was performed to stratify disease severity and dose of CM exposure. The crude mortality was 3.8% in the semi-individualized CM user group and 17.0% among the non-users. Add-on CM was associated with a mortality reduction of 58% (HR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.77, [Formula: see text] = 0.005) among all COVID-19 cases and 66% (HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.76, [Formula: see text] = 0.009) among severe/critical COVID-19 cases demonstrating dose-dependent response, after inversely weighted with propensity score. The result was robust in various stratified, weighted, matched, adjusted and sensitivity analyses. Severe/critical patients that received add-on CM had a trend of stabilized D-dimer level after 3-7 days of admission when compared to baseline. Immunomodulating and anti-asthmatic CMs were most used. Add-on semi-individualized CM was associated with significantly reduced mortality, especially among severe/critical cases. Chinese medicine could be considered as an add-on regimen for trial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Shu
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chang
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China.,College of Information Engineering, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China
| | - Yana Zhou
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Chaoan Peng
- Wuhan Huangpi District Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 432200, P. R. China
| | - Xugui Li
- Hubei 672 Orthopedics Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430014, P. R. China
| | - Li Wei
- Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan 430033, P. R. China
| | - Qiguang Zheng
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Tian
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Xia
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Kuo Yang
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Jifen Liu
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Min
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Dengying Yan
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wu
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Zecong Yu
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Xi Lu
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Ting Jia
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Ji
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Qunzheng Zou
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Minzhong Xiao
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Yajuan Xiong
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Feng Sun
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Jiang
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | | | - Junhua Zhang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyang Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Nevin Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Boli Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Baoyan Liu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhong Zhou
- Institute of Medical Intelligence, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Kam Wa Chan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied, Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China.,Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, P. R. China
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24
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Dash P, Mohapatra S, Ghosh S, Nayak B. A Scoping Insight on Potential Prophylactics, Vaccines and Therapeutic Weaponry for the Ongoing Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic- A Comprehensive Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:590154. [PMID: 33815095 PMCID: PMC8015872 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of highly virulent CoVs (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of novel ongoing "COVID-19" pandemics has been marked as an alarming case of pneumonia posing a large global healthcare crisis of unprecedented magnitude. Currently, the COVID-19 outbreak has fueled an international demand in the biomedical field for the mitigation of the fast-spreading illness, all through the urgent deployment of safe, effective, and rational therapeutic strategies along with epidemiological control. Confronted with such contagious respiratory distress, the global population has taken significant steps towards a more robust strategy of containment and quarantine to halt the total number of positive cases but such a strategy can only delay the spread. A substantial number of potential vaccine candidates are undergoing multiple clinical trials to combat COVID-19 disease, includes live-attenuated, inactivated, viral-vectored based, sub-unit vaccines, DNA, mRNA, peptide, adjuvant, plant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines. However, there are no licensed anti-COVID-19 drugs/therapies or vaccines that have proven to work as more effective therapeutic candidates in open-label clinical trial studies. To counteract the infection (SARS-CoV-2), many people are under prolonged treatment of many chemical drugs that inhibit the PLpro activity (Ribavirin), viral proteases (Lopinavir/Ritonavir), RdRp activity (Favipiravir, Remdesivir), viral membrane fusion (Umifenovir, Chloroquine phosphate (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine phosphate (HCQ), IL-6 overexpression (Tocilizumab, Siltuximab, Sarilumab). Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy and Convalescent Plasma Therapy have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 virion. On the other hand, repurposing previously designed antiviral agents with tolerable safety profile and efficacy could be the only promising approach and fast response to the novel virion. In addition, research institutions and corporations have commenced the redesign of the available therapeutic strategy to manage the global crisis. Herein, we present succinct information on selected anti-COVID-19 therapeutic medications repurposed to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, this review will provide exhaustive detail on recent prophylactic strategies and ongoing clinical trials to curb this deadly pandemic, outlining the major therapeutic areas for researchers to step in.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bismita Nayak
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
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25
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Iqbal Yatoo M, Hamid Z, Rather I, Nazir QUA, Bhat RA, Ul Haq A, Magray SN, Haq Z, Sah R, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Bilal M, Harapan H, Dhama K. Immunotherapies and immunomodulatory approaches in clinical trials - a mini review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1897-1909. [PMID: 33577374 PMCID: PMC7885722 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1871295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created havoc worldwide. Due to the non-availability of any vaccine or drugs against COVID-19, immunotherapies involving convalescent plasma, immunoglobulins, antibodies (monoclonal or polyclonal), and the use of immunomodulatory agents to enhance immunity are valuable alternative options. Cell-based therapies including natural killer cells, T cells, stem cells along with cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs) based therapies are also being exploited potentially against COVID-19. Future research need to strengthen the field of developing effective immunotherapeutics and immunomodulators with a thrust of providing appropriate, affordable, convenient, and cost-effective prophylactic and treatment regimens to combat global COVID-19 crisis that has led to a state of medical emergency enforcing entire countries of the world to devote their research infrastructure and manpower in tackling this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zeenat Hamid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Izhar Rather
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Qurat Ul Ain Nazir
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Riyaz Ahmed Bhat
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abrar Ul Haq
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Suhail Nabi Magray
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zulfqar Haq
- ICAR-Centre for Research on Poultry, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - SenthilKumar Natesan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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26
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Gulic T, Blagojevic Zagorac G. COVID-19 and pregnancy: are they friends or enemies? Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 42:57-62. [PMID: 33567179 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading all over the world. Although in many cases the infection causes very weak symptoms, it can be severe in patient with diverse chronical diseases and immunological compromising patients. Pregnancy is a unique condition in which mother and fetus peacefully collaborate. Diverse endocrine-immune mechanisms, mostly under progesterone control work together to protect the fetus from maternal immunocompetent cell activation driven rejection. The physiological shift to Th2 dominant environment, while favourable for fetus, it makes mothers susceptible to infective pathogens, making pregnancy during COVID-19 pandemic challenging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies involving COVID-19 in pregnancy and those analysing changes of immune system induced by COVID-19 were searched in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. Databases were searched using a keyword COVID-19/coronavirus, that was combined with following terms: immune system, pregnancy, oestrogen, or progesterone. Search included studies published up to 01.07.2020. Almost 1,500 articles were found, but only 18 met criteria. RESULTS Most frequent symptoms of COVID-19 in mothers infected in the late pregnancy were fever and cough accompanied with lymphopenia and elevated C-reactive protein. Mothers reported to have severe disease had comorbidities and were obese. Low rate of neonatal complications of maternal Sars-Coc-2 infection without neonatal mortality was observed. CONCLUSIONS Currently available data didn't show significant relationship between COVID-19 severity and pregnancy and there is no strong evidence that mother's infection can lead to adverse pregnancy outcome, but further studies are needed to determinate the possible effects of COVID-19 gained during earlier pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gulic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Blagojevic Zagorac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,University North - University Center Varaždin, Varaždin, Croatia
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27
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Saburi E, Abazari MF, Hassannia H, Mansour RN, Eshaghi-Gorji R, Gheibi M, Rahmati M, Enderami SE. The use of mesenchymal stem cells in the process of treatment and tissue regeneration after recovery in patients with Covid-19. Gene 2021; 777:145471. [PMID: 33549712 PMCID: PMC7860931 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to causing health concerns, the new coronavirus has been considered in the world with its unknown mechanism of physiopathogenesis and long-term effects after patient recovery. Pulmonary, renal, hepatic and cardiac complications have been reported so far. Beside the researchers' focus on finding vaccines and using conventional therapies, cell-based therapy might be an effective therapeutic strategy. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one of the options due to their immunomodulatory properties and their proven effects in the treatment of many diseases. As MSCs are not infected with covid-19, there is evidence that it modulates the immune system and prevents the virus from clotting. Despite the beginning of numerous clinical trials in the use of mesenchymal stem cells, it is necessary to set a practical guideline that specifies items such as cell origin, number of cells, frequency of injection, injection site, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Saburi
- Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Foad Abazari
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Amol Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Reza Eshaghi-Gorji
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mobina Gheibi
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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28
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Trinité B, Tarrés-Freixas F, Rodon J, Pradenas E, Urrea V, Marfil S, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Ávila-Nieto C, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Barajas A, Ortiz R, Paredes R, Mateu L, Valencia A, Guallar V, Ruiz L, Grau E, Massanella M, Puig J, Chamorro A, Izquierdo-Useros N, Segalés J, Clotet B, Carrillo J, Vergara-Alert J, Blanco J. SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a rapid neutralizing antibody response that correlates with disease severity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2608. [PMID: 33510275 PMCID: PMC7843981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of neutralizing antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals is not yet well defined. To address this issue, we have analyzed the kinetics of neutralizing antibody responses and their association with disease severity. Between March and May 2020, the prospective KING study enrolled 72 COVID-19+ participants grouped according to disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed by serological and virological tests. Plasma neutralizing responses were assessed against replicative virus and pseudoviral particles. Multiple regression and non-parametric tests were used to analyze dependence of parameters. The magnitude of neutralizing titers significantly increased with disease severity. Hospitalized individuals developed higher titers compared to mild-symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, which together showed titers below the detection limit in 50% of cases. Longitudinal analysis confirmed the strong differences in neutralizing titers between non-hospitalized and hospitalized participants and showed rapid kinetics of appearance of neutralizing antibodies (50% and 80% of maximal activity reached after 11 and 17 days after symptoms onset, respectively) in hospitalized patients. No significant impact of age, gender or treatment on the neutralizing titers was observed in this limited cohort. These data identify a clear association of humoral immunity with disease severity and point to immune mechanisms other than antibodies as relevant players in COVID-19 protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Trinité
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Ávila-Nieto
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar-Gurrieri
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Fight Against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias I Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight Against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias I Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruiz
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Grau
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Puig
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight Against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias I Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight Against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias I Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Fight Against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias I Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de La Sida, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra, de Canyet s/n, 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain. .,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain.
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Scudiero O, Lombardo B, Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Cesaro A, Fimiani F, Gentile L, Moscarella E, Amodio F, Ranieri A, Gragnano F, Laneri S, Mazzaccara C, Di Micco P, Caiazza M, D’Alicandro G, Limongelli G, Calabrò P, Pero R, Frisso G. Exercise, Immune System, Nutrition, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19: A Complex Combination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:904. [PMID: 33494244 PMCID: PMC7908487 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a large family of RNA viruses that can infect different living species, posing a global threat to human health. CoVs can evade the immune response, replicate within the host, and cause a rapid immune compromise culminating in severe acute respiratory syndrome. In humans, the immune system functions are influenced by physical activity, nutrition, and the absence of respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an in-depth study between the interactions of the immune system and coronaviruses in the host to defend against CoVs disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Scudiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.S.); (B.L.); (C.M.); (C.M.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.S.); (B.L.); (C.M.); (C.M.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mennitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.S.); (B.L.); (C.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Arturo Cesaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.A.); (F.G.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Fabio Fimiani
- Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale AORN Dei Colli, “V.Monaldi”, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luca Gentile
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Moscarella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.A.); (F.G.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Amodio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.A.); (F.G.)
| | - Annaluisa Ranieri
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Felice Gragnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.A.); (F.G.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Via Montesano, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mazzaccara
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.S.); (B.L.); (C.M.); (C.M.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Di Micco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Emergency Room, Ospedale Buon Consiglio Fatebenefratelli, 80123 Naples, Italy;
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanni D’Alicandro
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center of Sports Medicine and Disability, AORN, Santobono-Pausillipon, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.A.); (F.G.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Raffaela Pero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.S.); (B.L.); (C.M.); (C.M.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Frisso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.S.); (B.L.); (C.M.); (C.M.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
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30
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Bezemer GFG, Garssen J. TLR9 and COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Theory of a Multifaceted Therapeutic Target. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:601685. [PMID: 33519463 PMCID: PMC7844586 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.601685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By mapping the clinical pathophysiology of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) against insights from virology, immunology, genomics, epidemiology and pharmacology, it is here proposed that the pathogen recognition receptor called toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) might have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, is causing the greatest global social and economic disruption since world war II. Lack of a vaccine, lack of successful treatment and limitations of the healthcare workforce and resources needed to safeguard patients with severe COVID-19 on the edge of life, demands radical preventive measures. It is urgently needed to identify biomarkers and drug candidates so that vulnerable individuals can be recognized early and severe multi-organ complications can be prevented or dampened. The TLR9 COVID-19 hypothesis describes a mechanism of action that could explain a wide spectrum of manifestations observed in patients with severe COVID-19. The introduced hypothesis proposes biomarkers for identification of vulnerable individuals and positions TLR9 as a promising multifaceted intervention target for prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19. TLR9 agonists might have value as prophylactic vaccine adjuvants and therapeutic immune stimulators at the early onset of disease. Additionally, in this current manuscript it is proposed for the first time that TLR9 could be considered as a target of "inhibition" aimed to dampen hyperinflammation and thrombotic complications in vulnerable patients that are at risk of developing late stages of COVID-19. The readily availability of TLR9 modulating drug candidates that have reached clinical testing for other disorders could favor a fast track development scenario, an important advantage under the current high unmet medical need circumstances regarding COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillina F. G. Bezemer
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Impact Station, Hilversum, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research BV, Utrecht, Netherlands
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31
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Siddique F, Abbas RZ, Mansoor MK, Alghamdi ES, Saeed M, Ayaz MM, Rahman M, Mahmood MS, Iqbal A, Manzoor M, Abbas A, Javaid A, Hussain I. An Insight Into COVID-19: A 21st Century Disaster and Its Relation to Immunocompetence and Food Antioxidants. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:586637. [PMID: 33521076 PMCID: PMC7838355 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.586637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranks third in terms of fatal coronavirus diseases threatening public health, coming after SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus). SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2) causes COVID-19. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the current outbreak of COVID-19 is the sixth global health emergency. As of December 3, 2020, 64 million people worldwide have been affected by this malaise, and the global economy has experienced a loss of more than $1 trillion. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Betacoronavirus genus. The high nucleotide sequence identity of SARS-CoV-2 with the BatCoV RaTG13 genome has indicated that bats could be the possible host of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the host cell via binding its spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is similar to the mechanisms of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 can spread from person to person via respiratory droplets and airborne and contaminated fomites. Moreover, it poses a significant risk to smokers, the elderly, immunocompromised people, and those with preexisting comorbidities. Two main approaches are used to control viral infections, namely, vaccination, and biosecurity. Studies to analyze the antigenicity and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are underway, and few vaccines may be available in the near future. In the current situation, the Human Biosecurity Emergency (HBE) may be the only way to cope effectively with the novel SARS-CoV-2 strain. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the origin of COVID-19 as well as its epidemiological relationship with humans and animals, genomic resemblance, immunopathogenesis, clinical-laboratory signs, diagnosis, control and prevention, and treatment. Moreover, we discuss the interventional effects of various nutrients on COVID-19 in detail. However, multiple possibilities are explored to fight COVID-19, and the greatest efforts targeted toward finding an effective vaccine in the near future. Furthermore, antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids, both synthetic and natural, could play a crucial role in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Etab Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Moazur Rahman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Parasitology, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maida Manzoor
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asif Javaid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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32
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Lee C, Choi WJ. Overview of COVID-19 inflammatory pathogenesis from the therapeutic perspective. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:99-116. [PMID: 33398692 PMCID: PMC7781412 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel beta coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, designated as COVID-19) that is responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome has devastated the global economy and health care system. Since COVID-19 changed the definition of “normal” in ordinary life around the world, the development of effective therapeutics and preventive measures is desperately needed to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and restore normalcy. A clear understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis is crucial in providing the scientific rationale necessary to develop anti-COVID19 drugs and vaccines. According to the most recently published literature, COVID-19 pathogenesis was postulated to occur in three sequential phases: pulmonary, proinflammatory, and prothrombic. Herein, virus-host interactions, potential pathogenic mechanisms, and clinical manifestations are described for each phase. Additionally, based on this pathogenesis model, various therapeutic strategies involving current clinical trials are presented with an explanation of their modes of action and example drugs. This review is a thorough, updated summary of COVID-19 pathogenesis and the therapeutic options available for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Jun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
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33
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Brendler T, Al‐Harrasi A, Bauer R, Gafner S, Hardy ML, Heinrich M, Hosseinzadeh H, Izzo AA, Michaelis M, Nassiri‐Asl M, Panossian A, Wasser SP, Williamson EM. Botanical drugs and supplements affecting the immune response in the time of
COVID
‐19: Implications for research and clinical practice. Phytother Res 2020; 35:3013-3031. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brendler
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Plantaphile Collingswood New Jersey USA
| | - Ahmed Al‐Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre University of Nizwa Nizwa Oman
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy University of Graz Graz Austria
| | | | - Mary L. Hardy
- Association of Integrative and Holistic Medicine San Diego California USA
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Group ‘Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy’, UCL School of Pharmacy University of London London UK
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Angelo A. Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Marjan Nassiri‐Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Neurobiology Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | | | - Solomon P. Wasser
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology University of Haifa Haifa Israel
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34
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Karmakar D, Lahiri B, Ranjan P, Chatterjee J, Lahiri P, Sengupta S. Road Map to Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Clinico-Immunopathology and COVID-19 Disease Severity. Pathogens 2020; 10:5. [PMID: 33374748 PMCID: PMC7823523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The rapid spread of the virus worldwide prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 discontinuing's a global health crisis. Approximately 80% of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 display undetectable to mild inflammation confined in the upper respiratory tract. In remaining patients, the disease turns into a severe form affecting almost all major organs predominantly due to an imbalance of innate and adaptive arms of host immunity. The purpose of the present review is to narrate the virus's invasion through the system and the host's reaction. A thorough discussion on disease severity is also presented regarding the behavior of the host's immune system, which gives rise to the cytokine storm particularly in elderly patients and those with comorbidities. A multifaceted yet concise description of molecular aspects of disease progression and its repercussion on biochemical and immunological features in infected patients is tabulated. The summary of pathological, clinical, immunological, and molecular accounts discussed in this review is of theranostic importance to clinicians for early diagnosis of COVID-19 and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
| | - Basudev Lahiri
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Piyush Ranjan
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Pooja Lahiri
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Sanghamitra Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
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35
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Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Tamayo E, Martín-García D, Álvarez FJ, Herrera-Gómez F. Clinical Profile, Treatment and Predictors during the First COVID-19 Wave: A Population-Based Registry Analysis from Castile and Leon Hospitals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9360. [PMID: 33327546 PMCID: PMC7765016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic collapsed the hospitals in Castile and Leon (Spain). An analysis of the clinical characteristics, drug therapies and principal outcome predictors in the COVID-19 hospitalized patients from 1 March to 31 May 2020 is presented through a population-based registry study. Hospital stay variables, ventilation mode data and clinical outcomes were observed. In Castile and Leon hospitals, 7307 COVID-19 patients were admitted, with 57.05% being male and a median of 76 years. The mortality rate was 24.43%, with a high incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (14.03%) and acute kidney injury (AKI) (10.87%). The most used medicines were antibiotics (90.83%), antimalarials (42.63%), steroids (44.37%) and antivirals, such as lopinavir/ritonavir (42.63%). The use of tocilizumab (9.37%) and anti-SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) medicines (7.34%) were remarkable. Fundamentally, death occurred more likely over 65 years of age (OR: 9.05). In addition, the need for ventilation was associated with a higher probability of death (OR: 3.59), SARS (OR: 5.14) and AKI (OR: 2.31). The drug-use pattern had been modified throughout the COVID-19 first wave. Multiple factors, such as age, gender and the need for mechanical ventilation, were related to the worst evolution prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; (F.J.Á.); (F.H.-G.)
- Technical Direction of Pharmaceutical Assistance, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tamayo
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Débora Martín-García
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - F. Javier Álvarez
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; (F.J.Á.); (F.H.-G.)
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- CEIm, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco Herrera-Gómez
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; (F.J.Á.); (F.H.-G.)
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Virgen de la Concha, 49022 Zamora, Spain
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36
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Canedo-Marroquín G, Saavedra F, Andrade CA, Berrios RV, Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Opazo MC, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569760. [PMID: 33362758 PMCID: PMC7759609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new infectious disease was named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), and at October 2020, more than 39,000,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected worldwide leading to near 1,100,000 deaths. Clinically, COVID-19 is characterized by clinical manifestations, such as fever, dry cough, headache, and in more severe cases, respiratory distress. Moreover, neurological-, cardiac-, and renal-related symptoms have also been described. Clinical evidence suggests that migration of immune cells to the affected organs can produce an exacerbated release of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to disease and render the immune response as a major player during the development of the COVID-19 disease. Due to the current sanitary situation, the development of vaccines is imperative. Up to the date, 42 prototypes are being tested in humans in different clinical stages, with 10 vaccine candidates undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. In the same way, the search for an effective treatment to approach the most severe cases is also in constant advancement. Several potential therapies have been tested since COVID-19 was described, including antivirals, antiparasitic and immune modulators. Recently, clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine-a promising drug in the beginning-were suspended. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved convalescent serum administration as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Moreover, monoclonal antibody therapy is also under development to neutralize the virus and prevent infection. In this article, we describe the clinical manifestations and the immunological information available about COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we discuss current therapies under study and the development of vaccines to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Farides Saavedra
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roslye V. Berrios
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María C. Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Qin X, Huang C, Wu K, Li Y, Liang X, Su M, Li R. Anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) targets and mechanisms of puerarin. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:677-685. [PMID: 33241658 PMCID: PMC7753316 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to uncover the pharmacological function and underlying mechanism of puerarin as a potential treatment for COVID‐19, using an in silico methodology, including network pharmacology and molecular docking. The pivotal targets of puerarin to treat COVID‐19 were identified and included the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), tumour protein p53 (TP53), caspase 3 (CASP3), RELA proto‐oncogene (RELA), Fos proto‐oncogene (FOS), caspase 8 (CASP8), prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), interleukin 2 (IL2), protein kinase CB (PRKCB), B cell lymphoma/leukaemia gene‐2 (BCL2), protein kinase CA (PRKCA), nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Functionally, the anti–COVID‐19 action of puerarin was associated with the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades, and cell apoptosis. The signalling pathways of puerarin to treat COVID‐19 included modulation of the pathways of apoptosis, IL‐17 signalling, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling and TNF signalling. Molecular docking data illustrated the binding capacity of puerarin with COVID‐19 and the effective anti–COVID‐19 activity of puerarin. Taken together, our current network pharmacology–based findings revealed the pharmacological role of puerarin in the treatment of COVID‐19. Furthermore, the bioinformatic findings elucidated that some of these pivotal targets might serve as potential molecular markers for detecting COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Qin
- Department of Neurology (Area Two), Guigang City People's Hospital, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guigang, China
| | - Chen Huang
- The Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Business School, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ka Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Nanning City, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Min Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Rong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Dai Z, Zeng D, Cui D, Wang D, Feng Y, Shi Y, Zhao L, Xu J, Guo W, Yang Y, Zhao X, Li D, Zheng Y, Wang A, Wu M, Song S, Lu H. Prediction of COVID-19 Patients at High Risk of Progression to Severe Disease. Front Public Health 2020; 8:574915. [PMID: 33330318 PMCID: PMC7732480 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.574915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a novel scoring model for the prediction of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients at high risk of severe disease, we retrospectively studied 419 patients from five hospitals in Shanghai, Hubei, and Jiangsu Provinces from January 22 to March 30, 2020. Multivariate Cox regression and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were both used to identify high-risk factors for disease severity in COVID-19 patients. The prediction model was developed based on four high-risk factors. Multivariate analysis showed that comorbidity [hazard ratio (HR) 3.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.96–5.11], albumin (ALB) level (HR 3.67, 95% CI 1.91–7.02), C-reactive protein (CRP) level (HR 3.16, 95% CI 1.68–5.96), and age ≥60 years (HR 2.31, 95% CI 1.43–3.73) were independent risk factors for disease severity in COVID-19 patients. OPLS-DA identified that the top five influencing parameters for COVID-19 severity were CRP, ALB, age ≥60 years, comorbidity, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. When incorporating the above four factors, the nomogram had a good concordance index of 0.86 (95% CI 0.83–0.89) and had an optimal agreement between the predictive nomogram and the actual observation with a slope of 0.95 (R2 = 0.89) in the 7-day prediction and 0.96 (R2 = 0.92) in the 14-day prediction after 1,000 bootstrap sampling. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the COVID-19-American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) model was 0.85 (95% CI 0.81–0.90). According to the probability of severity, the model divided the patients into three groups: low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk. The COVID-19-AACC model is an effective method for clinicians to screen patients at high risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Dai
- Department of Invasive Technology, Yancheng Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangping Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan Central Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexiang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinguo Zhao
- Department of Respiration, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, China
| | - Duoduo Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minmin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Song
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Fatima S, Haider N, Alam MA, Gani MA, Ahmad R. Herbal approach for the management of C0VID-19: an overview. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2020; 0:/j/dmdi.ahead-of-print/dmdi-2020-0150/dmdi-2020-0150.xml. [PMID: 33128525 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2020-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the most recently discovered coronavirus infectious disease and leads to pandemic all over the world. The clinical continuum of COVID-19 varies from mild illness with non-specific signs and symptoms of acute respiratory disease to extreme respiratory pneumonia and septic shock. It can transmit from animal to human in the form of touch, through the air, water, utensils, fomite and feco-oral route blood. The pathogenesis and clinical features of COVID-19 be the same as the clinical manifestation associated epidemic Fever. In Unani medicine, various herbal drugs are described under the caption of epidemic disease. Great Unani scholar also Avicenna (980-1037 AD) recommended that during epidemic condition movement should be restricted, self-isolation, fumigation around the habitant with perfumed herbs (Ood, Kafoor, Sumbuluttib, Saad Kofi, Loban, etc.), and use of appropriate antidotes (Tiryaqe Wabai) and vinegar (Sirka) as prophylaxis. Herbal approach is based on single (Unnab-Ziziphus jujuba, Sapistan-Cordia myxa, Bahidana-Cydonia oblonga, Khatmi-Althea officinalis, Khubazi-Malva sylvestris, Zafran-Crocus sativus, Sibr-Aloe barbedensis, Murmuki-Commiphora myrrha, Darchini-Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Qaranfal-Syzygium aromaticum, Rihan-Oscimum sanctum, Habtus Sauda-Nigella sativa, Aslus Sus-Glycyrrhiza glabra, Maghze Amaltas-Cassia fistula and Adusa-Adhatoda vasica) and compound drugs (Habbe Bukhar, Sharbat Khaksi, Sharbat Zanjabeel, Naqu Nazla, Majoon Chobchini, Jawrish Jalinus and Khamira Marvareed) most of them are claimed for anti-viral, anti-pyretic, blood purifier, cardioprotective and expectorant activities. Traditionally most of the herbal practitioners are using it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Fatima
- Department of Unani Pharmacy, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Nafis Haider
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Anzar Alam
- Department of Medicine, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohd Abdul Gani
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Rafeeque Ahmad
- The New York School of Medical and Dental Assistants, Long Island City, NY, USA
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40
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Sen A. Repurposing prolactin as a promising immunomodulator for the treatment of COVID-19: Are common Antiemetics the wonder drug to fight coronavirus? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110208. [PMID: 33254515 PMCID: PMC7444632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL), the well-known lactogenic hormone, plays a crucial role in immune function given the fact that long term hypoprolactinemia (serum prolactin level below normal) can even lead to death from opportunistic infection. High blood PRL level is known to provide an immunological advantage in many pathological conditions (with some exceptions like autoimmune diseases) and women, because of their higher blood PRL level, get an advantage in this regard. It has been reported that by controlled enhancement of blood PRL level (within the physiological limit and in some cases a little elevated above the normal to induce mild hyperprolactinemia) using dopamine antagonists such immune-stimulatory advantage can led to survival of the patients in many critical conditions. Here it is hypothesized that through controlled augmentation of blood PRL level using dopamine antagonists like domperidone/metoclopramide, which are commonly used drugs for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, both innate and adaptive immunity can be boosted to evade or tone down COVID-19. The hypothesis is strengthened from the fact that at least seven little-understood salient observations in coronavirus patients can apparently be explained by considering the role of enhanced PRL in line with the proposed hypothesis and hence, clinical trials (both therapeutic and prophylactic) on the role of enhanced PRL on the course and outcome of coronavirus patients should be conducted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Sen
- 40 Jadunath Sarbovouma Lane, Kolkata 700035, India.
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41
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Amor S, Fernández Blanco L, Baker D. Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:193-209. [PMID: 32978971 PMCID: PMC7537271 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune sensing of viral molecular patterns is essential for development of antiviral responses. Like many viruses, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved strategies to circumvent innate immune detection, including low cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) levels in the genome, glycosylation to shield essential elements including the receptor-binding domain, RNA shielding and generation of viral proteins that actively impede anti-viral interferon responses. Together these strategies allow widespread infection and increased viral load. Despite the efforts of immune subversion, SARS-CoV-2 infection activates innate immune pathways inducing a robust type I/III interferon response, production of proinflammatory cytokines and recruitment of neutrophils and myeloid cells. This may induce hyperinflammation or, alternatively, effectively recruit adaptive immune responses that help clear the infection and prevent reinfection. The dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system due to down-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, together with the activation of type I/III interferon response, and inflammasome response converge to promote free radical production and oxidative stress. This exacerbates tissue damage in the respiratory system, but also leads to widespread activation of coagulation pathways leading to thrombosis. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of the innate immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection, much of which is based on the knowledge from SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses. Understanding how the virus subverts the initial immune response and how an aberrant innate immune response contributes to the respiratory and vascular damage in COVID-19 may help to explain factors that contribute to the variety of clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Amor
- Pathology DepartmentVUMC, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | | | - D. Baker
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonUK
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Shao Z, Feng Y, Zhong L, Xie Q, Lei M, Liu Z, Wang C, Ji J, Liu H, Gu Z, Hu Z, Su L, Wu M, Liu Z. Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in critical ill patients with COVID-19: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1192. [PMID: 33082954 PMCID: PMC7557105 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak is a major challenge all over the world, without acknowledged treatment. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been recommended to treat critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients in a few reviews, but the clinical study evidence on its efficacy in COVID‐19 patients was lacking. Methods 325 patients with laboratory‐confirmed critical COVID‐19 were enrolled from 4 government‐designated COVID‐19 treatment centres in southern China from December 2019 to March 2020. The primary outcomes were 28‐ and 60‐day mortality, and the secondary outcomes were the total length of in‐hospital and the total duration of the disease. Subgroup analysis was carried out according to clinical classification of COVID‐19, IVIG dosage and timing. Results In the enrolled 325 patients, 174 cases used IVIG and 151 cases did not. The 28‐day mortality was improved with IVIG after adjusting confounding in overall cohort (P = 0.0014), and the in‐hospital and the total duration of disease were longer in the IVIG group (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that only in patients with critical type, IVIG could significantly reduce the 28‐day mortality, decrease the inflammatory response and improve some organ functions (all P < 0.05); the application of IVIG in the early stage (admission ≤ 7 days) with a high dose (> 15 g per day) exhibited significant reduction in 60‐day mortality in the critical‐type patients. Conclusion Early administration of IVIG with high dose improves the prognosis of critical‐type patients with COVID‐19. This study provides important information on clinical application of IVIG in the treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, including patient selection and administration dosage and timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Shao
- Department of Nephrology General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yongwen Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Hospital Infection Prevention and Control The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen & First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center Shenzhen 518035 China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen Shenzhen 518035 China
| | - Li Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550001 China
| | - Qifeng Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA Guangzhou 510010 China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Nephrology Guangzhou Eighth people's hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Zheying Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA Guangzhou 510010 China
| | - Conglin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA Guangzhou 510010 China
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Department of Critical Care Medicine General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA Guangzhou 510010 China
| | - Huiheng Liu
- Department of Emergency Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University Xiamen 361000 China
| | - Zhengtao Gu
- Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries The Third Affiliated Hospital Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 515630 China
| | - Zhongwei Hu
- Department of Nephrology Guangzhou Eighth people's hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA Guangzhou 510010 China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Hospital Infection Prevention and Control The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen & First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center Shenzhen 518035 China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA Guangzhou 510010 China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA Guangzhou 510010 China.,Key Laboratory of Hot Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA Guangzhou 510010 China
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Panossian A, Brendler T. The Role of Adaptogens in Prophylaxis and Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E236. [PMID: 32911682 PMCID: PMC7558817 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of herbal preparations, specifically adaptogens for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections, as well as convalescence, specifically through supporting a challenged immune system, increasing resistance to viral infection, inhibiting severe inflammatory progression, and driving effective recovery. The evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies with Andrographis paniculata, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Glycyrrhiza spp., Panax spp., Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, their combination products and melatonin suggests that adaptogens can be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections at all stages of progression of inflammation as well as in aiding recovery of the organism by (i) modulating innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) anti-inflammatory activity, (iii) detoxification and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage in compromised cells, (iv) direct antiviral effects of inhibiting viral docking or replication, and (v) improving quality of life during convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panossian
- Phytomed AB, Vaxtorp, 31275 Halland, Sweden
- EuropharmaUSA, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
| | - Thomas Brendler
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;
- Traditional Medicinals Inc., Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
- Plantaphile, Collingswood, NJ 08108, USA
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Lv H, Wu NC, Mok CKP. COVID-19 vaccines: Knowing the unknown. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:939-943. [PMID: 32437587 PMCID: PMC7280575 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has drawn attention around the globe due to the exploding pandemic. Although COVID-19 is caused by a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, previous research on other coronavirus vaccines, such as FIPV, SARS, and MERS, has provided valuable information for the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccine. However, important knowledge gaps remain - some are specific to SARS-CoV-2, others are fundamental to immunology and vaccinology. Here, we discuss areas that need to be addressed for COVID-19 vaccine development, and what can be learned from examples of vaccine development in the past. Since the beginning of the outbreak, the research progress on COVID-19 has been remarkable. We are therefore optimistic about the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chris K P Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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45
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Sarapultsev A, Sarapultsev P. Immunological environment shifts during pregnancy may affect the risk of developing severe complications in COVID-19 patients. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84:e13285. [PMID: 32516444 PMCID: PMC7300503 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Petr Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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