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Berengüí R, Castejón MA. Personality Traits and Risk of Eating Disorders in Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2910. [PMID: 37958054 PMCID: PMC10649439 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11212910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) have been understudied and misunderstood in men. Among the relevant factors in the risk, onset, and maintenance of EDs, personality stands out. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the relationships between personality traits and risk variables for the development of EDs in men. A total of 443 male university students (mean = 22.16 years) who completed the Spanish versions of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) participated. Correlation analyses were performed, and in order to determine the predictive role of personality traits on risk scales, a hierarchical multiple regression was performed. The results showed that neuroticism was positively associated with drive for thinness, being its main predictor variable. In bulimia, the main relationships were positively associated with neuroticism and negatively with conscientiousness. As for body dissatisfaction, the main predictor variables were neuroticism and, in a negative sense, extraversion and openness to experience. In conclusion, personality traits are related to the risk of developing EDs in male university students, with neuroticism being the main associated trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Berengüí
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - María A. Castejón
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
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2
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A Gender-Based Point of View in Pediatric Neurology. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030483. [PMID: 36983665 PMCID: PMC10059661 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While the significance of gender has only recently been recognized, gender assigned at birth has long been understood to have a significant influence on a number of illnesses. Due to the paucity of data in this regard in pediatrics, the purpose of this narrative review is to frame the most recent knowledge about the role of gender assigned at birth in the neurological development and neuropsychiatric disorders among young people. Literature analysis showed that gender disparities exist in neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders among the pediatric population and supported the fact that new guidelines should take this into account. However, there is an urgent need for specific studies focused on gender role among children and adolescents in order to better understand how this can relate to diagnosis, development and treatment of different neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Moreover, further efforts should be directed to identify unique risks linked to gender disorders and gender dysphoria as well as taking into account a gender point of view when approaching a pediatric patient.
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Mallorquí-Bagué N, Lozano-Madrid M, Granero R, Mestre-Bach G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Sánchez I, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F. Cognitive and clinical gender‐related differences among binge‐spectrum eating disorders: Analysis of therapy response predictors. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 31:377-389. [PMID: 36482806 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed gender-related differences in executive functions (decision-making, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility), personality traits and psychopathological symptoms in binge-spectrum eating disorders (EDs). Secondly, we aimed to separately explore the predictive value of gender and executive functions in treatment outcome. METHOD A battery of self-reported and neurocognitive measures were answered by a sample of 85 patients (64 females) diagnosed with a binge-spectrum ED (41 BN; 44 binge eating disorder). RESULTS Data showed gender-related differences in executive functioning, displaying women lower inhibitory control and lower cognitive flexibility than men. Regarding personality traits and psychopathology symptoms, women presented higher reward dependence and cooperativeness, as well as more drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, bulimia, and somatisation symptoms than men. Finally, worse executive functioning, particularly having lower ability in concept formation seems to predict worse treatment outcomes and dropout in these patients. CONCLUSIONS We described gender specific neuropsychological, personality and psychopathological impairments in patients with binge-spectrum EDs. Moreover, difficulties in executive functioning might have an impact on treatment response, since patients with a lower ability in concept formation are less likely to benefit from treatment. The present results can help improving current treatment approaches by tackling gender and individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Halbeisen G, Braks K, Huber TJ, Paslakis G. Gender Differences in Treatment Outcomes for Eating Disorders: A Case-Matched, Retrospective Pre–Post Comparison. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112240. [PMID: 35684040 PMCID: PMC9183188 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are increasingly emerging as a health risk in men, yet men remain underrepresented in ED research, including interventional trials. This underrepresentation of men may have facilitated the development of women-centered ED treatments that result in suboptimal outcomes for men. The present study retrospectively compared pre- vs. post-treatment outcomes between age-, diagnosis-, and length-of-treatment-matched samples of n = 200 men and n = 200 women with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge Eating Disorder (BED), or Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS), treated in the same setting during the same period, and using the same measurements. Compared to women, men with AN showed marked improvements in weight gains during treatment as well as in ED-specific cognitions and general psychopathology. Likewise, men with BED showed marked weight loss during treatment compared to women with BED; ED-specific cognitions and general psychopathology outcomes were comparable in this case. For BN and EDNOS, weight, ED-specific cognitions, and general psychopathology outcomes remained largely comparable between men and women. Implications for treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Halbeisen
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32312 Luebbecke, Germany;
| | - Karsten Braks
- Centre for Eating Disorders, Klinik am Korso, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (K.B.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Thomas J. Huber
- Centre for Eating Disorders, Klinik am Korso, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (K.B.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32312 Luebbecke, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Krohmer K, Naumann E, Tuschen-Caffier B, Svaldi J. Taking a closer look at body processing in binge eating disorder – Influence of BMI and eating pathology. Behav Res Ther 2022; 156:104106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Personality traits and night eating syndrome in women with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:803-812. [PMID: 34059970 PMCID: PMC8933296 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research suggests that eating disorders may be associated with certain personality profiles; however, there is limited research investigating associations with night eating syndrome (NES). This research suggests harm avoidance personality trait is higher in NES individuals than in the general population, however, evidence of associations with other personality traits is inconsistent. To understand which personality traits are associated with NES symptoms, the current study aimed to improve understanding of the relationship between NES symptoms and a range of personality traits, addressing limitations in the earlier literature in this area by controlling for common confounders. METHODS Baseline data were analysed from an outpatient psychotherapy trial for 111 women with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. Pre-treatment measures of personality traits (measured with the Temperament and character inventory-revised) and NES symptoms (measured with the Night eating questionnaire) were used. Regression analyses tested associations between these variables, adjusting for potential confounders, including age and ethnicity. RESULTS Low cooperativeness scores were associated with greater NES symptoms in the multivariable model (mean difference: - 0.10, 95% confidence intervals: - 0.20 to - 0.01, p = 0.033). There was weak evidence of associations between both high harm avoidance and low self-directedness personality traits and greater NES symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the limited research measuring associations between a range of personality traits and NES, addressing limitations of previous research. Weak evidence for an association between high harm avoidance and low self-directedness and increased NES symptoms was found. A novel association was found between low cooperativeness and greater NES symptoms. Further research is needed to validate its presence in those with and without comorbid eating disorders and to examine the relative change in NES, eating disorder symptoms and personality scores in treatments focusing on cooperativeness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV (cross-sectional data from a randomised controlled trial, CTB/04/08/139).
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Halbeisen G, Brandt G, Paslakis G. A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:820043. [PMID: 35250670 PMCID: PMC8894317 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are often stereotyped as affecting the SWAG, that is, as affecting mostly skinny, White, affluent girls. Over the last decade, however, significant progress has been made toward increasing diversity in ED research. There is consensus that EDs affect individuals of all genders, ages, sexual orientations, ethnic, and socio-economic backgrounds, with recent studies exploring social determinants of ED etiology, ED presentation, and developing diversity-affirming ED assessments. This article provides a brief summary of current developments related to diversity as a research theme, and proposes different perspectives toward further improving diversity in ED research. Specifically, we argue for exploring the role of diversity in ED treatment settings and outcomes, for pursuing diversity-oriented research pro-actively rather than as a reaction to issues of under-representation, and for integrating diversity across different areas of medical education and trainings in psychotherapy. Limitations with respect to the paucity of research, and the link between diversity as a research theme and ED-related workforce diversity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Halbeisen
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Gerrit Brandt
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Luebbecke, Germany
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Dinkler L, Yasumitsu-Lovell K, Eitoku M, Fujieda M, Suganuma N, Hatakenaka Y, Hadjikhani N, Bryant-Waugh R, Råstam M, Gillberg C. Development of a parent-reported screening tool for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): Initial validation and prevalence in 4-7-year-old Japanese children. Appetite 2021; 168:105735. [PMID: 34626753 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in the general child population is still largely unknown and validated screening instruments are lacking. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the prevalence of children screening positive for ARFID in a Japanese birth cohort using a newly developed parent-reported screening tool, (2) to estimate the prevalence of children with ARFID experiencing physical versus psychosocial consequences of their eating pattern, and (3) to provide preliminary evidence for the validity of the new screening tool. Data were collected from 3728 4-7-year-old children born between 2011 and 2014 in Kochi prefecture, Japan (response rate was 56.5%); a sub-sample of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). Parents completed a questionnaire including the ARFID screener and several other measures to assess convergent validity. The point prevalence of children screening positive for ARFID was 1.3%; half of them met criteria for ARFID based on psychosocial impairment alone, while the other half met diagnostic criteria relating to physical impairment (and additional psychosocial impairment in many cases). Sensory sensitivity to food characteristics (63%) and/or lack of interest in eating (51%) were the most prevalent drivers of food avoidance. Children screening positive for ARFID were lighter in weight and shorter in height, they showed more problem behaviors related to mealtimes and nutritional intake, and they were more often selective eaters and more responsive to satiety, which together provides preliminary support for the validity of the new screening tool. This is the largest screening study to date of ARFID in children up to 7 years. Future studies should examine the diagnostic validity of the new ARFID screener using clinically ascertained cases. Further research on ARFID prevalence in the general population is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dinkler
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Kahoko Yasumitsu-Lovell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Mikiya Fujieda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuhei Hatakenaka
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Humanities and Sociologies, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Nouchine Hadjikhani
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Bryant-Waugh
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maria Råstam
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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9
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Tsigkaropoulou E, Ferentinos P, Karavia A, Gournellis R, Gonidakis F, Liappas I, Douzenis A, Michopoulos I. Personality dimensions could explain resilience in patients with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1139-1147. [PMID: 32948998 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Resilience can be defined as the ability to maintain health in the face of adversity. Resilience has been associated with personality traits. Personality traits in the context of Eating Disorders (ED) have also been examined. However, the relationship between resilience and personality profile in patients with ED has not been studied. The aim of this study is to investigate whether personality dimensions impact on resilience, in patients with ED, compared to healthy participants. METHODS Connor and Davidson resilience scale, as a measure of resilience and temperament-character inventory, as a measure of personality dimensions, were completed by 100 participants: 50 (50%) healthy University students (controls subgroup) and 50 (50%) patients with ED, matched on age and gender. RESULTS Patients with ED showed lower resilience than healthy participants and scored higher on harm avoidance, and lower on reward dependence, self-directedness and cooperativeness than controls. Lower harm avoidance, higher persistence and higher self-directedness were associated with resilience in both subgroups. Self-directedness and persistence predicted resilience in both subgroups. Only Harm Avoidance predicted resilience in patients' subgroup. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, there are no existing data examining the effect of personality dimensions in resilience, in the context of ED. We found that only the effect of Harm Avoidance in resilience was different among the participants' subgroups. In conclusion, Harm Avoidance could explain differences in resilience between healthy participants and patients with ED. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: case-control analytic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdoxia Tsigkaropoulou
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Ferentinos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Karavia
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Rossetos Gournellis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Fragkiskos Gonidakis
- First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 'Eginition' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Liappas
- First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 'Eginition' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Douzenis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michopoulos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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10
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Gorrell S, Le Grange D, Blalock DV, Mehler PS, Johnson C, Manwaring J, Duffy A, Huston E, McClanahan S, Rienecke RD. Gender identity, race/ethnicity and eating pathology in a treatment-seeking community sample. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE THERAPY 2021; 31:77-89. [PMID: 36703863 PMCID: PMC9876537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbct.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide-reaching impact of eating disorders (EDs), less is known about eating pathology among individuals across racial/ethnic groups whose gender identity differs from the binary categorization. Examining ED pathology both across binary and minority-gender groups, and relative to racial/ethnic identification is necessary to inform screening and culturally-sensitive intervention efforts. This study investigated patterns of ED symptomology among youth and adults (N = 13658) who telephoned treatment centers in the United States when seeking clinical support for ED symptoms. Analyses examined data from participants who completed a semi-structured clinical interview. Results indicated that Anorexia nervosa was the most common diagnosis in each gender category and for a majority of race/ethnic groups; Black individuals had elevated rates of binge eating disorder. Compared to females, males were less likely to endorse all ED symptoms (ps < .001); gender minority status was also associated with decreased report of a majority of ED symptoms. Asian and Black individuals were less likely than Whites to endorse most ED symptoms. When compared to Whites, Hispanic/Latinx and Bi/Multi-racial participants did not demonstrate significant differences in presentation across a majority of ED symptoms. Overall findings suggest individuals with female gender and White race may seek treatment from an ED treatment facility with greater frequency than other demographic groups. Noted exceptions include Hispanic/Latinx and Bi/Multi-racial individuals, for whom ED pathology may be represented comparably to Whites. While findings confirm traditional patterns in gender and racial/ethnic representation in EDs, current study findings also underscore that EDs are not culture bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (Emeritus)
| | - Dan V. Blalock
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philip S. Mehler
- Eating Recovery Center/Pathlight Mood and Anxiety Centers, USA,ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders at Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Craig Johnson
- Eating Recovery Center/Pathlight Mood and Anxiety Centers, USA
| | - Jamie Manwaring
- Eating Recovery Center/Pathlight Mood and Anxiety Centers, USA
| | - Alan Duffy
- Eating Recovery Center/Pathlight Mood and Anxiety Centers, USA
| | - Emma Huston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Renee D. Rienecke
- Eating Recovery Center/Pathlight Mood and Anxiety Centers, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Krishna Priya A, Applewhite B, Au K, Oyeleye O, Walton E, Norton C, Patsalos O, Cardi V, Himmerich H. Attitudes Surrounding Music of Patients With Anorexia Nervosa: A Survey-Based Mixed-Methods Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:639202. [PMID: 34149472 PMCID: PMC8206484 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.639202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is one of the main eating disorders. It has the highest mortality of all psychiatric disorders, and the success rates of current therapies are not fully satisfactory. Thus, there is a need for novel interventions. We investigated the attitudes surrounding music of 41 patients with clinically-diagnosed AN as well as their thoughts on the potential therapeutic uses of music using a questionnaire of 50 questions. Free text responses were qualitatively analyzed for reoccurring themes with NVivo 12 software. Yes/no questions and questions of best fit were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. The most prevalent theme was the positive effect of music. Most patients reported that listening to music evokes varying emotions in them (83%) which may be of positive or negative nature. Similarly, patients associated certain music with particular positive, but also with particular negative memories. A majority of patients stated that music helps to distract them (85%), helps with loneliness (59%) and helps them feel more connected to others (58%). This data indicates that people with AN make nonclinical use of music which seems to elicit positive as well as negative emotions and memories. Patients felt music is beneficial with regard to important aspects of AN, such as emotional problems, loneliness, and relationship difficulties. Most of them would also like to attend music therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Krishna Priya
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Briana Applewhite
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Au
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oyenike Oyeleye
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Walton
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Norton
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Benau EM, Wiatrowski R, Timko CA. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Alexithymia, and Social Phobia Are Associated With Disordered Eating in Male and Female Undergraduate Athletes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1646. [PMID: 32774318 PMCID: PMC7387713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of disordered eating in the athlete population tend to focus on females and the influence of sport level. This leaves unanswered whether, and how, team interdependence (i.e., whether the competition is engaged with one person or as a team) may differentially impact male athletes. In the present study, we recruited a sample of non-athletes, individual athletes, and team athletes and examined the interaction of gender and teammate interdependence on established psychosocial risk factors for disordered eating, including social phobia, alexithymia, and emotion regulation. Although we identified a significant main effect of gender, there was no main effect of team type, nor was there a significant interaction of gender and team type. Using descriptive discriminant analysis, these variables significantly discriminated between genders. Women were defined by higher scores than men on drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and emotion recognition and men were defined by relatively higher scores on emotion dysregulation and binge eating. When we combined all athletes and compared them with non-athletes, a significant interaction of gender and athlete status emerged such that female athletes, compared to male athletes and women non-athletes, were defined by higher scores on drive for thinness, emotion dysregulation, and binge eating. Conversely, male athletes, compared to female athletes, were defined by greater difficulty identifying feelings and body dissatisfaction. Non-athletes were not well defined by the discriminant function. These results highlight that emotional processes convey risk of eating disorders in men and women, particularly in athletes, and these risk factors are not uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Benau
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Ryan Wiatrowski
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - C Alix Timko
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Bardone-Cone AM, Johnson S, Raney TJ, Zucker N, Watson HJ, Bulik CM. Eating disorder recovery in men: A pilot study. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:1370-1379. [PMID: 31418898 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot study examined the validity of a comprehensive definition of recovery (physical, behavioral, and cognitive recovery indices) for the first time in men. METHOD Men with an eating disorder history were recruited from former patients at eating disorder centers, university campuses, and fitness centers/gyms. At baseline and a 12-month follow-up, data were collected via online surveys, diagnostic interviews, and measured weight and height from men with an eating disorder history (n = 36) and men with no eating disorder history (n = 27). RESULTS Of the men with an eating disorder history, 15 met criteria for an eating disorder, 7 met criteria for partial recovery, and 5 for full recovery. Men who met criteria for full recovery did not differ significantly from men with no eating disorder history and had significantly lower levels of broad eating pathology, thinness and restricting expectancies, body shame, difficulties in stopping thoughts about body, food, or exercise, and male body attitudes related to muscularity and body fat than men with an eating disorder. Men meeting criteria for full recovery had higher levels of body acceptance and intuitive eating than men who met criteria for partial recovery or an eating disorder. In terms of predictive validity, of those fully recovered at baseline, 60% also met full recovery criteria at follow-up. DISCUSSION Preliminary findings suggest that a comprehensive definition of recovery applies to men. Although research with larger samples is needed, this research provides some optimism for the potential of recovery in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Bardone-Cone
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shelby Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Thomas J Raney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nancy Zucker
- Division of Child and Family Mental Health and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hunna J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Evidence for a sex-specific contribution of polygenic load for anorexia nervosa to body weight and prefrontal brain structure in nonclinical individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2212-2219. [PMID: 31284291 PMCID: PMC6898345 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition and brain structural abnormalities have been shown to be involved in the biological underpinnings of anorexia nervosa (AN). Prefrontal brain regions are suggested to contribute through behavioral inhibition mechanisms to body weight. However, it is unknown if and to which extent biological correlates for AN might be present in individuals without clinical AN symptomatology. We therefore investigated the contribution of polygenic load for AN on body weight and prefrontal brain structure in a sample of n = 380 nonclinical individuals. A polygenic score (PGS) reflecting the individual genetic load for the trait of anorexia nervosa was calculated. Structural MRI data were acquired and preprocessed using the cortical parcellation stream of FreeSurfer. We observed a significant PGS × sex interaction effect on body mass index (BMI), which was driven by a negative correlation between PGS and BMI in female participants. Imaging analyses revealed significant interaction effects of sex × PGS on surface area of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the pars orbitalis (PO), the rostral middle frontal gyrus (RMF) and the pars triangularis (PT) of the left frontal cortex. The interaction effects were driven by positive correlations between PGS and prefrontal surface areas in female participants and negative correlations in male participants. We furthermore found sex-specific associations between BMI and left RMF surface area as well as between BMI and left PO and left RMF thickness. Our findings demonstrate a sex-specific association between polygenic load for AN, BMI, and prefrontal brain structure in nonclinical individuals. Hence, this study identifies structural abnormalities associated with polygenic load for AN and BMI in brain regions deeply involved in behavioral inhibition and impulse regulation as candidate brain regions for future research.
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15
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Compte EJ, Nagata JM, Sepúlveda AR, Rivas A, Sbdar LS, Menga S, Rica R, Torrente F, Murray SB. Assessment and validation of a Spanish version of the Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory in Argentinian men who exercise: Inventario de Dismorfia Muscular. Body Image 2019; 31:24-34. [PMID: 31430602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite an increase in body dissatisfaction and muscularity concerns among Latin American men, there is a paucity of research relating to muscle dysmorphia in this population. In this study we aimed to evaluate, for the first time in Latin America, the factor structure of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI; Hildebrandt, Langenbucher, & Schlundt, 2004). A sample of 551 men who exercise completed measures of body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and the MDDI. Exploratory factor analysis in a first split-half sample revealed a 3-factor solution similar to the original version, which was then tested through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a second split-half sample. A re-specified model (allowing for error correlations between Items 10-13 and 11-13) presented adequate fit. Omega coefficients revealed adequate internal consistency (> .80) for the Drive for Size and Functional Impairment subscales. The internal consistency for the Appearance Intolerance subscale was .74 and .72 across subset samples. Associations with body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, body mass index, and frequency of training and rest days are presented as evidence of construct validity. Finally, multi-group CFA indicated that the model was invariant across type of exercise. Overall, these data suggest that the MDDI is suitable for use in Spanish-speaking Latin American male populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J Compte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; School of Human and Behavioral Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; DBT-Eating Disorders Team, Fundación Foro, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana R Sepúlveda
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Rivas
- School of Human and Behavioral Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lara S Sbdar
- School of Human and Behavioral Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sol Menga
- School of Human and Behavioral Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robin Rica
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Torrente
- Laboratory of Psychopathology Research, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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17
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Lyons G, McAndrew S, Warne T. Disappearing in a Female World: Men's Experiences of Having an Eating Disorder (ED) and How It Impacts Their Lives. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2019; 40:557-566. [PMID: 31066592 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1576815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of men diagnosed with anorexia has increased, men now representing 25% of those with eating disorders (EDs). Research has mainly been quantitative and female focused, with only two qualitative studies exploring the experiences of men. This study focused on the lived experiences of men diagnosed with an ED, and its impact on 'everyday' aspects of their lives. Qualitative research adopting narrative interviews was conducted with seven men aged 23-34 years old. Narrative analysis was used to interpret each individual story, with thematic analysis used to explore commonalities across all seven narratives. Four themes were identified, 1) The Final John Doe; 2) Help! I need somebody - Bedlam revisited; 3) Masculinity; 4) Not Working 9 to 5. Narratives highlight the need for further research if men are to receive appropriate mental health care and better understanding and acceptance on the part of society, service providers, employers and men themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Lyons
- a University of Salford, School of Health and Society , Greater Manchester , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sue McAndrew
- a University of Salford, School of Health and Society , Greater Manchester , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tony Warne
- a University of Salford, School of Health and Society , Greater Manchester , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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18
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Himmerich H, Hotopf M, Shetty H, Schmidt U, Treasure J, Hayes RD, Stewart R, Chang CK. Psychiatric comorbidity as a risk factor for the mortality of people with bulimia nervosa. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:813-821. [PMID: 30756148 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bulimia nervosa (BN) is associated with increased mortality. Frequent comorbidities of BN include substance use disorders, affective disorders and personality disorders (PD). These comorbidities may add an additional risk for mortality. METHODS We investigated the influence of these psychiatric comorbidities on all-cause mortality with demographic and socioeconomic factors considered as confounders over an observation period from January 2007 to March 2016 for 1501 people with BN using anonymised health records data from the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM), retrieved through its Clinical Records Interactive Search (CRIS) data resource. Mortality was ascertained through monthly linkages to the nationwide tracing system administered by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Multivariable analyses were also performed to estimate effects when controlling for confounding of age, sex, ethnicity, borough, marital status and deprivation score. RESULTS A total of 18 patients with BN died during the observation period. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for our study cohort (against the population of England and Wales in 2012 as a standard) was 2.52 (95% CI 1.49-3.97). Cox regressions revealed significant associations of mortality with older age and male gender. Comorbid PD (HR: 3.36; 95% CI 1.05-10.73) was significantly associated with all-cause mortality, even after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic covariates. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight increased mortality in patients with BN and the importance of recognising and treating PDs in patients with BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hitesh Shetty
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard D Hayes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Stewart
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Chin-Kuo Chang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Department of Health and Welfare, University of Taipei, No. 101, Sec. 2, Jhongcheng Rd, Shilin District, Taipei, 111, Taiwan.
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Lampis J, Cataudella S, Busonera A, De Simone S, Tommasi M. The moderating effect of gender role on the relationships between gender and attitudes about body and eating in a sample of Italian adolescents. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:3-11. [PMID: 28290118 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The differential prevalence of eating disorders in males and females can be explained by the impact of gender-role orientations. Inside the Italian socio-cultural context, gender socialization can be influenced by stereotypical gender beliefs, and this may contribute to the psychological distress of individuals who identify with discrepant gender roles from their biological sex. Our study explored, within the Italian context, the potential moderating effect of masculinity and femininity on the relationships between gender and attitudes about body and eating. METHODS Nine hundred and twenty Italian male and female adolescents (M = 427, F = 493; age 14-21 years) completed the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). RESULTS A moderating effect of gender role on the relationship between gender and bulimia, and drive of thinness emerged. Girls with higher levels of masculinity scored higher on bulimia than did their counterparts with lower levels, and boys with higher levels of femininity scored higher on bulimia and on drive for thinness than did their counterparts with lower levels. Data did not reveal a moderating effect of gender role on the relationship between gender and body satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that adolescents who endorsed a gender role that is socially considered discrepant from their biological sex (girls with higher levels of masculinity and boys with higher levels of femininity) are more likely to show higher level of bulimia and drive of thinness. This suggests the need for prevention and treatment programmes for eating disorders that take into account individuals' gender-role orientation and the influence that culturally dominant gender beliefs can exert on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lampis
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - S Cataudella
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Busonera
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S De Simone
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Tommasi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Humanities and Territory, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Agüera Z, Paslakis G, Munguía L, Sánchez I, Granero R, Sánchez-González J, Steward T, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F. Gender-Related Patterns of Emotion Regulation among Patients with Eating Disorders. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020161. [PMID: 30717125 PMCID: PMC6406611 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) are common in females with eating disorders (ED). However, no study to date has analyzed ER in males with ED. In the study at hand, we assessed ER in males with ED and compared results to both females with ED and healthy controls (HC). We also examined associations between ER difficulties, personality, and psychopathology. A total of 62 males with ED were compared with 656 females with ED, as well as 78 male and 286 female HC. ER was assessed by means of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). We found that males and females with ED showed greater ER difficulties compared to HC. Pronounced general psychopathology was a shared factor associated with higher ER difficulties in both males and females with ED. However, whereas higher novelty seeking, higher cooperativeness, lower reward dependence, and lower self-directedness were related to higher ER difficulties in females with ED, lower persistence was associated with ER difficulties in males with ED. In sum, males and females with ED show similar ER difficulties, yet they are distinct in how ER deficits relate to specific personality traits. Research on strategies promoting ER in the treatment of males with ED is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Agüera
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jessica Sánchez-González
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Trevor Steward
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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Timko CA, DeFilipp L, Dakanalis A. Sex Differences in Adolescent Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa: Beyond the Signs and Symptoms. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:1. [PMID: 30637488 PMCID: PMC6559358 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-0988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review research related to sex differences in eating disorders (EDs) in adolescents. Prior work has explored clinical differences; thus, we examine literature in areas identified as playing an etiological or maintenance role in EDs including: genetics, hormones, neurocognitive inefficiencies, and reward circuitry. RECENT FINDINGS Sex steroids appear to a play role in the unmasking of genetic risk for development of EDs and puberty may be a heightened period of risk for females. While neurocognitive differences have been well studied in adults with ED, research with adolescents has been less conclusive. Recent work suggests that neural circuitry involved in reward and punishment may play role in development and maintenance of EDs in females. Males are underrepresented in these areas of research. Given known sex differences in healthy adolescents, it is likely there are sex differences in the putative biological etiology/maintenance of EDs. Males should be included in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alix Timko
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Robert's Center for Pediatric Research, 2716 South Street, 8-212, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
| | - Levi DeFilipp
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Robert's Center for Pediatric Research, 2716 South Street, 8-212, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
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Coelho JS, Lee T, Karnabi P, Burns A, Marshall S, Geller J, Lam PY. Eating disorders in biological males: clinical presentation and consideration of sex differences in a pediatric sample. J Eat Disord 2018; 6:40. [PMID: 30534377 PMCID: PMC6260897 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-018-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing body of research on eating disorders among male adolescents reveals some sex differences in clinical presentation. The current study set out to replicate and extend recent research on the clinical and medical characteristics of male youth with eating disorders, and examine sex differences between biological males and females in a tertiary pediatric eating disorder treatment setting. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted with all biological males who were admitted to the Eating Disorders Programs at British Columbia Children's Hospital (2003-2015) or the Looking Glass Residence (2011-2015). Clinical data, including demographics, percentage of median body mass index (% mBMI), and psychiatric diagnoses, were recorded along with medical data (i.e., vital signs, basic biochemistry investigations, and bone mineral density). A comparison group of females with eating disorders who received treatment at British Columbia Children's Hospital in the inpatient or outpatient streams (2010-2015) were included, to examine sex differences with males who were admitted during the same period. RESULTS A total of 71 male youth were included in the chart review. Males had significant medical complications, with 26.5% of the sample presenting with a heart rate of less than 50 beats per minute and 31.4% presenting with a bone mineral density z-score for the lumbar spine ≤ - 1. Sex differences between the subset of males who were treated between 2010 and 2015 (n = 41) and the females (n = 251) were examined. Females were more likely than were males to have a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, and to be underweight (< 95% mBMI) at admission. Males were younger than females, but no differences emerged in the duration of the eating disorder symptoms. No sex differences emerged relating to medical instability (e.g., bradycardia). CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of male children and youth with eating disorders are medically compromised at admission. Males were younger than females, and were less likely than females to have a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Males who were underweight at admission had also lost a lower percentage of body weight in comparison to females. The current study replicates previous sex differences reported in pediatric samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Coelho
- Provincial Specialized Eating Disorders Program for Children & Adolescents, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Box 178, 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Tiffany Lee
- Provincial Specialized Eating Disorders Program for Children & Adolescents, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Box 178, 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
| | - Priscilla Karnabi
- Provincial Specialized Eating Disorders Program for Children & Adolescents, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Box 178, 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
| | - Alex Burns
- Provincial Specialized Eating Disorders Program for Children & Adolescents, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Box 178, 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
| | - Sheila Marshall
- School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Division of Adolescent Health & Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Josie Geller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Eating Disorders Program, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Pei-Yoong Lam
- Provincial Specialized Eating Disorders Program for Children & Adolescents, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Box 178, 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
- Division of Adolescent Health & Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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Strobel C, Quadflieg N, Voderholzer U, Naab S, Fichter MM. Short- and long-term outcome of males treated for anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:541-552. [PMID: 30027397 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To give an overview of existing studies on the short- and long-term outcome for males treated for anorexia nervosa and to compare the outcome between adolescents and adults as well as between males and females. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX and complemented by a manual search of the references from all relevant studies. RESULTS Out of 1064 search results, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria. A combined total of 1129 males of varying age groups were followed 0.5-27 years post-treatment. For 1009 individuals, only vital status was ascertained. Length of follow-up and outcome definitions varied considerably. Limited data-especially in adults-prevented adequate age comparisons. In both adolescents and adults outcome and mortality differed widely across studies with no firm evidence for gender differences. Outcome in mixed samples of adolescents and adults was inconsistent. Studies rarely compared the genders statistically, and when they did, the results were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge on the outcome of males treated for anorexia nervosa is scarce. Only few studies comprising insufficient numbers of males exist. Results based on these findings are inconclusive and in part contradicting. Further research is needed, including large sample sizes of reliably diagnosed males, adequate follow-up intervals, follow-up assessments with carefully defined outcome criteria, and comparisons to matched female patient samples. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, Systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Strobel
- Schön Klinik Roseneck Affiliated with the Medical Faculty of the University of Munich (LMU), 83209, Prien, Germany
| | - Norbert Quadflieg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Schön Klinik Roseneck Affiliated with the Medical Faculty of the University of Munich (LMU), 83209, Prien, Germany
| | - Silke Naab
- Schön Klinik Roseneck Affiliated with the Medical Faculty of the University of Munich (LMU), 83209, Prien, Germany
| | - Manfred M Fichter
- Schön Klinik Roseneck Affiliated with the Medical Faculty of the University of Munich (LMU), 83209, Prien, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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24
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Cruz-Sáez S, Pascual A, Wlodarczyk A, Echeburúa E. The effect of body dissatisfaction on disordered eating: The mediating role of self-esteem and negative affect in male and female adolescents. J Health Psychol 2018; 25:1098-1108. [PMID: 30101609 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317748734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether self-esteem and negative affect sequentially mediate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. A total of 806 adolescents (61.8% females) completed the Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, the Anxiety and Depression subscales of the General Health Questionnaire-28, and the Negative Self-beliefs subscale of the Eating Disorder Belief Questionnaire. Mediational analyses showed that body dissatisfaction had both direct and indirect effects through self-esteem and negative affect on disordered eating. It was also observed that negative self-esteem mediated-completely in boys and partially in girls-the relationship between body dissatisfaction and negative affect.
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25
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Limbers CA, Cohen LA, Gray BA. Eating disorders in adolescent and young adult males: prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2018; 9:111-116. [PMID: 30127650 PMCID: PMC6091251 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s147480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Males have largely been underrepresented in the eating disorder (ED) peer-reviewed literature. The current review paper examines prevalence rates, ED symptom presentation, and assessment and treatment strategies relevant to adolescent and young adult males. Adolescent and young adult males often report a greater desire to be bigger and more muscular compared to their female counterparts. Due to concerns that contemporary ED assessment tools are over reliant on items that evaluate stereotypically feminine indicators of ED pathology, male-specific ED measures, such as the Eating Disorder Assessment for Men, have been developed. Further validation work is necessary to establish the psychometric properties of these male-specific measures, particularly in adolescent male populations. Attention to a heightened prevalence of comorbid substance abuse disorders and the role that competitive sports play in perpetuating ED pathology are two factors that have been identified as important in the treatment of adolescent and young adult males with EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Limbers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,
| | - L Adelyn Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,
| | - Bethany A Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,
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26
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Thapliyal P, Mitchison D, Miller C, Bowden J, Alejandro González-Chica D, Stocks N, Touyz S, Hay P. Comparison of mental health treatment status and use of antidepressants in men and women with eating disorders. Eat Disord 2018; 26:248-262. [PMID: 29161184 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2017.1383788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mental health treatment status and antidepressant use were investigated among men and women with an eating disorder (ED) who were interviewed in a general population survey of 3005 adults (aged ≥15 years). Compared to women, men with an ED were significantly less likely to receive treatment for a mental health problem or to be currently using an antidepressant. On multivariate analyses, female gender, lower mental health-related quality of life, and lower weight/shape overvaluation were significant predictors of receiving treatment and antidepressant use. Treatment was less likely in men and in people with higher ED cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Thapliyal
- a Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine , Western Sydney University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- b Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, and School of Medicine, Western Sydney University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Caroline Miller
- c School of Public Health , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Jacqueline Bowden
- d Population Health Research Group , South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) , Adelaide , Australia
| | - David Alejandro González-Chica
- e Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, NHMRCCentre of Research Excellence to Reduce Inequality in Heart Disease , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Nigel Stocks
- e Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, NHMRCCentre of Research Excellence to Reduce Inequality in Heart Disease , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Stephen Touyz
- f School of Psychology, Faculty of Science , the University of Sydney , Camperdown , Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- a Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine , Western Sydney University , Sydney , Australia
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27
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Schaumberg K, Welch E, Breithaupt L, Hübel C, Baker JH, Munn-Chernoff MA, Yilmaz Z, Ehrlich S, Mustelin L, Ghaderi A, Hardaway AJ, Bulik-Sullivan EC, Hedman AM, Jangmo A, Nilsson IAK, Wiklund C, Yao S, Seidel M, Bulik CM. The Science Behind the Academy for Eating Disorders' Nine Truths About Eating Disorders. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:432-450. [PMID: 28967161 PMCID: PMC5711426 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2015, the Academy for Eating Disorders collaborated with international patient, advocacy, and parent organizations to craft the 'Nine Truths About Eating Disorders'. This document has been translated into over 30 languages and has been distributed globally to replace outdated and erroneous stereotypes about eating disorders with factual information. In this paper, we review the state of the science supporting the 'Nine Truths'. METHODS The literature supporting each of the 'Nine Truths' was reviewed, summarized and richly annotated. RESULTS Most of the 'Nine Truths' arise from well-established foundations in the scientific literature. Additional evidence is required to further substantiate some of the assertions in the document. Future investigations are needed in all areas to deepen our understanding of eating disorders, their causes and their treatments. CONCLUSIONS The 'Nine Truths About Eating Disorders' is a guiding document to accelerate global dissemination of accurate and evidence-informed information about eating disorders. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Schaumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elisabeth Welch
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren Breithaupt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Christopher Hübel
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica H Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Zeynep Yilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Mustelin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Public Health and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ata Ghaderi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Hardaway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily C Bulik-Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anna M Hedman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jangmo
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida A K Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuyang Yao
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Seidel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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28
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Arnow KD, Feldman T, Fichtel E, Lin IHJ, Egan A, Lock J, Westerman M, Darcy AM. A qualitative analysis of male eating disorder symptoms. Eat Disord 2017; 25:297-309. [PMID: 28394743 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2017.1308729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Insights into how males experience eating disorder symptoms early in the course of illness are important to improve detection efforts and may also provide valuable information for treatment. In this qualitative study, 10 adolescent males and 10 matched female patients completed standardized questionnaires and were interviewed. Results indicated that although there were many similarities between the genders, females were more likely to describe the involvement of family systems and males were more likely to describe involvement in sports as being catalysts for their disorders. Males in this study were more positive about being in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Arnow
- a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California , USA
| | - Talya Feldman
- a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California , USA
| | | | - Iris Hsiao-Jung Lin
- a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California , USA
| | - Amber Egan
- b Park Nicollet Melrose Center , St. Louis Park , Minnesota , USA
| | - James Lock
- a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California , USA
| | - Marcus Westerman
- b Park Nicollet Melrose Center , St. Louis Park , Minnesota , USA
| | - Alison M Darcy
- a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California , USA
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29
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Agüera Z, Sánchez I, Granero R, Riesco N, Steward T, Martín-Romera V, Jiménez-Murcia S, Romero X, Caroleo M, Segura-García C, Menchon JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Short-Term Treatment Outcomes and Dropout Risk in Men and Women with Eating Disorders. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:293-301. [PMID: 28474473 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study compared treatment outcomes between men and women with eating disorders (EDs) and analysed clinical predictors of treatment outcome. Our sample consisted of 131 male and 131 female ED patients who underwent cognitive behavioural therapy treatment. ED severity, personality and psychopathology were assessed using standard instruments. We found that the risk of dropout was higher for men with bulimia nervosa (BN) than for women with BN and that men with BN and other specified feeding and EDs were more likely to obtain full remission in comparison with their female counterparts. Predictive models of treatment outcome indicated that higher scores in novelty seeking were a shared factor associated with higher risk of dropout and not obtaining full remission for both men and women with ED. However, only in men, younger age and lower scores in reward dependence predicted higher dropout. Contrastingly, higher persistence scores were predictors of full remission. This study reinforces the effectiveness of using outpatient cognitive behavioural therapy as treatment as usual for men with ED. Nonetheless, placing greater emphasis on strategies targeting gender-specific issues could enhance outcomes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Agüera
- CIBER Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- CIBER Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Martín-Romera
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xandra Romero
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariarita Caroleo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-García
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Ambulatory for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - José Manuel Menchon
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Cibralic S, Conti JE. “I'm More Acknowledged”: A Qualitative Exploration of Men's Positioning of their Body Image, Eating, and Exercise Concerns. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2017.1304298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cibralic
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janet E. Conti
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Guy-Rubin A. [Anorexia in males]. Soins Psychiatr 2016; 37:20-21. [PMID: 27890270 DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is often considered as a women disease, whereas 10% of the cases are men. There are much more researches in this field for a couple of decades. "Bigorexia", which combines food control and need for muscles, seems to be more frequent above men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Guy-Rubin
- Unité des troubles du comportement alimentaire, Clinique des maladies mentales et de l'encéphale, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, Paris 75014, France.
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32
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Krug I, King RM, Youssef GJ, Sorabji A, Wertheim EH, Le Grange D, Hughes EK, Letcher P, Olsson CA. The effect of low parental warmth and low monitoring on disordered eating in mid-adolescence: Findings from the Australian Temperament Project. Appetite 2016; 105:232-41. [PMID: 27212673 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the interactions between low parental warmth and monitoring at age 13-14 years and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours at age 15-16 years. METHOD Data on 1300 (667 females) adolescents and their parents were drawn from The Australian Temperament Project (ATP), a 30 year (15 wave) population based longitudinal study of social-emotional development. Parent participants completed surveys on parenting practices in late childhood, and adolescent participants reported disordered eating using the drive for thinness and bulimia subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and an additional body dissatisfaction scale. Interaction was examined on the additive scale by estimating super-additive risk; i.e., risk in excess of the sum of individual risks. RESULTS For boys, neither parental warmth or monitoring, nor their interaction, was related to disordered eating. For girls, low parental warmth (alone) was associated with bulimic behaviours. In contrast, exposure to both low monitoring and warmth was associated with ∼3½-fold, ∼4-fold and ∼5-fold increases in the odds of reporting body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and bulimia, respectively. For body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, risk associated with joint exposure exceeded the sum of individual risks, suggesting an additive interaction between parenting styles. CONCLUSION Further investment in family-level interventions that focus on promoting parental monitoring behaviour and a warm parent-child relationship remain important strategies for preventing a range of disordered eating behaviours in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Krug
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Australia, 14-20 Blackwood Street, VIC, 3010, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ross M King
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Anisha Sorabji
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Eleanor H Wertheim
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Box 0503, LH Suite 245, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0503, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Hughes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Primrose Letcher
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Australia, 14-20 Blackwood Street, VIC, 3010, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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33
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Hayaki J, Free S. Positive and negative eating expectancies in disordered eating among women and men. Eat Behav 2016; 22:22-26. [PMID: 27082666 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in emotion regulation are known to characterize disordered eating patterns including binge eating, purging, and dietary restraint, though much of this work has been conducted exclusively on women. Eating expectancies, or expectations regarding reinforcement from food and eating, constitute one cognitive mechanism that is thought to serve as a proximal influence on eating behavior. Previous research shows that eating to manage negative affect (a negative eating expectancy) is associated with eating pathology in women, but less is known about eating as a reward or for pleasure (a positive eating expectancy). In addition, no prior work has examined eating expectancies among men. This study examines the role of emotion regulation and eating expectancies on disordered eating in women and men. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were 121 female and 80 male undergraduates who completed self-report measures of emotion regulation, eating expectancies, and disordered eating. RESULTS In women, body mass index (BMI), emotion regulation, and eating to manage negative affect directly predicted disordered eating in the final multivariate model, whereas eating for pleasure or reward was inversely associated with disordered eating. However, in men, emotion regulation predicted disordered eating, but not when eating expectancies were added to the model. In the final model, only BMI and eating to manage negative affect contributed significantly to the variance in disordered eating. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that some correlates of eating pathology, particularly eating expectancies, may vary by gender. Future research should continue to examine gender differences in the explanatory mechanisms underlying disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumi Hayaki
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, United States.
| | - Sarah Free
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, United States
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34
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Farstad SM, McGeown LM, von Ranson KM. Eating disorders and personality, 2004–2016: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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35
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Does Sex Matter in the Clinical Presentation of Eating Disorders in Youth? J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:410-416. [PMID: 26830976 PMCID: PMC4808325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eating disorders (EDs) impact both males and females, but little is known about sex differences in ED psychopathology and overall clinical presentation. This study compared demographic and clinical characteristics of child and adolescent males and females who presented for ED treatment. METHODS Participants included 619 youth (59 males and 560 females) ages 6-18 years who presented for treatment between 1999 and 2011. RESULTS Males presented for ED treatment at a significantly younger age (p < .001), earlier age of onset (p = .004), and were more likely to be nonwhite (p = .023). Females showed more severe ED pathology across the Eating Disorder Examination subscales (weight concern: p < .001; eating concern: p < .001; restraint: p = .001; and shape concern: p = .019) and global score (p < .001). Males were more likely to present with an ED other than anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (p = .002). Females presented with significantly higher rates of mood disorders (p = .027) and had a lower average percent of expected body weight (p = .020). Males and females did not differ in duration of illness, prior hospitalization or treatment, binging and purging episodes, anxiety disorders, behavioral disorders, or self-esteem. All analyses were controlled for age. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that further exploration into why the sexes present differently may be warranted. Developing ED psychopathology assessments that better capture nuances particular to males and reevaluating criteria to better categorize male ED diagnoses may allow for more targeted treatment.
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36
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Faija CL, Fox JRE, Tierney S, Peters S, Gooding PA. Development and Validation of the Pride in Eating Pathology Scale (PEP-S). Clin Psychol Psychother 2015; 24:126-138. [PMID: 26503108 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of theoretical and clinical literature highlighting the role of pride in maintaining eating disordered behaviours. Despite its clinical importance, there are no measures to assess feelings of pride associated with eating psychopathology. This study describes the development and validation of the Pride in Eating Pathology Scale (PEP-S), a self-report questionnaire that examines feelings of pride towards eating disordered symptoms (e.g., pride in food restriction, thinness and weight loss). Participants were 390 females, recruited from university and community populations, whose mean age was 26.99 years. Respondents rated pride in eating pathology on a 7-point Likert-scale. Principal Component Analysis indicated that the 60-item scale comprised a four component structure: (1) pride in weight loss, food control and thinness, (2) pride in healthy weight and healthy eating, (3) pride in outperforming others and social recognition and (4) pride in capturing other people's attention due to extreme thinness. These four components explained a total of 65.31% of the variance. The PEP-S demonstrated very good internal reliability (α ranging from 0.88 to 0.98) and very good test-retest reliability over a 3-week time-span (r ranging from 0.81 to 0.93). The PEP-S also showed excellent convergent and discriminant validity. Furthermore, the scale discriminated between women with high and low levels of eating psychopathology. The PEP-S is a psychometrically robust measure of pride in eating pathology. It has the potential to advance theoretical understanding and may also be clinically useful. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE The PEP-S is a valid, reliable, quick and easy to administer self-report questionnaire that measures pride related to eating pathology. The PEP-S assesses four clinically relevant dimensions: (1) pride in weight loss, food control and thinness, (2) pride in healthy weight and healthy eating, (3) pride in outperforming others and social recognition and (4) pride in capturing other people's attention due to extreme thinness. The PEP-S has very good internal and test-retest reliability, and very good convergent and discriminant validity. The PEP-S distinguishes between women with higher and lower levels of eating psychopathology. The PEP-S makes an important contribution to understanding pride in eating psychopathology, which is essential from both clinical and theoretical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia L Faija
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John R E Fox
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London and Complex Care, Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Tierney
- Royal College of Nursing Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Peters
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Gooding
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Witcomb GL, Bouman WP, Brewin N, Richards C, Fernandez-Aranda F, Arcelus J. Body Image Dissatisfaction and Eating-Related Psychopathology in Trans Individuals: A Matched Control Study. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:287-93. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L. Witcomb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - Walter Pierre Bouman
- Nottingham Centre for Gender Dysphoria; Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Nottingham UK
| | - Nicola Brewin
- Leicestershire Adult Eating Disorder Service; Glenfield Hospital; Leicester UK
| | - Christina Richards
- Nottingham Centre for Gender Dysphoria; Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Nottingham UK
- Charing Cross Gender Identity Clinic; London UK
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición CIBERObn; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jon Arcelus
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
- Nottingham Centre for Gender Dysphoria; Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Nottingham UK
- Leicestershire Adult Eating Disorder Service; Glenfield Hospital; Leicester UK
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Lee SJ, Cloninger CR, Chae H. Cloninger's temperament and character traits in medical students of Korea with problem eating behaviors. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 59:98-106. [PMID: 25732413 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The personality profiles of patients with eating disorder have been extensively investigated, but those of people in the general population with eating behavior problems need to be evaluated to assess the relationship between personality, health behavior and level of overall well-being in non-clinical samples. DESIGN Temperament and character traits, reasons for over-eating, and the negative influence of functional dyspepsia on quality of life were measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and Functional Dyspepsia Quality of Life (FDQOL) inventory, respectively, in 199 Korean medical students. The associations among TCI, FDQOL, DEBQ and body mass index (BMI) were examined by correlational analysis. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to measure how well personality (TCI) accounted for patterns of overeating (DEBQ) and impaired quality of life from functional dyspepsia (FDQOL). RESULTS Individual differences in personality (especially harm-avoidance, self-transcendence, and self-directedness) were weakly associated with overeating and impaired quality of life from functional dyspepsia. Gender, social desirability and body mass index also played important roles in predicting eating behavior problems in the nonclinical population. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We found that the personality traits observed in clinical patients with eating disorders are also found in people with eating behavior problems in the nonclinical population of Korea. The ways that personality traits affect eating behaviors were discussed along with recommendations for future studies in light of the limitations of available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychotherapy, School of Nursing and Public Health, Kyungil University, Daegu, 712-701, South Korea
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Han Chae
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
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Identifying specific cues and contexts related to bingeing behavior for the development of effective virtual environments. Appetite 2015; 87:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Welch E, Ghaderi A, Swenne I. A comparison of clinical characteristics between adolescent males and females with eating disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:45. [PMID: 25885652 PMCID: PMC4359485 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (ED) are serious disorders that have a negative impact on both the psychological and the physiological well-being of the afflicted. Despite the fact that ED affect both genders, males are often underrepresented in research and when included the sample sizes are often too small for separate analyses. Consequently we have an unclear and sometimes contradictory picture of the clinical characteristics of males with ED. The aim of the present study was to improve our understanding of the clinical features of adolescent males with eating disorders. METHODS We compared age at presentation, weight at presentation, history of significantly different premorbid weight and psychiatric (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)) and somatic comorbidity (celiac disease and diabetes) of 58 males to 606 females seeking medical care for eating disorders at the Children's Hospital in Uppsala, Sweden during the years 1999-2012. As all boys were diagnosed with either AN or Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) atypical AN, the age and weight comparisons were limited to those girls fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for AN or OSFED atypical AN. RESULTS There was no significant difference in age at presentation. Differences in weight at presentation and premorbid weight history were mixed. A significantly higher percentage of males had a history of a BMI greater than two standard deviations above the mean for their corresponding age group. As well, there was a higher prevalence of ADHD among the males whereas celiac disease and diabetes only was found among the females. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the clinical characteristics of males with ED at presentation should improve our ability to identify males with ED and thereby aid in tailoring the best treatment alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Welch
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ata Ghaderi
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ingemar Swenne
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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41
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Thapliyal P, Hay PJ. Treatment experiences of males with an eating disorder: a systematic review of qualitative studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3402/tdp.v2.25552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillipa J. Hay
- School of MedicineUniversity of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Health ResearchUniversity of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Goddard E, Carral-Fernández L, Denneny E, Campbell IC, Treasure J. Cognitive flexibility, central coherence and social emotional processing in males with an eating disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2014; 15:317-26. [PMID: 23336111 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2012.750014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Females are more likely to develop an eating disorder (ED) than males. Studies of affected men may therefore inform models of risk and resilience to EDs. The aim of this study was to examine putative neurocognitive intermediate phenotypes of EDs in affected males. METHODS Cognitive flexibility, central coherence (global/detail processing), complex emotion recognition and social-threat sensitivity were investigated in men with EDs and healthy men. Measures of distress, perfectionism, and obsessive compulsivity were collected. RESULTS Men with EDs were more cognitively inflexible across tasks and had more difficulty integrating global information than healthy men. Unexpectedly, there were no group differences on a visuospatial task of detail processing or on social-emotional processing tasks. Men with EDs had higher scores on measures of distress, perfectionism and obsessive compulsivity than healthy men. CONCLUSIONS Men with EDs share some of the intermediate cognitive phenotype present in women with EDs. Like their female counterparts, males with EDs show an inflexible, fragmented cognitive style. However, relative to healthy men, men with EDs do not have superior detail processing abilities, poor emotion recognition or increased sensitivity to social-threat. It is possible that gender differences in social-threat processing contribute to the female preponderance of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Goddard
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , London, UK
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43
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Sabel AL, Rosen E, Mehler PS. Severe anorexia nervosa in males: clinical presentations and medical treatment. Eat Disord 2014; 22:209-20. [PMID: 24617335 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2014.890459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The clinical presentation and medical complications of severe anorexia nervosa among males were examined to further the understanding of this increasingly prevalent condition. Fourteen males were admitted to a medical stabilization unit over the study period. Males with severe anorexia nervosa were found to have a multitude of significant medical and laboratory abnormalities, which are in need of treatment via judicious, nutritional rehabilitation and weight restoration to prevent additional morbidity and to facilitate transfer and admission to traditional eating disorder programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Sabel
- a Department of Patient Safety and Quality , Denver Health Medical Center , Denver , Colorado , USA
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Penelo E, Negrete A, Portell M, Raich RM. Psychometric properties of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and norms for rural and urban adolescent males and females in Mexico. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83245. [PMID: 24367587 PMCID: PMC3867461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To contribute new evidence to the controversy about the factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and to provide, for the first time, norms based on a large adolescent Mexican community sample, regarding sex and area of residence (urban/rural). METHODS A total of 2928 schoolchildren (1544 females and 1384 males) aged 11-18 were assessed with the EDE-Q and other disordered eating questionnaire measures. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis of the attitudinal items of the EDE-Q did not support the four theorized subscales, and a two-factor solution, Restraint and Eating-Shape-Weight concern, showed better fit than the other models examined (RMSEA = .054); measurement invariance for this two-factor model across sex and area of residence was found. Satisfactory internal consistency (ω ≥ .80) and two-week test-retest reliability (ICCa ≥ .84; κ ≥ .56), and evidence for convergent validity with external measures was obtained. The highest attitudinal EDE-Q scores were found for urban females and the lowest scores were found for rural males, whereas the occurrence of key eating disorder behavioural features and compensatory behaviours was similar in both areas of residence. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals satisfactory psychometric properties and provides population norms of the EDE-Q, which may help clinicians and researchers to interpret the EDE-Q scores of adolescents from urban and rural areas in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Penelo
- Laboratori d’Estadística Aplicada, Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - América Negrete
- Academia Instrumental del Programa Académico de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Unitat d'Avaluació I Intervenció en Imatge Corporal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Portell
- Unitat d'Avaluació I Intervenció en Imatge Corporal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Raich
- Unitat d'Avaluació I Intervenció en Imatge Corporal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Reas DL, Rø Ø, Karterud S, Hummelen B, Pedersen G. Eating disorders in a large clinical sample of men and women with personality disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:801-9. [PMID: 23983043 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed and compared the prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) across six Axis II groups (borderline, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, dependent, paranoid, and personality disorder NOS) and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) without personality disorders (PD). METHOD The sample included 3,266 consecutive and first admissions to 16 different treatment units in the Norwegian Network of Psychotherapeutic Day Hospitals between 1993 and 2009. All patients were interviewed with the SCID-II for DSM-III-R (prior to 1996) or DSM-IV (from 1996) and the MINI for Axis I disorders in accordance with the LEAD (longitudinal, expert, all-data) standard. RESULTS The prevalence of any ED in the PD sample was approximately 17% for women and 3% for men. A lower rate of ED (5%) was found for patients with MDD without PD. A significantly higher proportion of patients with borderline personality disorder were diagnosed with BN or EDNOS. The rate of AN was significantly elevated in female patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Men demonstrated significantly less diagnostic co-occurrence and no significant differential variation across PD groups or MDD. DISCUSSION Data which included a psychiatric comparison group showed less co-occurrence and non-significant variation across PD groups for men, but demonstrated a meaningful and specific pattern of comorbidity between ED and PD for women. There was an elevated risk of ED among female patients with PD, most pronounced for borderline. An almost five-fold higher rate of AN was found among women with obsessive-compulsive PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Reas
- Regional Eating Disorders Service, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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Ahrén JC, Chiesa F, Koupil I, Magnusson C, Dalman C, Goodman A. We are family--parents, siblings, and eating disorders in a prospective total-population study of 250,000 Swedish males and females. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:693-700. [PMID: 23740699 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined how parental characteristics and other aspects of family background were associated with the development of eating disorders (ED) in males and females. METHOD We used register data and record linkage to create the prospective, total-population study the Stockholm Youth Cohort. This cohort comprises all children and adolescents who were ever residents in Stockholm County between 2001 and 2007, plus their parents and siblings. Individuals born between 1984 and 1995 (N = 249, 884) were followed up for ED from age 12 to end of 2007. We used Cox regression modeling to investigate how ED incidence was associated with family socioeconomic position, parental age, and family composition. RESULTS In total, 3,251 cases of ED (2,971 females; 280 males) were recorded. Higher parental education independently predicted a higher rate of ED in females [e.g., adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.69 (95% CI: 1.42, 2.02) for degree-level vs. elementary-level maternal education], but not in males [HR 0.73 (95% CI: 0.42, 1.28), p < 0.001 for gender interaction]. In females, an increasing number of full-siblings was associated with lower rate of ED [e.g., fully adjusted HR 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.97) per sibling], whereas an increasing number of half-siblings was associated with a higher rate [HR 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.09) per sibling]. DISCUSSION The effect of parental education on ED rate varies between males and females, whereas the effect of number of siblings varies according to whether they are full or half-siblings. A deeper understanding of these associations and their underlying mechanisms may provide etiological insights and inform the design of preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie C Ahrén
- CHESS (Centre for Health Equity Studies), Karolinska Institutet/Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Surgenor LJ, Maguire S. Assessment of anorexia nervosa: an overview of universal issues and contextual challenges. J Eat Disord 2013; 1:29. [PMID: 24999408 PMCID: PMC4081667 DOI: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a complex and clinically challenging syndrome. Intended for specialist audiences, this narrative review aims to summarise the available literature related to assessment in the adult patient context, synthesising both research evidence and clinical consensus guidelines. METHOD We provide a review of the available literature on specialist assessment of AN focusing on common trajectories into assessment, obstacles accessing assessment, common presenting issues and barriers to the assessment process, the necessary scope of assessment, and tools and techniques. It describes the further step of synthesising assessment information in ways that can inform resultant care plans. RESULTS In addition to assessment of core behaviours and diagnostic skills, considerations for the expert assessor include the functions of primary care, systemic and personal barriers, knowledge of current assessment tools and research pertaining to comorbid pathology in AN, assessing severity of illness, role of family at assessment, as well as medical, nutritional and compulsory elements of assessment. CONCLUSION Comprehensive assessment of AN in the current healthcare context still remains largely the remit of the specialist ED clinician. Assessment should remain an on-going process, paying particular attention to available empirical evidence, thereby reducing the gap between research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois J Surgenor
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago at Christchurch, 4 Oxford Terrace, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Maguire
- Centre for Eating and Dieting Disorders, University of Sydney, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camberdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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Claes L, Fernandez-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S, Agüera Z, Granero R, Sánchez I, Menchón JM. Personality subtypes in male patients with eating disorder: validation of a classification approach. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53:981-7. [PMID: 22440832 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated personality subtypes and their correlates in a sample of 132 male patients with eating disorder (ED). All patients filled out the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Three personality subtypes emerged. Cluster 1, the adaptive-like subtype, was characterized by a high prevalence of eating-disorder-not-otherwise-specified and low levels of ED and general psychopathology. Cluster 2, the average or socially detached subtype, showed a high prevalence of eating-disorder-not-otherwise-specified, more social problems, less motivation for treatment, and an intermediate position on the psychopathology dimension between patients of clusters 1 and 3. Finally, cluster 3, the maladaptive subtype, was characterized the highest prevalence of bulimia nervosa and the highest scores on ED and general psychopathology. Our data support the presence of the 3 personality subtypes in male patients with ED. Future studies need to address whether patients of different subtypes differ with respect to therapy outcome.
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Zhu Y, Hu X, Wang J, Chen J, Guo Q, Li C, Enck P. Processing of Food, Body and Emotional Stimuli in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2012; 20:439-50. [PMID: 22945872 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Zhu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai; China
| | - Xiaochen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University of Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai; China
| | - Jue Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai; China
| | - Qian Guo
- Shanghai Mental Health Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai; China
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai; China
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Internal Medicine VI: Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen; Germany
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Segura-García C, Papaianni MC, Rizza P, Flora S, De Fazio P. The development and validation of the Body Image Dimensional Assessment (BIDA). Eat Weight Disord 2012; 17:e219-25. [PMID: 22362378 DOI: 10.3275/8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To validate a silhouette-based scale, the Body Image Dimensional Assessment (BIDA), an instrument for the screening of body dissatisfaction in large samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five-hundred ninety-two both gender non-clinical participants and 57 patients with eating disorders (ED) were administered the BIDA and the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (BD-EDI2). The BIDA consists of only 4 items to answer with reference to a series of four silhouettes not age- nor gender-related using a numeric scale that allows the quantification of the degree of Body Dissatisfaction, Sexual Body Dissatisfaction, Comparative Body Dissatisfaction and the calculation of the final Body Dissatisfaction Index (BDI). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The study has shown that the BIDA has good reliability and validity as well as high predictive capability at a threshold BDI≥30 (sensitivity = 83.3% and specificity = 92.1%). By virtue of the rapid timing of administration, the BIDA can be a useful screening instrument of body dissatisfaction in non clinical populations to detect people at risk for ED and a follow-up instrument in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Segura-García
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Catanzaro, Italy.
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