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Lipsky LM, Cummings JR, Haynie DL, Nansel TR. The burden of overweight/obesity and weight-related behaviors attributable to food addiction in emerging adults. Appetite 2024; 199:107399. [PMID: 38710450 PMCID: PMC11145725 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
While food addiction has been positively associated with excess weight and disordered eating behaviors, this has not been examined in representative samples of emerging adults, who are at elevated risk for these outcomes. This study investigated relationships of food addiction with weight outcomes, weight perception, and weight-control behaviors in emerging adults and estimated the population attributable fraction to food addiction. Data from an observational cohort study were collected in seven annual waves from 2010 to 2016. A nationally representative sample of 2785 10th grade students was recruited from schools within each U.S. census region (73% participation) (mean ± SD baseline age = 16.3 ± 0.5years). Wave 7 retention was 81% (n = 2323, 60% female, mean ± SD = 22.6 ± 0.5 years). Outcomes included current BMI, BMI change from baseline - wave 7, increased weight status in wave 7 (increased weight status from baseline-wave 7), perceived overweight, dieting, any weight-control behavior, and extreme weight-control behaviors. Food addiction was measured in wave 7 using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale. Relative risk of the outcomes associated with food addiction, and population attributable fraction, were estimated using adjusted log-binomial or robust Poisson regression analyses accounting for the complex survey design. Food addiction prevalence was 4.7%. Participants with food addiction were primarily females (91%); food addiction was uncorrelated with other sociodemographics. Food addiction was associated with 48%-167% increased RR for all outcomes, but these were attenuated after adjustment for confounders (31%-64%). The population attributable fraction for food addiction ranged from 2% (high wave 7 BMI) - 5% (extreme weight-control behaviors). Although the population attributable fraction estimates indicate that the public health burden of these outcomes attributable to food addiction may be relatively minor, food addiction may signal the presence of several adverse mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Lipsky
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jenna R Cummings
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tonja R Nansel
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Sunnetci G, Göktaş K, Saltürk Z, Hızlan SK, Atar Y, Erkul BE. Evaluation of Subjective and Objective Voice Characteristics in Patients With Bulimia Nervosa. J Voice 2024:S0892-1997(24)00198-X. [PMID: 39095242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to examine subjectively and objectively the voice changes in bulimia nervosa (BN) patients at different stages of treatment. METHOD The study was conducted with a study group including 10 patients followed up with a diagnosis of BN and a control group consisting of 10 healthy participants of a similar age group without eating disorders. The Reflux Symptom Index (RFS) was used for stroboscopic evaluation. The fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonics ratio were determined during acoustic voice analysis. Maximum phonation time was analyzed. A subjective evaluation was performed using the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10). RESULTS Jitter, shimmer, VHI-10 score, and RFS values showed a statistically significant difference in the patient and control groups (P < 0.05). The mean values of jitter, shimmer, VHI-10 score, and RFS were higher in the patient group than in the control group. Maximum phonation time did not differ between groups (P > 0.05) Age and F0 (Hz) values showed no statistically significant difference in the patient and control groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In BN patients, the laryngopharyngeal reflux mechanism causes negative effects on vocal cord examination and acoustic sound analysis parameters, leading to subjective dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ziya Saltürk
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Medicine, Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Yavuz Atar
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Medicine, Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Meule A. On the prevalence of 'food addiction' in persons with bulimia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2024; 32:490-492. [PMID: 38200630 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A meta-analysis by Praxedes and colleagues published in this journal reports that the prevalence of 'food addiction' as measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale is lower than 50% in persons with bulimia nervosa and higher in persons with binge eating disorder. However, closely examining the supplementary material of that article reveals that these numbers cannot possibly be correct. Instead, most studies indicate that the prevalence of 'food addiction' is higher than 80% in persons with bulimia nervosa and, thus, higher than in persons with other eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Guo J, Wan X, Lian J, Ma H, Dong D, Liu Y, Zhao J. Electrophysiological Characteristics of Inhibitive Control for Adults with Different Physiological or Psychological Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:1252. [PMID: 38732499 PMCID: PMC11085209 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals exhibiting high scores on the fatness subscale of the negative-physical-self scale (NPSS-F) are characterized by heightened preoccupation with body fat accompanied by negative body image perceptions, often leading to excessive dieting behaviors. This demographic constitutes a considerable segment of the populace in China, even among those who are not obese. Nonetheless, scant empirical inquiries have delved into the behavioral and neurophysiological profiles of individuals possessing a healthy body mass index (BMI) alongside elevated NPSS-F scores. This study employed an experimental paradigm integrating go/no-go and one-back tasks to assess inhibitory control and working memory capacities concerning food-related stimuli across three adult cohorts: those with normal weight and low NPSS-F scores, those with normal weight and high NPSS-F scores, and individuals classified as obese. Experimental stimuli comprised high- and low-caloric-food pictures with concurrent electroencephalogram (EEG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) recordings. Individuals characterized by high NPSS-F scores and normal weight exhibited distinctive electrophysiological responses compared to the other two cohorts, evident in event-related potential (ERP) components, theta and alpha band oscillations, and heart rate variability (HRV) patterns. In essence, the findings underscore alterations in electrophysiological reactivity among individuals possessing high NPSS-F scores and a healthy BMI in the context of food-related stimuli, underscoring the necessity for increased attention to this demographic alongside individuals affected by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Xiaofang Wan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Junwei Lian
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Hanqing Ma
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Debo Dong
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Barnhart WR, Cui T, Cui S, Ren Y, Ji F, He J. Exploring the prospective relationships between food addiction symptoms, weight bias internalization, and psychological distress in Chinese adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:2304-2314. [PMID: 37772767 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Relationships exist between food addiction symptoms, weight bias internalization, and psychological distress, yet previous research is primarily cross-sectional with adults from Western contexts. We examined the prospective relationships between food addiction symptoms, weight bias internalization, and psychological distress in Chinese adolescents. METHODS Over three time points (Time 1, baseline; Time 2, 6-months; Time 3, 12-months) spanning 1 year, we examined cross-sectional and bi-directional relationships between food addiction symptoms, weight bias internalization, and psychological distress in Chinese adolescents (N = 589; aged 14-18 years at baseline). Pearson correlations and cross-lagged models examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between food addiction symptoms, weight bias internalization, and psychological distress. RESULTS Cross-sectional correlations suggested positive relationships between food addiction symptoms, weight bias internalization, and psychological distress at each time point. Regarding bi-directional relationships, higher psychological distress was associated with both higher weight bias internalization and higher food addiction symptoms at the following time points. However, food addiction symptoms and weight bias internalization were not prospectively associated. Time 2 psychological distress did not significantly mediate the relationship between Time 1 weight bias internalization and Time 3 food addiction symptoms. DISCUSSION Findings suggest no direct longitudinal link between food addiction symptoms and weight bias internalization and vice versa. However, findings do suggest that psychological distress is temporally associated with higher food addiction symptoms and weight bias internalization in Chinese adolescents. Targeting psychological distress may prove useful in treatments of food addiction symptoms and weight bias internalization in Chinese adolescents. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Positive associations exist between food addiction symptoms, weight bias internalization, and psychological distress, but findings are largely cross-sectional and bound to adult populations from Western contexts. Using a longitudinal design in Chinese adolescents, findings suggested that baseline psychological distress was associated with higher food addiction symptoms and higher weight bias internalization at follow-up time points. Treatments targeting psychological distress may be helpful in reducing food addiction symptoms and weight bias internalization in Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoxiang Ren
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Knowles LG, Armanious AJ, Peng Y, Welsh WJ, James MH. Recent advances in drug discovery efforts targeting the sigma 1 receptor system: Implications for novel medications designed to reduce excessive drug and food seeking. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 8:100126. [PMID: 37753198 PMCID: PMC10519676 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders characterized by uncontrolled reward seeking, such as substance use disorders (SUDs), alcohol use disorder (AUD) and some eating disorders, impose a significant burden on individuals and society. Despite their high prevalence and substantial morbidity and mortality rates, treatment options for these disorders remain limited. Over the past two decades, there has been a gradual accumulation of evidence pointing to the sigma-1 receptor (S1R) system as a promising target for therapeutic interventions designed to treat these disorders. S1R is a chaperone protein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum, but under certain conditions translocates to the plasma membrane. In the brain, S1Rs are expressed in several regions important for reward, and following translocation, they physically associate with several reward-related GPCRs, including dopamine receptors 1 and 2 (D1R and D2R). Psychostimulants, alcohol, as well as palatable foods, all alter expression of S1R in regions important for motivated behavior, and S1R antagonists generally decrease behavioral responses to these rewards. Recent advances in structural modeling have permitted the development of highly-selective S1R antagonists with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, thus providing a therapeutic avenue for S1R-based medications. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of work linking S1R with motivated behavior for drugs of abuse and food, as well as evidence supporting the clinical utility of S1R antagonists to reduce their excessive consumption. We also highlight potential challenges associated with targeting the S1R system, including the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying neurobiology and careful consideration of the pharmacological properties of S1R-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam G. Knowles
- Harpur School of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, Vestal, NY, USA
| | - Abanoub J. Armanious
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Youyi Peng
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - William J. Welsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Morgan H. James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Kim NY, Suh S, Kim J, Son K, Woo S, Kim J, Park KH, Lim H. Validating the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) among Korean children and adolescents with high weight. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:177. [PMID: 37803454 PMCID: PMC10557218 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using reliable measurement tools is becoming increasingly important as the prevalence of obesity among children increases in Korea. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) measures three eating behaviors associated with overeating. This study aims to validate the DEBQ-C for use among Korean children and adolescents with high body weight. It examines the psychometric features of the Korean translation of the DEBQ-C and investigates the relationship between the subscale scores of the DEBQ-C and the weight status of participants (categorized into overweight, obese, and morbidly obese). METHODS A total of 233 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.4 ± 1.6 years) completed the questionnaire. The study verified the factor structure of the DEBQ-C using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and estimated its internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. For convergent validity, it employed Pearson's correlation coefficient to assess relationships between the three eating behaviors of the DEBQ-C and the number of food addiction symptoms of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C). Lastly, it examined the relationship between DEBQ-C scores and weight status via multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The three-factor model demonstrated goodness-of-fit (χ2 = 253, df = 167, χ2/df = 1.515, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.944; TLI = 0.937; RMSEA = 0.047). The internal consistency of the three eating behaviors was also satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.707-0.890). The emotional and external eating subscales of the DEBQ-C were positively correlated with the number of symptoms of food addiction of the YFAS-C. Emotional (OR: 2.008; 95% CI 1.973-2.043) and external (OR: 2.074; 95% CI 2.029-2.119) eating were positively associated with obesity status. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the Korean version of the DEBQ-C is suitable for the examination of problematic eating behaviors in Korean children and adolescents with high body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 02844, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Kumhee Son
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sarah Woo
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-Si, 24252, Korea
| | - Jia Kim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Mental Health Center, Seoul, 04933, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, 14068, Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Athanasaki D, Lakoumentas J, Milani GP, Agostoni C, Berghea F, Ionescu MD, Vassilopoulou E. Maternal Bonding as a Protective Factor for Orthorexia Nervosa Risk in Dietetics Students. Nutrients 2023; 15:3577. [PMID: 37630767 PMCID: PMC10460006 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the risk of orthorexia nervosa (ON) in dietetics students in Greece, and its relationship with diet, risk of eating disorder (ED), body mass index (BMI), body image flexibility, and parental attachment. The participants were 132 dietetics students, with a mean age of 22.94 ± 3.5 years, who completed a series of questionnaires that recorded sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics; adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet); ON indicators as determined by the ORTO-15 questionnaire; body image flexibility, with the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ-5); the risk for ED as assessed using the EAT-26; anxiety level according to the STAIT 6 instrument; and recollection of their parents' attitudes towards them during the first 16 years of life, with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). ON risk appeared to be significantly associated with BMI (p = 0.002), exercise frequency (p = 0.023), anxiety level (p = 0.002), risk of ED (p < 0.001), body image inflexibility (p < 0.001), and inversely with the affectionate constraint of maternal bonding (p = 0.036). In conclusion, disordered eating behaviors and body shape concerns are prevalent among dietetics students, with parental attachment to the mother influencing their occurrence. Identification of potential ON and development of prevention mechanisms during childhood could help eliminate these concerns and improve the lives of dietetics students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafni Athanasaki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.A.); (J.L.); (E.V.)
| | - John Lakoumentas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.A.); (J.L.); (E.V.)
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.P.M.); (C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.P.M.); (C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Florian Berghea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Spital Clinic Sf. Maria, Bd. Ion Mihalache 37-39, Et 1 Secretariat, 011172 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marcela Daniela Ionescu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- “Marie S. Curie” Emergency Children’s Clinical Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.A.); (J.L.); (E.V.)
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.P.M.); (C.A.)
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Escrivá-Martínez T, Galiana L, Herrero R, Rodríguez-Arias M, Fernández-Aranda F, Gearhardt AN, Baños RM. Food addiction and its relationship with other eating behaviours among Spanish university students. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37046319 PMCID: PMC10100167 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction (FA) is characterised by symptoms such as loss of control over food consumption, inability to reduce consumption despite the desire to do so, and continued consumption despite negative consequences. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) is a widely used instrument to assess FA. OBJECTIVES To validate the Spanish mYFAS 2.0; to analyse the relationships between FA with other eating behaviours, sociodemographic variables, and Body Mass Index (BMI); and to test the eating-related variables that account for the variance in FA. METHODS The sample consisted of 400 university students (Mage = 24.16, SDage = 6.12; 51% female), who completed the mYFAS 2.0 and measures of eating-related constructs. RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the one-factor structure of the mYFAS 2.0. The scale showed good internal consistency (α = .78), and good convergent validity with the mYFAS. FA was related to eating styles, binge eating, and bulimia. No differences in FA were observed between males and females, and there was no association between FA and BMI. In addition, younger participants scored higher on FA than older participants. The eating-related variables explain 54.7% of the variance in FA. CONCLUSIONS The mYFAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable scale to assess FA in the Spanish population. The positive and significant relationship of variables related to eating (eating styles, binge eating and bulimia) with FA was demonstrated. These variables were indicated by those at high risk of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Escrivá-Martínez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Galiana
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 44003, Teruel, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rosa M Baños
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Hallit S, Brytek-Matera A, Malaeb D, Obeid S. Validation of the Arabic version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale in the general population in Lebanon. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:112. [PMID: 35927764 PMCID: PMC9354308 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the definition of food addiction is not agreed upon, it is characterized by eating more than expected without being hungry, not being able to visit certain places associated with overeating or unsuccessfully trying to cut down on the consumption of certain foods. The modified YFAS (mYFAS 2.0) version, instrument available to evaluate food addiction, was shown to have good psychometric properties. Our objective was to assess the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the mYFAS (mYFAS-Ar-Leb) in the Lebanese population. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 1268 persons residing in Lebanon (September-November 2020). The mean age of the participants was 26.18 years (SD = 11.17; min: 18; max: 85), with 65.1% females. The percentage of participants with food addiction was 226 (17.8%) in the total sample. A confirmatory factor analysis was run on the one-factor structure among the total sample. RESULTS The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis of the scale were excellent. The Cronbach's alpha value was good for the total scale. The mYFAS-Ar-Leb score was positively and strongly associated with stress, anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION Our study findings highlighted that the use of the mYFAS-Ar-Leb in Lebanese population might help estimate food addiction prevalence and stress on the need for effective treatment and preventive measures to craving for addictive foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon. .,Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia. .,Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| | - Anna Brytek-Matera
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Dawida 1, 50-527, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Disentangling binge eating disorder and food addiction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1963-1970. [PMID: 35041154 PMCID: PMC9287203 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The concept of "Food Addiction" has been based on criteria of Substance Use Disorder. Several studies suggested a relationship between food addiction and eating disorders, but little is known about its extent or role. We aim at exploring if food addiction is coincident with a specific eating disorder (binge eating disorder appears the closest) or it is a separate diagnostic entity that afflicts in comorbidity with eating disorders or other conditions like obesity or even in the general population. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed observational studies with a comparative estimation on rates of subjects affected by binge eating disorder and food addiction. RESULTS Binge eating disorder shows higher comorbidity with food addiction compared to other eating disorders (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 0.64-2.76; c2 = 4.42; p = 0.44;I2 = 0%), or each eating disorder [anorexia nervosa purging type (OR = 1.93, 95% CI, 0.20-18.92; p = 0.57) and restrictive type (OR = 8.75, 95% CI, 1.08-70.70; p = 0.04)], obese patients (OR = 5.72, 95% CI, 3.25-10.09; p = < 0.0001) and individuals from the general population (OR = 55.41, 95% CI, 8.16-376.10; c2 = 18.50; p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%)but has decreased prevalence when compared to bulimia nervosa (OR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.33-2.22; c2 = 0.35; p = 0.74; I2 = 0%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the prevalence of food addiction in binge eating disorder is higher than in other eating disorders except in bulimia nervosa. Moreover, it is a separate diagnostic reality and can be detected in people without mental illness and in the general population. Food addiction might have a prognostic value, since in comorbidity, and should be addressed to boost treatment efficacy and patient's recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: Evidence obtained systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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12
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Kaya Cebioğlu İ, Dumlu Bilgin G, Kavsara HK, Gül A, Sarioğlu A, Aydin S, Keküllüoğlu M. Food addiction among university students: The effect of mindful eating. Appetite 2022; 177:106133. [PMID: 35753440 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicated that lifestyle modifications, especially mindful eating, might be effective interventions for treating food addiction (FA). Mindful eating practices have been considered to regulate emotional eating, which is one predictor of FA along with automatic eating behaviors, including emotional, impulsive, and habitual eating. Thus, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine the effect of mindful eating on FA of university students. The research team collected the data with 2133 undergraduate students. The Mindful Eating Questionnaire examined the mindfulness status of the students, and the FA diagnosed by using the YALE Food Addiction Scale. 56.9% of participants were women, with a mean age of 21.5 ± 2.2 and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 22.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2. Although no significant differences were observed regarding sex (p > .05), the FA prevalence among men (16.1%) was higher than women. The overall prevalence of FA was 15.3%, which was 1.5 units higher among those with BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Also, FA diagnosis was significantly more prevalent among smokers and ex-smokers (p < .01). In addition, participants diagnosed with FA had a significantly lower mean mindful eating score (p < .001). Furthermore, those with lower mindfulness levels had a 4.96 higher risk of being food addicted (p < .000). Those with FA diagnosis had significantly lower scores regarding subscales of "disinhibition," "emotional eating," "control of eating," "mindfulness," and "interference" (p < .001). Consequently, it should be highlighted that determining the level of individuals' mindful eating may have remarkable and cumulative impacts on both obesity and FA in the long term. Thus, increasing mindful eating may be suggested as an essential strategy to control FA among young individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrem Kaya Cebioğlu
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, İnönü Mah, Kayışdağı Cad, 34755, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gözde Dumlu Bilgin
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, İnönü Mah, Kayışdağı Cad, 34755, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Kaan Kavsara
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, İnönü Mah, Kayışdağı Cad, 34755, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Açelya Gül
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, İnönü Mah, Kayışdağı Cad, 34755, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aybüke Sarioğlu
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, İnönü Mah, Kayışdağı Cad, 34755, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sema Aydin
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, İnönü Mah, Kayışdağı Cad, 34755, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melis Keküllüoğlu
- Yeditepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, Physiology, İnönü Mah, Kayışdağı Cad, 34755, İstanbul, Turkey.
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13
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An Z, Kim KH, Kim M, Kim YR. Negative emotion-related eating behaviours in young women with underweight status, overweight status, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa in Korea. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 30:401-411. [PMID: 35384144 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the negative emotion-related eating behaviours of young women with extreme weights or eating disorders (EDs). METHOD A total of 808 young women participated including 144 with underweight (UW), 364 with normal-weight (NW) and 137 with overweight (OW; including 27 with obesity) from universities, and 63 patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), and 100 patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) from a hospital. Participants were interviewed and completed questionnaires on eating behaviours related to negative emotions. RESULTS While both OW and BN groups ate more in response to negative emotions, UW and AN groups ate less compared to NW group. Negative feelings after overeating were prominent in OW group and patients with ED. In negative emotions, patients with EDs preferred sweet tastes, but BN group preferred spicy tastes less. Patients with EDs had increased external eating, and BN group also showed increased restrained eating. Neuroticism had indirect impacts on OW status via emotional eating unlike BN. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that UW and OW status were on the spectrum of emotional eating, and AN and BN were on the extremes of external eating, which may be integrated into the development of interventions targeting each status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen An
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirihae Kim
- Department of Psychology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youl-Ri Kim
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sanchez I, Lucas I, Munguía L, Camacho‐Barcia L, Giménez M, Sánchez‐González J, Granero R, Solé‐Morata N, Gearhard A, Diéguez C, Jiménez‐Murcia S, Fernández‐Aranda F. Food addiction in anorexia nervosa: Implications for the understanding of crossover diagnosis. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 30:278-288. [PMID: 35306714 PMCID: PMC9314799 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Food addiction (FA) construct was introduced to reflect abnormal eating patterns that resemble behavioural ones found in substance use disorders. FA has been barely explored in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study evaluated FA occurrence and associated factors in a sample of patients with AN, distinguishing between restrictive and binge–purging subtypes and focussing on the influence of FA in the crossover diagnosis between them. Method A sample of 116 patients with AN admitted for treatment seeking at an Bellvitge Hospital Eating Disorders Unit were included (72 restrictive [AN‐R]; 44 binge‐purge AN [AN‐BP]), and eating‐related, personality and psychopathological variables were assessed. Most participants were women (92.2%), mean age 27.1 years old (SD = 10.5). Results FA was more prevalent in patients with AN‐BP compared to the AN‐R group (75.0% and 54.2%, respectively). The patients with AN‐R FA+, presented more similar ED symptomatology, general psychopathology and personality traits, with the AN‐BP patients, than with the AN‐R FA‐. Conclusions Patients with AN‐R FA+, exhibit more similarities with the AN‐BP subgroup than with the AN‐R FA‐. Thus, it is possible to hypothesise that the presence of FA might be an indicator of the possible crossover from AN‐R to AN‐BP. Patients with anorexia nervosa – restrictive subtype (AN‐R) and patients with anorexia nervosa – bulimic‐purgative subtype (AN‐BP) present a prevalence of food addiction (FA) of 54% and 75%, respectively. Patients with AN‐R FA+ have more clinical and personality similarities with AN‐BP than with AN‐R FA−. The presence of FA could be associated with the possible crossover from AN‐R to AN‐BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Lucia Camacho‐Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Mónica Giménez
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Jessica Sánchez‐González
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Neus Solé‐Morata
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Ashley Gearhard
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Department of Physiology CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela‐Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez‐Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández‐Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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15
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Munguía L, Gaspar-Pérez A, Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero R, Sánchez I, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Diéguez C, Gearhardt AN, Fernández-Aranda F. Food Addiction in Eating Disorders: A Cluster Analysis Approach and Treatment Outcome. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051084. [PMID: 35268059 PMCID: PMC8912776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A first approach of a phenotypic characterization of food addiction (FA) found three clusters (dysfunctional, moderate and functional). Based on this previous classification, the aim of the present study is to explore treatment responses in the sample diagnosed with Eating Disorder(ED) of different FA profiles. Methods: The sample was composed of 157 ED patients with FA positive, 90 with bulimia nervosa (BN), 36 with binge eating disorder (BED), and 31 with other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED). Different clinical variables and outcome indicators were evaluated. Results: The clinical profile of the clusters present similar characteristics with the prior study, having the dysfunctional cluster the highest ED symptom levels, the worse psychopathology global state, and dysfunctional personality traits, while the functional one the lowest ED severity level, best psychological state, and more functional personality traits. The dysfunctional cluster was the one with lowest rates of full remission, the moderate one the higher rates of dropouts, and the functional one the highest of full remission. Conclusions: The results concerning treatment outcome were concordant with the severity of the FA clusters, being that the dysfunctional and moderate ones had worst treatment responses than the functional one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital of Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (A.G.-P.); (S.J.-M.); (I.S.); (C.V.-A.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating Disorders and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Anahí Gaspar-Pérez
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital of Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (A.G.-P.); (S.J.-M.); (I.S.); (C.V.-A.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating Disorders and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital of Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (A.G.-P.); (S.J.-M.); (I.S.); (C.V.-A.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating Disorders and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Barcelona University, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopatology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Roser Granero
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating Disorders and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER Physiopatology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital of Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (A.G.-P.); (S.J.-M.); (I.S.); (C.V.-A.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating Disorders and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER Physiopatology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital of Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (A.G.-P.); (S.J.-M.); (I.S.); (C.V.-A.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating Disorders and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER Physiopatology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIBER Physiopatology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitary Hospital of Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.); (A.G.-P.); (S.J.-M.); (I.S.); (C.V.-A.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating Disorders and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Barcelona University, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopatology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-2607227; Fax: +34-93-2607193
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16
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Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0 (C-mYFAS 2.0): Prevalence of food addiction and relationship with resilience and social support. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:273-284. [PMID: 33779965 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (C-mYFAS 2.0) and to analyze the prevalence of food addiction among Chinese college students and its relationship with resilience and social support. METHODS A total of 1132 Chinese college students completed the C-mYFAS 2.0, BES, EAT-26, PHQ-9, GAD-7, TFEQ-18, CD-RISC-10, and PSSS. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the factor structure of the C-mYFAS 2.0 and psychometric properties were assessed. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a sub-sample (n = 62). Spearman correlation and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between resilience, social support, and food addiction. RESULTS The prevalence of food addiction according to the C-mYFAS 2.0 was 6.2%. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested a single-factor structure (comparative fit index = 0.961). The C-mYFAS 2.0 had good test-retest reliability and internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson's α = 0.824). Good convergent validity was indicated by correlations with binge eating, eating disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety symptoms, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and BMI (ps < 0.001). Appropriate divergent validity was reflected by no association with cognitive restraint. Finally, binge eating was significantly predicted by C-mYFAS 2.0, depressive symptoms, and eating disorder symptoms (ps < 0.001), confirming incremental validity. In addition, our study found that poorer resilience and social support were related to food addiction (ps < .001). CONCLUSIONS The C-mYFAS 2.0 is a brief but reliable and valid screening instrument for food addiction among Chinese college students. In addition, we found that resilience and social support were negatively associated with food addiction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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17
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Neurobiology of food addiction. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91001-9.00035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Characteristics of individuals seeking addictive eating treatment. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2779-2786. [PMID: 33646515 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing interest in food addiction and its potential treatment. However, little is known about the characteristics of people seeking addictive eating treatment, which is important to develop appropriate treatment and referral pathways. The aim was to describe the characteristics of individuals seeking addictive eating treatment and examine differences between eligible participants who did and did not engage in treatment. METHODS Participants interested in an addictive eating treatment were recruited to an online screening survey. The 55-item survey included demographic questions, body satisfaction; weight-loss attempts; the modified Yale Food Addiction Survey (mYFAS); the Binge Eating Scale and mental health outcomes (DASS-21). RESULTS Individuals seeking addictive eating treatment (n = 309) were predominantly female (61%), from the obese BMI category (67%) and had accessed a range of services for weight loss (97%). Using multiple logistic regression, participants with higher mYFAS scores were more likely to engage in treatment (AOR 1.68; 95% CI 1.12-2.52), while participants with higher DASS total scores were less likely to engage in treatment (AOR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95-0.99). CONCLUSION This study indicates considerable interest from consumers in seeking addictive eating treatment. Individuals who did not engage in treatment displayed higher mental health comorbidity, suggesting that higher mental health symptomatology may be a barrier to treatment. Future qualitative research is needed to provide an in-depth understanding of the reasons for seeking and engaging in addictive eating treatment, as well as to identify the optimal treatments and referral pathways. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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19
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The Prevalence of ''Food Addiction'' during the COVID-19 Pandemic Measured Using the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) among the Adult Population of Poland. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114115. [PMID: 34836370 PMCID: PMC8623181 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The announcement of the coronavirus pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), ongoing restrictions and isolation led to a break with the daily routine, and suspension of social contacts, but also imposed new challenges on the population related to maintaining healthy eating habits. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of “food addiction” (FA) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in relation to several variables including depression. The method of analysis was a questionnaire containing original questions and the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS). A total of 1022 Polish residents aged 18–75 participated in the study (N = 1022; 93.7% women, 6.3% men). The prevalence of FA during the COVID-19 pandemic measured with the YFAS 2.0 scale was 14.1%. The average weight gain during the pandemic in 39% of respondents was 6.53 kg. Along with the increase in the value of the BMI index, the intensity of “food addiction” increased in the study group. People with depression had statistically significantly more FA symptoms than healthy people. This work may motivate future research to evaluate the association and potential overlap of “food addiction” and problem eating behaviors during the pandemic and the obesity problem.
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20
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Pape M, Herpertz S, Schroeder S, Seiferth C, Färber T, Wolstein J, Steins-Loeber S. Food Addiction and Its Relationship to Weight- and Addiction-Related Psychological Parameters in Individuals With Overweight and Obesity. Front Psychol 2021; 12:736454. [PMID: 34621227 PMCID: PMC8491654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: It is assumed that a relevant subgroup of individuals experiences an addiction-like eating behaviour (Food Addiction), characterized by an impaired control over eating behaviour, emotional eating and food craving. Individuals experiencing Food Addiction partially share common symptomatology with Binge-Eating-Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Food Addiction, general psychopathology, and associations with weight- and addiction-related constructs in individuals with overweight and obesity, who did not suffer from Binge-Eating-Disorder or Bulimia Nervosa. Methods:N=213 (67.1% female; MBMI=33.35kg/m2, SDBMI=3.79kg/m2) participants who were included in a weight loss program (I-GENDO project) reported BMI and completed questionnaires before the start of the treatment. Food Addiction severity, depressive symptoms, alcohol use disorder, internet use disorder, psychological distress, impulsivity personality trait, impulsive and emotional eating behaviour, food related inhibitory control, weight bias internalization, and self-efficacy were assessed. Results: The prevalence of Food Addiction was 15% with higher, although not statistically significant, prevalence in female (18.2%) compared to male (8.6%) participants. Food Addiction was associated with higher BMI at baseline assessment, low self-esteem, impulsive and emotional eating behaviour, weight bias internalization, and deficits in food-related inhibitory control. In addition, correlations were found between Food Addiction and severity of depressive symptoms, internet use disorder, and psychological distress. Conclusion: A relevant subgroup of participants experiences Food Addiction even when controlling for Binge-Eating-Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. Future studies are warranted that investigate whether Food Addiction affects treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pape
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.,Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Seiferth
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Färber
- Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wolstein
- Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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21
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Hernández-Rivero I, Blechert J, Miccoli L, Eichin KN, Fernández-Santaella MC, Delgado-Rodríguez R. Emotional reactivity to binge food and erotic cues in women with bulimia nervosa symptoms. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:120. [PMID: 34583783 PMCID: PMC8479974 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on food cue reactivity have documented that altered responses to high-calorie food are associated with bulimic symptomatology, however, alterations in sexual motivations and behaviors are also associated clinical features in this population, which justify their inclusion as a research target. Here, we study responses to erotic cues-alongside food, neutral and aversive cues-to gain an understanding of specificity to food versus a generalized sensitivity to primary reinforcers. METHODS We recorded peripheral psychophysiological indices -the startle reflex, zygomaticus, and corrugator responses-and self-reported emotional responses (valence, arousal, and dominance) in 75 women completing the Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R). Multiple regression analysis tested whether BULIT-R symptoms were predicted by self-reported and psychophysiological responses to food versus neutral and erotic versus neutral images. RESULTS The results showed that individuals with higher bulimic symptoms were characterized by potentiated eye blink startle response during binge food (vs. neutral images) and more positive valence ratings during erotic (vs. neutral) cues. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the negative emotional reactivity of individuals with elevated bulimic symptoms toward food cues, which could be related to the risk of progression to full bulimia nervosa and thereby addressed in prevention efforts. Results also point to the potential role of reactivity to erotic content, at least on a subjective level. Theoretical models of eating disorders should widen their conceptual scope to consider reactivity to a broader spectrum of primary reinforcers, which would have implications for cue exposure-based treatments. We examined appetitive and aversive cue responses in college women to investigate how bulimic symptoms relate to primary reinforcers such as food and erotic images. We recorded peripheral psychophysiological indices (the startle reflex, zygomaticus, and corrugator responses) and self-reported emotional responses (valence, arousal, and dominance) in 75 college women that were presented with the Spanish version of the Bulimia Test-Revised. The results showed that bulimic symptoms increase both psychophysiological defensiveness toward food cues and subjective pleasure toward erotic cues. The findings suggest a generalized sensitivity to primary reinforcers in the presence of bulimic symptoms, and emphasize the relevance of adopting a wider framework in research and treatment on bulimia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hernández-Rivero
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, España
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laura Miccoli
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, España
| | - Katharina Naomi Eichin
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Carmen Fernández-Santaella
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, España
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Delgado-Rodríguez R, Versace F, Hernández-Rivero I, Guerra P, Fernández-Santaella MC, Miccoli L. Food addiction symptoms are related to neuroaffective responses to preferred binge food and erotic cues. Appetite 2021; 168:105687. [PMID: 34509546 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that some individuals succumb to maladaptive eating behaviors because, like those with addiction, they attribute high incentive salience to food-associated cues. Here, we tested whether women that attribute high incentive salience to food-associated cues report high food addiction symptomatology. In 76 college women, we assessed self-reported food addiction symptoms using the Yale Food Addiction Scale and we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs, a direct measure of brain activity) to preferred food, erotic, unpleasant, and neutral images. We used the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP, a component of the ERPs) as an index of the incentive salience attributed to the images. Using a multivariate classification algorithm (k-means cluster analysis), we identified two neuroaffective reactivity profiles that have been previously associated with individual differences in the tendency to attribute incentive salience to cues and with differences in vulnerability to addictive behaviors. Results showed that women with elevated LPP responses to preferred food cues relative to erotic images report higher food addiction symptoms than women with low LPP responses to preferred food cues relative to other motivationally relevant stimuli. These results support the hypothesis that individual differences in the tendency to attribute incentive salience to food cues play an important role in modulating food addiction symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Versace
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Isabel Hernández-Rivero
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), (University of Granada), Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Pedro Guerra
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), (University of Granada), Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Fernández-Santaella
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), (University of Granada), Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura Miccoli
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), (University of Granada), Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Camacho-Barcia L, Munguía L, Lucas I, de la Torre R, Salas-Salvadó J, Pintó X, Corella D, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, González-Monje I, Esteve-Luque V, Cuenca-Royo A, Gómez-Martínez C, Paz-Graniel I, Forcano L, Fernández-Aranda F. Metabolic, Affective and Neurocognitive Characterization of Metabolic Syndrome Patients with and without Food Addiction. Implications for Weight Progression. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082779. [PMID: 34444940 PMCID: PMC8398101 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the food addiction (FA) model, the consumption of certain types of food could be potentially addictive and can lead to changes in intake regulation. We aimed to describe metabolic parameters, dietary characteristics, and affective and neurocognitive vulnerabilities of individuals with and without FA, and to explore its influences on weight loss progression. The sample included 448 adults (55-75 years) with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome from the PREDIMED-Plus cognition sub-study. Cognitive and psychopathological assessments, as well as dietary, biochemical, and metabolic measurements, were assessed at baseline. Weight progression was evaluated after a 3-year follow up. The presence of FA was associated with higher depressive symptomatology, neurocognitive decline, low quality of life, high body mass index (BMI), and high waist circumference, but not with metabolic comorbidities. No differences were observed in the dietary characteristics except for the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids consumption. After three years, the presence of FA at baseline resulted in a significantly higher weight regain. FA is associated with worse psychological and neurocognitive state and higher weight regain in adults with metabolic syndrome. This condition could be an indicator of bad prognosis in the search for a successful weight loss process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (CEXS-UPF), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
- The Sant Joan University Hospital, Human Nutrition Unit, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada González-Monje
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginia Esteve-Luque
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Martínez
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Indira Paz-Graniel
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +349-3260-7227
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Skinner J, Jebeile H, Burrows T. Food addiction and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:751-766. [PMID: 34174201 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intersection between eating behaviours and mental health has garnered substantial attention in recent years. For this Review, we systematically reviewed the available research to find out the prevalence of food addiction as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and to investigate its association with mental health-related outcomes in adolescents. Eight databases were searched using keywords from Jan 1, 2009, to Aug 5, 2020, to identify studies reporting a Yale Food Addiction Scale diagnosis or symptom score, or both. In total, 27 studies were included. The prevalence of a food addiction diagnosis ranged from 2·6% to 49·9% in non-clinical and clinical populations, and prevalence was higher in women and adolescents with a higher weight status. Food addiction was associated with disordered eating, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and a poorer quality of life and self-esteem. These associations have important implications for the assessment and management of eating behaviours and mental health in adolescents. Transdiagnostic prevention and management intervention strategies could be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Skinner
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Hiba Jebeile
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracy Burrows
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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25
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Lin CY, Imani V, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Validity of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C): Classical test theory and item response theory of the Persian YFAS-C. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1457-1466. [PMID: 32676845 PMCID: PMC8128825 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether the child/adolescent version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS-C) is valid to assess the Iranian adolescents who are overweight. METHODS After using an internationally standardized method to translate the YFAS-C into Persian, 1186 overweight/obese adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years participated in the present study [666 males; mean age = 15.5 (SD = 1.9) years; zBMI = 2.5 (1.0) kg/m2]. All the participants completed the Persian YFAS-C alongside Persian versions of the following scales: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ), Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA), Binge Eating Scale (BES), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). RESULTS At the scale level, confirmatory factor analysis verified the single-factor structure of the Persian YFAS-C. Additionally, the Persian YFAS-C had promising properties regarding internal consistency (KR20 = 0.81), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83), separation reliability (person separation reliability = 0.77; item separation reliability = 0.98), and separation index (person separation index = 2.04; item separation index = 8.01). At the item level, all items had satisfactory properties in factor loadings, corrected item-total correlation, test-retest reliability, and infit and outfit mean square. Moreover, no substantial differential item functioning (DIF) was found concerning gender (male vs. female) or weight status (overweight vs. obesity). Significant and moderate correlations were found between the Persian YFAS-C and other psychometric scales assessing eating symptomatology and general psychopathology (r = 0.352 to 0.484). CONCLUSION The Persian YFAS-C is a valid instrument that assists healthcare providers in assessing food addiction among Iranian adolescents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Vida Imani
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahounar BLV, 3419759811, Qazvin, Iran.
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
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Stojek MM, Lipka J, Maples-Keller JM, Rauch SAM, Black K, Michopoulos V, Rothbaum BO. Investigating Sex Differences in Rates and Correlates of Food Addiction Status in Women and Men with PTSD. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061840. [PMID: 34072212 PMCID: PMC8228620 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction (FA) is a dysregulated eating pattern characterized by difficulties in controlling the intake of certain foods. There is an overlap in physical and mental health correlates of FA and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in the rates of positive FA status in individuals with threshold/subthreshold PTSD, and to examine sex differences in the physical and mental health correlates of FA. METHODS Post-9/11 veterans/service members seeking PTSD treatment were recruited. Participants were diagnosed with PTSD via the administration of a clinical interview. FA status was determined using Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale-2, binary sex and body mass index were assessed with demographics questions. RESULTS Nearly half (43%) of the sample were women. There were no sex differences in the rates of FA, with an overall FA prevalence of 18%. There were no sex differences in FA symptom count in the whole sample (M = 1.63) or those with FA status (M = 6.21). Individuals with FA reported higher frequency of disordered eating, higher severity of PTSD, and depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS FA should be assessed in tandem with PTSD symptoms, as its prevalence in that sample is higher than in the general population, and it appears to affect both sexes at similar rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M. Stojek
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Justyna Lipka
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Jessica M. Maples-Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Grady Trauma Project, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sheila A. M. Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Kathryn Black
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Grady Trauma Project, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Barbara O. Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.M.-K.); (S.A.M.R.); (K.B.); (V.M.); (B.O.R.)
- Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Tinghino B, Lugoboni F, Amatulli A, Biasin C, Bramani Araldi M, Cantiero D, Cremaschini M, Galimberti GL, Giusti S, Grosina C, Mulazzani GEG, Nizzoli U. The FODRAT study (FOod addiction, DRugs, Alcohol and Tobacco): first data on food addiction prevalence among patients with addiction to drugs, tobacco and alcohol. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:449-455. [PMID: 32072572 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main focus of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in a population of 575 subjects, all affected by drugs, alcohol and/or tobacco addiction. METHODS Patients were enrolled in Addiction Service Centers and 25 items YFAS questionnaire was administered. Prevalence of FA was studied among patients who already have an addiction and then this prevalence was compared between groups of abusers (by type of substance), comparing mono abusers with polyabusers, as well as regressions by age, BMI, sex, through multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Prevalence of FA in the sample is 20.17%. Risk of FA increases with the number of substances used (polyabuse). Results show a positive correlation, in addicted people, between BMI values and FA, with significant values (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.04-1.13; p = 0.006). Age is inversely correlated with FA (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95-0.99; p = 0.01). Female sex is positively associated (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.59-4.27, p = 0.000). No significant association appears with any substance, even if the highest prevalence is recorded among cannabis users (31.03%), and heroin (21.07%), followed by cocaine (18.53%), alcohol (14.49%) and tobacco (11.61%). A comparison between the FA prevalence in our study and that from another study in the Italian general population (11%) shows a significant difference (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of FA among addicted people is greater than in the general population. Risk of FA increases with the increase in number of used substances (polyabuse). Age is inversely correlated with FA. There is a positive and significant correlation between BMI and FA among substance/tobacco abusers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, observational cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tinghino
- UO Alcologia e Nuove Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy.
| | - F Lugoboni
- UO Medicina delle Dipendenze, Ospedale Universitario di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Amatulli
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - C Biasin
- SER.D ULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, UOC Bussolengo e Legnago, Legnago, Italy
| | - M Bramani Araldi
- UO Tossicodipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - D Cantiero
- SER.D ULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, UOC Bussolengo e Legnago, Legnago, Italy
| | - M Cremaschini
- Dipartimento Cure Primarie, ATS di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - G L Galimberti
- UOSD Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - S Giusti
- UO Medicina delle Dipendenze, Ospedale Universitario di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Grosina
- UO Alcologia e Nuove Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - G E G Mulazzani
- Medico specializzando in Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università Statale di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - U Nizzoli
- Società Italiana Studio Disturbi Comportamento Alimentare, SISDCA, Roma, Italy
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Vasiliu O. Current Status of Evidence for a New Diagnosis: Food Addiction-A Literature Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:824936. [PMID: 35082706 PMCID: PMC8784968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.824936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Food addiction is considered an important link for a better understanding of psychiatric and medical problems triggered by dysfunctions of eating behaviors, e. g., obesity, metabolic syndrome, binge eating disorder, or bulimia nervosa. At behavioral level, food addiction has high degrees of similarity with other eating disorders, a phenomenon that creates difficulties in finding specific diagnostic criteria. Food addiction has been also described as "eating addiction" or "eating dependence" by several researchers, who placed the emphasis on the behavior and not on the food itself. High-sodium foods, artificially flavored-foods, rich carbohydrate- and saturated fats-containing foods are triggers for the activation of the same neural pathways, therefore they act similarly to any drug of abuse. Food addiction is considered a disorder based on functional negative consequences, associated distress and potential risks to both psychological well-being and physical health. A clinical scale was validated for the quantification of the eating addiction severity, namely the Yale Food Addiction Severity Scale (YFAS), constructed to match DSM IV criteria for substance dependence. Using this instrument, a high prevalence of food addiction was found in the general population, up to 20% according to a meta-analytic research. The pathogenesis of this entity is still uncertain, but reward dysfunction, impulsivity and emotion dysregulation have been considered basic mechanisms that trigger both eating dysfunctions and addictive behaviors. Genetic factors may be involved in this dependence, as modulators of higher carbohydrate and saturate fat craving. Regarding the existence of potential therapeutic solutions, lorcaserin, antiepileptic drugs, opioid antagonists, antiaddictive agents are recommended for obesity and eating disorders, and they may be intuitively used in food addiction, but clinical trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy. In conclusion, a better understanding of food addiction's clinical profile and pathogenesis may help clinicians in finding prevention- and therapeutic-focused interventions in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Vasiliu
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Carol Davila University Emergency Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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29
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Minhas M, Murphy CM, Balodis IM, Acuff SF, Buscemi J, Murphy JG, MacKillop J. Multidimensional elements of impulsivity as shared and unique risk factors for food addiction and alcohol misuse. Appetite 2020; 159:105052. [PMID: 33309712 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) and alcohol misuse tend to co-occur, which suggests shared factors in the etiology and persistence of these health behaviors. One shared factor that has been linked to both is impulsivity, a multidimensional construct reflecting multiple facets of self-regulatory capacity. However, co-occurrence also raises issues of possible confounding if both domains are not considered concurrently, and the intersection between FA, alcohol misuse, and impulsivity has not been well characterized empirically. Therefore, the current study examined the intersection of FA, alcohol consequences, and multiple indicators of impulsivity. Participants were emerging adults reporting regular heavy episodic drinking recruited from Hamilton, Ontario (N = 730; ages 19.5-23). Participants completed measures of FA, alcohol problems, impulsive personality traits (i.e., Barratt Impulsiveness Scales, UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scales), impulsive choice (i.e., delay discounting), impulsive action (i.e., Go/NoGo task). Findings revealed a significant association between FA and alcohol-related consequences and both shared similar associations with specific impulsive personality traits (Positive and Negative Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Motor and Attentional Impulsivity). However, alcohol-related consequences were uniquely associated with other impulsive personality traits (Lack of Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Non-planning impulsivity) and impulsive choice, and FA was uniquely associated with impulsive action. Beyond alcohol-related consequences, FA was associated with additional variance in measures of impulsive personality traits (Positive and Negative Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Motor Impulsivity, and Attentional Impulsivity) and impulsive action, but not impulsive choice. Overall, the current study reveals several common self-regulatory processes associated with both adverse drinking consequences and FA, and that the risk of inadvertent confounding appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Minhas
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Cara M Murphy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel F Acuff
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joanna Buscemi
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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30
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Hauck C, Schipfer M, Ellrott T, Cook B. The relationship between food addiction and patterns of disordered eating with exercise dependence: in amateur endurance athletes. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1573-1582. [PMID: 31654288 PMCID: PMC7581610 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine the prevalence and potential relationships among food addiction (FA)-as measured by Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), eating disorders (ED)-as measured by Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS)-and exercise dependence (EXD)-as measured by Questionnaire to Diagnose Exercise Dependence in Endurance Sports (FESA), for the first time worldwide, in amateur endurance athletes. METHODS A total of 1022 German-speaking endurance athletes (44% male, Ø 36 years, Ø BMI 23 kg/m2) replied to an online questionnaire consisting of demographics, related parameters, and the German versions of YFAS 2.0, EDDS, and FESA. RESULTS Prevalence of FA, ED, and EXD was 6.2, 6.5, and 30.5%. The probability for FA increases with BMI, thoughts about food and EXD score, and decreases with age and when an ED is present. People with FA and people with ED vs. people with both, FA&ED, differed significantly in this cohort. Strong significant relationships were found between FA and EXD (X2 (1) = 15.117, p < 0.001, n = 1022). CONCLUSIONS A considerable number of amateur endurance athletes may suffer from FA. The association between FA and EXD is stronger than between ED and EXD, indicating FA as a potentially more relevant subject-than ED-for prevention or therapy in people with EXD. Further studies are needed to investigate parameters and relationships between the possibly involved types of ED, FA, and EXD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, well-designed cohort analytic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauck
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the University of Goettingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Melanie Schipfer
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitaetsplatz 10, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Profusa Inc., 345 Allerton Avenue, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Ellrott
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the University of Goettingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brian Cook
- Alsana: An Eating Disorder Recovery Community, 2545 W Hillcrest Dr, Suite 205, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
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31
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Oliveira J, Oskinis S, Santos ACD, Cordás TA. Existe uma relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais? JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamento alimentar disfuncional. Métodos: Mulheres de um grupo de apoio completaram as escalas de compulsão alimentar, restrição cognitiva, autocompaixão, Escala de Adição à Comida de Yale versão modificada 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) e questionário de Hay para práticas compensatórias. Foram identificados a prevalência de adição à comida e sintomas segundo a YFAS. Para serem incluídas, as participantes deveriam atingir pontuação para compulsão alimentar e, para análises, foram divididas em função da presença de práticas compensatórias. O grupo foi analisado por meio de testes de correlação de Pearson entre variáveis de interesse, e os grupos bulímico e compulsivo foram comparados com teste t de Student (p < 0,05; software JASP). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 190 mulheres. De acordo com a YFAS, 95,3% (n = 181) tinham adição à comida, e os escores da escala apresentaram correlação negativa com a autocompaixão e com a compulsão alimentar (p = 0,014 em ambas). Os níveis de autocompaixão apresentaram correlação negativa com as questões #3, #5, #6, #8 e #9 da YFAS (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Este estudo traz dados para a discussão da necessidade de analisar como a autocrítica atrelada ao sofrimento de quem apresenta comportamento alimentar disfuncional afeta o preenchimento da escala, trazendo identificação com a noção de vício, já que esta é culturalmente aceita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samira Oskinis
- Complexo Hospitalar Municipal de São Bernardo do Campo, Brasil
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32
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Wiss DA, Avena N, Gold M. Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3521. [PMID: 33207612 PMCID: PMC7698089 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of stress, trauma, and adversity particularly early in life has been identified as a contributing factor in both drug and food addictions. While links between traumatic stress and substance use disorders are well documented, the pathways to food addiction and obesity are less established. This review focuses on psychosocial and neurobiological factors that may increase risk for addiction-like behaviors and ultimately increase BMI over the lifespan. Early childhood and adolescent adversity can induce long-lasting alterations in the glucocorticoid and dopamine systems that lead to increased addiction vulnerability later in life. Allostatic load, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and emerging data on epigenetics in the context of biological embedding are highlighted. A conceptual model for food addiction is proposed, which integrates data on the biological embedding of adversity as well as upstream psychological, social, and environmental factors. Dietary restraint as a feature of disordered eating is discussed as an important contextual factor related to food addiction. Discussion of various public health and policy considerations are based on the concept that improved knowledge of biopsychosocial mechanisms contributing to food addiction may decrease stigma associated with obesity and disordered eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Nicole Avena
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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33
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Bou Khalil R, Sleilaty G, Richa S, Seneque M, Iceta S, Rodgers R, Alacreu-Crespo A, Maimoun L, Lefebvre P, Renard E, Courtet P, Guillaume S. The Impact of Retrospective Childhood Maltreatment on Eating Disorders as Mediated by Food Addiction: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102969. [PMID: 32998411 PMCID: PMC7601309 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The current study aimed to test whether food addiction (FA) might mediate the relationship between the presence of a history of childhood maltreatment and eating disorder (ED) symptom severity. Methods: Participants were 231 patients with ED presenting between May 2017 and January 2020 to a daycare treatment facility for assessment and management with mainly the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), the Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0). Results: Participants had a median age of 24 (interquartile range (IQR) 20–33) years and manifested anorexia nervosa (61.47%), bulimia nervosa (16.88%), binge-eating disorders (9.09%), and other types of ED (12.55%). They were grouped into those likely presenting FA (N = 154) and those without FA (N = 77). The group with FA reported higher scores on all five CTQ subscales, as well as the total score of the EDI-2 (p < 0.001). Using mediation analysis; significant indirect pathways between all CTQ subscales and the EDI-2 total score emerged via FA, with the largest indirect effect emerging for physical neglect (standardized effect = 0.208; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.127–0.29) followed by emotional abuse (standardized effect = 0.183; 95% CI 0.109–0.262). Conclusion: These results are compatible with a model in which certain types of childhood maltreatment, especially physical neglect, may induce, maintain, and/or exacerbate ED symptoms via FA which may guide future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Bou Khalil
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint Joseph University-Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut BP 166830, Lebanon;
- PSNREC, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (A.A.-C.); (P.C.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-1142-1000
| | - Ghassan Sleilaty
- Clincal Research Center and Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Saint Joseph University-Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut BP 166830, Lebanon;
| | - Sami Richa
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint Joseph University-Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut BP 166830, Lebanon;
| | - Maude Seneque
- PSNREC, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (A.A.-C.); (P.C.); (S.G.)
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, 34295 Montpellier, France;
| | - Sylvain Iceta
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (IUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada;
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Referral Center for Eating Disorder, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, 34295 Montpellier, France;
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrian Alacreu-Crespo
- PSNREC, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (A.A.-C.); (P.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Laurent Maimoun
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France;
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Lefebvre
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, CHRU, 34295 Montpellier, France; (P.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Eric Renard
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, CHRU, 34295 Montpellier, France; (P.L.); (E.R.)
- UMR CNRS 5203, INSERM U1191, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- PSNREC, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (A.A.-C.); (P.C.); (S.G.)
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, 34295 Montpellier, France;
| | - Sebastien Guillaume
- PSNREC, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (A.A.-C.); (P.C.); (S.G.)
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, 34295 Montpellier, France;
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Wiss D, Brewerton T. Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2937. [PMID: 32992768 PMCID: PMC7600542 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from both animal and human studies have implicated hedonic eating as a driver of both binge eating and obesity. The construct of food addiction has been used to capture pathological eating across clinical and non-clinical populations. There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of a food addiction "diagnosis" among those with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa binge/purge-type, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Much of the food addiction research in eating disorder populations has failed to account for dietary restraint, which can increase addiction-like eating behaviors and may even lead to false positives. Some have argued that the concept of food addiction does more harm than good by encouraging restrictive approaches to eating. Others have shown that a better understanding of the food addiction model can reduce stigma associated with obesity. What is lacking in the literature is a description of a more comprehensive approach to the assessment of food addiction. This should include consideration of dietary restraint, and the presence of symptoms of other psychiatric disorders (substance use, posttraumatic stress, depressive, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity) to guide treatments including nutrition interventions. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians identify the symptoms of food addiction (true positives, or "the signal") from the more classic eating pathology (true negatives, or "restraint") that can potentially elevate food addiction scores (false positives, or "the noise"). Three clinical vignettes are presented, designed to aid with the assessment process, case conceptualization, and treatment strategies. The review summarizes logical steps that clinicians can take to contextualize elevated food addiction scores, even when the use of validated research instruments is not practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wiss
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Timothy Brewerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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35
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Food Addiction among Female Patients Seeking Treatment for an Eating Disorder: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061897. [PMID: 32604734 PMCID: PMC7353200 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of "food addiction" (FA) has aroused much focus because of evidence for similarities between overeating and substance use disorders (SUDs). However, few studies have explored this concept among the broad spectrum of eating disorders (ED), especially in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aimed to assess FA prevalence in ED female patients and to determine its associated factors. We recruited a total of 195 adult women with EDs from an ED treatment center. The prevalence of FA diagnosis (Yale Food Addiction Scale) in the whole ED sample was 83.6%; AN restrictive type (AN-R), 61.5%; AN binge-eating/purging type (AN-BP), 87.9%; bulimia nervosa (BN), 97.6%; and binge-eating disorder (BED), 93.3%. The most frequently met criteria of FA were "clinically significant impairment or distress in relation to food", "craving" and "persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempts to cut down". An FA diagnosis was independently associated with three variables: presence of recurrent episodes of binge eating, ED severity, and lower interoceptive awareness. In showing an overlap between ED and FA, this study allows for considering EDs, and AN-R in particular, from an "addictive point of view", and thus for designing therapeutic management that draws from those proposed for addictive disorders.
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36
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Romero X, Agüera Z, Granero R, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Jiménez-Murcia S, Gisbert-Rodriguez M, Sánchez-González J, Casalé G, Baenas I, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Menchon JM, Gearhardt AN, Dieguez C, Fernández-Aranda F. Is food addiction a predictor of treatment outcome among patients with eating disorder? EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 27:700-711. [PMID: 31637816 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to examine whether food addiction (FA) was associated with greater severity in both binge eating disorders (BED) and bulimia nervosa and, therefore, to determine if FA was predictive of treatment outcome. METHOD Seventy-one adult patients with bulimia nervosa and BED (42 and 29, respectively) participated in the study. FA was assessed by means of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. RESULTS The results confirmed a high prevalence of FA in patients with binge disorders (around 87%) and also its association with a greater severity of the disorder (i.e., related to an increased eating psychopathology and greater frequency of binge eating episodes). Although FA did not appear as a predictor of treatment outcome in general terms, when the diagnostic subtypes were considered separately, FA was associated with poor prognosis in the BED group. In this vein, FA appeared as a mediator in the relationship between ED severity and treatment outcome. DISCUSSIONS Our findings suggest that FA may act as an indicator of ED severity, and it would be a predictor of treatment outcome in BED but not in BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xandra Romero
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jéssica Sánchez-González
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Casalé
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Menchon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Mallorquí-Bagué N, Lozano-Madrid M, Testa G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Sánchez I, Riesco N, César Perales J, Francisco Navas J, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Megías A, Granero R, Veciana De Las Heras M, Chami R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Formoso JA, Treasure J, Fernández-Aranda F. Clinical and Neurophysiological Correlates of Emotion and Food Craving Regulation in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040960. [PMID: 32244331 PMCID: PMC7230937 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Difficulties in emotion regulation and craving regulation have been linked to eating symptomatology in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), contributing to the maintenance of their eating disorder. Methods: To investigate clinical and electrophysiological correlates of these processes, 20 patients with AN and 20 healthy controls (HC) completed a computerized task during EEG recording, where they were instructed to down-regulate negative emotions or food craving. Participants also completed self-report measures of emotional regulation and food addiction. The P300 and Late Positive Potential (LPP) ERPs were analysed. Results: LPP amplitudes were significantly smaller during down-regulation of food craving among both groups. Independent of task condition, individuals with AN showed smaller P300 amplitudes compared to HC. Among HC, the self-reported use of re-appraisal strategies positively correlated with LPP amplitudes during emotional regulation task, while suppressive strategies negatively correlated with LPP amplitudes. The AN group, in comparison to the HC group, exhibited greater food addiction, greater use of maladaptive strategies, and emotional dysregulation. Conclusions: Despite the enhanced self-reported psychopathology among AN, both groups indicated neurophysiological evidence of food craving regulation as evidenced by blunted LPP amplitudes in the relevant task condition. Further research is required to delineate the mechanisms associated with reduced overall P300 amplitudes among individuals with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Addictive Behavior Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.M.-B.); (F.F.-A.)
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Giulia Testa
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - José César Perales
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Juan Francisco Navas
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Megías
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rayane Chami
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández-Formoso
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (G.T.); (C.V.-A.); (I.S.); (N.R.); (I.M.-Z.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (J.A.F.-F.)
- Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.M.-B.); (F.F.-A.)
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Schienle A, Unger I, Wabnegger A. Comparison of women with high vs. low food addiction tendency: a pilot study with voxel-based morphometry. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:13. [PMID: 32266071 PMCID: PMC7110764 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of 'food addiction' (FA) posits that highly processed food with added fat and/or refined carbohydrates is capable of triggering addictive-like eating behavior. FA may be one possible phenotype in obesity. METHODS The present voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study compared data from three groups of women. One group scored high on the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and was overweight (n = 21), whereas the two other groups had low YFAS scores and were either overweight (n = 21) or normal-weight (n = 21). RESULTS Overweight women with high YFAS scores had less grey matter volume (GMV) in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) than overweight women with low FA tendency, who in turn had less GMV in the IFG than the normal-weight group. The IFG is involved in response inhibition, which is relevant for the control of appetite and food intake. In the group with high FA tendency, the frequency of binge episodes was substantially correlated with the YFAS scores, and 11 women of this group were diagnosed with binge-eating disorder (BED). The association between IFG volume and YFAS scores was not statistically significant anymore when controlling for the effect of binge frequency as revealed by partial correlation analysis. CONCLUSION This VBM study revealed an association between reported FA tendency and a neural correlate of disinhibited eating. Future studies with bigger sample sizes are needed in order to demonstrate that FA is sufficiently different from existing conditions (e.g., BED) to warrant classification as a distinct disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schienle
- 1Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,2BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Unger
- 1Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,2BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wabnegger
- 1Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,2BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The concept of food addiction is currently a highly debated subject within both the general public and the scientific communities. The term food addiction suggests that individuals may experience addictive-like responses to food, similar to those seen with classic substances of abuse. An increasing number of studies have established the prevalence and correlates of food addiction. Moreover, food addiction may be associated with obesity and disordered eating. Thus, intervening on food addiction may be helpful in the prevention and therapy of obesity and eating disorders. However, controversy exists about if this phenomenon is best defined through paradigms reflective of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) substance-related disorders (e.g. food addiction) or non-substance-related disorders (e.g. eating addiction) criteria. This review paper will give a brief summarisation of the current state of research on food addiction, a more precise definition of its classification, its differentiation from eating addiction and an overview on potential overlaps with eating disorders. Based on this review, there is evidence that food addiction may represent a distinct phenomenon from established eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. Future studies are needed to further examine and establish orthogonal diagnostic criteria specific to food addiction. Such criteria must differentiate the patterns of eating and symptoms that may be similar to those of eating disorders to further characterise food addiction and develop therapy options. To date, it is too premature to draw conclusions about the clinical significance of the concept of food addiction.
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Food Addiction in Eating Disorders and Obesity: Analysis of Clusters and Implications for Treatment. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112633. [PMID: 31684127 PMCID: PMC6893652 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) has been associated with greater psychopathology in individuals with eating disorders (ED) and obesity (OBE). The current study aims to provide a better phenotypic characterization of the FA construct by conducting a clustering analysis of FA in both conditions (ED and OBE). The total sample was comprised of 234 participants that scored positive on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. (YFAS-2) (119 bulimia nervosa (BN), 50 binge eating disorder (BED), 49 other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) and 16 OBE). All participants completed a comprehensive battery of questionnaires. Three clusters of FA participants were identified. Cluster 1 (dysfunctional) was characterized by the highest prevalence of OSFED and BN, the highest ED severity and psychopathology, and more dysfunctional personality traits. Cluster 2 (moderate) showed a high prevalence of BN and BED and moderate levels of ED psychopathology. Finally, cluster 3 (adaptive) was characterized by a high prevalence of OBE and BED, low levels of ED psychopathology, and more functional personality traits. In conclusion, this study identified three distinct clusters of ED-OBE patients with FA and provides some insight into a better phenotypic characterization of the FA construct when considering psychopathology, personality and ED pathology. Future studies should address whether these three food addiction categories are indicative of therapy outcome.
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Adams RC, Sedgmond J, Maizey L, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2086. [PMID: 31487791 PMCID: PMC6770567 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the obesity epidemic being largely attributed to overeating, much research has been aimed at understanding the psychological causes of overeating and using this knowledge to develop targeted interventions. Here, we review this literature under a model of food addiction and present evidence according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) criteria for substance use disorders. We review several innovative treatments related to a food addiction model ranging from cognitive intervention tasks to neuromodulation techniques. We conclude that there is evidence to suggest that, for some individuals, food can induce addictive-type behaviours similar to those seen with other addictive substances. However, with several DSM-5 criteria having limited application to overeating, the term 'food addiction' is likely to apply only in a minority of cases. Nevertheless, research investigating the underlying psychological causes of overeating within the context of food addiction has led to some novel and potentially effective interventions. Understanding the similarities and differences between the addictive characteristics of food and illicit substances should prove fruitful in further developing these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Adams
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Jemma Sedgmond
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Leah Maizey
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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Tomba E, Tecuta L, Crocetti E, Squarcio F, Tomei G. Residual eating disorder symptoms and clinical features in remitted and recovered eating disorder patients: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:759-776. [PMID: 31169332 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In psychiatry, the presence of residual symptoms after treatment is linked to the definitions of remission and recovery. To identify the presence of residual eating disorder (ED) symptoms and associated non-ED clinical features in remitted and recovered EDs, the current systematic review with meta-analysis was performed. METHOD A systematic review was conducted on residual ED symptoms and non-ED clinical features including comorbid psychopathology, neurophysiological functioning, cognitive functioning, and quality of life in ED patients considered remitted or recovered. To examine residual ED symptoms, meta-analyses were performed while considering age, study quality, remission, and recovery criteria strictness as moderators. Sensitivity, publication bias, and heterogeneity analyses were also conducted. RESULTS The 64 studies selected for the systematic review underscored the presence of residual ED symptoms in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), and impairments and deficits in the additional features examined. From the 64 studies, 31 were selected regarding residual ED symptoms in AN for meta-analysis. Large effect sizes indicated that remitted/recovered AN patients reported significantly lower body mass index (Hedges' g = -0.62[-0.77, -0.46]) and significantly greater symptomatology in terms of ED examination-questionnaire (Hedges'g = 0.86 [0.48,1.23]) and ED inventory (Hedges' g = 0.94[0.64,1.24]) than healthy controls, independently of remission and recovery criteria strictness, age, and study quality. DISCUSSION The presence of residual ED symptoms in AN is quantitatively supported, whereas the presence of residual ED symptoms in BN should be further investigated. Data on binge-eating disorder are missing. Future research should use consistent, multicomponent, and standardized comparable indicators of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tomba
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Tecuta
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Squarcio
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliano Tomei
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kim JH, Song JH, Kim R, Jang MY, Hong HJ, Kim HJ, Shin SH. [Validity and Reliability of a Korean Version of Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C)]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2019; 49:59-68. [PMID: 30837443 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2019.49.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Korean version of Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C). METHODS Participants were 419 young adolescent students (11~15 years old). The content validity of the expert group was calculated as the content validity index (CVI) after the translation and reverse translation process of the 25 items of the YFAS-C. The multitrait-multimethod matrix (MTMM) method was used to verify the construct validity; the generalized linear model (GLM) was used to evaluate the concurrent and incremental validity. Reliability was calculated as Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) and Spearman-Brown coefficients. RESULTS The CVI of the 25 items was greater than the item-level CVI .80 and the scale-level CVI .90. The Korean version of YFAS-C had verified convergent validity in emotional eating and external eating and discriminant validity in restrained eating. In addition, it had verified concurrent validity in emotional eating and external eating. Finally the incremental validity of the Korean version of YFAS-C was statistically significant on BMI. Reliability was KR-20 α=.69 and the Spearman-Brown coefficient was .64. CONCLUSION The Korean version of YFAS-C is a valid and reliable scale for measuring the severity of food addiction; it can be a useful scale for preventing obesity by predicting food addiction early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Song
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ran Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Young Jang
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyon Joo Hong
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Shin
- College of Nursing Science · East-West Nursing Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adopting an addiction perspective on eating disorders and obesity may have practical implications for diagnostic classification, prevention, and treatment of these disorders. The present article critically examines these implications derived from the food addiction concept. RECENT FINDINGS Introducing food addiction as a new disorder in diagnostic classification system seems redundant as most individuals with an addiction-like eating behavior are already covered by established eating disorder diagnoses. Food addiction may be a useful metaphor in the treatment of binge eating, but would be inappropriate for the majority of obese individuals. Implying an addiction to certain foods is not necessary when applying certain approaches inspired by the addiction field for prevention and treatment of obesity. The usefulness of abstinence models in the treatment of eating disorders and obesity needs to be rigorously tested in future studies. Some practical implications derived from the food addiction concept provide promising avenues for future research (e.g., using an addiction framework in the treatment of binge eating or applying abstinence models). For others, however, the necessity of implying an addiction to some foods needs to be scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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45
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Penzenstadler L, Soares C, Karila L, Khazaal Y. Systematic Review of Food Addiction as Measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale: Implications for the Food Addiction Construct. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:526-538. [PMID: 30406740 PMCID: PMC6712300 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666181108093520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of food addiction attracts much interest in the scientific community. Research is mainly based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), a tool developed to assess food addiction. Substance use disorder criteria have been used to develop this scale. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to review the clinical significance of food addiction diagnoses made with the YFAS and to discuss the results in light of the current debate on behavioral addictions. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the studies that assessed food addiction with the YFAS published between January 2014 and July 2017 by searching the electronic databases PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and PsycARTICLES. RESULTS Sixty publications were included in the analysis. Thirty-three studies examined nonclinical samples and 27 examined clinical samples. All studies used YFAS scoring results to define food addiction. The prevalence of food addiction according to the YFAS varied largely by the studied samples. In general, a higher body mass index and the presence of eating disorders (EDs), especially binge eating disorder (BED), were associated with higher YFAS scores. CONCLUSION The concept of food addiction has not been established to this day although it can be grouped with other EDs such as BED. More research is needed to understand this behavior and the differences between food addiction and other EDs. The criteria for food addiction should be revisited in light of the concepts currently used to examine behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Penzenstadler
- Address correspondence to this author at the Geneva University Hospitals, Rue de Grand-Pré, 70 C, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Tel: +41 22 372 57 50; Fax: +41 22 372 55 70; E-mail:
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Fletcher PC, Kenny PJ. Food addiction: a valid concept? Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2506-2513. [PMID: 30188514 PMCID: PMC6224546 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Can food be addictive? What does it mean to be a food addict? Do common underlying neurobiological mechanisms contribute to drug and food addiction? These vexing questions have been the subject of considerable interest and debate in recent years, driven in large part by the major health concerns associated with dramatically increasing body weights and rates of obesity in the United States, Europe, and other regions with developed economies. No clear consensus has yet emerged on the validity of the concept of food addiction and whether some individuals who struggle to control their food intake can be considered food addicts. Some, including Fletcher, have argued that the concept of food addiction is unsupported, as many of the defining features of drug addiction are not seen in the context of feeding behaviors. Others, Kenny included, have argued that food and drug addiction share similar features that may reflect common underlying neural mechanisms. Here, Fletcher and Kenny argue the merits of these opposing positions on the concept of food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambrdge, CB21 5EF, UK.
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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48
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Wiss DA, Avena N, Rada P. Sugar Addiction: From Evolution to Revolution. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 30464748 PMCID: PMC6234835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has been widely publicized in the media worldwide. Investigators at all levels have been looking for factors that have contributed to the development of this epidemic. Two major theories have been proposed: (1) sedentary lifestyle and (2) variety and ease of inexpensive palatable foods. In the present review, we analyze how nutrients like sugar that are often used to make foods more appealing could also lead to habituation and even in some cases addiction thereby uniquely contributing to the obesity epidemic. We review the evolutionary aspects of feeding and how they have shaped the human brain to function in "survival mode" signaling to "eat as much as you can while you can." This leads to our present understanding of how the dopaminergic system is involved in reward and its functions in hedonistic rewards, like eating of highly palatable foods, and drug addiction. We also review how other neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, interact in the satiation processes to counteract the dopamine system. Lastly, we analyze the important question of whether there is sufficient empirical evidence of sugar addiction, discussed within the broader context of food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Avena
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pedro Rada
- School of Medicine, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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Carlson L, Steward T, Agüera Z, Mestre-Bach G, Magaña P, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Claes L, Gearhardt AN, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Associations of food addiction and nonsuicidal self-injury among women with an eating disorder: A common strategy for regulating emotions? EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:629-637. [PMID: 30318670 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association between lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), emotion regulation, and food addiction (FA) in women (n = 220) with eating disorders (ED) compared with (n = 121) healthy controls (HC). METHOD Participants were assessed via face-to-face interviews for ED diagnosis and lifetime NSSI. FA was assessed with Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 and emotion regulation using the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). RESULTS The prevalence of FA was significantly higher among women with an ED when compared with HC (75.9% vs. 4.1%, p < 0.001). Similarly, subjects presenting FA showed a high prevalence of lifetime NSSI, in both ED and HC (40.7% and 60.0%, respectively). Our predictive model revealed FA and DERS total scores as indicators of the presence of lifetime NSSI independent of group assignment, ED diagnosis, and age. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a shared aetiology between ED, NSSI, and FA, explained possibly in part by emotion-regulation deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Carlson
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Trevor Steward
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Magaña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Law, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Yu Z, Indelicato NA, Fuglestad P, Tan M, Bane L, Stice C. Sex differences in disordered eating and food addiction among college students. Appetite 2018; 129:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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