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Luo Y, Cao K, Chiu J, Chen H, Wang HJ, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Kolb M, Parmacek MS, Mishina Y, Shi W. Defective mesenchymal Bmpr1a-mediated BMP signaling causes congenital pulmonary cysts. eLife 2024; 12:RP91876. [PMID: 38856718 PMCID: PMC11164533 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lung development can cause congenital pulmonary cysts, the mechanisms of which remain largely unknown. Although the cystic lesions are believed to result directly from disrupted airway epithelial cell growth, the extent to which developmental defects in lung mesenchymal cells contribute to abnormal airway epithelial cell growth and subsequent cystic lesions has not been thoroughly examined. In the present study using genetic mouse models, we dissected the roles of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor 1a (Bmpr1a)-mediated BMP signaling in lung mesenchyme during prenatal lung development and discovered that abrogation of mesenchymal Bmpr1a disrupted normal lung branching morphogenesis, leading to the formation of prenatal pulmonary cystic lesions. Severe deficiency of airway smooth muscle cells and subepithelial elastin fibers were found in the cystic airways of the mesenchymal Bmpr1a knockout lungs. In addition, ectopic mesenchymal expression of BMP ligands and airway epithelial perturbation of the Sox2-Sox9 proximal-distal axis were detected in the mesenchymal Bmpr1a knockout lungs. However, deletion of Smad1/5, two major BMP signaling downstream effectors, from the lung mesenchyme did not phenocopy the cystic abnormalities observed in the mesenchymal Bmpr1a knockout lungs, suggesting that a Smad-independent mechanism contributes to prenatal pulmonary cystic lesions. These findings reveal for the first time the role of mesenchymal BMP signaling in lung development and a potential pathogenic mechanism underlying congenital pulmonary cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ke Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Joanne Chiu
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hui Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Hong-Jun Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Martin Kolb
- Department of Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Michael S Parmacek
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Material Sciences, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
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Luo Y, Cao K, Chiu J, Chen H, Wang HJ, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Kolb M, Parmacek MS, Mishina Y, Shi W. Defective mesenchymal Bmpr1a-mediated BMP signaling causes congenital pulmonary cysts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.26.559527. [PMID: 37808788 PMCID: PMC10557633 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal lung development can cause congenital pulmonary cysts, the mechanisms of which remain largely unknown. Although the cystic lesions are believed to result directly from disrupted airway epithelial cell growth, the extent to which developmental defects in lung mesenchymal cells contribute to abnormal airway epithelial cell growth and subsequent cystic lesions has not been thoroughly examined. In the present study, we dissected the roles of BMP receptor 1a (Bmpr1a)-mediated BMP signaling in lung mesenchyme during prenatal lung development and discovered that abrogation of mesenchymal Bmpr1a disrupted normal lung branching morphogenesis, leading to the formation of prenatal pulmonary cystic lesions. Severe deficiency of airway smooth muscle cells and subepithelial elastin fibers were found in the cystic airways of the mesenchymal Bmpr1a knockout lungs. In addition, ectopic mesenchymal expression of BMP ligands and airway epithelial perturbation of the Sox2-Sox9 proximal-distal axis were detected in the mesenchymal Bmpr1a knockout lungs. However, deletion of Smad1/5, two major BMP signaling downstream effectors, from the lung mesenchyme did not phenocopy the cystic abnormalities observed in the mesenchymal Bmpr1a knockout lungs, suggesting that a Smad-independent mechanism contributes to prenatal pulmonary cystic lesions. These findings reveal for the first time the role of mesenchymal BMP signaling in lung development and a potential pathogenic mechanism underlying congenital pulmonary cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Ke Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Joanne Chiu
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Hui Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hong-Jun Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Matthew E. Thornton
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brendan H. Grubbs
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Martin Kolb
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - Michael S. Parmacek
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Material Sciences, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Tang S, Cope DI, Vasquez YM, Monsivais D. BMP/SMAD1/5 Signaling in the Endometrial Epithelium Is Essential for Receptivity and Early Pregnancy. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6564025. [PMID: 35383354 PMCID: PMC9049119 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological processes that control endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation are critical for the successful outcome of pregnancy. The endometrium is the complex inner lining of the uterine wall that is under the cyclical control of estrogen and progesterone and is a site of intimate contact between mother and blastocyst. The bone morphogenetic signaling (BMP) pathway is a highly conserved signaling pathway that controls key cellular processes throughout pregnancy and exerts intracellular effects via the SMAD1/5 transcription factors. To delineate the endometrial compartment-specific roles of BMP signaling, we generated mice with epithelial-specific conditional deletion of SMAD1/5 using Lactoferrin-icre (Smad1flox/flox;Smad5flox/flox;Lactoferrin-cre, "Smad1/5 cKO"). Histological analysis of the reproductive tracts showed that Smad1/5 cKO mice were developmentally normal and displayed no defects in glandular morphology. In fertility analyses, single SMAD1 or SMAD5 deletion had no effect on fertility; however, double-conditional deletion of SMAD1 and SMAD5 resulted in severe subfertility. Timed mating analyses revealed endometrial receptivity defects in the Smad1/5 cKO mice beginning at 3.5 days post coitum (dpc) that perturbed embryo implantation at 4.5 dpc, as demonstrated by the detection of unattached blastocysts in the uterus, decreased COX2 expression, and FOXO1 cytoplasmic mislocalization. We also found that defects that arose during peri-implantation adversely affected embryonic and decidual development at 5.5 and 6.5 dpc. Thus, uterine epithelial BMP/SMAD1/5 signaling is essential during early pregnancy and SMAD1/5 epithelial-specific deletion has detrimental effects on stromal cell decidualization and pregnancy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suni Tang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dominique I Cope
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yasmin M Vasquez
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Diana Monsivais
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: Diana Monsivais, PhD, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Smith S217, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Gough NR, Xiang X, Mishra L. TGF-β Signaling in Liver, Pancreas, and Gastrointestinal Diseases and Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:434-452.e15. [PMID: 33940008 PMCID: PMC8841117 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic alterations affecting transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling are exceptionally common in diseases and cancers of the gastrointestinal system. As a regulator of tissue renewal, TGF-β signaling and the downstream SMAD-dependent transcriptional events play complex roles in the transition from a noncancerous disease state to cancer in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas. Furthermore, this pathway also regulates the stromal cells and the immune system, which may contribute to evasion of the tumors from immune-mediated elimination. Here, we review the involvement of the TGF-β pathway mediated by the transcriptional regulators SMADs in disease progression to cancer in the digestive system. The review integrates human genomic studies with animal models that provide clues toward understanding and managing the complexity of the pathway in disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R. Gough
- The Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research & Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Xiyan Xiang
- The Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research & Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Lopa Mishra
- The Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research & Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York; Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.
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5
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Endometrial receptivity and implantation require uterine BMP signaling through an ACVR2A-SMAD1/SMAD5 axis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3386. [PMID: 34099644 PMCID: PMC8184938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During early pregnancy in the mouse, nidatory estrogen (E2) stimulates endometrial receptivity by activating a network of signaling pathways that is not yet fully characterized. Here, we report that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control endometrial receptivity via a conserved activin receptor type 2 A (ACVR2A) and SMAD1/5 signaling pathway. Mice were generated to contain single or double conditional deletion of SMAD1/5 and ACVR2A/ACVR2B receptors using progesterone receptor (PR)-cre. Female mice with SMAD1/5 deletion display endometrial defects that result in the development of cystic endometrial glands, a hyperproliferative endometrial epithelium during the window of implantation, and impaired apicobasal transformation that prevents embryo implantation and leads to infertility. Analysis of Acvr2a-PRcre and Acvr2b-PRcre pregnant mice determined that BMP signaling occurs via ACVR2A and that ACVR2B is dispensable during embryo implantation. Therefore, BMPs signal through a conserved endometrial ACVR2A/SMAD1/5 pathway that promotes endometrial receptivity during embryo implantation. Building on the known role of BMP signalling in implantation, the authors define the role of uterine ACVR2A and ALK3 (via SMAD1/5) in vivo in regulating murine endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation.
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Ma TC, Vong KI, Kwan KM. Spatiotemporal Decline of BMP Signaling Activity in Neural Progenitors Mediates Fate Transition and Safeguards Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3616-3624.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Abstract
Cell-type-specific gene targeting with the Cre/loxP system has become an indispensable technique in experimental neuroscience, particularly for the study of late-born glial cells that make myelin. A plethora of conditional mutants and Cre-expressing mouse lines is now available to the research community that allows laboratories to readily engage in in vivo analyses of oligodendrocytes and their precursor cells. This chapter summarizes concepts and strategies in targeting myelinating glial cells in mice for mutagenesis or imaging, and provides an overview of the most important Cre driver lines successfully used in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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Tasca A, Astleford K, Blixt NC, Jensen ED, Gopalakrishnan R, Mansky KC. SMAD1/5 signaling in osteoclasts regulates bone formation via coupling factors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203404. [PMID: 30188920 PMCID: PMC6126839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling occurs via coupling between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. The mechanisms that regulate osteoclast signals to osteoblasts are not well understood. Published studies have reported that BMP signaling in osteoclasts regulate osteoclast coupling targets. To investigate the necessity of canonical BMP signaling on osteoclast differentiation and coupling, we mated Smad1fl/fl; Smad5fl/fl mice to c-Fms-Cre mice. We analyzed male mice at 3 months of age to determine the skeletal phenotype of the Smad1fl/fl; Smad5fl/fl;c-Fms-Cre (SMAD1/5 cKO) mice. There was a 1.2-fold decrease in trabecular BV/TV in SMAD1/5 cKO. Analyses of osteoclast serum markers in SMAD1/5 cKO mice, showed a significant increase in CTX-1 (1.5 fold) and TRAP ELISA (3 fold) compared to control mice. In these same mice, there was a 1.3-fold increase in cortical thickness. Consistent with the increase in cortical thickness, we found a 3-fold increase in osteoblast activity as measured by P1NIP ELISA assay from SMAD1/5 cKO mice. To explain the changes in cortical thickness and P1NP activity, we determined conditioned media from SMAD1/5 cKO osteoclast cultures enhanced mineralization of an osteoblast cell line and coupling factors expressed by osteoclasts that regulate osteoblast activity Wnt1 (4.5-fold increase), Gja1 (3-fold increase) and Sphk1 (1.5-fold increase) were all upregulated in osteoclasts from SMAD1/5 cKO compared to control osteoclasts. Lastly osteoclasts treated with dorsomorphin, a chemical inhibitor of SMAD1/5 signaling, demonstrates an increase in Wnt1 and Gja1 expression similar to the SMAD1/5 cKO mice. Previous studies demonstrated that TGF-β signaling in osteoclasts leads to increases in WNT1 expression by osteoclasts. Therefore, our data suggest that TGF-β and BMP signaling pathways in osteoclasts could act in an antagonistic fashion to regulate osteoblast activity through WNT1 and other coupling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Tasca
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kristina Astleford
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C. Blixt
- Departmment of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Jensen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rajaram Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kim C. Mansky
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Smad1/5 is required for erythropoietin-mediated suppression of hepcidin in mice. Blood 2017; 130:73-83. [PMID: 28438754 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-12-759423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia suppresses liver hepcidin expression to supply adequate iron for erythropoiesis. Erythroferrone mediates hepcidin suppression by anemia, but its mechanism of action remains uncertain. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD signaling pathway has a central role in hepcidin transcriptional regulation. Here, we explored the contribution of individual receptor-activated SMADs in hepcidin regulation and their involvement in erythroferrone suppression of hepcidin. In Hep3B cells, SMAD5 or SMAD1 but not SMAD8, knockdown inhibited hepcidin (HAMP) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Hepatocyte-specific double-knockout Smad1fl/fl;Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ mice exhibited ∼90% transferrin saturation and massive liver iron overload, whereas Smad1fl/fl;Smad5fl/wt;Cre+ mice or Smad1fl/wt;Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ female mice with 1 functional Smad5 or Smad1 allele had modestly increased serum and liver iron, and single-knockout Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ or Smad1fl/fl;Cre+ mice had minimal to no iron loading, suggesting a gene dosage effect. Hamp mRNA was reduced in all Cre+ mouse livers at 12 days and in all Cre+ primary hepatocytes. However, only double-knockout mice continued to exhibit low liver Hamp at 8 weeks and failed to induce Hamp in response to Bmp6 in primary hepatocyte cultures. Epoetin alfa (EPO) robustly induced bone marrow erythroferrone (Fam132b) mRNA in control and Smad1fl/fl;Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ mice but suppressed hepcidin only in control mice. Likewise, erythroferrone failed to decrease Hamp mRNA in Smad1fl/fl;Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ primary hepatocytes and SMAD1/SMAD5 knockdown Hep3B cells. EPO and erythroferrone reduced liver Smad1/5 phosphorylation in parallel with Hamp mRNA in control mice and Hep3B cells. Thus, Smad1 and Smad5 have overlapping functions to govern hepcidin transcription. Moreover, erythropoietin and erythroferrone target Smad1/5 signaling and require Smad1/5 to suppress hepcidin expression.
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Canali S, Vecchi C, Garuti C, Montosi G, Babitt JL, Pietrangelo A. The SMAD Pathway Is Required for Hepcidin Response During Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3935-3945. [PMID: 27483343 PMCID: PMC5045507 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin, the iron hormone, is regulated by a number of stimulatory and inhibitory signals. The cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 3 (CREB3L3) mediates hepcidin response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In this study we asked whether hepcidin response to ER stress also requires the small mother against decapentaplegic (SMAD)-1/5/8 pathway, which has a major role in hepcidin regulation in response to iron and other stimuli. We analyzed hepcidin mRNA expression and promoter activity in response to ER stressors in HepG2 cells in the presence of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor inhibitor LDN-193189, mutated hepcidin promoter or small interfering RNA against different SMAD proteins. We then used a similar approach in vivo in wild-type, Smad1/5, or Creb3l3-/- animals undergoing ER stress. In vitro, LDN-193189 prevented hepcidin mRNA induction by different ER stressors. Seemingly, mutation of a BMP-responsive element in the hepcidin promoter prevented ER stress-mediated up-regulation. Moreover, in vitro silencing of SMAD proteins by small interfering RNA, in particular SMAD5, blunted hepcidin response to ER stress. On the contrary, hepcidin induction by ER stress was maintained when using antibodies against canonical BMP receptor ligands. In vivo, hepcidin was induced by ER stress and prevented by LDN-193189. In addition, in Smad1/5 knockout mice, ER stress was unable to induce hepcidin expression. Finally, in Creb3l3 knockout mice, in response to ER stress, SMAD1/5 were correctly phosphorylated and hepcidin induction was still appreciable, although to a lesser extent as compared with the control mice. In conclusion, our study indicates that hepcidin induction by ER stress involves the central regulatory SMAD1/5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Canali
- Center for Hemochromatosis (S.C., C.V., C.G., G.M., A.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy; and Program in Anemia Signaling Research (S.C., J.L.B.), Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Chiara Vecchi
- Center for Hemochromatosis (S.C., C.V., C.G., G.M., A.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy; and Program in Anemia Signaling Research (S.C., J.L.B.), Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Cinzia Garuti
- Center for Hemochromatosis (S.C., C.V., C.G., G.M., A.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy; and Program in Anemia Signaling Research (S.C., J.L.B.), Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Giuliana Montosi
- Center for Hemochromatosis (S.C., C.V., C.G., G.M., A.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy; and Program in Anemia Signaling Research (S.C., J.L.B.), Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Center for Hemochromatosis (S.C., C.V., C.G., G.M., A.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy; and Program in Anemia Signaling Research (S.C., J.L.B.), Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Antonello Pietrangelo
- Center for Hemochromatosis (S.C., C.V., C.G., G.M., A.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, University Hospital of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy; and Program in Anemia Signaling Research (S.C., J.L.B.), Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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11
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Villacorte M, Delmarcelle AS, Lernoux M, Bouquet M, Lemoine P, Bolsée J, Umans L, de Sousa Lopes SC, Van Der Smissen P, Sasaki T, Bommer G, Henriet P, Refetoff S, Lemaigre FP, Zwijsen A, Courtoy PJ, Pierreux CE. Thyroid follicle development requires Smad1/5- and endothelial cell-dependent basement membrane assembly. Development 2016; 143:1958-70. [PMID: 27068110 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid follicles, the functional units of the thyroid gland, are delineated by a monolayer of thyrocytes resting on a continuous basement membrane. The developmental mechanisms of folliculogenesis, whereby follicles are formed by the reorganization of a non-structured mass of non-polarized epithelial cells, are largely unknown. Here we show that assembly of the epithelial basement membrane is crucial for folliculogenesis and is controlled by endothelial cell invasion and by BMP-Smad signaling in thyrocytes. Thyroid-specific Smad1 and Smad5 double-knockout (Smad1/5(dKO)) mice displayed growth retardation, hypothyroidism and defective follicular architecture. In Smad1/5(dKO) embryonic thyroids, epithelial cells remained associated in large clusters and formed small follicles. Although similar follicular defects are found in Vegfa knockout (Vegfa(KO)) thyroids, Smad1/5(dKO) thyroids had normal endothelial cell density yet impaired endothelial differentiation. Interestingly, both Vegfa(KO) and Smad1/5(dKO) thyroids displayed impaired basement membrane assembly. Furthermore, conditioned medium (CM) from embryonic endothelial progenitor cells (eEPCs) rescued the folliculogenesis defects of both Smad1/5(dKO) and Vegfa(KO) thyroids. Laminin α1, β1 and γ1, abundantly released by eEPCs into CM, were crucial for folliculogenesis. Thus, epithelial Smad signaling and endothelial cell invasion promote folliculogenesis via assembly of the basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylah Villacorte
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Manon Lernoux
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mahé Bouquet
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Lemoine
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Bolsée
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieve Umans
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven, 2333 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Takako Sasaki
- Department of Matrix Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 879-5593 Oita, Japan
| | - Guido Bommer
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Henriet
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, Pediatrics and Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Frédéric P Lemaigre
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre J Courtoy
- de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Tasca A, Stemig M, Broege A, Huang B, Davydova J, Zwijsen A, Umans L, Jensen ED, Gopalakrishnan R, Mansky KC. Smad1/5 and Smad4 expression are important for osteoclast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1350-60. [PMID: 25711193 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the necessity of the canonical BMP pathway during osteoclast differentiation, we created osteoclasts with a conditional gene deletion for Smad1 and Smad5 (SMAD1/5), or Smad4 using adenovirus expressing CRE recombinase (Ad-CRE). Reduction of either Smad4 or Smad1/5 expression resulted in fewer and smaller multinuclear cells compared to control cells. We also detected changes in osteoclast enriched genes, demonstrated by decreased Dc-stamp and cathepsin K expression in both Smad4 and Smad1/5 Ad-CRE osteoclasts, and changes in c-fos and Nfatc1 expression in only Smad4 Ad-CRE cells. Lastly we also detected a significant decrease in resorption pits and area resorbed in both the Smad4 and Smad1/5 Ad-CRE osteoclasts. Because we inhibited osteoclast differentiation with loss of either Smad4 or Smad1/5 expression, we assessed whether BMPs affected osteoclast activity in addition to BMP's effects on differentiation. Therefore, we treated mature osteoclasts with BMP2 or with dorsomorphin, a chemical inhibitor that selectively suppresses canonical BMP signaling. We demonstrated that BMP2 stimulated resorption in mature osteoclasts whereas treatment with dorsomorphin blocks osteoclast resorption. These results indicate that the BMP canonical signaling pathway is important for osteoclast differentiation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Tasca
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Melissa Stemig
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Aaron Broege
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Brandon Huang
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Julia Davydova
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lieve Umans
- Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Eric D Jensen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Raj Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Kim C Mansky
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
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13
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Gomes Fernandes M, Dries R, Roost MS, Semrau S, de Melo Bernardo A, Davis RP, Ramakrishnan R, Szuhai K, Maas E, Umans L, Abon Escalona V, Salvatori D, Deforce D, Van Criekinge W, Huylebroeck D, Mummery C, Zwijsen A, de Sousa Lopes SMC. BMP-SMAD Signaling Regulates Lineage Priming, but Is Dispensable for Self-Renewal in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 6:85-94. [PMID: 26711875 PMCID: PMC4720007 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are in a metastable state and fluctuate between inner cell mass- and epiblast-like phenotypes. Here, we show transient activation of the BMP-SMAD signaling pathway in mESCs containing a BMP-SMAD responsive reporter transgene. Activation of the BMP-SMAD reporter transgene in naive mESCs correlated with lower levels of genomic DNA methylation, high expression of 5-methylcytosine hydroxylases Tet1/2 and low levels of DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a/b. Moreover, naive mESCs, in which the BMP-SMAD reporter transgene was activated, showed higher resistance to differentiation. Using double Smad1;Smad5 knockout mESCs, we showed that BMP-SMAD signaling is dispensable for self-renewal in both naive and ground state. These mutant mESCs were still pluripotent, but they exhibited higher levels of DNA methylation than their wild-type counterparts and had a higher propensity to differentiate. We showed that BMP-SMAD signaling modulates lineage priming in mESCs, by transiently regulating the enzymatic machinery responsible for DNA methylation. BMP-SMAD signaling in mESCs is more prominent in naive than ground state BMP-SMAD signaling is dispensable for pluripotency in mESCs BMP-SMAD signaling facilitates lineage priming in mESCs BMP-SMAD signaling regulates Dnmt3b and hence levels of DNA methylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomes Fernandes
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Dries
- Department Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias S Roost
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Semrau
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Ana de Melo Bernardo
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Richard P Davis
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Ramprasad Ramakrishnan
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Elke Maas
- Department Human Genetics, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lieve Umans
- Department Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands; Department Human Genetics, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Vanesa Abon Escalona
- Department Human Genetics, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Daniela Salvatori
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands; Center Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Criekinge
- Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bio-informatics, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Mummery
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - An Zwijsen
- Department Human Genetics, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands; Department Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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14
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Costamagna D, Quattrocelli M, van Tienen F, Umans L, de Coo IFM, Zwijsen A, Huylebroeck D, Sampaolesi M. Smad1/5/8 are myogenic regulators of murine and human mesoangioblasts. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 8:73-87. [PMID: 26450990 PMCID: PMC4710210 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoangioblasts (MABs) are vessel-associated stem cells that express pericyte marker genes and participate in skeletal muscle regeneration. Molecular circuits that regulate the myogenic commitment of MABs are still poorly characterized. The critical role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling during proliferation and differentiation of adult myogenic precursors, such as satellite cells, has recently been established. We evaluated whether BMP signalling impacts on the myogenic potential of embryonic and adult MABs both in vitro and in vivo. Addition of BMP inhibited MAB myogenic differentiation, whereas interference with the interactions between BMPs and receptor complexes induced differentiation. Similarly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Smad8 in Smad1/5-null MABs or inhibition of SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation with Dorsomorphin (DM) also improved myogenic differentiation, demonstrating a novel role of SMAD8. Moreover, using a transgenic mouse model of Smad8 deletion, we demonstrated that the absence of SMAD8 protein improved MAB myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, once injected into α-Sarcoglycan (Sgca)-null muscles, DM-treated MABs were more efficacious to restore α-sarcoglycan (αSG) protein levels and re-establish functional muscle properties. Similarly, in acute muscle damage, DM-treated MABs displayed a better myogenic potential compared with BMP-treated and untreated cells. Finally, SMADs also control the myogenic commitment of human MABs (hMABs). BMP signalling antagonists are therefore novel candidates to improve the therapeutic effects of hMABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domiziana Costamagna
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florence van Tienen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieve Umans
- Laboratory for Developmental Signalling, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irineus F M de Coo
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - An Zwijsen
- Laboratory for Developmental Signalling, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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15
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Vandersmissen I, Craps S, Depypere M, Coppiello G, van Gastel N, Maes F, Carmeliet G, Schrooten J, Jones EAV, Umans L, Devlieger R, Koole M, Gheysens O, Zwijsen A, Aranguren XL, Luttun A. Endothelial Msx1 transduces hemodynamic changes into an arteriogenic remodeling response. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:1239-56. [PMID: 26391659 PMCID: PMC4586738 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During peripheral arterial disease, MSX1 acts downstream of BMP–SMAD signaling to transduce the arterial shear stimulus into an arteriogenic remodeling response. MSX1 activates collateral endothelium into a proinflammatory state through ICAM1/VCAM1 up-regulation, resulting in increased leukocyte infiltration and collateral remodeling. Collateral remodeling is critical for blood flow restoration in peripheral arterial disease and is triggered by increasing fluid shear stress in preexisting collateral arteries. So far, no arterial-specific mediators of this mechanotransduction response have been identified. We show that muscle segment homeobox 1 (MSX1) acts exclusively in collateral arterial endothelium to transduce the extrinsic shear stimulus into an arteriogenic remodeling response. MSX1 was specifically up-regulated in remodeling collateral arteries. MSX1 induction in collateral endothelial cells (ECs) was shear stress driven and downstream of canonical bone morphogenetic protein–SMAD signaling. Flow recovery and collateral remodeling were significantly blunted in EC-specific Msx1/2 knockout mice. Mechanistically, MSX1 linked the arterial shear stimulus to arteriogenic remodeling by activating the endothelial but not medial layer to a proinflammatory state because EC but not smooth muscle cellMsx1/2 knockout mice had reduced leukocyte recruitment to remodeling collateral arteries. This reduced leukocyte infiltration in EC Msx1/2 knockout mice originated from decreased levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)/vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), whose expression was also in vitro driven by promoter binding of MSX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Vandersmissen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Craps
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Depypere
- Department of Electrical Engineering/Processing Speech and Images, Medical Image Computing, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giulia Coppiello
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nick van Gastel
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Maes
- Department of Electrical Engineering/Processing Speech and Images, Medical Image Computing, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Umans
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roland Devlieger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xabier L Aranguren
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Thalgott J, Dos-Santos-Luis D, Lebrin F. Pericytes as targets in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Front Genet 2015; 6:37. [PMID: 25763012 PMCID: PMC4327729 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective paracrine Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling between endothelial cells and the neighboring mural cells have been thought to lead to the development of vascular lesions that are characteristic of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT). This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of TGF-β signaling in mural cell recruitment and vessel stabilization and how perturbed TGF-β signaling might contribute to defective endothelial-mural cell interaction affecting vessel functionalities. Our recent findings have provided exciting insights into the role of thalidomide, a drug that reduces both the frequency and the duration of epistaxis in individuals with HHT by targeting mural cells. These advances provide opportunities for the development of new therapies for vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Thalgott
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
| | - Damien Dos-Santos-Luis
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
| | - Franck Lebrin
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
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17
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Kandyba E, Hazen VM, Kobielak A, Butler SJ, Kobielak K. Smad1 and 5 but not Smad8 establish stem cell quiescence which is critical to transform the premature hair follicle during morphogenesis toward the postnatal state. Stem Cells 2014; 32:534-47. [PMID: 24023003 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) are regenerative miniorgans that offer a highly informative model system to study the regulatory mechanisms of hair follicle stem cells (hfSCs) homeostasis and differentiation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is key in both of these processes, governing hfSCs quiescence in the bulge and differentiation of matrix progenitors. However, whether canonical or noncanonical pathways of BMP signaling are responsible for these processes remains unresolved. Here, we conditionally ablated two canonical effectors of BMP signaling, Smad1 and Smad5 during hair morphogenesis and postnatal cycling in mouse skin. Deletion of Smad1 and Smad5 (dKO) in the epidermis during morphogenesis resulted in neonatal lethality with lack of visible whiskers. Interestingly, distinct patterns of phospho-Smads (pSmads) activation were detected with pSmad8 restricted to epidermis and pSmad1 and pSmad5 exclusively activated in HFs. Engraftment of dKO skin revealed retarded hair morphogenesis and failure to differentiate into visible hair. The formation of the prebulge and bulge reservoir for quiescent hfSCs was precluded in dKO HFs which remained in prolonged anagen. Surprisingly, in postnatal telogen HFs, pSmad8 expression was no longer limited to epidermis and was also present in dKO bulge hfSCs and matrix progenitors. Although pSmad8 activity alone could not prevent dKO hfSCs precocious anagen activation, it sustained efficient postnatal differentiation and regeneration of visible hairs. Together, our data suggest a pivotal role for canonical BMP signaling demonstrating distinguished nonoverlapping function of pSmad8 with pSmad1 and pSmad5 in hfSCs regulation and hair morphogenesis but a redundant role in adult hair progenitors differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Kandyba
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Common partner Smad-independent canonical bone morphogenetic protein signaling in the specification process of the anterior rhombic lip during cerebellum development. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1925-37. [PMID: 23459943 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01143-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is critical for cerebellum development. However, the details of receptor regulated-Smad (R-Smad) and common partner Smad (Co-Smad, or Smad4) involvement are unclear. Here, we report that cerebellum-specific double conditional inactivation of Smad1 and Smad5 (Smad1/5) results in cerebellar hypoplasia, reduced granule cell numbers, and disorganized Purkinje neuron migration during embryonic development. However, single conditional inactivation of either Smad1 or Smad5 did not result in cerebellar abnormalities. Surprisingly, conditional inactivation of Smad4, which is considered to be the central mediator of canonical BMP-Smad signaling, resulted only in very mild cerebellar defects. Conditional inactivation of Smad1/5 led to developmental defects in the anterior rhombic lip (ARL), as shown by reduced cell proliferation and loss of Pax6 and Atoh1 expression. These defects subsequently caused the loss of the nuclear transitory zone and a region of the deep cerebellar nuclei. The normal maturation of the remaining granule cell precursors in the external granular layer (EGL) suggests Smad1/5 signaling is required for the specification process in ARL but not for the subsequent EGL development. Our results demonstrate functional redundancy for Smad1 and Smad5 but functional discrepancy between Smad1/5 and Smad4 during cerebellum development.
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19
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Hazen VM, Andrews MG, Umans L, Crenshaw EB, Zwijsen A, Butler SJ. BMP receptor-activated Smads confer diverse functions during the development of the dorsal spinal cord. Dev Biol 2012; 367:216-27. [PMID: 22609550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) have multiple activities in the developing spinal cord: they specify the identity of the dorsal-most neuronal populations and then direct the trajectories of dorsal interneuron (dI) 1 commissural axons. How are these activities decoded by dorsal neurons to result in different cellular outcomes? Our previous studies have shown that the diverse functions of the BMPs are mediated by the canonical family of BMP receptors and then regulated by specific inhibitory (I) Smads, which block the activity of a complex of Smad second messengers. However, the extent to which this complex translates the different activities of the BMPs in the spinal cord has remained unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that the receptor-activated (R) Smads, Smad1 and Smad5 play distinct roles mediating the abilities of the BMPs to direct cell fate specification and axon outgrowth. Smad1 and Smad5 occupy spatially distinct compartments within the spinal cord, with Smad5 primarily associated with neural progenitors and Smad1 with differentiated neurons. Consistent with this expression profile, loss of function experiments in mouse embryos reveal that Smad5 is required for the acquisition of dorsal spinal neuron identities whereas Smad1 is critical for the regulation of dI1 axon outgrowth. Thus the R-Smads, like the I-Smads, have discrete roles mediating BMP-dependent cellular processes during spinal interneuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Hazen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA
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20
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Moya IM, Umans L, Maas E, Pereira PNG, Beets K, Francis A, Sents W, Robertson EJ, Mummery CL, Huylebroeck D, Zwijsen A. Stalk cell phenotype depends on integration of Notch and Smad1/5 signaling cascades. Dev Cell 2012; 22:501-14. [PMID: 22364862 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gradients of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induce single endothelial cells to become leading tip cells of emerging angiogenic sprouts. Tip cells then suppress tip-cell features in adjacent stalk cells via Dll4/Notch-mediated lateral inhibition. We report here that Smad1/Smad5-mediated BMP signaling synergizes with Notch signaling during selection of tip and stalk cells. Endothelium-specific inactivation of Smad1/Smad5 in mouse embryos results in impaired Dll4/Notch signaling and increased numbers of tip-cell-like cells at the expense of stalk cells. Smad1/5 downregulation in cultured endothelial cells reduced the expression of several target genes of Notch and of other stalk-cell-enriched transcripts (Hes1, Hey1, Jagged1, VEGFR1, and Id1-3). Moreover, Id proteins act as competence factors for stalk cells and form complexes with Hes1, which augment Hes1 levels in the endothelium. Our findings provide in vivo evidence for a regulatory loop between BMP/TGFβ-Smad1/5 and Notch signaling that orchestrates tip- versus stalk-cell selection and vessel plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván M Moya
- VIB11 Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, VIB and Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Wong YL, Behringer RR, Kwan KM. Smad1/Smad5 signaling in limb ectoderm functions redundantly and is required for interdigital programmed cell death. Dev Biol 2012; 363:247-57. [PMID: 22240098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted signals that regulate apical ectodermal ridge (AER) functions and interdigital programmed cell death (PCD) of developing limb. However the identities of the intracellular mediators of these signals are unknown. To investigate the role of Smad proteins in BMP-regulated AER functions in limb development, we inactivated Smad1 and Smad5 selectively in AER and ventral ectoderm of developing limb, using Smad1 or/and Smad5 floxed alleles and an En1(Cre/+) knock-in allele. Single inactivation of either Smad1 or Smad5 did not result in limb abnormalities. However, the Smad1/Smad5 double mutants exhibited syndactyly due to a reduction in interdigital PCD and an increase in interdigital cell proliferation. Cell tracing experiments in the Smad1/Smad5 double mutants showed that ventral ectoderm became thicker and the descendents of ventral En1(Cre/+) expressing ectodermal cells were located at dorsal interdigital regions. At the molecular level, Fgf8 expression was prolonged in the interdigital ectoderm of embryonic day (E) 13 Smad1/Smad5 double mutants, suggesting that the ectopic Fgf8 expression may serve as a survival signal for interdigital epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Our result suggests that Smad1 and Smad5 are required and function redundantly as intracellular mediators for BMP signaling in the AER and ventral ectoderm. Smad1/Smad5 signaling in the AER and ventral ectoderm regulates interdigital tissue regression of developing limb. Our mutants with defects in interdigital PCD could also serve as a valuable model for investigation of PCD regulation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Lau Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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22
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Conidi A, Cazzola S, Beets K, Coddens K, Collart C, Cornelis F, Cox L, Joke D, Dobreva MP, Dries R, Esguerra C, Francis A, Ibrahimi A, Kroes R, Lesage F, Maas E, Moya I, Pereira PNG, Stappers E, Stryjewska A, van den Berghe V, Vermeire L, Verstappen G, Seuntjens E, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Huylebroeck D. Few Smad proteins and many Smad-interacting proteins yield multiple functions and action modes in TGFβ/BMP signaling in vivo. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:287-300. [PMID: 22119658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the many ligands of the TGFβ family strongly converges towards only five receptor-activated, intracellular Smad proteins, which fall into two classes i.e. Smad2/3 and Smad1/5/8, respectively. These Smads bind to a surprisingly high number of Smad-interacting proteins (SIPs), many of which are transcription factors (TFs) that co-operate in Smad-controlled target gene transcription in a cell type and context specific manner. A combination of functional analyses in vivo as well as in cell cultures and biochemical studies has revealed the enormous versatility of the Smad proteins. Smads and their SIPs regulate diverse molecular and cellular processes and are also directly relevant to development and disease. In this survey, we selected appropriate examples on the BMP-Smads, with emphasis on Smad1 and Smad5, and on a number of SIPs, i.e. the CPSF subunit Smicl, Ttrap (Tdp2) and Sip1 (Zeb2, Zfhx1b) from our own research carried out in three different vertebrate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Conidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen) of Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Ascenzi MG, Blanco C, Drayer I, Kim H, Wilson R, Retting KN, Lyons KM, Mohler G. Effect of localization, length and orientation of chondrocytic primary cilium on murine growth plate organization. J Theor Biol 2011; 285:147-55. [PMID: 21723296 PMCID: PMC3163056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The research investigates the role of the immotile chondrocytic primary cilium in the growth plate. This study was motivated by (i) the recent evidence of the mechano-sensorial function of the primary cilium in kidney tubule epithelial cells and (ii) the distinct three-dimensional orientation patterns that the chondrocytic primary cilium forms in articular cartilage in the presence or the absence of loading. For our investigation, we used the Smad1/5(CKO) mutant mouse, whose disorganized growth plate is due to the conditional deletion of Smad 1 and 5 proteins that also affect the so-called Indian Hedgehog pathway, whose physical and functional topography has been shown to be partially controlled by the primary cilium. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy on stained sections visualized ciliated chondrocytes. Morphometric data regarding position, orientation and eccentricity of chondrocytes, and ciliary localization on cell membrane, length and orientation, were collected and reconstructed from images. We established that both localization and orientation of the cilium are definite, and differently so, in the Smad1/5(CKO) and control mice. The orientation of the primary cilium, relative to the major axis of the chondrocyte, clusters at 80° with respect to the anterior-posterior direction for the Smad1/5(CKO) mice, showing loss of the additional clustering present in the control mice at 10°. We therefore hypothesized that the clustering at 10° contains information of columnar organization. To test our hypothesis, we prepared a mathematical model of relative positioning of the proliferative chondrocytic population based on ciliary orientation. Our model belongs to the category of "interactive particle system models for self-organization with birth". The model qualitatively reproduced the experimentally observed chondrocytic arrangements in growth plate of each of the Smad1/5(CKO) and control mice. Our mathematically predicted cell division process will need to be observed experimentally to advance the identification of ciliary function in the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Grazia Ascenzi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Rehab Bldg 22-69, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christian Blanco
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ian Drayer
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hannah Kim
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ryan Wilson
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kelsey N. Retting
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 615 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Karen M. Lyons
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 615 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - George Mohler
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Eom DS, Amarnath S, Fogel JL, Agarwala S. Bone morphogenetic proteins regulate neural tube closure by interacting with the apicobasal polarity pathway. Development 2011; 138:3179-88. [PMID: 21750029 DOI: 10.1242/dev.058602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During neural tube closure, specialized regions called hinge points (HPs) display dynamic and polarized cell behaviors necessary for converting the neural plate into a neural tube. The molecular bases of such cell behaviors (e.g. apical constriction, basal nuclear migration) are poorly understood. We have identified a two-dimensional canonical BMP activity gradient in the chick neural plate that results in low and temporally pulsed BMP activity at the ventral midline/median hinge point (MHP). Using in vivo manipulations, high-resolution imaging and biochemical analyses, we show that BMP attenuation is necessary and sufficient for MHP formation. Conversely, BMP overexpression abolishes MHP formation and prevents neural tube closure. We provide evidence that BMP modulation directs neural tube closure via the regulation of apicobasal polarity. First, BMP blockade produces partially polarized neural cells, which retain contact with the apical and basal surfaces but where basolateral proteins (LGL) become apically localized and apical junctional proteins (PAR3, ZO1) become targeted to endosomes. Second, direct LGL misexpression induces ectopic HPs identical to those produced by noggin or dominant-negative BMPR1A. Third, BMP-dependent biochemical interactions occur between the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC polarity complex and phosphorylated SMAD5 at apical junctions. Finally, partially polarized cells normally occur at the MHP, their frequencies inversely correlated with the BMP activity gradient in the neural plate. We propose that spatiotemporal modulation of the two-dimensional BMP gradient transiently alters cell polarity in targeted neuronal cells. This ensures that the neural plate is flexible enough to be focally bent and shaped into a neural tube, while retaining overall epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Seok Eom
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
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25
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Allaire JM, Darsigny M, Marcoux SS, Roy SAB, Schmouth JF, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Boudreau F, Perreault N. Loss of Smad5 leads to the disassembly of the apical junctional complex and increased susceptibility to experimental colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G586-97. [PMID: 21212325 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00041.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of intestinal epithelial cell adhesion and migratory properties is often compromised in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite an increasing interest in bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling in gut pathologies, little is known of the specific roles played by individual Smads in intestinal epithelial functions. In the present study, we generated a mouse model with deletion of Smad5 transcriptional effector of the Bmp signaling pathway exclusively in the intestinal epithelium. Proliferation, migration, and apical junctional complex (AJC) protein expression were analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Human intestinal biopsies from control and IBD patients were analyzed for SMAD5 gene transcript expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Smad5(ΔIEC) and control mice were subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis, and their clinical and histological symptoms were assessed. Loss of Smad5 led to intestinal epithelial hypermigration and deregulation of the expression of claudin-1 and claudin-2. E-cadherin was found to be equally expressed but displaced from the AJC to the cytoplasm in Smad5(ΔIEC) mice. Analysis of SMAD5 gene expression in human IBD patient samples revealed a significant downregulation of the gene transcript in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis samples. Smad5(ΔIEC) mice exposed to experimental DSS colitis were significantly more susceptible to the disease and had impaired wound healing during the recovery phase. Our results support that Smad5 is partly responsible for mediating Bmp signals in intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, deficiency in epithelial Smad5 leads to the deregulation of cell migration by disassembling the AJC with increasing susceptibility to experimental colitis and impairment in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannie M Allaire
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d’Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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26
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Xu B, Chen C, Chen H, Zheng SG, Bringas P, Xu M, Zhou X, Chen D, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Shi W. Smad1 and its target gene Wif1 coordinate BMP and Wnt signaling activities to regulate fetal lung development. Development 2011; 138:925-35. [PMID: 21270055 DOI: 10.1242/dev.062687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) is essential for lung development. To define the intracellular signaling mechanisms by which Bmp4 regulates lung development, BMP-specific Smad1 or Smad5 was selectively knocked out in fetal mouse lung epithelial cells. Abrogation of lung epithelial-specific Smad1, but not Smad5, resulted in retardation of lung branching morphogenesis and reduced sacculation, accompanied by altered distal lung epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation and, consequently, severe neonatal respiratory failure. By combining cDNA microarray with ChIP-chip analyses, Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) was identified as a novel target gene of Smad1 in the developing mouse lung epithelial cells. Loss of Smad1 transcriptional activation of Wif1 was associated with reduced Wif1 expression and increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in lung epithelia, resulting in specific fetal lung abnormalities. This suggests a novel regulatory loop of Bmp4-Smad1-Wif1-Wnt/β-catenin in coordinating BMP and Wnt pathways to control fetal lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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27
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Canonical BMP signaling is dispensable for hematopoietic stem cell function in both adult and fetal liver hematopoiesis, but essential to preserve colon architecture. Blood 2010; 115:4689-98. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-220988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Numerous publications have described the importance of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the specification of hematopoietic tissue in developing embryos. Here we investigate the full role of canonical BMP signaling in both adult and fetal liver hematopoiesis using conditional knockout strategies because conventional disruption of components of the BMP signaling pathway result in early death of the embryo. By targeting both Smad1 and Smad5, we have generated a double-knockout mouse with complete disruption of canonical BMP signaling. Interestingly, concurrent deletion of Smad1 and Smad5 results in death because of extrahematopoietic pathologic changes in the colon. However, Smad1/Smad5-deficient bone marrow cells can compete normally with wild-type cells and display unaffected self-renewal and differentiation capacity when transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients. Moreover, although BMP receptor expression is increased in fetal liver, fetal liver cells deficient in both Smad1 and Smad5 remain competent to long-term reconstitute lethally irradiated recipients in a multilineage manner. In conclusion, canonical BMP signaling is not required to maintain either adult or fetal liver hematopoiesis, despite its crucial role in the initial patterning of hematopoiesis in early embryonic development.
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Rajagopal R, Huang J, Dattilo LK, Kaartinen V, Mishina Y, Deng CX, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Roberts AB, Beebe DC. The type I BMP receptors, Bmpr1a and Acvr1, activate multiple signaling pathways to regulate lens formation. Dev Biol 2009; 335:305-16. [PMID: 19733164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BMPs play multiple roles in development and BMP signaling is essential for lens formation. However, the mechanisms by which BMP receptors function in vertebrate development are incompletely understood. To determine the downstream effectors of BMP signaling and their functions in the ectoderm that will form the lens, we deleted the genes encoding the type I BMP receptors, Bmpr1a and Acvr1, and the canonical transducers of BMP signaling, Smad4, Smad1 and Smad5. Bmpr1a and Acvr1 regulated cell survival and proliferation, respectively. Absence of both receptors interfered with the expression of proteins involved in normal lens development and prevented lens formation, demonstrating that BMPs induce lens formation by acting directly on the prospective lens ectoderm. Remarkably, the canonical Smad signaling pathway was not needed for most of these processes. Lens formation, placode cell proliferation, the expression of FoxE3, a lens-specific transcription factor, and the lens protein, alphaA-crystallin were regulated by BMP receptors in a Smad-independent manner. Placode cell survival was promoted by R-Smad signaling, but in a manner that did not involve Smad4. Of the responses tested, only maintaining a high level of Sox2 protein, a transcription factor expressed early in placode formation, required the canonical Smad pathway. A key function of Smad-independent BMP receptor signaling may be reorganization of actin cytoskeleton to drive lens invagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Rajagopal
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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29
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Huang J, Dattilo LK, Rajagopal R, Liu Y, Kaartinen V, Mishina Y, Deng CX, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Roberts AB, Beebe DC. FGF-regulated BMP signaling is required for eyelid closure and to specify conjunctival epithelial cell fate. Development 2009; 136:1741-50. [PMID: 19369394 DOI: 10.1242/dev.034082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports about whether BMP signaling is required for eyelid closure during fetal development. This question was addressed using mice deficient in BMP or TGFbeta signaling in prospective eyelid and conjunctival epithelial cells. Genes encoding two type I BMP receptors, the type II TGFbeta receptor, two BMP- or two TGFbeta-activated R-Smads or the co-Smad Smad4 were deleted from the ocular surface ectoderm using Cre recombinase. Only mice with deletion of components of the BMP pathway had an 'eyelid open at birth' phenotype. Mice lacking Fgf10 or Fgfr2 also have open eyelids at birth. To better understand the pathways that regulate BMP expression and function during eyelid development, we localized BMPs and BMP signaling intermediates in Fgfr2 and Smad4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice. We found that Fgfr2 was required for the expression of Bmp4, the normal distribution of Shh signaling and for preserving the differentiation of the conjunctival epithelium. FGF signaling also promoted the expression of the Wnt antagonist Sfrp1 and suppressed Wnt signaling in the prospective eyelid epithelial cells, independently of BMP function. Transcripts encoding Foxc1 and Foxc2, which were previously shown to be necessary for eyelid closure, were not detectable in Smad4(CKO) animals. c-Jun, another key regulator of eyelid closure, was present and phosphorylated in eyelid periderm cells at the time of fusion, but failed to translocate to the nucleus in the absence of BMP function. Smad4(CKO) mice also showed premature differentiation of the conjunctival epithelium, conjunctival hyperplasia and the acquisition of epidermal characteristics, including formation of an ectopic row of hair follicles in place of the Meibomian glands. A second row of eyelashes is a feature of human lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome, which is associated with mutations in FOXC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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30
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Retting KN, Song B, Yoon BS, Lyons KM. BMP canonical Smad signaling through Smad1 and Smad5 is required for endochondral bone formation. Development 2009; 136:1093-104. [PMID: 19224984 DOI: 10.1242/dev.029926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is required for endochondral bone formation. However, whether or not the effects of BMPs are mediated via canonical Smad pathways or through noncanonical pathways is unknown. In this study we have determined the role of receptor Smads 1, 5 and 8 in chondrogenesis. Deletion of individual Smads results in viable and fertile mice. Combined loss of Smads 1, 5 and 8, however, results in severe chondrodysplasia. Smad1/5(CKO) (cartilage-specific knockout) mutant mice are nearly identical to Smad1/5(CKO);Smad8(-/-) mutants, indicating that Smads 1 and 5 have overlapping functions and are more important than Smad8 in cartilage. The Smad1/5(CKO) phenotype is more severe than that of Smad4(CKO) mice, challenging the dogma, at least in chondrocytes, that Smad4 is required to mediate Smad signaling through BMP pathways. The chondrodysplasia in Smad1/5(CKO) mice is accompanied by imbalances in cross-talk between the BMP, FGF and Ihh/PTHrP pathways. We show that Ihh is a direct target of BMP pathways in chondrocytes, and that FGF exerts antagonistic effects on Ihh expression. Finally, we tested whether FGF exerts its antagonistic effects directly through Smad linker phosphorylation. The results support the alternative conclusion that the effects of FGFs on BMP signaling are indirect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey N Retting
- UCLA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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31
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Rajagopal R, Dattilo LK, Kaartinen V, Deng CX, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Roberts AB, Bottinger EP, Beebe DC. Functions of the type 1 BMP receptor Acvr1 (Alk2) in lens development: cell proliferation, terminal differentiation, and survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4953-60. [PMID: 18566469 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is essential for the induction and subsequent development of the lens. The purpose of this study was to analyze the function(s) of the type 1 BMP receptor, Acvr1, in lens development. METHODS Acvr1 was deleted from the surface ectoderm of mouse embryos on embryonic day 9 using the Cre-loxP METHOD: Cell proliferation, cell cycle exit, and apoptosis were measured in tissue sections by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and TUNEL staining. RESULTS Lenses formed in the absence of Acvr1. However, Acvr1(CKO) (conditional knockout) lenses were small. Acvr1 signaling promoted proliferation at early stages of lens formation but inhibited proliferation at later stages. Inhibition of cell proliferation by Acvr1 was necessary for the proper regionalization of the lens epithelium and promoted the withdrawal of lens fiber cells from the cell cycle. In spite of the failure of all Acvr1(CKO) fiber cells to withdraw from the cell cycle, they expressed proteins characteristic of differentiated fiber cells. Although the stimulation of proliferation was Smad independent, the ability of Acvr1 to promote cell cycle exit later in development depended on classical R-Smad-Smad4 signaling. Loss of Acvr1 led to an increase in apoptosis of lens epithelial and fiber cells. Increased cell death, together with the initial decrease in proliferation, appeared to account for the smaller sizes of the Acvr1(CKO) lenses. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a novel switch in the functions of Acvr1 in regulating lens cell proliferation. Previously unknown functions mediated by this receptor included regionalization of the lens epithelium and cell cycle exit during fiber cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Rajagopal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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32
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Orvis GD, Jamin SP, Kwan KM, Mishina Y, Kaartinen VM, Huang S, Roberts AB, Umans L, Huylebroeck D, Zwijsen A, Wang D, Martin JF, Behringer RR. Functional redundancy of TGF-beta family type I receptors and receptor-Smads in mediating anti-Mullerian hormone-induced Mullerian duct regression in the mouse. Biol Reprod 2008; 78:994-1001. [PMID: 18322278 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.066605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotes, regardless of genetic sex, develop two sets of genital ducts: the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts. For normal sexual development to occur, one duct must differentiate into its corresponding organs, and the other must regress. In mammals, the Wolffian duct differentiates into the male reproductive tract, mainly the vasa deferentia, epididymides, and seminal vesicles, whereas the Müllerian duct develops into the four components of the female reproductive tract, the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and upper third of the vagina. In males, the fetal Leydig cells produce testosterone, which stimulates the differentiation of the Wolffian duct, whereas the Sertoli cells of the fetal testes express anti-Müllerian hormone, which activates the regression of the Müllerian duct. Anti-Müllerian hormone is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of secreted signaling molecules and has been shown to signal through the BMP pathway. It binds to its type II receptor, anti-Müllerian hormone receptor 2 (AMHR2), in the Müllerian duct mesenchyme and through an unknown mechanism(s); the mesenchyme induces the regression of the Müllerian duct mesoepithelium. Using tissue-specific gene inactivation with an Amhr2-Cre allele, we have determined that two TGF-beta type I receptors (Acvr1 and Bmpr1a) and all three BMP receptor-Smads (Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8) function redundantly in transducing the anti-Müllerian hormone signal required for Müllerian duct regression. Loss of these genes in the Müllerian duct mesenchyme results in male infertility due to retention of Müllerian duct derivatives in an otherwise virilized male.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Orvis
- Program in Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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33
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Pangas SA, Li X, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Huylebroeck D, Gutierrez C, Wang D, Martin JF, Jamin SP, Behringer RR, Robertson EJ, Matzuk MM. Conditional deletion of Smad1 and Smad5 in somatic cells of male and female gonads leads to metastatic tumor development in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:248-57. [PMID: 17967875 PMCID: PMC2223289 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01404-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family has critical roles in the regulation of fertility. In addition, the pathogenesis of some human cancers is attributed to misregulation of TGFbeta function and SMAD2 or SMAD4 mutations. There are limited mouse models for the BMP signaling SMADs (BR-SMADs) 1, 5, and 8 because of embryonic lethality and suspected genetic redundancy. Using tissue-specific ablation in mice, we deleted the BR-SMADs from somatic cells of ovaries and testes. Single conditional knockouts for Smad1 or Smad5 or mice homozygous null for Smad8 are viable and fertile. Female double Smad1 Smad5 and triple Smad1 Smad5 Smad8 conditional knockout mice become infertile and develop metastatic granulosa cell tumors. Male double Smad1 Smad5 conditional knockout mice are fertile but demonstrate metastatic testicular tumor development. Microarray analysis indicated significant alterations in expression of genes related to the TGFbeta pathway, as well as genes involved in infertility and extracellular matrix production. These data strongly implicate the BR-SMADs as part of a critical developmental pathway in ovaries and testis that, when disrupted, leads to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Pangas
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Umans L, Cox L, Tjwa M, Bito V, Vermeire L, Laperre K, Sipido K, Moons L, Huylebroeck D, Zwijsen A. Inactivation of Smad5 in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells demonstrates that Smad5 is required for cardiac homeostasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1460-72. [PMID: 17456754 PMCID: PMC1854943 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Smads are intracellular signaling proteins that transduce signals elicited by members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily. Smad5 and Smad1 are highly homologous, and they mediate primarily bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signals. We used the Cre-loxP system and Sm22-Cre and Tie-1-Cre mice to study the function of Smad5 in the developing blood vessel wall. Analysis of embryos demonstrated that deletion of Smad5 in endothelial or smooth muscle cells resulted in a normal organization of embryonic and extra-embryonic vasculature. Angiogenic assays performed in adult mice revealed that mutant mice display a comparable angiogenic and vascular remodeling response to control mice. In Sm22-Cre; Smad5(fl/-) mice, Smad5 is also deleted in cardiomyocytes. Echocardiographic analysis on those 9-month-old female mice demonstrated larger left ventricle internal diameters and decreased fractional shortening compared with control littermates without signs of cardiac hypertrophy. The decreased cardiac contractility was associated with a decreased performance in a treadmill experiment. In isolated cardiomyocytes, fractional shortening was significantly reduced compared with control cells. These data demonstrate that restricted deletion of Smad5 in the blood vessel wall results in viable mice. However, loss of Smad5 in cardiomyocytes leads to a mild heart defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Umans
- Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Singbrant S, Moody JL, Blank U, Karlsson G, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Karlsson S. Smad5 is dispensable for adult murine hematopoiesis. Blood 2006; 108:3707-12. [PMID: 16896158 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-02-003384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractSmad5 is known to transduce intracellular signals from bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and are involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Recent findings suggest that BMP4 stimulates proliferation of human primitive hematopoietic progenitors in vitro, while early progenitors from mice deficient in Smad5 display increased self-renewal capacity in murine embryonic hematopoiesis. Here, we evaluate the role of Smad5 in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate decisions in adult mice by using an inducible MxCre-mediated conditional knockout model. Surprisingly, analysis of induced animals revealed unperturbed cell numbers and lineage distribution in peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and the spleen. Furthermore, phenotypic characterization of the stem cell compartment revealed normal numbers of primitive lin–Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cells in Smad5–/– BM. When transplanted in a competitive fashion into lethally irradiated primary and secondary recipients, Smad5-deficient BM cells competed normally with wild-type (wt) cells, were able to provide long-term reconstitution for the hosts, and displayed normal lineage distribution. Taken together, Smad5-deficient HSCs from adult mice show unaltered differentiation, proliferation, and repopulating capacity. Therefore, in contrast to its role in embryonic hematopoiesis, Smad5 is dispensable for hematopoiesis in the adult mouse.
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Arnold SJ, Maretto S, Islam A, Bikoff EK, Robertson EJ. Dose-dependent Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 signaling in the early mouse embryo. Dev Biol 2006; 296:104-18. [PMID: 16765933 PMCID: PMC7116376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three closely related mammalian R-Smads, namely Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8, are activated by BMP receptors. Here we have taken a genetic approach to further dissect their possibly unique and/or shared roles during early mouse development. A Smad8.LacZ reporter allele was created to visualize Smad8 expression domains. Smad8 is initially expressed only in the visceral yolk sac (VYS) endoderm and shows a highly restricted pattern of expression in the embryo proper at later stages. In addition, Smad8 conditional and null alleles were engineered. All alleles clearly demonstrate that adult Smad8 homozygous mutants are viable and fertile. To elucidate gene dosage effects, we manipulated expression ratios of the three BMP R-Smads. Smad8 homozygotes also lacking one copy of Smad1 or Smad5 did not exhibit overt phenotypes, and the tissue disturbances seen in Smad1 or Smad5 null embryos were not exacerbated in the absence of Smad8. However, we discovered a profound genetic interaction between Smad1 and Smad5. Thus, as for Smad1 and Smad5 mutant embryos, Smad1+/-:Smad5+/- double heterozygotes die by E10.5 and display defects in allantois morphogenesis, cardiac looping and primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. These experiments demonstrate for the first time that Smad1 and Smad5 function cooperatively to govern BMP target gene expression in the early mammalian embryo.
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Bosman EA, Lawson KA, Debruyn J, Beek L, Francis A, Schoonjans L, Huylebroeck D, Zwijsen A. Smad5 determines murine amnion fate through the control of bone morphogenetic protein expression and signalling levels. Development 2006; 133:3399-409. [PMID: 16887830 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Smad5 is an intracellular mediator of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)signalling. It is essential for primordial germ cell (PGC) development, for the development of the allantois and for amnion closure, as demonstrated by loss of Bmp signalling. By contrast, the appearance of ectopic PGC-like cells and regionalized ectopic vasculogenesis and haematopoiesis in thickened Smad5m1/m1 amnion are amnion defects that have not been associated with loss of Bmp signalling components. We show that defects in amnion and allantois can already be detected at embryonic day (E) 7.5 in Smad5 mutant mice. However, ectopic Oct4-positive (Oct4+)and alkaline phosphatase-positive (AP+) cells appear suddenly in thickened amnion at E8.5, and at a remote distance from the allantois and posterior primitive streak, suggesting a change of fate in situ. These ectopic Oct4+, AP+ cells appear to be Stella negative and hence cannot be called bona fide PGCs. We demonstrate a robust upregulation of Bmp2 and Bmp4 expression, as well as of Erk and Smad activity, in the Smad5 mutant amnion. The ectopic expression of several Bmp target genes in different domains and the regionalized presence of cells of several Bmp-sensitive lineages in the mutant amnion suggest that different levels of Bmp signalling may determine cell fate. Injection of rBMP4 in the exocoelom of wild-type embryos can induce thickening of amnion,mimicking the early amnion phenotype in Smad5 mutants. These results support a model in which loss of Smad5 results paradoxically in gain of Bmp function defects in the amnion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Bosman
- Department of Developmental Biology (VIB7 for Biotechnology (VIB) and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Goebbels S, Bode U, Pieper A, Funfschilling U, Schwab MH, Nave KA. Cre/loxP-mediated inactivation of the bHLH transcription factor gene NeuroD/BETA2. Genesis 2005; 42:247-52. [PMID: 16028233 DOI: 10.1002/gene.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NeuroD/Beta2 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor with important functions during development of the pancreas and the nervous system. NeuroD null mutant mice die perinatally due to diabetes caused by impaired differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells. Additionally, null mutants display severe defects in the formation of cerebellar and hippocampal granule cells, inner ear sensory neurons, and retinal photoreceptor cells. For spatio-temporally restricted inactivation of the NeuroD gene, we generated conditional mouse mutants by flanking the NeuroD coding region with loxP sites. Homozygous NeuroD(loxP) mutant mice are fully viable and express normal levels of NeuroD mRNA and protein. Breeding NeuroD(loxP) mice to Tg(malpha6-Cre)B1LFR mice that express Cre recombinase under control of the GABA(A) receptor alpha6 subunit promoter resulted in efficient inactivation of the NeuroD gene in post-migratory cerebellar granule cells and a subset of brainstem nuclei. The NeuroD(loxP) mouse mutant will be a valuable tool to study the developmental and adult function of NeuroD in nervous system and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goebbels
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
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Dudas M, Kaartinen V. Tgf-beta superfamily and mouse craniofacial development: interplay of morphogenetic proteins and receptor signaling controls normal formation of the face. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 66:65-133. [PMID: 15797452 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)66003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dudas
- Developmental Biology Program at the Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
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Abstract
The rate of identification of genes for hearing has clearly outpaced the rate of determination of the functions of these genes' products. The use of transgenic and knock-out mouse models is a powerful approach to the elucidation of gene function in the ear. A large number of gene-targeted mice with auditory defects have recently been created and characterized, and nine independent mouse lines in which Cre recombinase activity begins to be expressed during early embryonic development of the ear or is specifically expressed in hair cells during postnatal development will be useful for ear-specific gene manipulation when combined with mouse lines that have loxP sites flanking the genes of interest. Existing gene-trapped embryonic stem (ES) cells and existing targeting constructs are readily available; new targeting constructs can easily be created by modifying bacterial artificial chromosomes and using them to directly transfect and screen ES cells; and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis of ES cells can create point mutations in specific genes. To minimize variation in hearing phenotypes and avoid undesired hearing defects, mutant mice in the common gene-targeting background strains (129 and C57BL/6) should be transferred into congenic CBA/CaJ, a strain with "gold standard" normal hearing. Valuable mutant strains can be maintained, distributed, and cryopreserved in one of four NIH-sponsored Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Centers. Targeting hearing genes in mice will provide unprecedented opportunities for collaboration and new directions in the hearing research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Gao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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