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Oka M, Nakajima S, Suzuki E, Yamamoto S, Ando K. Glucose uptake in pigment glia suppresses tau-induced inflammation and photoreceptor degeneration in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.14.607919. [PMID: 39229232 PMCID: PMC11370381 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.14.607919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Brain inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glucose hypometabolism and glial activation are pathological features seen in AD brains; however, the connection between the two is not fully understood. Using a Drosophila model of AD, we identified that glucose metabolism in glia plays a critical role in neuroinflammation under disease conditions. Expression of human tau in the retinal cells, including photoreceptor neurons and pigment glia, causes photoreceptor degeneration accompanied by inclusion formation and swelling of lamina glial cells. We found that inclusions are formed by glial phagocytosis, and swelling of the laminal cortex correlates with the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Co-expression of human glucose transporter 3 ( GLUT3 ) with tau in the retina does not affect tau levels but suppresses these inflammatory responses and photoreceptor degeneration. We also found that expression of GLUT3 , specifically in the pigment glia, is sufficient to suppress inflammatory phenotypes and mitigate photoreceptor degeneration in the tau-expressing retina. Our results suggest that glial glucose metabolism contributes to inflammatory responses and neurodegeneration in tauopathy. Highlights Tau expression in the fly retina induces glial activationPigment glial cells mediate inflammatory phenotypes in the degenerating retinaEnhanced glucose uptake in the pigment glia suppresses inflammation and photoreceptor neurodegeneration caused by tau expression.
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Crews FT, Coleman LG, Macht VA, Vetreno RP. Alcohol, HMGB1, and Innate Immune Signaling in the Brain. Alcohol Res 2024; 44:04. [PMID: 39135668 PMCID: PMC11318841 DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v44.1.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Binge drinking (i.e., consuming enough alcohol to achieve a blood ethanol concentration of 80 mg/dL, approximately 4-5 drinks within 2 hours), particularly in early adolescence, can promote progressive increases in alcohol drinking and alcohol-related problems that develop into compulsive use in the chronic relapsing disease, alcohol use disorder (AUD). Over the past decade, neuroimmune signaling has been discovered to contribute to alcohol-induced changes in drinking, mood, and neurodegeneration. This review presents a mechanistic hypothesis supporting high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling as key elements of alcohol-induced neuroimmune signaling across glia and neurons, which shifts gene transcription and synapses, altering neuronal networks that contribute to the development of AUD. This hypothesis may help guide further research on prevention and treatment. SEARCH METHODS The authors used the search terms "HMGB1 protein," "alcohol," and "brain" across PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to find articles published between 1991 and 2023. SEARCH RESULTS The database search found 54 references in PubMed, 47 in Scopus, and 105 in Embase. A total of about 100 articles were included. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In the brain, immune signaling molecules play a role in normal development that differs from their functions in inflammation and the immune response, although cellular receptors and signaling are shared. In adults, pro-inflammatory signals have emerged as contributing to brain adaptation in stress, depression, AUD, and neurodegenerative diseases. HMGB1, a cytokine-like signaling protein released from activated cells, including neurons, is hypothesized to activate pro-inflammatory signals through TLRs that contribute to adaptations to binge and chronic heavy drinking. HMGB1 alone and in heteromers with other molecules activates TLRs and other immune receptors that spread signaling across neurons and glia. Both blood and brain levels of HMGB1 increase with ethanol exposure. In rats, an adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) binge drinking model persistently increases brain HMGB1 and its receptors; alters microglia, forebrain cholinergic neurons, and neuronal networks; and increases alcohol drinking and anxiety while disrupting cognition. Studies of human postmortem AUD brain have found elevated levels of HMGB1 and TLRs. These signals reduce cholinergic neurons, whereas microglia, the brain's immune cells, are activated by binge drinking. Microglia regulate synapses through complement proteins that can change networks affected by AIE that increase drinking, contributing to risks for AUD. Anti-inflammatory drugs, exercise, cholinesterase inhibitors, and histone deacetylase epigenetic inhibitors prevent and reverse the AIE-induced pathology. Further, HMGB1 antagonists and other anti-inflammatory treatments may provide new therapies for alcohol misuse and AUD. Collectively, these findings suggest that restoring the innate immune signaling balance is central to recovering from alcohol-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T. Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leon G. Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Victoria A. Macht
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ryan P. Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Martín-Loro F, Cano-Cano F, Ortega MJ, Cuevas B, Gómez-Jaramillo L, González-Montelongo MDC, Freisenhausen JC, Lara-Barea A, Campos-Caro A, Zubía E, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Arroba AI. Arylphthalide Delays Diabetic Retinopathy via Immunomodulating the Early Inflammatory Response in an Animal Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8440. [PMID: 39126007 PMCID: PMC11313200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent secondary complications associated with diabetes. Specifically, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) has an immune component that may determine the evolution of DR by compromising the immune response of the retina, which is mediated by microglia. In the early stages of DR, the permeabilization of the blood-retinal barrier allows immune cells from the peripheral system to interact with the retinal immune system. The use of new bioactive molecules, such as 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)phthalide (M9), with powerful anti-inflammatory activity, might represent an advance in the treatment of diseases like DR by targeting the immune systems responsible for its onset and progression. Our research aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of specific cells of the innate immune system during the progression of DR and the reduction in inflammatory processes contributing to the pathology. In vitro studies were conducted exposing Bv.2 microglial and Raw264.7 macrophage cells to proinflammatory stimuli for 24 h, in the presence or absence of M9. Ex vivo and in vivo approaches were performed in BB rats, an animal model for T1D. Retinal explants from BB rats were cultured with M9. Retinas from BB rats treated for 15 days with M9 via intraperitoneal injection were analyzed to determine survival, cellular signaling, and inflammatory markers using qPCR, Western blot, or immunofluorescence approaches. Retinal structure images were acquired via Spectral-Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Our results show that the treatment with M9 significantly reduces inflammatory processes in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of DR. M9 works by inhibiting the proinflammatory responses during DR progression mainly affecting immune cell responses. It also induces an anti-inflammatory response, primarily mediated by microglial cells, leading to the synthesis of Arginase-1 and Hemeoxygenase-1(HO-1). Ultimately, in vivo administration of M9 preserves the retinal integrity from the degeneration associated with DR progression. Our findings demonstrate a specific interaction between both retinal and systemic immune cells in the progression of DR, with a differential response to treatment, mainly driven by microglia in the anti-inflammatory action. In vivo treatment with M9 induces a switch in immune cell phenotypes and functions that contributes to delaying the DR progression, positioning microglial cells as a new and specific therapeutic target in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martín-Loro
- Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (F.M.-L.); (F.C.-C.); (B.C.); (L.G.-J.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (M.A.-D.)
| | - Fátima Cano-Cano
- Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (F.M.-L.); (F.C.-C.); (B.C.); (L.G.-J.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (M.A.-D.)
| | - María J. Ortega
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (M.J.O.); (E.Z.)
| | - Belén Cuevas
- Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (F.M.-L.); (F.C.-C.); (B.C.); (L.G.-J.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (M.A.-D.)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (M.J.O.); (E.Z.)
| | - Laura Gómez-Jaramillo
- Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (F.M.-L.); (F.C.-C.); (B.C.); (L.G.-J.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (M.A.-D.)
| | - María del Carmen González-Montelongo
- Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (F.M.-L.); (F.C.-C.); (B.C.); (L.G.-J.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (M.A.-D.)
| | - Jan Cedric Freisenhausen
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Solna, Sweden;
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Solna, Sweden
| | - Almudena Lara-Barea
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Antonio Campos-Caro
- Área Genética, Departamento Biomedicina Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Eva Zubía
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (M.J.O.); (E.Z.)
| | - Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado
- Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (F.M.-L.); (F.C.-C.); (B.C.); (L.G.-J.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (M.A.-D.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Ana I. Arroba
- Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (F.M.-L.); (F.C.-C.); (B.C.); (L.G.-J.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (M.A.-D.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain;
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Wang Z, Cheng X, Shuang R, Gao T, Zhao T, Hou D, Zhang Y, Yang J, Tao W. Dandouchi Polypeptide Alleviates Depressive-like Behavior and Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Activating the TRIM67/NF-κB Pathway in CUMS-Induced Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:16726-16738. [PMID: 39039032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Background: Dandouchi polypeptide (DDCP) is derived from Semen Sojae Praeparatum (Dandouchi in Chinese), a fermented product of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Semen Sojae Praeparatum is widely used in the food industry for its unique flavor and nutritional value, and DDCP, as its derivative, also shows potential health benefits in food applications. However, the specific active substances responsible for Semen Sojae Praeparatum and the underlying mechanisms involved have not been fully elucidated. Methods: DDCP was extracted from Semen Sojae Praeparatum using enzymes, and its antidepressant effects were tested in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced mice. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting were used to analyze neurogenesis and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Moreover, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) shRNA was used to induce tripartite motif-containing 67 (TRIM67) deficiency to examine the function of TRIM67 in the neuroprotective effects of DDCP in depressive disorders. Results: DDCP reduced depressive behaviors in CUMS mice and the expression of proinflammatory markers in the hippocampus. DDCP promoted neurogenesis and modulated the TRIM67/NF-κB pathway, with TRIM67 deficiency impairing its antidepressant effect. Conclusions: This research revealed that DDCP has a protective effect on countering depression triggered by CUMS. Notably, TRIM67 plays a crucial role in mitigating depression through DDCP, positioning DDCP as a potential therapeutic option for treating depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongda Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaolan Cheng
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruonan Shuang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tiantian Gao
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dahai Hou
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yili Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiangsheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin 214400, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Park JC, Han JW, Lee W, Kim J, Lee SE, Lee D, Choi H, Han J, Kang YJ, Diep YN, Cho H, Kang R, Yu WJ, Lee J, Choi M, Im SW, Kim JI, Mook-Jung I. Microglia Gravitate toward Amyloid Plaques Surrounded by Externalized Phosphatidylserine via TREM2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400064. [PMID: 38981007 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play a crucial role in synaptic elimination by engulfing dystrophic neurons via triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). They are also involved in the clearance of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD); nonetheless, the driving force behind TREM2-mediated phagocytosis of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques remains unknown. Here, using advanced 2D/3D/4D co-culture systems with loss-of-function mutations in TREM2 (a frameshift mutation engineered in exon 2) brain organoids/microglia/assembloids, it is identified that the clearance of Aβ via TREM2 is accelerated by externalized phosphatidylserine (ePtdSer) generated from dystrophic neurons surrounding the Aβ plaques. Moreover, it is investigated whether microglia from both sporadic (CRISPR-Cas9-based APOE4 lines) and familial (APPNL-G-F/MAPT double knock-in mice) AD models show reduced levels of TREM2 and lack of phagocytic activity toward ePtdSer-positive Aβ plaques. Herein new insight is provided into TREM2-dependent microglial phagocytosis of Aβ plaques in the context of the presence of ePtdSer during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Genome Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Program, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihui Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jung Kang
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen N Diep
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansang Cho
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Rian Kang
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Yu
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Wha Im
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Gangwon, Seoul, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Genome Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
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Albalawi FE, Alsharif I, Moawadh MS, Alkhoshaiban A, Falah Alshehri F, Albalawi AE, Althobaiti NA, Alharbi ZM, Almohaimeed HM. Immunomodulatory effects of Kaempferol on microglial and Macrophage cells during the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112021. [PMID: 38626549 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) stands as a prevalent secondary complication of diabetes, notably Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D), characterized by immune system involvement potentially impacting the retinal immune response mediated by microglia. Early stages of DR witness blood-retinal barrier permeabilization, facilitating peripheral immune cell interaction with the retinal immune system. Kaempferol (Kae), known for its potent anti-inflammatory activity, presents a promising avenue in DR treatment by targeting the immune mechanisms underlying its onset and progression. Our investigation delves into the molecular intricacies of innate immune cell interaction during DR progression and the attenuation of inflammatory processes pivotal to its pathology. METHODS Employing in vitro studies, we exposed HAPI microglial and J774.A1 macrophage cells to pro-inflammatory stimuli in the presence or absence of Kae. Ex vivo and in vivo experiments utilized BB rats, a T1D animal model. Retinal explants from BB rats were cultured with Kae, while intraperitoneal Kae injections were administered to BB rats for 15 days. Quantitative PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and Spectral Domain - Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) facilitated survival assessment, cellular signaling analysis, and inflammatory marker determination. RESULTS Results demonstrate Kae significantly mitigates inflammatory processes across in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo DR models, primarily targeting immune cell responses. Kae administration notably inhibits proinflammatory responses during DR progression while promoting an anti-inflammatory milieu, chiefly through microglia-mediated synthesis of Arginase-1 and Hemeoxygenase-1(HO-1). In vivo, Kae administration effectively preserves retinal integrity amid DR progression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elucidate the interplay between retinal and systemic immune cells in DR progression, underscoring a differential treatment response predominantly orchestrated by microglia's anti-inflammatory action. Kae treatment induces a phenotypic and functional shift in immune cells, delaying DR progression, thereby spotlighting microglial cells as a promising therapeutic target in DR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Eid Albalawi
- Regional laboratory, blood bank and poisons centre, Sakaka 72346, Saudi Arabia; Medical College, Fahad Bin Sultan University, Tabuk 47721, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ifat Alsharif
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdoh S Moawadh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Faez Falah Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Ad Dawadimi-17464, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah E Albalawi
- Faculty of science, Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Althobaiti
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Al Quwaiiyah, Shaqra University, Al Quwaiiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad M Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hailah M Almohaimeed
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Mao W, Jiang F, Zhu C, Liu J, Lu Z, Qian Y, Xiao J. Effect of CTLA-4 Inhibition on Inflammation and Apoptosis After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1359-1372. [PMID: 38366208 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) encompasses various pathological processes, notably neuroinflammation and apoptosis, both of which play significant roles. CTLA-4, a well-known immune molecule that suppresses T cell-mediated immune responses, is a key area of research and a focal point for targeted therapy development in treating tumors and autoimmune disorders. Despite its prominence, the impact of CTLA-4 inhibition on inflammation and apoptosis subsequent to SCI remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the influence of CTLA-4 on SCI. A weight-drop technique was used to establish a rat model of SCI. To examine the safeguarding effect of CTLA-4 on the restoration of motor function in rats with SCI, the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale and inclined plane test were employed to assess locomotion. Neuronal degeneration and apoptosis were assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) and Fluoro-Jade B labeling, respectively, and the activity of microglial cells was examined by immunofluorescence. To evaluate the impact of CTLA4 on SCI, the levels of inflammatory markers were measured. After treatment with the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab, the rats showed worse neurological impairment and more severe neuroinflammation after SCI. Furthermore, the combination therapy with ipilimumab and durvalumab after SCI had more pronounced effects than treatment with either inhibitor alone. These findings indicate that CTLA-4 contributes to neuroinflammation and apoptosis after SCI, presenting a promising new therapeutic target for this traumatic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Translational Medicine center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, P.R. China
| | - Chunping Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China
| | - Yinwei Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China
| | - Jinchun Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China.
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8
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Noda M, Koshu R, Takaso Y, Sajjaviriya C, Ito M, Koshimizu T. Role of Facial Nerve Reconstruction With Anastomosis and Polyglycolic Acid Tube in Accelerating Functional Recovery After Axotomy in the Rat Facial Nucleus. Cureus 2024; 16:e57326. [PMID: 38690467 PMCID: PMC11060186 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Facial nerve injuries stem from trauma or tumor surgery, triggering neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death in the facial nucleus, consequently inducing irreversible nerve paralysis. Following facial nerve transection, glial cells are activated and undergo proliferation, facilitating motor neuron survival, repair, and regeneration. Clinical approaches, including nerve anastomosis and hypoglossal nerve grafting, require delicate microscopic techniques. Recent advancements involve nerve reconstruction using polyglycolic acid (PGA) tubes, which yield nerve function improvement. However, the central pathophysiological effects of these procedures remain unclear. Therefore, using PGA tubes, we evaluated neurodegeneration and microglial inflammatory response in rats after facial nerve transection. Facial nerve functions were evaluated using vibrissae and blink reflex scores. In the end-to-end anastomosis and PGA tube reconstruction groups, a partial improvement in facial motor function was observed, with increased nerve fiber survival in the former. Approximately 90% of neurons survived in both groups, wherein gliosis exhibited increased microglial activation compared to that in the transection group. These results indicate that PGA tube-assisted nerve reconstruction post-facial nerve transection, although inferior to end-to-end anastomosis, improved certain functions and prevented neuronal cell death. Furthermore, the prolonged inflammatory response in the facial nerve nucleus underscored the correlation between neuronal function and survival and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Noda
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, JPN
| | - Ryota Koshu
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, JPN
| | - Yuji Takaso
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, JPN
| | | | - Makoto Ito
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, JPN
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9
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Cano-Cano F, Martín-Loro F, Gallardo-Orihuela A, González-Montelongo MDC, Ortuño-Miquel S, Hervás-Corpión I, de la Villa P, Ramón-Marco L, Navarro-Calvo J, Gómez-Jaramillo L, Arroba AI, Valor LM. Retinal dysfunction in Huntington's disease mouse models concurs with local gliosis and microglia activation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4176. [PMID: 38378796 PMCID: PMC10879138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an aberrant expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene that mainly affects basal ganglia. Although striatal dysfunction has been widely studied in HD mouse models, other brain areas can also be relevant to the pathology. In this sense, we have special interest on the retina as this is the most exposed part of the central nervous system that enable health monitoring of patients using noninvasive techniques. To establish the retina as an appropriate tissue for HD studies, we need to correlate the retinal alterations with those in the inner brain, i.e., striatum. We confirmed the malfunction of the transgenic R6/1 retinas, which underwent a rearrangement of their transcriptome as extensive as in the striatum. Although tissue-enriched genes were downregulated in both areas, a neuroinflammation signature was only clearly induced in the R6/1 retina in which the observed glial activation was reminiscent of the situation in HD patient's brains. The retinal neuroinflammation was confirmed in the slow progressive knock-in zQ175 strain. Overall, these results demonstrated the suitability of the mouse retina as a research model for HD and its associated glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Cano-Cano
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Av. Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín-Loro
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Av. Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Andrea Gallardo-Orihuela
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Av. Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen González-Montelongo
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Av. Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Samanta Ortuño-Miquel
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Unidad de Bioinformática, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | - Irati Hervás-Corpión
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Av. Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
- Programa de Tumores Sólidos, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Departamento de Pediatría, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Ramón-Marco
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Diagnostics Building, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Av. Pintor Baeza 12, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Navarro-Calvo
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Diagnostics Building, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Av. Pintor Baeza 12, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez-Jaramillo
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Av. Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana I Arroba
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Av. Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Luis M Valor
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Diagnostics Building, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Av. Pintor Baeza 12, 03010, Alicante, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), 03202, Elche, Spain.
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10
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Zuo J, Zhang TH, Peng C, Xu BJ, Dai O, Lu Y, Zhou QM, Xiong L. Essential oil from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. Alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation: Integrating network pharmacology and molecular mechanism evaluation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117337. [PMID: 37866462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chuanxiong, the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., is an ancient herbal medicine that has gained extensive popularity in alleviating migraines with satisfying therapeutic effects in China. As the major bioactive component of Chuanxiong, the essential oil also exerts a marked impact on the treatment of migraine. It is widely recognized that neuroinflammation contributes to migraine. However, it remains unknown whether Chuanxiong essential oil has anti-neuroinflammatory activity. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of Chuanxiong essential oil and its molecular mechanisms by network pharmacology analysis and in vitro experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the chemical components of Chuanxiong essential oil. Public databases were used to predict possible targets, build the protein-protein interaction network (PPI), and perform Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Moreover, cytological experiments, nitric oxide assay, enzyme-link immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and immunofluorescence assay were adopted to prove the critical signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. RESULTS Thirty-six compounds were identified from Chuanxiong essential oil by GC-MS, and their corresponding putative targets were predicted. The network pharmacology study identified 232 candidate targets of Chuanxiong essential oil in anti-neuroinflammation. Furthermore, Chuanxiong essential oil was found to potentially affect the C-type lectin receptor, FoxO, and NF-κB signaling pathways according to the KEGG analysis. Experimentally, we verified that Chuanxiong essential oil could significantly reduce the overproduction of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory factors via the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Chuanxiong essential oil alleviates neuroinflammation through the NF-κB signaling pathway, which provides a theoretical foundation for a better understanding of the clinical application of Chuanxiong essential oil in migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Tian-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Bin-Jie Xu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Ou Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Qin-Mei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Liang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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11
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von Bernhardi R, Eugenín J. Aging Microglia and Their Impact in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:379-395. [PMID: 39207703 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), playing key roles in its normal functioning, and as mediators for age-dependent changes of the CNS, condition at which they generate a hostile environment for neurons. Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a regulatory cytokine involved in immuneregulation and neuroprotection, affecting glial cell inflammatory activation, neuronal survival, and function. TGFβ1 signaling undergoes age-dependent changes affecting the regulation of microglial cells and can contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter focuses on assessing the role of age-related changes on the regulation of microglial cells and their impact on neuroinflammation and neuronal function, for understanding age-dependent changes of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Faculty of Odontology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jaime Eugenín
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Mohammadpanah M, Farrokhi S, Sani M, Moghaddam MH, Bayat AH, Boroujeni ME, Abdollahifar MA, Fathi M, Vakili K, Nikpour F, Omran HS, Ahmadirad H, Ghorbani Z, Peyvandi AA, Aliaghaei A. Exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol leads to a rise in caspase-3, morphological changes in microglial, and astrocyte reactivity in the cerebellum of rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:1077-1094. [PMID: 38145099 PMCID: PMC10734605 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of 10 mg/kg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on cerebellar neuronal and glial morphology, apoptosis and inflammatory gene expression using a series of histological assays including stereology, Sholl analysis, immunofluorescence and real-time qPCR in male Wistar rats. A decrease in the number of Purkinje neurons and the thickness of the granular layer in the cerebellum was reported in THC-treated rats. Increased expression of Iba-1 and arborization of microglial processes were evidence of microgliosis and morphological changes in microglia. In addition, astrogliosis and changes in astrocyte morphology were other findings associated with THC administration. THC also led to an increase in caspase-3 positive cells and a decrease in autophagy and inflammatory gene expression such as mTOR, BECN1 and LAMP2. However, there were no significant changes in the volume of molecular layers and white matter, the spatial arrangement of granular layers and white matter, or the spatial arrangement of granular layers and white matter in the cerebellum. Taken together, our data showed both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative properties of THC in the cerebellum, which require further study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mohammadpanah
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheida Farrokhi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sani
- Department of Educational Neuroscience, Aras International Campus, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Meysam Hassani Moghaddam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Bayat
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpour
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi Omran
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahmadirad
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Ghorbani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Peyvandi
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Wu M, Chen L, Lin L, Fan Y, Li H, Lian H, Zheng B. Changes of optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients after successful surgery. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103763. [PMID: 37643664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the changes of hyperreflective foci (HRF) in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) patients after successful reattachment surgery. METHODS Twenty-nine macula-off RRD eyes with successful reattachment surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to image macular regions and measure HRF in outer retina and inner retina at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 months after surgery. The relationships between HRF and photoreceptor layer status, visual outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS After retinal reattachment, HRF mainly distributed at the location where external limiting membrane (ELM) or inner and outer segment (IS/OS) line was disrupted. The HRF numbers in outer and inner retina were greater in eyes with discontinuous IS/OS line than eyes with continuous IS/OS line (all p<0.05). In the outer retina, HRF increased in the initial three months after retinal reattachment, and then decreased gradually after 3 months (p<0.05). The HRF number in the outer retina at postoperative 0.5 months was associated with favorable visual outcomes at 6 and 12 months (r=-0.487, p =0.025; r=-0.626, p=0.005, respectively), nevertheless, the HRF number at 3 months was correlated with poor visual results at 6 and 12 months (r=0.441, p =0.017; r=0.477, p=0.019, respectively). CONCLUSION HRF mainly occurred near the site where ELM or IS/OS line was injured after retinal reattachment. In the outer retina, the number of HRF gradually increased in the first 3 months and then gradually decreased. The early appearance of HRF in the outer retina was associated with a good visual prognosis, while the late appearance may suggest a less favorable visual outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengai Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Lifeng Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Li Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haidong Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hengli Lian
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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14
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Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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15
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Yang L, Cheng Y, Zhu Y, Cui L, Li X. The Serotonergic System and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Review of Current Evidence. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01320-0. [PMID: 36729314 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the premature death of motor neurons. Serotonin (5-HT) is a crucial neurotransmitter, and its dysfunction, whether as a contributor or by-product, has been implicated in ALS pathogenesis. Here, we summarize current evidence linking serotonergic alterations to ALS, including results from post-mortem and neuroimaging studies, biofluid testing, and studies of ALS animal models. We also discuss the possible role of 5-HT in modulating some important mechanisms of ALS (i.e. glutamate excitotoxity and neuroinflammation) and in regulating ALS phenotypes (i.e. breathing dysfunction and metabolic defects). Finally, we discuss the promise and limitations of the serotonergic system as a target for the development of ALS biomarkers and therapeutic approaches. However, due to a relative paucity of data and standardized methodologies in previous studies, proper interpretation of existing results remains a challenge. Future research is needed to unravel the mechanisms linking serotonergic pathways and ALS and to provide valid, reproducible, and translatable findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yanfei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China.,Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China.,Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China. .,Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China.
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16
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Kundu S, Singh S. What Happens in TBI? A Wide Talk on Animal Models and Future Perspective. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1139-1164. [PMID: 35794772 PMCID: PMC10286592 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220706094248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global healthcare concern and a leading cause of death. The most common causes of TBI include road accidents, sports injuries, violence in warzones, and falls. TBI induces neuronal cell death independent of age, gender, and genetic background. TBI survivor patients often experience long-term behavioral changes like cognitive and emotional changes. TBI affects social activity, reducing the quality and duration of life. Over the last 40 years, several rodent models have been developed to mimic different clinical outcomes of human TBI for a better understanding of pathophysiology and to check the efficacy of drugs used for TBI. However, promising neuroprotective approaches that have been used preclinically have been found to be less beneficial in clinical trials. So, there is an urgent need to find a suitable animal model for establishing a new therapeutic intervention useful for TBI. In this review, we have demonstrated the etiology of TBI and post- TBI social life alteration, and also discussed various preclinical TBI models of rodents, zebrafish, and drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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17
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The complex role of inflammation and gliotransmitters in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105940. [PMID: 36470499 PMCID: PMC10372760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Inflammation and immunological dysfunction are common components of Parkinson's disease (PD), both in terms of motor and non-motor components of PD. In recent decades, the antiquated notion that the central nervous system (CNS) in disease states is an immune-privileged organ, has been debunked. The immune landscape in the CNS influences peripheral systems, and peripheral immunological changes can alter the CNS in health and disease. Identifying immune and inflammatory pathways that compromise neuronal health and survival is critical in designing innovative and effective strategies to limit their untoward effects on neuronal health.
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18
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Zhang S, Meng Y, Zhou L, Qiu L, Wang H, Su D, Zhang B, Chan K, Han J. Targeting epigenetic regulators for inflammation: Mechanisms and intervention therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e173. [PMID: 36176733 PMCID: PMC9477794 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that resolution of inflammation is a critical and dynamic endogenous process for host tissues defending against external invasive pathogens or internal tissue injury. It has long been known that autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders are characterized by dysregulated immune responses, leading to excessive and uncontrol tissue inflammation. The dysregulation of epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications to histone proteins, and noncoding RNA expression has been implicated in a host of inflammatory disorders and the immune system. The inflammatory response is considered as a critical trigger of epigenetic alterations that in turn intercede inflammatory actions. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism that dictates the outcome of targeting epigenetic regulators for inflammatory disease is required for inflammation resolution. In this article, we elucidate the critical role of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and the NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic inflammatory diseases. And we formulate the relationship between inflammation, coronavirus disease 2019, and human cancers. Additionally, we review the mechanism of epigenetic modifications involved in inflammation and innate immune cells. All that matters is that we propose and discuss the rejuvenation potential of interventions that target epigenetic regulators and regulatory mechanisms for chronic inflammation-associated diseases to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics and GenomicsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yang Meng
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics and GenomicsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lian Zhou
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics and GenomicsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lei Qiu
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics and GenomicsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Heping Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTongji Hospital of Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Dan Su
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics and GenomicsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics and GenomicsDepartment of Gastrointestinal SurgeryFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kui‐Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Junhong Han
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics and GenomicsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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19
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Ge MM, Chen N, Zhou YQ, Yang H, Tian YK, Ye DW. Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2066-2080. [PMID: 35105290 PMCID: PMC9886847 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220201094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is one of the common hallmarks shared by various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Based on surrounding circumstances, activated microglia play either detrimental or neuroprotective effects. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a group of β-galactoside-binding proteins, has been cumulatively revealed to be a crucial biomarker for microglial activation after injuries or diseases. In consideration of the important role of Gal-3 in the regulation of microglial activation, it might be a potential target for the treatment of CNS diseases. Recently, Gal-3 expression has been extensively investigated in numerous pathological processes as a mediator of neuroinflammation, as well as in cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 involved in microgliamediated neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases remain to be further investigated. Moreover, several clinical studies support that the levels of Gal-3 are increased in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS diseases. Thus, we summarized the roles and underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 in activated microglia, thus providing a better insight into its complexity expression pattern, and contrasting functions in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; ,Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
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20
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Glial cell response to constant low light exposure in rat retina. Vis Neurosci 2022; 39:E005. [PMID: 36164752 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523822000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To study the macroglia and microglia and the immune role in long-time light exposure in rat eyes, we performed glial cell characterization along the time-course of retinal degeneration induced by chronic exposure to low-intensity light. Animals were exposed to light for periods of 2, 4, 6, or 8 days, and the retinal glial response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, western blot and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Retinal cells presented an increased expression of the macroglia marker GFAP, as well as increased mRNA levels of microglia markers Iba1 and CD68 after 6 days. Also, at this time-point, we found a higher number of Iba1-positive cells in the outer nuclear layer area; moreover, these cells showed the characteristic activated-microglia morphology. The expression levels of immune mediators TNF, IL-6, and chemokines CX3CR1 and CCL2 were also significantly increased after 6 days. All the events of glial activation occurred after 5-6 days of constant light exposure, when the number of photoreceptor cells has already decreased significantly. Herein, we demonstrated that glial and immune activation are secondary to neurodegeneration; in this scenario, our results suggest that photoreceptor death is an early event that occurs independently of glial-derived immune responses.
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21
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Yousef MH, Salama M, El-Fawal HAN, Abdelnaser A. Selective GSK3β Inhibition Mediates an Nrf2-Independent Anti-inflammatory Microglial Response. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5591-5611. [PMID: 35739410 PMCID: PMC9395457 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is associated with the proinflammatory phenotype of microglia and has been shown to act in concert with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). GSK3 is also a suppressor of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the principal regulator of redox homeostasis. Agreeing with the oxidative paradigm of aging, Nrf2 is often deregulated in parainflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore a multimodal disease-modifying utility of GSK3 inhibition, beyond neuronal proteopathologies. Furthermore, we aimed to underscore the difference in therapeutic value between the two GSK3 paralogs by isoform-selective chemical inhibition. The anti-inflammatory effects of paralog-selective GSK3 inhibitors were evaluated as a function of the reductive capacity of each to mitigate LPS-induced activation of SIM-A9 microglia. The Griess method was employed to detect the nitrate-lowering capacity of selective GSK3 inhibition. Real-time PCR was used to assess post-treatment expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes; pro-inflammatory cytokines were assayed by ELISA. Nuclear lysates of treated cells were examined for Nrf2 and NF-κB accumulation by immunoblotting. Finally, to infer whether the counter-inflammatory activity of GSK3 inhibition was Nrf2-dependent, DsiRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 was attempted. Results from our experiments reveal a superior anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative efficacy for GSK3β-selective inhibition, compared to GSK3α-selective and non-selective pan-inhibition; hence, use of selective GSK3β inhibitors is likely to be more propitious than non-selective dual inhibitors administered at comparable doses. Moreover, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of GSK3 inhibition are not Nrf2 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Yousef
- School of Sciences and Engineering, Biotechnology Graduate Program, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan A N El-Fawal
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anwar Abdelnaser
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt.
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22
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Gonzalez A, Hammock EAD. Oxytocin and microglia in the development of social behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210059. [PMID: 35858111 PMCID: PMC9272152 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a well-established regulator of social behaviour. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, regulate brain development and maintenance in health and disease. Oxytocin and microglia interact: microglia appear to regulate the oxytocin system and are, in turn, regulated by oxytocin, which appears to have anti-inflammatory effects. Both microglia and oxytocin are regulated in sex-specific ways. Oxytocin and microglia may work together to promote experience-dependent circuit refinement through multiple developmental-sensitive periods contributing to individual differences in social behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue 'Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. D. Hammock
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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23
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Xie Y, Zhou X, Zhang J, Yu H, Song Z. Immunomodulatory responses of differentially polarized macrophages to fungal infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109089. [PMID: 35964406 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, the first line of defense against invasive fungi in the innate immune system, are widely distributed in the blood and tissues of the body. In response to various internal and external stimulators, macrophages can polarize into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). These two types of polarized macrophages play different roles in antifungal activity and in maintaining the steady-state balance between inflammation and tissue repair. However, the antifungal mechanisms of M1- and M2-type macrophages have not been fully described. In this review, the immune regulatory mechanisms against pathogenic fungi of these two classical types of macrophages in various tissues are summarized. The effects of antifungal factors on macrophage differentiation are also highlighted. The description of these data, on the one hand provides valuable insight for future investigations and also highlights new strategies for the treatment of pathogenic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Jinping Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Molecular Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Cell Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Molecular Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Koike-Kumagai M, Fujimoto M, Wataya-Kaneda M. Sirolimus relieves seizures and neuropsychiatric symptoms via changes of microglial polarity in tuberous sclerosis complex model mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 218:109203. [PMID: 35931213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder involving a variety of physical manifestations, and is associated with epilepsy and multiple serious neuropsychiatric symptoms. These symptoms are collectively known as TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND), which is a severe burden for patients and their families. Overactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 is thought to cause TSC, and mTORC1 inhibitors such as sirolimus and everolimus are reported to be effective against various tumor types of TSC. However, there are various reports on the effect of mTORC1 inhibitor therapy on TAND in patients with TSC, which may or may not be effective. In our previous investigations, we generated TSC2 conditional knockout mice (Mitf-Cre, Tsc2 KO; Tsc2 cKO). These mice developed spontaneous epileptic activity. In the current study, we further analyzed the detailed behaviors of Tsc2 cKO mice and confirmed that they exhibited phenotypes of TAND as well as epileptic seizures, indicating that Tsc2 cKO mice are a useful model for TAND. Furthermore, the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex caused epilepsy and TAND in Tsc2 cKO mice, and neurodegeneration was observed. Immunohistology and immunophenotypic analysis of cells, and quantitative RT-PCR suggested that changes in microglial polarity were involved in the onset of TSC epilepsy and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although the effect of mTORC1 inhibitors on TAND has not been established, the results of this study might help elucidate the mechanism of TAND pathogenesis and suggest that sirolimus may be a valuable therapeutic tool for TAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Koike-Kumagai
- Department of Neurocutaneous Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mari Wataya-Kaneda
- Department of Neurocutaneous Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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25
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Diwan B, Sharma R. Nutritional components as mitigators of cellular senescence in organismal aging: a comprehensive review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1089-1109. [PMID: 35756719 PMCID: PMC9206104 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of cellular senescence is rapidly emerging as a modulator of organismal aging and disease. Targeting the development and removal of senescent cells is considered a viable approach to achieving improved organismal healthspan and lifespan. Nutrition and health are intimately linked and an appropriate dietary regimen can greatly impact organismal response to stress and diseases including during aging. With a renewed focus on cellular senescence, emerging studies demonstrate that both primary and secondary nutritional elements such as carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and probiotics can influence multiple aspects of cellular senescence. The present review describes the recent molecular aspects of cellular senescence-mediated understanding of aging and then studies available evidence of the cellular senescence modulatory attributes of major and minor dietary elements. Underlying pathways and future research directions are deliberated to promote a nutrition-centric approach for targeting cellular senescence and thus improving human health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Diwan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences & Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229 India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences & Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229 India
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26
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Han QQ, Li XY, Wang YX. Dexmedetomidine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through macrophageal IL-10 expression following α7 nAchR activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108920. [PMID: 35691275 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, has been recently reported to alleviate systemic inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in addition to its sedative, analgesic, bradycardic and hypotensive properties. This study aimed to illustrate the molecular mechanisms underlying dexmedetomidine-induced anti-inflammation. In the LPS-pretreated mice, subcutaneous injection of dexmedetomidine reduced the spleen weight as well as serum and spleen expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and increased serum and spleen expression of IL-10, a known anti-inflammatory cytokine. In addition, dexmedetomidine-attenuated proinflammatory cytokine reduction was entirely inhibited by selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist methyllycaconitine but not α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. Dexmedetomidine also increased macrophageal IL-10 expression in the presence and absence of LPS, which was also attenuated by methyllycaconitine but not yohimbine. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of dexmedetomidine on the expression of IL-10 was also reduced by the α7 nAChR gene silencer siRNA/α7 nAChR. Lastly, pretreatment with the IL-10 neutralizing antibody reversed dexmedetomidine-supressed expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Our findings illustrate that dexmedetomidine-induced anti-inflammation is through macrophageal expression of IL-10 following activation of α7 nAchRs but not α2-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qiao Han
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yan Li
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China.
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27
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Exploring the management approaches of cytokines including viral infection and neuroinflammation for neurological disorders. Cytokine 2022; 157:155962. [PMID: 35853395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence supports that cytokines are important mediators of pathophysiologic processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Numerous studies have documented the increased production of various cytokines in the human CNS in various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Deciphering cytokine actions in the intact CNS has important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent research on treating cytokine storm and amyloids, including stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's condition, Multi-sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Neuroinflammation observed in neurological disorders has a pivotal role in exacerbating Aβ burden and tau hyperphosphorylation, suggesting that stimulating cytokines in response to an undesirable external response could be a checkpoint for treating neurological disorders. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory cytokines help our immune system through a neuroprotective mechanism in clearing viral infection by recruiting mononuclear cells. This study reveals that cytokine applications may play a vital role in providing novel regulation and methods for the therapeutic approach to neurological disorders and the causes of the deregulation, which is responsible for neuroinflammation and viral infection. However, it needs to be further investigated to clarify better the mechanisms of cytokine release in response to various stimuli, which could be the central point for treating neurological disorders.
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28
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Luo JJ, Wallace W, Kusiak JW. A tough trek in the development of an anti-amyloid therapy for Alzheimer's disease: Do we see hope in the distance? J Neurol Sci 2022; 438:120294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Events Occurring in the Axotomized Facial Nucleus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132068. [PMID: 35805151 PMCID: PMC9266054 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transection of the rat facial nerve leads to a variety of alterations not only in motoneurons, but also in glial cells and inhibitory neurons in the ipsilateral facial nucleus. In injured motoneurons, the levels of energy metabolism-related molecules are elevated, while those of neurofunction-related molecules are decreased. In tandem with these motoneuron changes, microglia are activated and start to proliferate around injured motoneurons, and astrocytes become activated for a long period without mitosis. Inhibitory GABAergic neurons reduce the levels of neurofunction-related molecules. These facts indicate that injured motoneurons somehow closely interact with glial cells and inhibitory neurons. At the same time, these events allow us to predict the occurrence of tissue remodeling in the axotomized facial nucleus. This review summarizes the events occurring in the axotomized facial nucleus and the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with each event.
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30
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Microglial Depletion Has No Impact on Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Machado–Joseph Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132022. [PMID: 35805106 PMCID: PMC9266279 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Machado–Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder (ND). While most research in NDs has been following a neuron-centric point of view, microglia are now recognized as crucial in the brain. Previous work revealed alterations that point to an increased activation state of microglia in the brain of CMVMJD135 mice, a MJD mouse model that replicates the motor symptoms and neuropathology of the human condition. Here, we investigated the extent to which microglia are actively contributing to MJD pathogenesis and symptom progression. For this, we used PLX3397 to reduce the number of microglia in the brain of CMVMJD135 mice. In addition, a set of statistical and machine learning models were further implemented to analyze the impact of PLX3397 on the morphology of the surviving microglia. Then, a battery of behavioral tests was used to evaluate the impact of microglial depletion on the motor phenotype of CMVMJD135 mice. Although PLX3397 treatment substantially reduced microglia density in the affected brain regions, it did not affect the motor deficits seen in CMVMJD135 mice. In addition to reducing the number of microglia, the treatment with PLX3397 induced morphological changes suggestive of activation in the surviving microglia, the microglia of wild-type animals becoming similar to those of CMVMJD135 animals. These results suggest that microglial cells are not key contributors for MJD progression. Furthermore, the impact of PLX3397 on microglial activation should be taken into account in the interpretation of findings of ND modification seen upon treatment with this CSF1R inhibitor.
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31
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Lima MN, Barbosa-Silva MC, Maron-Gutierrez T. Microglial Priming in Infections and Its Risk to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:878987. [PMID: 35783096 PMCID: PMC9240317 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.878987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases of different etiologies have been associated with acute and long-term neurological consequences. The primary cause of these consequences appears to be an inflammatory process characterized primarily by a pro-inflammatory microglial state. Microglial cells, the local effectors' cells of innate immunity, once faced by a stimulus, alter their morphology, and become a primary source of inflammatory cytokines that increase the inflammatory process of the brain. This inflammatory scenario exerts a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, several studies have shown the involvement of the microglial inflammatory response caused by infections in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This has been associated with a transitory microglial state subsequent to an inflammatory response, known as microglial priming, in which these cells are more responsive to stimuli. Thus, systemic inflammation and infections induce a transitory state in microglia that may lead to changes in their state and function, making priming them for subsequent immune challenges. However, considering that microglia are long-lived cells and are repeatedly exposed to infections during a lifetime, microglial priming may not be beneficial. In this review, we discuss the relationship between infections and neurodegenerative diseases and how this may rely on microglial priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara N. Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Barbosa-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Feng YQ, Xu ZZ, Wang YT, Xiong Y, Xie W, He YY, Chen L, Liu GY, Li X, Liu J, Wu Q. Targeting C–C Chemokine Receptor 5: Key to Opening the Neurorehabilitation Window After Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:876342. [PMID: 35573839 PMCID: PMC9095921 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.876342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world’s second major cause of adult death and disability, resulting in the destruction of brain tissue and long-term neurological impairment; induction of neuronal plasticity can promote recovery after stroke. C–C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) can direct leukocyte migration and localization and is a co-receptor that can mediate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into cells. Its role in HIV infection and immune response has been extensively studied. Furthermore, CCR5 is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), is engaged in various physiological activities such as brain development, neuronal differentiation, communication, survival, and learning and memory capabilities, and is also involved in the development of numerous neurological diseases. CCR5 is differentially upregulated in neurons after stroke, and the inhibition of CCR5 in specific regions of the brain promotes motor and cognitive recovery. The mechanism by which CCR5 acts as a therapeutic target to promote neurorehabilitation after stroke has rarely been systematically reported yet. Thus, this review aims to discuss the function of CCR5 in the CNS and the mechanism of its effect on post-stroke recovery by regulating neuroplasticity and the inflammatory response to provide an effective basis for clinical rehabilitation after stroke.
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Guo L, Choi S, Bikkannavar P, Cordeiro MF. Microglia: Key Players in Retinal Ageing and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:804782. [PMID: 35370560 PMCID: PMC8968040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.804782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play a key role in maintaining the normal function of the retina and brain. During early development, microglia migrate into the retina, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and scan their environment constantly. Microglia can be activated by any homeostatic disturbance that may endanger neurons and threaten tissue integrity. Once activated, the young microglia exhibit a high diversity in their phenotypes as well as their functions, which relate to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglial activation is associated with the release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can determine pathological outcomes. As the professional phagocytes in the retina, microglia are responsible for the clearance of pathogens, dead cells, and protein aggregates. However, their phenotypic diversity and phagocytic capacity is compromised with ageing. This may result in the accumulation of protein aggregates and myelin debris leading to retinal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe microglial phenotypes and functions in the context of the young and ageing retina, and the mechanisms underlying changes in ageing. Additionally, we review microglia-mediated retinal neuroinflammation and discuss the mechanisms of microglial involvement in retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Li Guo,
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- M. Francesca Cordeiro,
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Medrano-Jiménez E, Meza-Sosa KF, Urbán-Aragón JA, Secundino I, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: The role of flavonoids and microRNAs. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:47-77. [PMID: 35293018 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1021-531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal degeneration. Microglial activation is an important pathologic hallmark of AD. During disease progression, microglial cells switch from an alternative or anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective profile (M2) to a classic or proinflammatory and neurotoxic profile (M1). Phenotypically, M1 microglia is characterized by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways that cause increased expression of proinflammatory genes, including those coding for cytokines and chemokines. This microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal cell death. Recent studies in microglial cells have shown that a group of plant-derived compounds, known as flavonoids, possess anti-inflammatory properties and therefore exert a neuroprotective effect through regulating microglia activation. Here, we discuss how flavonoids can promote the switch from an inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in microglia and how this represents a valuable opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to blunt neuroinflammation and boost neuronal recovery in AD. We also review how certain flavonoids can inhibit neuroinflammation through their action on the expression of microglia-specific microRNAs (miRNAs), which also constitute a key therapeutic approach in different neuropathologies involving an inflammatory component, including AD. Finally, we propose novel targets of microglia-specific miRNAs that may be considered for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Medrano-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José A Urbán-Aragón
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ismael Secundino
- Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Facultad de Odontología y Escuela de Veterinaria, León-Guanajuato, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Geng Y, Yang J, Cheng X, Han Y, Yan F, Wang C, Jiang X, Meng X, Fan M, Zhao M, Zhu L. A bioactive gypenoside (GP-14) alleviates neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway in a mouse high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) model. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108675. [PMID: 35299003 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation caused by peripheral lipopolysaccharides (LPS) under hypoxia is a key contributor to the development of high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Our previous studies have shown that gypenosides and their bioactive compounds prevent hypoxia-induced neural injuries in vitro and in vivo. However, their effect on neuroinflammation-related HACE remains to be illustrated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of GP-14 in HACE mouse model. METHODS HACE mice were treated with GP-14 (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 7 days. After the treatments, the level of serum inflammation cytokines and the transcription of inflammatory factors in brain tissue were determined. The activation of microglia, astrocyte and the changes of IgG leakage and the protein levels of tight junction proteins were detected. Furthermore, the inflammatory factors and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in BV-2 cells and primary microglia were detected. RESULTS GP-14 pretreatment alleviated both the serum and neural inflammatory responses caused by LPS stimulation combined with hypobaric hypoxia exposure. In addition, GP-14 pretreatment inhibited microglial activation, accompanied by a decrease in the M1 phenotype and an increase in the M2 phenotype. Moreover, the disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity, including increased IgG leakage and decreased expression of tight junction proteins, was attenuated by GP-14 pretreatment. Based on the BV-2 and primary microglial models, the inflammatory response and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway were also inhibited by GP-14 pretreatment. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrated that GP-14 exhibited prominent protective roles against neuroinflammation and BBB disruption in a mouse HACE model. GP-14 could be a potential choice for the treatment of HACE in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Geng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Junli Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chengbo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiufang Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xianhua Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhuo Y. Synaptic or Non-synaptic? Different Intercellular Interactions with Retinal Ganglion Cells in Optic Nerve Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3052-3072. [PMID: 35266115 PMCID: PMC9016027 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Axons of adult neurons in the mammalian central nervous system generally fail to regenerate by themselves, and few if any therapeutic options exist to reverse this situation. Due to a weak intrinsic potential for axon growth and the presence of strong extrinsic inhibitors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) cannot regenerate their axons spontaneously after optic nerve injury and eventually undergo apoptosis, resulting in permanent visual dysfunction. Regarding the extracellular environment, research to date has generally focused on glial cells and inflammatory cells, while few studies have discussed the potentially significant role of interneurons that make direct connections with RGCs as part of the complex retinal circuitry. In this study, we provide a novel angle to summarize these extracellular influences following optic nerve injury as "intercellular interactions" with RGCs and classify these interactions as synaptic and non-synaptic. By discussing current knowledge of non-synaptic (glial cells and inflammatory cells) and synaptic (mostly amacrine cells and bipolar cells) interactions, we hope to accentuate the previously neglected but significant effects of pre-synaptic interneurons and bring unique insights into future pursuit of optic nerve regeneration and visual function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Perforin affects regeneration in a mouse spinal cord injury model. Int J Neurosci 2022; 132:1-12. [PMID: 32672480 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1796662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS Locomotor outcomes in perforin-deficient (Pfp-/-) mice and wild-type littermate controls were measured after severe compression injury of the lower thoracic spinal cord up to six weeks after injury. RESULTS According to both the Basso mouse scale score and single frame motion analysis, motor recovery of Pfp-/- mice was similar to wild-type controls. Interestingly, immunohistochemical analysis of cell types at six weeks after injury showed enhanced cholinergic reinnervation of spinal motor neurons caudal to the lesion site and neurofilament-positive structures at the injury site in Pfp-/- mice, whereas numbers of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes were decreased compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, although, loss of perforin does not change the locomotor outcome after injury, it beneficially affects diverse cellular features, such as number of axons, cholinergic synapses, astrocytes and microglia/macrophages at or caudal to the lesion site. Perforin's ability to contribute to Rag2's influence on locomotion was observed in mice doubly deficient in perforin and Rag2 which recovered better than Rag2-/- or Pfp-/- mice, suggesting that natural killer cells can cooperate with T- and B-cells in spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Jakovcevski
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Hassan W, Noreen H, Rehman S, Kamal MA, Teixeira da Rocha JB. Association of Oxidative Stress with Neurological Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1046-1072. [PMID: 34781871 PMCID: PMC9886831 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111141246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGORUND Oxidative stress is one of the main contributing factors involved in cerebral biochemical impairment. The higher susceptibility of the central nervous system to reactive oxygen species mediated damage could be attributed to several factors. For example, neurons use a greater quantity of oxygen, many parts of the brain have higher concentraton of iron, and neuronal mitochondria produce huge content of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, neuronal membranes have polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are predominantly vulnerable to oxidative stress (OS). OS is the imbalance between reactive oxygen species generation and cellular antioxidant potential. This may lead to various pathological conditions and diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. OBJECTIVES In this study, we explored the involvement of OS in neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS We used different search terms like "oxidative stress and neurological disorders" "free radicals and neurodegenerative disorders" "oxidative stress, free radicals, and neurological disorders" and "association of oxidative stress with the name of disorders taken from the list of neurological disorders. We tried to summarize the source, biological effects, and physiologic functions of ROS. RESULTS Finally, it was noted that more than 190 neurological disorders are associated with oxidative stress. CONCLUSION More elaborated studies in the future will certainly help in understanding the exact mechanism involved in neurological diseases and provide insight into revelation of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Hassan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hamsa Noreen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shakila Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Joao Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Dhankhar J, Agrawal N, Shrivastava A. Pan-neuronal expression of human mutant huntingtin protein in Drosophila impairs immune response of hemocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 363:577801. [PMID: 34973473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a late-onset; progressive, dominantly inherited neurological disorder marked by an abnormal expansion of polyglutamine (poly Q) repeats in Huntingtin (HTT) protein. The pathological effects of mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) are not restricted to the nervous system but systemic abnormalities including immune dysregulation have been evidenced in clinical and experimental settings of HD. Indeed, mHTT is ubiquitously expressed and could induce cellular toxicity by directly acting on immune cells. However, it is still unclear if selective expression of mHTT exon1 in neurons could induce immune responses and hemocytes' function. In the present study, we intended to monitor perturbations in the hemocytes' population and their physiological functions in Drosophila, caused by pan-neuronal expression of mHTT protein. A measure of hemocyte count and their physiological activities caused by pan-neuronal expression of mHTT protein highlighted the extent of immune dysregulation occurring with disease progression. We found that pan-neuronal expression of mHTT significantly alters crystal cells and plasmatocyte count in larvae and adults with disease progression. Interestingly, plasmatocytes isolated from diseased conditions exhibit a gradual decline in phagocytic activity ex vivo at progressive stages of the disease as compared to age-matched control groups. In addition, diseased flies displayed elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in circulating plasmatocytes at the larval stage and in sessile plasmatocytes of hematopoietic pockets at terminal stages of disease. These findings strongly implicate that neuronal expression of mHTT alone is sufficient to induce non-cell-autonomous immune dysregulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Namita Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India.
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Streit WJ, Rotter J, Winter K, Müller W, Khoshbouei H, Bechmann I. Droplet Degeneration of Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons Signifies the Beginning of Neuritic Plaque Formation. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1701-1720. [PMID: 34958037 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuritic plaques contain neural and microglial elements, and amyloid-β protein (Aβ), but their pathogenesis remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Elucidate neuritic plaque pathogenesis. METHODS Histochemical visualization of hyperphosphorylated-tau positive (p-tau+) structures, microglia, Aβ, and iron. RESULTS Disintegration of large projection neurons in human hippocampus and neocortex presents as droplet degeneration: pretangle neurons break up into spheres of numerous p-tau+ droplets of various sizes, which marks the beginning of neuritic plaques. These droplet spheres develop in the absence of colocalized Aβ deposits but once formed become encased in diffuse Aβ with great specificity. In contrast, neurofibrillary tangles often do not colocalize with Aβ. Double-labelling for p-tau and microglia showed a lack of microglial activation or phagocytosis of p-tau+ degeneration droplets but revealed massive upregulation of ferritin in microglia suggesting presence of high levels of free iron. Perl's Prussian blue produced positive staining of microglia, droplet spheres, and Aβ plaque cores supporting the suggestion that droplet degeneration of pretangle neurons in the hippocampus and cortex represents ferroptosis, which is accompanied by the release of neuronal iron extracellularly. CONCLUSION Age-related iron accumulation and ferroptosis in the CNS likely trigger at least two endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotective iron sequestration and chelation, microglial ferritin expression and Aβ deposition, respectively, both contributing to the formation of neuritic plaques. Since neurofibrillary tangles and Aβ deposits colocalize infrequently, tangle formation likely does not involve release of neuronal iron extracellularly. In human brain, targeted deposition of Aβ occurs specifically in response to ongoing ferroptotic droplet degeneration thereby producing neuritic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonas Rotter
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolf Müller
- Department of Neuropathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Bettegazzi B, Bellani S, Cattaneo S, Codazzi F, Grohovaz F, Zacchetti D. Gα13 Contributes to LPS-Induced Morphological Alterations and Affects Migration of Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6397-6414. [PMID: 34529232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS that are activated in response to a variety of stimuli. This phenotypical change is aimed to maintain the local homeostasis, also by containing the insults and repair the damages. All these processes are tightly regulated and coordinated and a failure in restoring homeostasis by microglia can result in the development of neuroinflammation that can facilitate the progression of pathological conditions. Indeed, chronic microglia activation is commonly recognized as a hallmark of many neurological disorders, especially at an early stage. Many complex pathways, including cytoskeletal remodeling, are involved in the control of the microglial phenotypical and morphological changes that occur during activation. In this work, we focused on the small GTPase Gα13 and its role at the crossroad between RhoA and Rac1 signaling when microglia is exposed to pro-inflammatory stimulation. We propose the direct involvement of Gα13 in the cytoskeletal rearrangements mediated by FAK, LIMK/cofilin, and Rac1 during microglia activation. In fact, we show that Gα13 knockdown significantly inhibited LPS-induced microglial cell activation, in terms of both changes in morphology and migration, through the modulation of FAK and one of its downstream effectors, Rac1. In conclusion, we propose Gα13 as a critical factor in the regulation of morphological and functional properties of microglia during activation, which might become a target of intervention for the control of microglia inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bettegazzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Bellani
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cattaneo
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Codazzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grohovaz
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Zacchetti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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Wang X, Shi N, Hui M, Jin H, Gao S, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Yan M, Shen H. The Impact of β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase V on Microglial Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:723308. [PMID: 34539352 PMCID: PMC8446519 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.723308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
β-1,4 Galactosyltransferase V (β-1,4-GalT V) belongs to the β-1,4 galactosyltransferase family, which modifies proteins and plays a vital role in biological function. Our previous study revealed that β-1,4-GalT V was expressed in the cortex and hippocampus and participated in the recovery of spatial learning and memory in rats with traumatic brain injury. However, the expression of β-1,4-GalT V in microglia, resident immune cells in the central nervous system, and its impact on microglia in resting and lipopolysaccharide-triggered activated stages are elusive. In this study, we clarified that β-1,4-GalT V expresses in microglia, and it regulates microglial migration, proliferation, and release of the inflammatory factors. We also observed that β-1,4-GalT V affects the expression level of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)2 instead of TNFR1. These results strongly support the fact that β-1,4-GalT V is involved in microglial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Aoyang Cancer Institute, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Naiqi Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Meiqi Hui
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shumei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Meijuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongmei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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The protective effects of Agomelatine against Aβ1-42 oligomers-induced cellular senescence mediated by SIRT6 and Agomelatine's potential in AD treatment. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1734-1743. [PMID: 34535875 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a vicious degenerative disease commonly observed in the elderly population, and the deposition of Amyloid β (Aβ) is regarded as the principal pathological inducement of AD. Severe oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, and cell senescence in neurons can be induced by Aβ1-42 oligomers, which further contribute to the damage on neurons. Agomelatine is an antidepressant that is recently claimed to have promising anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aims to explore the potential therapeutic function of Agomelatine on AD and the possible mechanism. Aβ1-42 oligomers were used to induce an in vitro injury model in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. First, we found that exposure to Aβ1-42 oligomers significantly exacerbated oxidative stress by increasing hydrogen peroxide production and reducing glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which were partially rescued by Agomelatine. Also, Agomelatine attenuated Aβ1-42 oligomers-induced inflammatory response by decreasing the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Notably, Agomelatine improved cellular senescence by reducing senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining and mitigating Aβ1-42 oligomers-induced reduction of telomerase activity. In addition, the upregulated p16INK4A and p21CIP1 and the suppressed expression of SIRT6 in Aβ1-42 oligomers-treated cells were reversed by Agomelatine. Lastly, after the knockdown of SIRT6, the protective effect of Agomelatine against Aβ1-42 oligomers-induced cellular senescence was significantly eliminated. In conclusion, our data indicated that Agomelatine ameliorated Aβ1-42 oligomers-induced cellular senescence mediated by SIRT6, and thus, Agomelatine could be effective in treating AD.
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Understanding Abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK Signaling Overactivation Involved in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Possible Therapeutic Targets and Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1630-1650. [PMID: 34432262 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination, immune dysregulation, and neuroinflammation are the most common triggers of motor neuron disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic demyelinating neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system caused by abnormal immune activation, which causes myelin sheath damage. Cell signal transduction pathways are required for a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the brain. When these signaling systems become overactive, they can lead to disease progression. In various physiological conditions, abnormal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is associated with several physiological dysfunctions that cause neurodegeneration. Previous research indicates that c-JNK and p38MAPK signaling play critical roles in neuronal growth and differentiation. c-JNK/p38MAPK is a member of the MAPK family, which regulates metabolic pathways, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis that control certain neurological activities. During brain injuries, c-JNK/p38MAPK also affects neuronal elastic properties, nerve growth, and cognitive processing. This review systematically linked abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling activation to multiple neuropathological pathways in MS and related neurological dysfunctions. MS progression is linked to genetic defects, oligodendrocyte destruction, glial overactivation, and immune dysregulation. We concluded that inhibiting both the c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling pathways can promote neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects against the clinical-pathological presentation of MS and influence other neurological disorders. As a result, the potential benefits of c-JNK/p38MAPK downregulation for the development of disease-modifying treatment interventions in the future could include MS prevention and related neurocomplications.
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Hai X, Zhou J, Liu G. Construction of immune/Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-related gene coexpression network to predict biomarkers. Eur J Neurol 2021; 29:47-58. [PMID: 34390074 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy characterized by rapid onset and high mortality. Despite considerable progress in the treatment and diagnosis of CJD, patient prognosis remains poor. Many studies have found that the immune response is associated with the pathophysiology of CJD. However, few studies have reported coexpression correlations between genes associated with CJD and the immune response. This study was undertaken to construct a network of coexpressed immune- and CJD-related genes that may reveal new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CJD. METHODS Gene expression data from 11 CJD patients and 10 nonneurological controls were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. High-confidence protein-protein interaction (PPI) data were downloaded from the Human Protein Reference Database, and gene expression data of immune- and CJD-associated genes were downloaded from the AmiGo16 and DisGeNET databases, respectively. An immune/CJD-related expression network was constructed based on Pearson correlation coefficients and PPI networks, and a CJD-directed neighbour coexpression network was extracted, in which we compared the gene expression patterns and correlations between different groups. The samples were classified using CJD-specific modules, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the CJD and nonneurological controls groups were identified within the CJD-specific modules. Further functional analysis was performed using Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of genes in each CJD-specific module. RESULTS We constructed an immune/CJD-related coexpression gene network comprising 2007 nodes and 5268 edges, with immune-associated genes occupying important positions in the network. In the CJD-directed neighbour coexpression network, immune-associated genes exhibited the highest coexpression level with their interacting genes. Results from Pearson correlation analysis showed that most of the CJD-associated genes were positively correlated with immune-associated genes. Screening for CJD-specific modules identified MAPK1, CASP3, APP, MAPT, SNCA, and YWHAH, indicating a close connection between CJD and the immune response. Analyses of coexpression status and expression level of CJD-specific genes revealed a very high coexpression pattern for any two genes, with most genes being DEGs. Finally, KEGG enrichment analyses of all CJD-specific genes showed that the pathophysiology of CJD is closely related to infection and the immune response. CONCLUSIONS Our coexpression network analysis revealed a close connection between CJD- and immune-associated genes, and we identified six CJD-specific modules. Biological function analysis of CJD-specific module genes revealed that immune responses are associated with CJD pathophysiology and may provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Hai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaming Zhou
- Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
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Saddala MS, Yang X, Tang S, Huang H. Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals core sets of transcriptional regulators of sensome and inflammation genes in retinal microglia. Genomics 2021; 113:3058-3071. [PMID: 34242709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal microglial cells (RMCs) play crucial roles in maintaining normal visual functions in a healthy eye. However, the underlying mechanisms of RMCs over-activation manifesting the alterations of sensome profile and inflammation state, which contribute to various retinal neurodegenerative diseases, remain elusive. Here, we aimed to identify the core set of sensome and pro-inflammatory genes and their regulators using transcriptome and data mining approaches. METHODS We performed paired-end RNA-sequencing in primary microglial cell cultures treated with TNFα/IFNϒ (10 ng/ml for 12 h) and PBS as a control. Gene enrichment analysis and hierarchical clustering for the differentially expressed transcripts highlight functional pathways and network perturbations. We examined overlaps of the mouse microglial gene expression profiles with the data-mined human sensome and pro-inflammatory marker genes. The core sets of sensome and pro-inflammatory genes were selected and predicted for transcription factors (TFs). The identified TFs in RNA-Seq are validated by the quantitative PCR method. RESULTS TNFα/IFNϒ induced 668 differentially expressed transcripts in retinal microglial cells relative to the control. Furthermore, gene enrichment analysis and the gene expression network revealed activated microglial genes, biological, molecular and inflammatory pathways. The overlapping analysis of the TNFα/IFNϒ-activated microglia genes and the data-mined human gene sets revealed 22 sensome and 61 pro-inflammatory genes. Based on network analysis, we determined 10 genes as the core sets of sensome and pro-inflammatory genes and predicted the top ten TFs that regulate them. The SP110, IRF1, FLI1, SP140 (sensome) and RELB, BATF2, NFKB2, TRAFD1, SP100, NFKB1 (inflammation) are differentially expressed between the TNFα/IFNϒ activated and the non-activated microglia which were validated by quantitative PCR. The outcomes indicate that these transcriptional regulators are highly expressed and may regulate the sensome and inflammatory genes of RMCs and switch them to over-activation. CONCLUSION Our results comprise a powerful, cross-species functional genomics resource for sensome and inflammation of RMCs, which may provide novel therapeutic approaches to prevent retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhana Saddala
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America; Aier Eye Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier Eye Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hu Huang
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.
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Jin MH, Chen DQ, Jin YH, Han YH, Sun HN, Kwon T. Hispidin inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide production in BV-2 microglial cells via ROS-dependent MAPK signaling. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:970. [PMID: 34335912 PMCID: PMC8290425 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal activation of microglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) is a major characteristic of neuroinflammation. Nitric oxide (NO) free radicals are produced by activated microglia and prolonged presence of large quantities of NO in the CNS can lead to neuroinflammation and disease. Hispidin is a polyphenol derived from Phellinus linteus (a valuable medicinal mushroom) with strong antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic properties. A previous study demonstrated that hispidin significantly inhibited NO production via lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Therefore, the present study used MTT assay was used to detect the effect of hispdin on cell viability. Griess reagent analysis was used to measure NO production. Reverse transcription-semi quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate the effects of hispdin on iNOS mRNA and MAPK/ERK/JNK protein levels. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of hispdin on the production of ROS and phagocytosis of cells. The present results indicated that hispidin could significantly inhibit the increase of NO production and iNOS expression in BV-2 microglial cells stimulated by LPS. The inhibitory effect of hispidin on NO production was similar to that of S-methylisothiourea sulfate, an iNOS inhibitor. Signaling studies demonstrated that hispidin markedly suppresses LPS-induced mitogen activated protein kinases and JAK1/STAT3 activation, although not the NF-κB signaling pathway. The present observations in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells indicated that hispidin might serve as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of NO-induced neuroinflammation and, potentially, as a novel iNOS inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Jin
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Qin Chen
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hua Jin
- Library of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hao Han
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56216, Republic of Korea
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Farahtaj F, Alizadeh L, Gholami A, Khosravy MS, Bashar R, Gharibzadeh S, Mahmoodzadeh Niknam H, Ghaemi A. Differential pathogenesis of intracerebral and intramuscular inoculation of street rabies virus and CVS-11 strains in a mouse model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:943-950. [PMID: 34712425 PMCID: PMC8528248 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.54264.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanisms of rabies evasion and immunological interactions with the host defense have not been completely elucidated. Here, we evaluated the dynamic changes in the number of astrocytes, microglial and neuronal cells in the brain following intramuscular (IM) and intracerebral (IC) inoculations of street rabies virus (SRV). MATERIALS AND METHODS The SRV isolated from a jackal and CVS-11 were used to establish infection in NMRI-female mice. The number of astrocytes (by expression of GFAP), microglial (by Iba1), and neuronal cells (by MAP-2) in the brain following IM and IC inoculations of SRV were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and H & E staining 7 to 30 days post-infection. RESULTS Increased numbers of astrocytes and microglial cells in dead mice infected by SRV via both IC and IM routes were recorded. The number of neuronal cells in surviving mice was decreased only in IC-infected mice, while in the dead group, this number was decreased by both routes.The risk of death in SRV-infected mice was approximately 3 times higher than in the CVS-11 group. In IC-inoculated mice, viral dilution was the only influential factor in mortality, while the type of strain demonstrated a significant impact on the mortality rate in IM inoculations. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that microglial cells and their inflammatory cytokines may not contribute to the neuroprotection and recovery in surviving mice following intracerebral inoculation of SRV. An unexpected decrease in MAP2 expression via intramuscular inoculation indicates the imbalance in the integrity and stability of neuronal cytoskeleton which aggravates rabies infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firozeh Farahtaj
- National Center for Reference & Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Gholami
- Viral vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Rouzbeh Bashar
- National Center for Reference & Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoora Gharibzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Acupuncture for Parkinson's Disease: Efficacy Evaluation and Mechanisms in the Dopaminergic Neural Circuit. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:9926445. [PMID: 34221005 PMCID: PMC8221898 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9926445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Existing pharmaceutical treatments offer alleviation of symptoms but cannot delay disease progression and are often associated with significant side effects. Clinical studies have demonstrated that acupuncture may be beneficial for PD treatment, particularly in terms of ameliorating PD symptoms when combined with anti-PD medication, reducing the required dose of medication and associated side effects. During early stages of PD, acupuncture may even be used to replace medication. It has also been found that acupuncture can protect dopaminergic neurons from degeneration via antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic pathways as well as modulating the neurotransmitter balance in the basal ganglia circuit. Here, we review current studies and reflect on the potential of acupuncture as a novel and effective treatment strategy for PD. We found that particularly during the early stages, acupuncture may reduce neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons and regulate the balance of the dopaminergic circuit, thus delaying the progression of the disease. The benefits of acupuncture will need to be further verified through basic and clinical studies.
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Yahaya MAF, Bakar ARA, Stanslas J, Nordin N, Zainol M, Mehat MZ. Insights from molecular docking and molecular dynamics on the potential of vitexin as an antagonist candidate against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for microglial activation in neuroinflammation. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:38. [PMID: 34090414 PMCID: PMC8178909 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation has been identified to be the key player in most neurodegenerative diseases. If neuroinflammation is left to be unresolved, chronic neuroinflammation will be establish. Such situation is due to the overly-activated microglia which have the tendency to secrete an abundance amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the neuron microenvironment. The abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines will later cause toxic and death to neurons. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MD-2 complex found on the cell surface of microglia is responsible for the attachment of LPS and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) downstream signalling pathway. Albeit vitexin has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory property, however, little is known on its ability to bind at the binding site of TLR4/MD-2 complex of microglia as well as to be an antagonist for LPS. RESULTS The present study reveals that both vitexin and donepezil are able to bind at the close proximity of LPS binding site located at the TLR4/MD-2 complex with the binding energy of - 4.35 and - 9.14 kcal/mol, respectively. During molecular dynamic simulations, both vitexin and donepezil formed stable complex with TLR4/MD-2 throughout the 100 ns time length with the root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of 2.5 Å and 4.0 Å, respectively. The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) reveals that both compounds are stable. Interestingly, the radius of gyration (rGyr) for donepezil shows notable fluctuations when compare with vitexin. The MM-GBSA results showed that vitexin has higher binding energy in comparison with donepezil. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings suggest that vitexin is able to bind at the binding site of TLR4/MD-2 complex with more stability than donepezil throughout the course of 100 ns simulation. Hence, vitexin has the potential to be an antagonist candidate for LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A F Yahaya
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A R Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - J Stanslas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N Nordin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Zainol
- Bioassay Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Centre (HMRC), Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institute of Health (NIH), Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Z Mehat
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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