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Penning A, Tosoni G, Abiega O, Bielefeld P, Gasperini C, De Pietri Tonelli D, Fitzsimons CP, Salta E. Adult Neural Stem Cell Regulation by Small Non-coding RNAs: Physiological Significance and Pathological Implications. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:781434. [PMID: 35058752 PMCID: PMC8764185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult neurogenic niches are complex multicellular systems, receiving regulatory input from a multitude of intracellular, juxtacrine, and paracrine signals and biological pathways. Within the niches, adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) generate astrocytic and neuronal progeny, with the latter predominating in physiological conditions. The new neurons generated from this neurogenic process are functionally linked to memory, cognition, and mood regulation, while much less is known about the functional contribution of aNSC-derived newborn astrocytes and adult-born oligodendrocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that the deregulation of aNSCs and their progeny can impact, or can be impacted by, aging and several brain pathologies, including neurodevelopmental and mood disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and also by insults, such as epileptic seizures, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. Hence, understanding the regulatory underpinnings of aNSC activation, differentiation, and fate commitment could help identify novel therapeutic avenues for a series of pathological conditions. Over the last two decades, small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of NSC fate determination in the adult neurogenic niches. In this review, we synthesize prior knowledge on how sncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), may impact NSC fate determination in the adult brain and we critically assess the functional significance of these events. We discuss the concepts that emerge from these examples and how they could be used to provide a framework for considering aNSC (de)regulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Penning
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Tosoni
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bielefeld
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Gasperini
- Neurobiology of miRNAs Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Carlos Fitzsimons Evgenia Salta
| | - Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Carlos Fitzsimons Evgenia Salta
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2
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Ding Z, Dai C, Shan W, Liu R, Lu W, Gao W, Zhang H, Huang W, Guan J, Yin Z. TNF-α up-regulates Nanog by activating NF-κB pathway to induce primary rat spinal cord astrocytes dedifferentiation. Life Sci 2021; 287:120126. [PMID: 34758295 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Astrocytes re-acquire stem cell potential upon inflammation, thereby becoming a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine. Nanog is an essential transcription factor to maintain the characteristics of stem cells. We aimed to investigate the role of Nanog in astrocyte dedifferentiation. MAIN METHODS TNF-α was used to induce the dedifferentiation of primary rat spinal cord astrocytes. The expression of immature markers CD44 and Musashi-1 was detected by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The Nanog gene is knocked down by small interference RNA. Nanog expression was measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting. BAY 11-7082 was used to suppress NF-κB signals in astrocytes. NF-κB signaling was evaluated by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that TNF-α promoted the re-expression of CD44 and Musashi-1 in astrocytes. Dedifferentiated astrocytes could be induced to differentiate into oligodendrocyte lineage cells indicating that the astrocytes had pluripotency. In addition, TNF-α treatment activated NF-κB signaling pathway and up-regulated Nanog. Knockdown of Nanog reversed the increase of CD44 and Musashi-1 induced by TNF-α without affecting the activation of NF-κB signaling. Importantly, blocking NF-κB signaling by BAY 11-7082 inhibited the expression of immature markers suggesting that TNF-α induces dedifferentiation of astrocytes through the NF-κB signaling pathway. BAY 11-7082 could also inhibit the expression of Nanog, which indicated that Nanog was regulated by NF-κB signaling pathway. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway through TNF-α leads to astrocytes dedifferentiation via Nanog. These results expand our understanding of the mechanism of astrocytes dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287#Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 230071, Anhui, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Intersection of Guangde Road and Leshui Road, Hefei 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Ce Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Intersection of Guangde Road and Leshui Road, Hefei 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Wenshan Shan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
| | - Jianzhong Guan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287#Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 230071, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, 2600#Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Bradykinin, as a Reprogramming Factor, Induces Transdifferentiation of Brain Astrocytes into Neuron-like Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080923. [PMID: 34440126 PMCID: PMC8389672 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinins are endogenous, biologically active peptides released into the plasma and tissues via the kallikrein-kinin system in several pathophysiological events. Among kinins, bradykinin (BK) is widely distributed in the periphery and brain. Several studies on the neuro-modulatory actions of BK by the B2BK receptor (B2BKR) indicate that this neuropeptide also functions during neural fate determination. Previously, BK has been shown to induce differentiation of nerve-related stem cells into neuron cells, but the response in mature brain astrocytes is unknown. Herein, we used rat brain astrocyte (RBA) to investigate the effect of BK on cell transdifferentiation into a neuron-like cell morphology. Moreover, the signaling mechanisms were explored by zymographic, RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining analyses. We first observed that BK induced RBA transdifferentiation into neuron-like cells. Subsequently, we demonstrated that BK-induced RBA transdifferentiation is mediated through B2BKR, PKC-δ, ERK1/2, and MMP-9. Finally, we found that BK downregulated the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and upregulated the neuronal marker neuron-specific enolase (NSE) via the B2BKR/PKC-δ/ERK pathway in the event. Therefore, BK may be a reprogramming factor promoting brain astrocytic transdifferentiation into a neuron-like cell, including downregulation of GFAP and upregulation of NSE and MMP-9 via the B2BKR/PKC-δ/ERK cascade. Here, we also confirmed the transdifferentiative event by observing the upregulated neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN). However, the electrophysiological properties of the cells after BK treatment should be investigated in the future to confirm their phenotype.
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Yang H, Liu C, Fan H, Chen B, Huang D, Zhang L, Zhang Q, An J, Zhao J, Wang Y, Hao D. Sonic Hedgehog Effectively Improves Oct4-Mediated Reprogramming of Astrocytes into Neural Stem Cells. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1467-1482. [PMID: 31153826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreversible neuron loss following spinal cord injury (SCI) usually results in persistent neurological dysfunction. The generation of autologous neural stem cells (NSCs) holds great potential for neural replenishment therapies and drug screening in SCI. Our recent studies demonstrated that mature astrocytes from the spinal cord can directly revert back to a pluripotent state under appropriate signals. However, in previous attempts, the reprogramming of astrocytes into induced NSCs (iNSCs) was unstable, inefficient, and frequently accompanied by generation of intermediate precursors. It remained unknown how to further increase the efficiency of astrocyte reprogramming into iNSCs. Here, we show that mature astrocytes could be directly converted into iNSCs by a single transcription factor, Oct4, and that the iNSCs displayed typical neurosphere morphology, authentic NSC gene expression, self-renewal capacity, and multipotency. Strikingly, Oct4-driven reprogramming of astrocytes into iNSCs was potentiated with continuous sonic hedgehog (Shh) stimulation, as demonstrated by a sped-up reprogramming and increased conversion efficiency. Moreover, the iNSC-derived neurons possessed functionality as neurons. Importantly, crosstalk between Sox2/Shh-targeted downstream signals and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/cyclin-dependent kinase 2/Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 2 (PI3K/Cdk2/Smurf2) signaling is likely involved in the mechanisms underlying this cellular event. The highly efficient reprogramming of astrocytes to generate iNSCs will provide an alternative therapeutic approach for SCI using autologous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China.
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Dageng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Jing An
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710054, China.
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5
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Sukhorukova EG, Kirik OV, Sufieva DA, Alekseeva OS, Korzhevskii DE. Structural Organization of Astrocytes in the Subgranular Zone of the Rabbit Hippocampal Dentate Fascia. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209301902008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Gundelach J, Koch M. Redirection of neuroblast migration from the rostral migratory stream into a lesion in the prefrontal cortex of adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1181-1191. [PMID: 29468384 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Clinical treatment of structural brain damage today is largely limited to symptomatic approaches and the avoidance of secondary injury. However, neuronal precursor cells are constantly produced within specified regions of the mammalian brain throughout life. Here we evaluate the potential of the known chemoattractive properties of the glycoprotein laminin on neuroblasts to relocate the cells into damaged brain areas. Injection of a thin laminin tract, leading from the rostral migratory stream to an excitotoxic lesion within the medial prefrontal cortex of rats, enabled neuroblasts to migrate away from their physiological route towards the olfactory bulb into the lesion site. Once they reached the damaged tissue, they migrated further in a non-uniform orientation within the lesion. Furthermore, our data indicate that the process of diverted migration is still active 6 weeks after the treatment and that at least some of the neuroblasts are capable of maturing into adult neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Gundelach
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
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7
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Kleiderman S, Gutbier S, Ugur Tufekci K, Ortega F, Sá JV, Teixeira AP, Brito C, Glaab E, Berninger B, Alves PM, Leist M. Conversion of Nonproliferating Astrocytes into Neurogenic Neural Stem Cells: Control by FGF2 and Interferon-γ. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2861-2874. [PMID: 27603577 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of astrocytes to neurons, via de-differentiation to neural stem cells (NSC), may be a new approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. The signaling factors affecting such a cell conversion are poorly understood, and they are hard to identify in complex disease models or conventional cell cultures. To address this question, we developed a serum-free, strictly controlled culture system of pure and homogeneous "astrocytes generated from murine embryonic stem cells (ESC)." These stem cell derived astrocytes (mAGES), as well as standard primary astrocytes resumed proliferation upon addition of FGF. The signaling of FGF receptor tyrosine kinase converted GFAP-positive mAGES to nestin-positive NSC. ERK phosphorylation was necessary, but not sufficient, for cell cycle re-entry, as EGF triggered no de-differentiation. The NSC obtained by de-differentiation of mAGES were similar to those obtained directly by differentiation of ESC, as evidenced by standard phenotyping, and also by transcriptome mapping, metabolic profiling, and by differentiation to neurons or astrocytes. The de-differentiation was negatively affected by inflammatory mediators, and in particular, interferon-γ strongly impaired the formation of NSC from mAGES by a pathway involving phosphorylation of STAT1, but not the generation of nitric oxide. Thus, two antagonistic signaling pathways were identified here that affect fate conversion of astrocytes independent of genetic manipulation. The complex interplay of the respective signaling molecules that promote/inhibit astrocyte de-differentiation may explain why astrocytes do not readily form neural stem cells in most diseases. Increased knowledge of such factors may provide therapeutic opportunities to favor such conversions. Stem Cells 2016;34:2861-2874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kleiderman
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Institute/Department of Physiological Chemistry, Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Avenue Puerta de Hierro, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Spain and Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - João V Sá
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P Teixeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute/Department of Physiological Chemistry, Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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8
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Acaz-Fonseca E, Avila-Rodriguez M, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Regulation of astroglia by gonadal steroid hormones under physiological and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:5-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Kleiderman S, Sá JV, Teixeira AP, Brito C, Gutbier S, Evje LG, Hadera MG, Glaab E, Henry M, Sachinidis A, Alves PM, Sonnewald U, Leist M. Functional and phenotypic differences of pure populations of stem cell-derived astrocytes and neuronal precursor cells. Glia 2015; 64:695-715. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kleiderman
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - João V. Sá
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Ana P. Teixeira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Simon Gutbier
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Lars G. Evje
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen; Allégaten 41 5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Mussie G. Hadera
- Department of Pharmacy; College of Health Sciences; Mekelle University, Tigray Ethiopia
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; Belvaux L-4366 Luxembourg
| | - Margit Henry
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Paula M. Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Ursula Sonnewald
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Trondheim Norway
| | - Marcel Leist
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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10
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Inflammation Promotes a Conversion of Astrocytes into Neural Progenitor Cells via NF-κB Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5041-55. [PMID: 26381429 PMCID: PMC5012156 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation, a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, is a complex series of events, which can be detrimental and even lead to neuronal death. Nonetheless, several studies suggest that inflammatory signals are also positively influencing neural cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. Recently, correlative studies suggested that astrocytes are able to dedifferentiate upon injury and may thereby re-acquire neural stem cell (NSC) potential. However, the mechanism underlying this dedifferentiation process upon injury remains unclear. Here, we report that during the early response of reactive gliosis, inflammation induces a conversion of mature astrocytes into neural progenitors. A TNF treatment induces the decrease of specific astrocyte markers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or genes related to glycogen metabolism, while a subset of these cells re-expresses immaturity markers, such as CD44, Musashi-1, and Oct4. Thus, TNF treatment results in the appearance of cells that exhibit a neural progenitor phenotype and are able to proliferate and differentiate into neurons and/or astrocytes. This dedifferentiation process is maintained as long as TNF is present in the culture medium. In addition, we highlight a role for Oct4 in this process, since the TNF-induced dedifferentiation can be prevented by inhibiting Oct4 expression. Our results show that activation of the NF-κB pathway through TNF plays an important role in the dedifferentiation of astrocytes via the re-expression of Oct4. These findings indicate that the first step of reactive gliosis is in fact a dedifferentiation process of resident astrocytes mediated by the NF-κB pathway.
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11
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Lang H, Xing Y, Brown LN, Samuvel DJ, Panganiban CH, Havens LT, Balasubramanian S, Wegner M, Krug EL, Barth JL. Neural stem/progenitor cell properties of glial cells in the adult mouse auditory nerve. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13383. [PMID: 26307538 PMCID: PMC4549618 DOI: 10.1038/srep13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory nerve is the primary conveyor of hearing information from sensory hair cells to the brain. It has been believed that loss of the auditory nerve is irreversible in the adult mammalian ear, resulting in sensorineural hearing loss. We examined the regenerative potential of the auditory nerve in a mouse model of auditory neuropathy. Following neuronal degeneration, quiescent glial cells converted to an activated state showing a decrease in nuclear chromatin condensation, altered histone deacetylase expression and up-regulation of numerous genes associated with neurogenesis or development. Neurosphere formation assays showed that adult auditory nerves contain neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPs) that were within a Sox2-positive glial population. Production of neurospheres from auditory nerve cells was stimulated by acute neuronal injury and hypoxic conditioning. These results demonstrate that a subset of glial cells in the adult auditory nerve exhibit several characteristics of NSPs and are therefore potential targets for promoting auditory nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Lang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Yazhi Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - LaShardai N Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Devadoss J Samuvel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Clarisse H Panganiban
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Luke T Havens
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | | | - Michael Wegner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Edward L Krug
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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13
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Campbell JG, Miller DC, Cundiff DD, Feng Q, Litofsky NS. Neural stem/progenitor cells react to non-glial cns neoplasms. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:53. [PMID: 25713758 PMCID: PMC4328003 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the normal human brain contains populations of neural stem/progenitor cells. Recent studies suggest that they migrate toward a variety of CNS tissue injuries. In an investigation of the potential role of neural stem cells in the pathogenesis of primary CNS lymphomas (NHL-CNS), we observed that neural stem/progenitor cells appeared to accumulate at the border of the tumors with the brain and in the advancing edge of the tumors, in a pattern similar to that seen with reactive gliosis. We identified neural stem/progenitor cells using standard immunohistochemical markers thereof, including CD133, nestin, Group II Beta-tubulin, Musashi1, and the transcription factor Sox2, in neurosurgically obtained specimens of NHL-CNS metastatic carcinoma , and metastatic melanoma . We had similar results with each of these markers but found that Sox2 antibodies provided the clearest and most robust labeling of the cells at the borders of these non-glial tumors. To exclude that the immunoreactive cells were actually neoplastic, double-label immunohistochemistry for Sox2 and CD20 (for NHL-CNS), Sox2 and cytokeratin (CAM5.2, for carcinomas), or Sox2 and HMB45 (for melanomas) showed that in each tumor type, Sox2-immunoreactive cells adjacent to and among the tumor cells were separate from neoplastic cells. Sox2/GFAP double-labeling revealed a consistent pattern of Sox2 immunopositivity both in reactive GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes and in GFAP-negative cells, at the interface of tumor and non-neoplastic brain. These results suggest that neural stem/progenitor cells migrate to non-glial neoplasms in the CNS, are a source of reactive astrocytes, and that Sox2 is a reliable immunohistochemical marker for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Griffin Campbell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurological Surgery, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - Douglas C Miller
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212 USA
| | - Diane D Cundiff
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212 USA
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurological Surgery, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - N Scott Litofsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurological Surgery, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri USA
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Crawford A, Chambers C, Franklin R. Remyelination: The True Regeneration of the Central Nervous System. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:242-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Adult zebrafish show a remarkable capacity to regenerate their spinal column after injury, an ability that stands in stark contrast to the limited repair that occurs within the mammalian CNS post-injury. The reasons for this interspecies difference in regenerative capacity remain unclear. Here we demonstrate a novel role for Fgf signaling during glial cell morphogenesis in promoting axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Zebrafish glia are induced by Fgf signaling, to form an elongated bipolar morphology that forms a bridge between the two sides of the resected spinal cord, over which regenerating axons actively migrate. Loss of Fgf function inhibits formation of this "glial bridge" and prevents axon regeneration. Despite the poor potential for mammalian axonal regeneration, primate astrocytes activated by Fgf signaling adopt a similar morphology to that induced in zebrafish glia. This suggests that differential Fgf regulation, rather than intrinsic cell differences, underlie the distinct responses of mammalian and zebrafish glia to injury.
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16
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Sonic hedgehog released from scratch-injured astrocytes is a key signal necessary but not sufficient for the astrocyte de-differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2012; 9:156-66. [PMID: 22771389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that mature atrocytes have the capacity for de-differentiating into neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in vitro and in vivo. However, it is still unknown what signals endow astroglial cells with a de-differentiation potential. Furthermore, the signaling molecules and underlying mechanism that confer astrocytes with the competence of NSPC phenotypes have not been completely elucidated. Here, we found that sonic hedgehog (Shh) production in astrocytes following mechanical injury was significantly elevated, and that incubation of astrocyes with the injured astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM) causes astrocytes to gradually lose their immunophenotypical profiles, and acquire NSPC characteristics, as demonstrated by down-regulation of typical astrocytic markers (GFAP and S100) and up-regulation of markers that are generally expressed in NSCs, (nestin, Sox2, and CD133). ACM treated astrocytes exhibit self-renewal capacity and multipotency similar to NSPCs. Concomitantly, in addition to Ptc, there was a significant up-regulation of the Shh downstream signal components Gli2 and Cyclin D1 which are involved in cell proliferation, dramatic changes in cell morphology, and the disruption of cell-cycle G1 arrest. Conversely, the depletion of Shh by administration of its neutralizing antibody (Shh n-Ab) effectively inhibited the de-differentiation process. Strikingly, Shh alone had little effect on astrocyte de-differentiation to NSPCs. These data above suggest that Shh is a key instructive molecule while other molecules secreted from insulted astrocytes may synergistically promote the de-differentiation event.
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17
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Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a powerful surgical therapy for the management of treatment-resistant movement disorders, epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although DBS may be clinically effective in many cases, its mode of action is still elusive. It is unclear which neural cell types are involved in the mechanism of DBS, and how high-frequency stimulation of these cells may lead to alleviation of the clinical symptoms. Neurons have commonly been a main focus in the many theories explaining the working mechanism of DBS. Recent data, however, demonstrates that astrocytes may be active players in the DBS mechanism of action. In this review article, we will discuss the potential role of reactive and neurogenic astrocytes (neural progenitors) in DBS.
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18
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Abstract
Cells with certain attributes of very immature astroglial cells and their radial precursors can act as stem and/or progenitor cells during developmental and persistent neurogenesis. Neural stem/progenitor cells both express and are affected by a variety of developmentally regulated macromolecules and growth factors, and such signaling or recognition molecules are being uncovered through extensive genomic and proteomic studies, as well as tested using in vitro/in vivo cell growth bioassays. Glycosylated molecules are appreciated as distinct signaling molecules during morphogenesis in a variety of tissues and organs, with glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans) serving as mediators for the interactions of cells with each other and their substrates, to confer growth and differentiation cues to precursor cells in search of identity. Neurogenic astrocytes and associated glycoconjugates, especially extracellular matrix molecules, are discussed in the context of neurogenesis and stem/progenitor cell growth, fate choice, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Steindler
- Department of Neuroscience, The Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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19
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Yang H, Ling W, Vitale A, Olivera C, Min Y, You S. ErbB2 activation contributes to de-differentiation of astrocytes into radial glial cells following induction of scratch-insulted astrocyte conditioned medium. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1010-8. [PMID: 21924310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells play a significant role in the repair of spinal cord injuries as they exert critical role in the neurogenesis and act as a scaffold for neuronal migration. Our previous study showed that mature astrocytes of spinal cord can undergo a de-differentiation process and further transform into pluripotential neural precursors; the occurrence of these complex events arise directly from the induction of diffusible factors released from scratch-insulted astrocytes. However, it is unclear whether astrocytes can also undergo rejuvenation to revert to a radial glial progenitor phenotype after the induction of scratch-insulted astrocytes conditioned medium (ACM). Furthermore, the mechanism of astrocyte de-differentiation to the progenitor cells is still unclear. Here we demonstrate that upon treating mature astrocytes with ACM for 10 days, the astrocytes exhibit progressive morphological and functional conversion to radial glial cells. These changes include the appearance of radial glial progenitor cells, changes in the immunophenotypical profiles, characterized by the co-expression of nestin, paired homeobox protein (Pax6) and RC2 as well as enhanced capability of multipotential differentiation. Concomitantly, ErbB2 protein level was progressively up-regulated. Thereby these results provide a potential mechanism by which ACM could induce mature astrocytes to regain the profile of radial glial progenitors due to activating the ErbB2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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20
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Morphological transformation and proliferation of rat astrocytes as induced by sulfated polysaccharides from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. Neurosci Lett 2011; 503:37-42. [PMID: 21855606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that the sulfated polysaccharide, Haishen (HS), which was isolated from the body wall of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus can induce morphological transformation and proliferation of astrocytes in vitro when combined with basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). Cell morphology showed no change when induced by HS or FGF-2 alone. However, combinational treatment of HS and FGF-2 promoted transformation of normal astrocyte into a stella morphology (stellation), along with an increase in the expression and rearrangement of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Further analysis of HS- and FGF-2-treated cells indicated a reduced percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase, whereas the cell proliferation index (S phase) was increased. The proportion of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells increased in response to the combination of HS and FGF-2. With respect to cell cycle signaling, immunoblotting assay demonstrated an accumulation of Cyclin D1. These observations suggest that HS may play a role in astrocyte morphological transformation and proliferation, and this activation requires a synergism with FGF-2.
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Muth-Köhne E, Pachernegg S, Karus M, Faissner A, Hollmann M. Expression of NMDA receptors and Ca2+-impermeable AMPA receptors requires neuronal differentiation and allows discrimination between two different types of neural stem cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 26:935-46. [PMID: 21220924 DOI: 10.1159/000324002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and its receptors are ascribed a pivotal role during acitivity-dependent neurogenesis. Nevertheless, their precise expression patterns during embryonic and adult differentiation remain elusive. An in vitro-approach that includes cells representing embryonic as well as adult neural stem cells that are both amenable to retinoic acid treatment is well-suited for assessing the developmental regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). The chosen system provides a continuous time line from embryonic to adult neurogenesis via two distinguishable cell populations, namely neuroepithelial precursors (NEPs) and radial glia-like neural stem cells (NSCs). We investigated the expression of cell type-specific differentiation markers and iGluR subunits before and after neuronal induction. A quantitative PCR assay was established for the determination of a hypothetical correlation of neuronal differentiation and iGluR expression. The NMDAR subunits NR1 and NR2B as well as the AMPAR subunit GluR2 present in Ca(2+)-impermeable AMPARs were found to be upregulated at the mRNA level in differentiated neuroepithelial precursors, indicating their likely contribution to neurotransmission after the first establishment of neuronal networks. Furthermore, with this approach, discrimination between NEPs and NSCs regarding their iGluR subunit expression patterns before and after the induction of neuronal differentiation was possible and pointed to diverse functions in these two cell types carried out by differentially assembled iGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Muth-Köhne
- Department of Biochemistry I, Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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22
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Zawadzka M, Rivers LE, Fancy SPJ, Zhao C, Tripathi R, Jamen F, Young K, Goncharevich A, Pohl H, Rizzi M, Rowitch DH, Kessaris N, Suter U, Richardson WD, Franklin RJM. CNS-resident glial progenitor/stem cells produce Schwann cells as well as oligodendrocytes during repair of CNS demyelination. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:578-90. [PMID: 20569695 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After central nervous system (CNS) demyelination-such as occurs during multiple sclerosis-there is often spontaneous regeneration of myelin sheaths, mainly by oligodendrocytes but also by Schwann cells. The origins of the remyelinating cells have not previously been established. We have used Cre-lox fate mapping in transgenic mice to show that PDGFRA/NG2-expressing glia, a distributed population of stem/progenitor cells in the adult CNS, produce the remyelinating oligodendrocytes and almost all of the Schwann cells in chemically induced demyelinated lesions. In contrast, the great majority of reactive astrocytes in the vicinity of the lesions are derived from preexisting FGFR3-expressing cells, likely to be astrocytes. These data resolve a long-running debate about the origins of the main players in CNS remyelination and reveal a surprising capacity of CNS precursors to generate Schwann cells, which normally develop from the embryonic neural crest and are restricted to the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Zawadzka
- MRC Cambridge Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Antidepressant imipramine induces human astrocytes to differentiate into cells with neuronal phenotype. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:603-15. [PMID: 20356437 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have expanded our conception of the role of astrocytes in neurogenesis, proposing that these cells may contribute to this phenomenon not only as a source of trophic substances, but also as stem cells themselves. We recently observed in vitro that human mature astrocytes can be induced to differentiate into cells with a neuronal phenotype. Antidepressant drugs have been shown to increase neurogenesis in the adult rodent hippocampus. In order to better understand the role of astroglia in antidepressant-induced neurogenesis, primary astrocyte cultures were treated with the antidepressant imipramine. Cell morphology was rapidly modified by treatment. In fact, whereas untreated astrocytes showed large, flat morphology, after a few hours of treatment cells exhibited a round-shaped cell body with long, thin processes. The expression of neuronal markers was analysed by immunocytochemistry, Western Blot and RT-PCR at different treatment times. Results showed an increase in neuronal markers such as neurofilament and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin expression were not significantly modified by treatment. Similar results were obtained with fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Hes1 mRNA significantly increased after 2 h of treatment, suggesting involvement of this transcription factor in this process. These results confirm the role of astrocytes in neurogenesis and suggest that these cells may represent one of the targets of antidepressants.
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Abstract
Mouse models of human cancer have played a vital role in understanding tumorigenesis and answering experimental questions that other systems cannot address. Advances continue to be made that allow better understanding of the mechanisms of tumor development, and therefore the identification of better therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. We review major advances that have been made in modeling cancer in the mouse and specific areas of research that have been explored with mouse models. For example, although there are differences between mice and humans, new models are able to more accurately model sporadic human cancers by specifically controlling timing and location of mutations, even within single cells. As hypotheses are developed in human and cell culture systems, engineered mice provide the most tractable and accurate test of their validity in vivo. For example, largely through the use of these models, the microenvironment has been established to play a critical role in tumorigenesis, since tumor development and the interaction with surrounding stroma can be studied as both evolve. These mouse models have specifically fueled our understanding of cancer initiation, immune system roles, tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, and the relevance of molecular diversity observed among human cancers. Currently, these models are being designed to facilitate in vivo imaging to track both primary and metastatic tumor development from much earlier stages than previously possible. Finally, the approaches developed in this field to achieve basic understanding are emerging as effective tools to guide much needed development of treatment strategies, diagnostic strategies, and patient stratification strategies in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Walrath
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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25
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Blackburn D, Sargsyan S, Monk PN, Shaw PJ. Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: A future therapeutic target? Glia 2009; 57:1251-64. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Silver DJ, Steindler DA. Common astrocytic programs during brain development, injury and cancer. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32:303-11. [PMID: 19398132 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to radial glial cells of neurohistogenesis, immature astrocytes with stem-cell-like properties cordon off emerging functional patterns in the developing brain. Astrocytes also can be stem cells during adult neurogenesis, and a proposed potency of injury-associated reactive astrocytes has recently been substantiated. Astrocytic cells might additionally be involved in cancer stem cell-associated gliomagenesis. Thus, there are distinguishing roles for stem-cell-like astrocytes during brain development, in neurogenic niches in the adult, during attempted reactive neurogenesis after brain injury or disease and during brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Silver
- The Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Florida, 100 South Newell Drive, P.O. Box 100015, Gainesville, FL 32610-0015, USA
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27
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A population of human brain cells expressing phenotypic markers of more than one lineage can be induced in vitro to differentiate into mesenchymal cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:462-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Snethen H, Love S, Scolding N. Disease-responsive neural precursor cells are present in multiple sclerosis lesions. Regen Med 2009; 3:835-47. [PMID: 18947307 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.6.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Spontaneous tissue repair occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the origin of remyelinating cells remains obscure. Here we explore the hypothesis that endogenous neural precursors are involved in MS disease processes. MATERIALS & METHODS We studied postmortem brain and spinal cord samples from MS patients using immunocytochemical techniques. RESULTS We show that cells co-positive for nestin and musashi-1 are not merely present in lesions, but found in markedly increased numbers (up to fivefold). Small numbers of nestin-positive cells show direct evidence of proliferation, co-staining for Ki67; some also coexpress glial fibrillary acidic protein or oligodendrocyte progenitor markers (NG-2 or PDGF-alpha receptor), or the early neuronal marker doublecortin, consistent with transition from neural precursors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that endogenous neural precursors react to disease processes in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Snethen
- Department of Neurology, University of Bristol Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS161LE, UK
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29
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Yang H, Cheng XP, Li JW, Yao Q, Ju G. De-differentiation response of cultured astrocytes to injury induced by scratch or conditioned culture medium of scratch-insulted astrocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:455-73. [PMID: 19130217 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous reports indicated that astrocytes (ASTs) in injured adult rat spinal cord underwent a process of de-differentiation, and may acquire the potential of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the AST de-differentiation and transitional rejuvenation process following injury is still largely unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine whether injured in vitro ASTs can re-enter the multipotential-like stem cell pool and regain NSC characteristics, and to further understand the mechanism of AST de-differentiation. We used an in vitro scratch-wound model to evoke astrocytic response to mechanical injury. GFAP and nestin double-labeled indirect immunofluorescence were carried out to characterize these scratched cells at various periods. Western-blot analysis was used to determine the changes of GFAP and nestin expression following injury. Furthermore, the rate of proliferation was determined by immunocytochemical detection of BrdU incorporating cells. These scratch-wound ASTs were cultured with stem cells medium to explore their ability to generate neurospheres and examine the self-renewal and multi-potency of such neurospheres. Moreover, scratched AST culture supernatant as conditioned cultured medium (ACM) was used to investigate if some diffusible factors derived from injured ASTs could induce de-differentiation of AST. The results showed: (1) the nestin positivity first appeared in GFAP-positive cells at the edge of the scratch, subsequently, disseminated into un-insulted zone. The expression of nestin in AST was increased with longer culture, while that of GFAP was decreased. Furthermore, these nestin-immunoreactive ASTs could generate neurospheres, which showed self-renewal and could be differentiated into neurons, ASTs and oligodendrocytes. (2) Scratched ASTs culture supernatant can induce astrocytic proliferation and de-differentiation. These results reveal that the in vitro injured ASTs can de-differentiate into nestin-positive stem/precursor cells, the process of de-differentiation may arise from direct injury or some diffusible factors released from injured ASTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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30
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Hwang SL, Lin CL, Lieu AS, Hwang YF, Howng SL, Hong YR, Chang DS, Lee KS. The expression of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in human astrocytomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 70 Suppl 1:S1:4-8; discussion S1:8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2008.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mansour H, Chamberlain CG, Weible MW, Hughes S, Chu Y, Chan-Ling T. Aging-related changes in astrocytes in the rat retina: imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death reduces astrocyte availability. Aging Cell 2008; 7:526-40. [PMID: 18489730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in astrocyte density, morphology, proliferation and apoptosis occurring in the central nervous system during physiological aging. Astrocytes in retinal whole-mount preparations from Wistar rats aged 3 (young adult) to 25 months (aged) were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively following immunofluorohistochemistry. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100 and Pax2 were used to identify astrocytes, and blood vessels were localized using Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4. Cell proliferation was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and cell death by TUNEL-labelling and immunolocalization of the apoptosis markers active caspase 3 and endonuclease G. The density and total number of parenchymal astrocytes in the retina increased between 3 and 9 months of age but decreased markedly between 9 and 12 months. Proliferation of astrocytes was detected at 3 months but virtually ceased beyond that age, whereas the proportion of astrocytes that were TUNEL positive and relative expression of active caspase 3 and endonuclease G increased progressively with aging. In addition, in aged retinas astrocytes exhibited gliosis-like morphology and loss of Pax2 reactivity. A small population of Pax2(+)/GFAP(-) cells was detected in both young adult and aged retinas. The reduction in the availability of astrocytes in aged retinas and other aging-related changes reported here may have a significant impact on the ability of astrocytes to maintain homeostasis and support neuronal function in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mansour
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy and Histology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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32
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Yamaguchi H, Kidachi Y, Umetsu H, Ryoyama K. Differentiation of serum-free mouse embryo cells into an astrocytic lineage is associated with the asymmetric production of early neural, neuronal and glial markers. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1008-12. [PMID: 18451536 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serum-free mouse embryo (SFME) cells, the astrocyte progenitor cells in the central nervous system (CNS), were exposed to 10 ng/ml leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and 10 ng/ml bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) to induce differentiation, and expression of cell-type specific markers. Nestin, a marker of early neural lineage, betaIII-tubulin, a marker of neuronal lineage, oligodendrocyte marker O4 (O4), a marker of oligodendrocytic lineage and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytic lineage, were analyzed. Characteristics of SFME cells, as a CNS progenitor, were identified and a possible mechanism, underlying SFME cell specification into an astrocytic lineage upon differentiation, was investigated. These markers were present, both at the initial proliferative phase and after induction of differentiation. GFAP expression increased strongly upon differentiation, while expression of the other markers changed very little. These results indicate that astrocytic differentiation is associated with the asymmetric production of these markers, rather than through induction of astrocytic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori University; 2-3-1 Kobata, Aomori 030-0943, Japan.
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33
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Verwer RWH, Sluiter AA, Balesar RA, Baayen JC, Noske DP, Dirven CMF, Wouda J, van Dam AM, Lucassen PJ, Swaab DF. Mature astrocytes in the adult human neocortex express the early neuronal marker doublecortin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 130:3321-35. [PMID: 18055496 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by migrating neuroblasts and is considered to be a reliable marker of neurogenesis. DCX has been used to study the relation between neurogenesis in adult human brain and neurological and neurodegenerative disease processes in the search for putative therapeutic strategies. Using autopsy and surgically resected tissue from a total of 60 patients, we present evidence that DCX is present in several cellular compartments of differentiated astrocytes in the adult human neocortex. One of these compartments consisted of peripheral processes forming punctate envelopes around mature neuronal cell bodies. Markers of glial activation, such as GFAP and HLA, were not associated with DCX immunoreactivity, however, the presence of cytoarchitectural alterations tended to correlate with reduced DCX staining of astrocytic somata. Interestingly, local Alzheimer pathology that showed no relation with cytoarchitectural abnormalities appeared to correlate negatively with the expression of DCX in the astrocytic somata. In combination with the literature our data support the view that DCX in the adult human neocortex may have a function in glia-to-neuron communication. Furthermore, our results indicate that in the adult human neocortex DCX is neither a reliable nor a selective marker of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W H Verwer
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Netherlands Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Burger C, Lopez MC, Baker HV, Mandel RJ, Muzyczka N. Genome-wide analysis of aging and learning-related genes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 89:379-96. [PMID: 18234529 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the transcriptional changes that occur in the hippocampal CA1 field of aged rats following a Morris Water Maze (MWM) training paradigm. In this report we proceed with the analysis of the dentate region from the same animals. Animals were first identified as age learning-impaired or age-superior learners when compared to young rats based on their performance in the MWM. Messenger RNA was isolated from the dentate gyrus of each animal to interrogate Affymetrix RAE 230A rat genome microarrays. Microarray profiling identified 1129 genes that were differentially expressed between aged and young rats as a result of aging, and independent of their behavioral training (p<0.005). We applied Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) algorithms to identify the significant biological processes underlying age-related changes in the dentate gyrus. The most significant functions, as calculated by IPA, included cell movement, cell growth and proliferation, nervous system development and function, cellular assembly and organization, cell morphology and cell death. These significant processes are consistent with age-related changes in neurogenesis, and the neurogenic markers were generally found to be downregulated in senescent animals. In addition, statistical analysis of the different experimental groups of aged animals recognized 85 genes (p<0.005) that were different in the dentate gyrus of aged rats that had learned the MWM when compared to learning impaired and a number of controls for stress, exercise and non-spatial learning. The list of learning-related genes expressed in the dentate adds to the set of genes we previously described in the CA1 region. This long list of genes constitutes a starting tool to elucidating the molecular pathways involved in learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Burger
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Feldmann RE, Sawa A, Seidler GH. Causality of stem cell based neurogenesis and depression--to be or not to be, is that the question? J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41:713-23. [PMID: 16889797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders compose a considerable portion of the worldwide prevailing diseases with high suicide rates and urgent demand for novel therapeutic interventions as efficacious treatment is still lacking. Depression is thought to feature distinct morphological correlatives in the brain and has recently been linked to adult neurogenesis (NG) in the hippocampal formation. Numerous findings give rise to the hypothesis that depression and declining NG in the hippocampus may be causally connected. This implies that depressive symptoms could originate from impairments in NG and, vice versa, that improved NG could mediate antidepressant action and alleviate symptoms. Thus, great hopes rest on the question whether the observed increase in NG following antidepression treatment may have the potential to become a novel drug target and specific mechanism in the development of the next generation of antidepressants that specifically involves targeting of neuropoetic factors in addition to their "traditional" effects as modulators of synaptic transmission. Along the still hypothetical association of depression and NG, however, several controversies and unresolved questions exist with respect to the presently available data and interpretation. This article highlights and summarizes some of the most pressing issues and identifies the crucial ones that await urgent clarification and resolving. Without their reliable answering, the fascinating notion of a neurogenic basis for depression will remain to be greatly speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Feldmann
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Systems Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Rieske P, Azizi SA, Augelli B, Gaughan J, Krynska B. A population of human brain parenchymal cells express markers of glial, neuronal and early neural cells and differentiate into cells of neuronal and glial lineages. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:31-7. [PMID: 17241264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells derived from the neurogenic areas of the brain can be stem/progenitor cells and give rise to new neurons in vitro and in vivo. We report here that a population of GFAP-positive cells derived from fetal human brain parenchyma coexpress markers of early neural and neuronal cells, and have neural progenitor cell characteristics. We used a monolayer culture system to expend and differentiate these cells. During the initial proliferative phase, all cells expressed GFAP, nestin and low levels of betaIII-tubulin. When these cells were cultured in serum and then basic fibroblast growth factor, they generated two distinct progenies: (i) betaIII-tubulin- and nestin-positive cells and (ii) GFAP- and nestin-positive cells. These cells, when subsequently cultured in serum-free media without growth factors, ceased to proliferate and differentiated into two major neural cell classes, neurons and glia. In the cells of neuronal lineage, nestin expression was down-regulated and betaIII-tubulin expression became robust. Cells of glial lineage differentiated by down-regulating nestin expression and up-regulating GFAP expression. These data suggest that populations of parenchymal brain cells, initially expressing both glial and neuronal markers, are capable of differentiating into single neuronal and glial lineages through asymmetric regulation of gene expression in these cells, rather than acquiring markers through differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rieske
- Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3401 N Broad St, Philldelphia, PA 19140, USA
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37
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Abstract
The adult mammalian brain harbors a population of neural stem cells (NSCs) that are responsible for persistent neurogenesis in the olfactory system and hippocampus and may also play a role in tumorigenesis. Here, the authors review the evidence that NSCs within the adult brain are a special type of astrocyte. In addition, the authors examine the phylogenetic and ontogenetic relations between this astrocyte stem cell and related members of the astrocyte family. Finally, the authors compare and contrast the functional characteristics of NSCs and hematopoietic stem cells and review the potential oncogenic transformation of astrocyte NSCs that may underlie brain tumorigenesis as seen in glioblastoma and other primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Laywell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Florida, 100 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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38
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Nat R, Nilbratt M, Narkilahti S, Winblad B, Hovatta O, Nordberg A. Neurogenic neuroepithelial and radial glial cells generated from six human embryonic stem cell lines in serum-free suspension and adherent cultures. Glia 2007; 55:385-99. [PMID: 17152062 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The great potential of human embryonic stem (hES) cells offers the opportunity both for studying basic developmental processes in vitro as well as for drug screening, modeling diseases, or future cell therapy. Defining protocols for the generation of human neural progenies represents a most important prerequisite. Here, we have used six hES cell lines to evaluate defined conditions for neural differentiation in suspension and adherent culture systems. Our protocol does not require fetal serum, feeder cells, or retinoic acid at any step, to induce neural fate decisions in hES cells. We monitored neurogenesis in differentiating cultures using morphological (including on-line follow up), immunocytochemical, and RT-PCR assays. For each hES cell line, in suspension or adherent culture, the same longitudinal progression of neural differentiation occurs. We showed the dynamic transitions from hES cells to neuroepithelial (NE) cells, to radial glial (RG) cells, and to neurons. Thus, 7 days after neural induction the majority of cells were NE, expressing nestin, Sox1, and Pax6. During neural proliferation and differentiation, NE cells transformed in RG cells, which acquired vimentin, BLBP, GLAST, and GFAP, proliferated and formed radial scaffolds. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-positive and glutamate positive neurons, few oligodendrocyte progenitors and astrocytes were formed in our conditions and timing. Our system successfully generates human RG cells and could be an effective source for neuronal replacement, since RG cells predominantly generate neurons and provide them with support and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Nat
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
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Raponi E, Agenes F, Delphin C, Assard N, Baudier J, Legraverend C, Deloulme JC. S100B expression defines a state in which GFAP-expressing cells lose their neural stem cell potential and acquire a more mature developmental stage. Glia 2007; 55:165-77. [PMID: 17078026 PMCID: PMC2739421 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the postnatal development, astrocytic cells in the neocortex progressively lose their neural stem cell (NSC) potential, whereas this peculiar attribute is preserved in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ). To understand this fundamental difference, many reports suggest that adult subventricular GFAP-expressing cells might be maintained in immature developmental stage. Here, we show that S100B, a marker of glial cells, is absent from GFAP-expressing cells of the SVZ and that its onset of expression characterizes a terminal maturation stage of cortical astrocytic cells. Nevertheless, when cultured in vitro, SVZ astrocytic cells developed as S100B expressing cells, as do cortical astrocytic cells, suggesting that SVZ microenvironment represses S100B expression. Using transgenic s100b-EGFP cells, we then demonstrated that S100B expression coincides with the loss of neurosphere forming abilities of GFAP expressing cells. By doing grafting experiments with cells derived from beta-actin-GFP mice, we next found that S100B expression in astrocytic cells is repressed in the SVZ, but not in the striatal parenchyma. Furthermore, we showed that treatment with epidermal growth factor represses S100B expression in GFAP-expressing cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Altogether, our results indicate that the S100B expression defines a late developmental stage after which GFAP-expressing cells lose their NSC potential and suggest that S100B expression is repressed by adult SVZ microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Raponi
- Department of Medicine, Palade Cellular and Molecular medicine
University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CA 92093-0644,US
- Transduction du signal: signalisation calcique et phosphorylation
INSERM : EMI0104CEA : DRDCFR
| | - Fabien Agenes
- Contrôle moléculaire de la réponse immune specifique
INSERM : U548CEA : DSV/IRTSVUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble IFR
| | - Christian Delphin
- Transduction du signal: signalisation calcique et phosphorylation
INSERM : EMI0104CEA : DRDCFR
| | - Nicole Assard
- Transduction du signal: signalisation calcique et phosphorylation
INSERM : EMI0104CEA : DRDCFR
| | - Jacques Baudier
- Transduction du signal: signalisation calcique et phosphorylation
INSERM : EMI0104CEA : DRDCFR
| | - Catherine Legraverend
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille 34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Jean-Christophe Deloulme
- Transduction du signal: signalisation calcique et phosphorylation
INSERM : EMI0104CEA : DRDCFR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Jean-Christophe Deloulme
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Weible MW, Chan-Ling T. Phenotypic characterization of neural stem cells from human fetal spinal cord: Synergistic effect of LIF and BMP4 to generate astrocytes. Glia 2007; 55:1156-68. [PMID: 17597119 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
If cell based therapy for spinal cord injury is to become a reality, greater insights into the biology of human derived spinal cord stem cells are a prerequisite. Significant species differences and regional specification of stem cells necessitates determining the effects of growth factors on human spinal cord stem cells. Fetal spinal cords were dissociated and expanded as neurospheres in medium with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or BMP4 and LIF. First-generation neurospheres comprised a heterogeneous population of neural cell types and after plating emergent cells included neurons, oligodendrocytes and GFAP(+) cells which coexpressed stem cells markers and those of the neuronal lineage and were thus identified as GFAP(+) neural precursor cells (NPC). When plated, neurospheres maintained in BMP4 demonstrated a reduced proportion of emergent oligodendrocytes from 13 to 4%, whereas LIF had no statistically significant effect on cell type distribution. Combining BMP4 and LIF reduced the proportion of oligodendrocytes to 3% and that of neurons from 37 to 16% while increasing the proportion of GFAP(+) NPC from 45 to 79%. After 10 passages in control media aggregates gave rise to multiple neural phenotypes and only continued passage of neurospheres in the presence of BMP4 and LIF resulted in unipotent aggregates giving rise to only astrocytes. These results provide a means of obtaining pure populations of human spinal-cord derived astrocytes, which could be utilized for further studies of cell replacement strategies or in vitro evaluation of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Weible
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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41
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Abstract
Stem cell biology has provided constant alteration if not reversal of dogma related to the understanding of the behaviors of primitive and dynamic cells. This review summarizes recent findings on dynamic changes of phenotype that accompany the in vitro growth and differentiation of not only stem and progenitor cells, but also differentiated cells derived from a variety of normal and pathological tissues. As there are examples of apparent dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation of neural cells that appear to be terminally differentiated, there is a need to reconsider elements of cellular fate choice that have relevance to neurooncology and neural repair. Recent findings of dynamic behaviors and mixed phenotype of both normal and cancer stem cells suggest that some of the diverse lineage attributes of different solid tumors may owe their existence to dynamic cellular phenotypy gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Steindler
- The Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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42
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Gilbertson JA, Sen A, Behie LA, Kallos MS. Scaled-up production of mammalian neural precursor cell aggregates in computer-controlled suspension bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:783-92. [PMID: 16489624 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of neural precursor cells (NPCs) for the treatment of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, requires overcoming the scarcity of these cells through controlled expansion. The main objective of the present study was to develop a large-scale computer-controlled bioprocess for the expansion of mammalian NPCs in suspension culture by scaling up existing reactor protocols. In order to support the oxygen demands of the maximum cell densities achieved, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was kept above 1.10/h while scaling-up from small-scale 125 mL vessels to large-scale 500 mL bioreactors. In addition, the maximum shear stress at the impeller tip was maintained between 0.30 and 0.75 Pa to reduce damage to the cells. The resulting large-scale bioprocess achieved maximum viable cell densities of 1.2 x 10(6) cells/mL and a batch multiplication ratio of 9.1. Moreover, the process successfully maintained the NPC characteristics observed in small-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Gilbertson
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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43
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Pillai R, Scintu F, Scorciapino L, Carta M, Murru L, Biggio G, Cabras S, Reali C, Sogos V. Human astrocytes can be induced to differentiate into cells with neuronal phenotype. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:2336-46. [PMID: 16716298 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies have proposed that astrocytes may contribute to neurogenesis, not only as a source of trophic substances regulating it, but also as stem cells themselves. In order to better understand these mechanisms, primary astrocyte cultures were established from human fetal brain. After 3-4 weeks in culture, astrocytes (about 95% GFAP+; neurofilament, NF-; neuro-specific enolase, NSE-) were treated with a cocktail of protein kinase activators and FGF-1. After 5 h of treatment, most cells showed morphological changes that increased progressively up to 24-48 h, exhibiting a round cell body with long processes. Immunocytochemistry showed that treatment-induced NF and NSE expression in about 40% of cells. Nestin expression increased after treatment, whereas GFAP immunostaining was not significantly modified. Western blot and RT-PCR confirmed the results. No neuronal electrophysiological properties were observed after treatment, suggesting an incomplete maturation under these experimental conditions. Understanding the regenerative capability and neurogenic potential of astrocytes might be useful in devising therapeutic approaches for a variety of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pillai
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
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Yokoyama A, Sakamoto A, Kameda K, Imai Y, Tanaka J. NG2 proteoglycan-expressing microglia as multipotent neural progenitors in normal and pathologic brains. Glia 2006; 53:754-68. [PMID: 16534776 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rat primary microglia (MG) acquired a multipotent property to give rise to neuroectodermal cells through two-step culture in 10 and 70% serum-supplemented media for 5 days. Such multipotent MG, called promicroglioblasts (ProMGBs), formed cell aggregates, which generated cells with neuroectodermal phenotypes shortly after their transfer into serum-free medium. As revealed by immunohistochemistry, there were a few MG expressing NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (NG2) in the neonatal rat brain. Primary culture from the neonatal brain contained NG2+ MG, which appeared to be the source of NG2+ ProMGB aggregates. The aggregates were MG marker+/NG2+/GFAP+/NCAM+/S-100beta- and had alkaline phosphatase activity. The marked accumulation of NG2+ MG was observed close to stab wounds made in the mature rat brain. The accumulated NG2+ MG in the wound gradually decreased in number, but the cells persisted up to 150 days postlesioning. In addition, GFAP immunoreactivity increased markedly around the wound. The NG2+ MG in the wounds separated with trypsin-EDTA formed NG2+ aggregates in 70% serum-supplemented medium and then transformed into cells with neuroectodermal phenotypes in serum-free medium. Although it is difficult to separate viable neurons from mature brains, cells from stab wounds generated process-bearing beta-tubulin III+ cells in vitro easily. These data suggest that NG2+ MG in normal developing or pathologic brains are involved in the genesis or regeneration of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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45
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Robson SC, Sévigny J, Zimmermann H. The E-NTPDase family of ectonucleotidases: Structure function relationships and pathophysiological significance. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:409-30. [PMID: 18404480 PMCID: PMC2254478 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases are ectoenzymes that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides to the respective nucleosides. Within the past decade, ectonucleotidases belonging to several enzyme families have been discovered, cloned and characterized. In this article, we specifically address the cell surface-located members of the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase/CD39) family (NTPDase1,2,3, and 8). The molecular identification of individual NTPDase subtypes, genetic engineering, mutational analyses, and the generation of subtype-specific antibodies have resulted in considerable insights into enzyme structure and function. These advances also allow definition of physiological and patho-physiological implications of NTPDases in a considerable variety of tissues. Biological actions of NTPDases are a consequence (at least in part) of the regulated phosphohydrolytic activity on extracellular nucleotides and consequent effects on P2-receptor signaling. It further appears that the spatial and temporal expression of NTPDases by various cell types within the vasculature, the nervous tissues and other tissues impacts on several patho-physiological processes. Examples include acute effects on cellular metabolism, adhesion, activation and migration with other protracted impacts upon developmental responses, inclusive of cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as seen with atherosclerosis, degenerative neurological diseases and immune rejection of transplanted organs and cells. Future clinical applications are expected to involve the development of new therapeutic strategies for transplantation and various inflammatory cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - Herbert Zimmermann
- Institut fuer Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Biozentrum der J.W. Goethe-Universitaet, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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46
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Abstract
One of the most active areas of research in medicine today is stem cell biology. This review introduces the reader to the field of stem cell biology and its therapeutic potential. More importantly, the potential application of stem cell therapy in acute lung injury will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Sanders
- Divison of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA.
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47
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Mazurová Y, Rudolf E, Látr I, Osterreicher J. Proliferation and Differentiation of Adult Endogenous Neural Stem Cells in Response to Neurodegenerative Process within the Striatum. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 3:12-8. [PMID: 16909031 DOI: 10.1159/000092087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing process of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian forebrain suggests the possible capacity for limited self-repair after brain injury. Previously, we have demonstrated that in an animal model of Huntington's disease the neurodegenerative process initiates immediate intensive cell proliferation and differentiation resulting in characteristic enlargement of the subependymal zone (SEZ) of lateral brain ventricles. Now, our interest is focused on the architecture of the neurogenic niche of the SEZ in the identical model, particularly on characteristic features of astrocyte-like cells which are considered to be not only niche cells but also neural stem cells. Our findings prove higher activation of the lateral part of the SEZ (L-SEZ) adjacent to the degenerated striatum compared with the rostral part of the SEZ (R-SEZ). In the activated L-SEZ, niche cells which ensheathe clusters of neural progenitors are of immature astrocytic phenotype because of nestin and vimentin expression (except the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein). However, the coexpression of all three filaments is not always found. Intermediate filaments also enable us to distinguish the basic shape of astrocytic cells within the SEZ, majority of which resemble protoplasmic rather than fibrillary astrocytes. Furthermore, our results show a wide plasticity of these astrocyte-like cells in immediate response to an extensive pathological process in the brain. These observations are consistent with the fact that adult stem cells undergo different processes in an already mature environment, and therefore can exhibit some specific characteristics unlike the embryonic or fetal neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvona Mazurová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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48
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Schiffer D, Manazza A, Tamagno I. Nestin expression in neuroepithelial tumors. Neurosci Lett 2006; 400:80-5. [PMID: 16529857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nestin is a marker of early stages of neurocytogenesis. It has been studied in 50 neuroepithelial tumors, mostly gliomas of different malignancy grades, by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and confocal microscopy and compared with GFAP and Vimentin. As an early marker of differentiation, Nestin is almost not expressed in diffuse astrocytomas, variably expressed in anaplastic astrocytomas and strongly and irregularly expressed in glioblastomas. Negative in oligodendrogliomas, it stains ependymomas and shows a gradient of expression in pilocytic astrocytomas. In glioblastomas, Nestin distribution does not completely correspond to that of GFAP and Vimentin with which its expression varies in tumor cells in a complementary way, as confirmed by confocal microscopy. Tumor cells can thus either derive from or differentiate toward the neurocytogenetic stages. Hypothetically, they could be put in relation with radial glia where during embriogenesis the three antigens are successively expressed. Completely negative cells of invasive or recurrent glioblastomas may represent malignant selected clones after accumulation of mutations or early stem cells not expressing antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiffer
- Foundation Policlinico di Monza, Neuro-bio-oncology Center (Vercelli)/University of Turin, Italy.
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49
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Laywell ED, Kearns SM, Zheng T, Chen KA, Deng J, Chen HX, Roper SN, Steindler DA. Neuron-to-astrocyte transition: phenotypic fluidity and the formation of hybrid asterons in differentiating neurospheres. J Comp Neurol 2006; 493:321-33. [PMID: 16261530 PMCID: PMC2571943 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To the extent that their fate choice and differentiation processes can be understood and manipulated, neural stem cells represent a promising therapeutic tool for a variety of neuropathologies. We have previously shown that mature astrocytes possess neural stem cell attributes, and can give rise to neurons through the formation of multipotent neurosphere clones. Here we show that relatively mature neurons generated from neurospheres derived from postnatal subependymal zone or cerebellar cortex undergo a phenotypic transformation into astrocytes that coincides with the appearance of a nonfused, hybrid cell type that shares the morphology, antigenicity, and physiology of both neurons and astrocytes. We refer to this astrocyte/neuron hybrid as an "asteron," and hypothesize that it represents an intermediate step in the trans- or dedifferentiation of neurons into astrocytes. The present finding suggests that seemingly terminally differentiated neural cells may in fact represent points along a bidirectionally fluid continuum of differentiation, with intermediate points represented by "hybrid" cells coexpressing phenotypic markers of more than one lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Laywell
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Sean M. Kearns
- Department of Neuroscience, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Tong Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - K. Amy Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Pathology, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Huan-Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Steven N. Roper
- Department of Neurosurgery, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Dennis A. Steindler
- Department of Neuroscience, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Department of Neurosurgery, The McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine of the University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Chen LW, Zhang JP, Kwok-Yan Shum D, Chan YS. Localization of nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in nestin-expressing reactive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated C57/Bl mice. J Comp Neurol 2006; 497:898-909. [PMID: 16802332 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To address the hypothesis that reactive astrocytes in the basal ganglia of an animal model of Parkinson's disease serve neurotrophic roles, we studied the expression pattern of neurotrophic factors in the basal ganglia of C57/Bl mice that had been treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce the degeneration of nigral dopamine neurons and parkinsonism. MPTP induced significant neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta as detected with Fluoro-Jade B staining, and this was accompanied by an increase in nestin-expressing astrocytes within the caudate-putamen. The number of nestin-positive reactive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen peaked within 3-5 days following MPTP treatment and then declined progressively toward the basal level by 21 days after treatment. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy confirmed coexpression of nestin or Ki-67 (cell proliferation marker) in glial fibrillary acid protein-positive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen. Double immunolabeling further revealed immunoreactivities for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in nestin-positive reactive astrocytes. Semiquantification of data obtained from mice 5 days after MPTP injection indicated that the majority of nestin-expressing cells expressed NGF (92%), NT3 (90%), or GDNF (86%). Our results present novel evidence of neurotrophic features among reactive astrocytes in the dopamine-depleted striatum. These nestin-expressing reactive astrocytes may therefore play neurotrophic roles in neural remodeling of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
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