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Hu B, Moiseev D, Schena I, Faezov B, Dunbrack R, Chernoff J, Li J. PAK2 is necessary for myelination in the peripheral nervous system. Brain 2024; 147:1809-1821. [PMID: 38079473 PMCID: PMC11068108 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelination enables electrical impulses to propagate on axons at the highest speed, encoding essential life functions. The Rho family GTPases, RAC1 and CDC42, have been shown to critically regulate Schwann cell myelination. P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) is an effector of RAC1/CDC42, but its specific role in myelination remains undetermined. We produced a Schwann cell-specific knockout mouse of Pak2 (scPak2-/-) to evaluate PAK2's role in myelination. Deletion of Pak2, specifically in mouse Schwann cells, resulted in severe hypomyelination, slowed nerve conduction velocity and behaviour dysfunctions in the scPak2-/- peripheral nerve. Many Schwann cells in scPak2-/- sciatic nerves were arrested at the stage of axonal sorting. These abnormalities were rescued by reintroducing Pak2, but not the kinase-dead mutation of Pak2, via lentivirus delivery to scPak2-/- Schwann cells in vivo. Moreover, ablation of Pak2 in Schwann cells blocked the promyelinating effect driven by neuregulin-1, prion protein and inactivated RAC1/CDC42. Conversely, the ablation of Pak2 in neurons exhibited no phenotype. Such PAK2 activity can also be either enhanced or inhibited by different myelin lipids. We have identified a novel promyelinating factor, PAK2, that acts as a critical convergence point for multiple promyelinating signalling pathways. The promyelination by PAK2 is Schwann cell-autonomous. Myelin lipids, identified as inhibitors or activators of PAK2, may be utilized to develop therapies for repairing abnormal myelin in peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Moiseev
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Isabella Schena
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bulat Faezov
- Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Roland Dunbrack
- Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Ayuso-García P, Sánchez-Rueda A, Velasco-Avilés S, Tamayo-Caro M, Ferrer-Pinós A, Huarte-Sebastian C, Alvarez V, Riobello C, Jiménez-Vega S, Buendia I, Cañas-Martin J, Fernández-Susavila H, Aparicio-Rey A, Esquinas-Román EM, Ponte CR, Guhl R, Laville N, Pérez-Andrés E, Lavín JL, González-Lopez M, Cámara NM, Aransay AM, Lozano JJ, Sutherland JD, Barrio R, Martinez-Chantar ML, Azkargorta M, Elortza F, Soriano-Navarro M, Matute C, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Bayón-Cordero L, Pérez-Samartín A, Bravo SB, Kurz T, Lama-Díaz T, Blanco MG, Haddad S, Record CJ, van Hasselt PM, Reilly MM, Varela-Rey M, Woodhoo A. Neddylation orchestrates the complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional program that drives Schwann cell myelination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7600. [PMID: 38608019 PMCID: PMC11014456 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Myelination is essential for neuronal function and health. In peripheral nerves, >100 causative mutations have been identified that cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a disorder that can affect myelin sheaths. Among these, a number of mutations are related to essential targets of the posttranslational modification neddylation, although how these lead to myelin defects is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that inhibiting neddylation leads to a notable absence of peripheral myelin and axonal loss both in developing and regenerating mouse nerves. Our data indicate that neddylation exerts a global influence on the complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional program by simultaneously regulating the expression and function of multiple essential myelination signals, including the master transcription factor EGR2 and the negative regulators c-Jun and Sox2, and inducing global secondary changes in downstream pathways, including the mTOR and YAP/TAZ signaling pathways. This places neddylation as a critical regulator of myelination and delineates the potential pathogenic mechanisms involved in CMT mutations related to neddylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ayuso-García
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Rueda
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sergio Velasco-Avilés
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Miguel Tamayo-Caro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Aroa Ferrer-Pinós
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cecilia Huarte-Sebastian
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Vanesa Alvarez
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Riobello
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Selene Jiménez-Vega
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Izaskun Buendia
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of UPV/EHU, Sede building, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jorge Cañas-Martin
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Héctor Fernández-Susavila
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Adrián Aparicio-Rey
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eva M. Esquinas-Román
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez Ponte
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Romane Guhl
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Université Paris Cité Magistère Européen de Génétique, 85 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Laville
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Université Paris Cité Magistère Européen de Génétique, 85 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Encarni Pérez-Andrés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - José L. Lavín
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- NEIKER–Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Applied Mathematics Department, Bioinformatics Unit, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Monika González-Lopez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Nuria Macías Cámara
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ana M. Aransay
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - James D. Sutherland
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - María Luz Martinez-Chantar
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Félix Elortza
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Mario Soriano-Navarro
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of UPV/EHU, Sede building, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of UPV/EHU, Sede building, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Bayón-Cordero
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of UPV/EHU, Sede building, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of UPV/EHU, Sede building, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana B. Bravo
- Proteomic Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Thimo Kurz
- Evotec SE, Innovation Dr, Milton, Abingdon OX14 4RT, UK and School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tomas Lama-Díaz
- DNA Repair and Genome Integrity Laboratory, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Miguel G. Blanco
- DNA Repair and Genome Integrity Laboratory, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Plaza do Obradoiro s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Saif Haddad
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Christopher J. Record
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Peter M. van Hasselt
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Division Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mary M. Reilly
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Plaza do Obradoiro s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ashwin Woodhoo
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Laboratory, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Plaza do Obradoiro s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Oportunius Research Professor at CIMUS/USC, Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Zou Y, Wu S, Hu Q, Zhou H, Ge Y, Ju Z, Luo S. Sonic hedgehog restrains the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of SP1 to inhibit neuronal/glial senescence associated phenotypes in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy via the TRIM25-CXCL13 axis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00106-1. [PMID: 38479571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common complication that affects an increasing number of cancer survivors. However, the current treatment options for CIPN are limited. Paclitaxel (PTX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug that induces senescence in cancer cells. While previous studies have demonstrated that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) can counteract cellular dysfunction during aging, its role in CIPN remains unknown. OBJECTIVES Herein, the aim of this study was to investigate whether Shh activation could inhibits neuronal/glial senescence and alleviates CIPN. METHODS We treated ND7/23 neuronal cells and RSC96 Schwann cells with two selective Shh activators (purmorphamine [PUR] and smoothened agonist [SAG]) in the presence of PTX. Additionally, we utilized a CIPN mouse model induced by PTX injection. To assess cellular senescence, we performed a senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay, measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and examined the expression of P16, P21, and γH2AX. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we conducted ubiquitin assays, LC-MS/MS, H&E staining, and assessed protein expression through Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS In vitro, we observed that Shh activation significantly alleviated the senescence-related decline in multiple functions included SA-β-gal activity, expression of P16 and P21, cell viability, and ROS accumulation in DRG sensory neurons and Schwann cells after PTX exposure. Furthermore, our in vivo experiments demonstrated that Shh activation significantly reduced axonal degeneration, demyelination, and improved nerve conduction. Mechanistically, we discovered that PTX reduced the protein level of SP1, which was ubiquitinated by the E3 ligase TRIM25 at the lysine 694 (K694), leading to increased CXCL13 expression, and we found that Shh activation inhibited PTX-induced neuronal/glial senescence and CIPN through the TRIM25-SP1-CXCL13 axis. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence for the role of PTX-induced senescence in DRG sensory neurons and Schwann cells, suggesting that Shh could be a potential therapeutic target for CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoxian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shengkang Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Ghosh T, Almeida RG, Zhao C, Mannioui A, Martin E, Fleet A, Chen CZ, Assinck P, Ellams S, Gonzalez GA, Graham SC, Rowitch DH, Stott K, Adams I, Zalc B, Goldman N, Lyons DA, Franklin RJM. A retroviral link to vertebrate myelination through retrotransposon-RNA-mediated control of myelin gene expression. Cell 2024; 187:814-830.e23. [PMID: 38364788 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Myelin, the insulating sheath that surrounds neuronal axons, is produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). This evolutionary innovation, which first appears in jawed vertebrates, enabled rapid transmission of nerve impulses, more complex brains, and greater morphological diversity. Here, we report that RNA-level expression of RNLTR12-int, a retrotransposon of retroviral origin, is essential for myelination. We show that RNLTR12-int-encoded RNA binds to the transcription factor SOX10 to regulate transcription of myelin basic protein (Mbp, the major constituent of myelin) in rodents. RNLTR12-int-like sequences (which we name RetroMyelin) are found in all jawed vertebrates, and we further demonstrate their function in regulating myelination in two different vertebrate classes (zebrafish and frogs). Our study therefore suggests that retroviral endogenization played a prominent role in the emergence of vertebrate myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Ghosh
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Rafael G Almeida
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, MS society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Abdelkrim Mannioui
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Aquatic Facility, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Martin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alex Fleet
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Civia Z Chen
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Peggy Assinck
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sophie Ellams
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK
| | - Ginez A Gonzalez
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stephen C Graham
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Ian Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nick Goldman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, MS society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
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5
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Mazuelas H, Magallón-Lorenz M, Uriarte-Arrazola I, Negro A, Rosas I, Blanco I, Castellanos E, Lázaro C, Gel B, Carrió M, Serra E. Unbalancing cAMP and Ras/MAPK pathways as a therapeutic strategy for cutaneous neurofibromas. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e168826. [PMID: 38175707 PMCID: PMC11143965 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs) are benign Schwann cell (SC) tumors arising from subepidermal glia. Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) may develop thousands of cNFs, which greatly affect their quality of life. cNF growth is driven by the proliferation of NF1-/- SCs and their interaction with the NF1+/- microenvironment. We analyzed the crosstalk between human cNF-derived SCs and fibroblasts (FBs), identifying an expression signature specific to the SC-FB interaction. We validated the secretion of proteins involved in immune cell migration, suggesting a role of SC-FB crosstalk in immune cell recruitment. The signature also captured components of developmental signaling pathways, including the cAMP elevator G protein-coupled receptor 68 (GPR68). Activation of Gpr68 by ogerin in combination with the MEK inhibitor (MEKi) selumetinib reduced viability and induced differentiation and death of human cNF-derived primary SCs, a result corroborated using an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived 3D neurofibromasphere model. Similar results were obtained using other Gpr68 activators or cAMP analogs/adenylyl cyclase activators in combination with selumetinib. Interestingly, whereas primary SC cultures restarted their proliferation after treatment with selumetinib alone was stopped, the combination of ogerin-selumetinib elicited a permanent halt on SC expansion that persisted after drug removal. These results indicate that unbalancing the Ras and cAMP pathways by combining MEKi and cAMP elevators could be used as a potential treatment for cNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mazuelas
- Hereditary Cancer Group, Translational Cancer Research Program, and
| | | | | | - Alejandro Negro
- Clinical Genomics Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inma Rosas
- Clinical Genomics Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Clinical Genomics Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Castellanos
- Clinical Genomics Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
| | - Bernat Gel
- Hereditary Cancer Group, Translational Cancer Research Program, and
- Departament de Fonaments Clínics, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Carrió
- Hereditary Cancer Group, Translational Cancer Research Program, and
| | - Eduard Serra
- Hereditary Cancer Group, Translational Cancer Research Program, and
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
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6
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Wang X, Istvanffy R, Ye L, Teller S, Laschinger M, Diakopoulos KN, Görgülü K, Li Q, Ren L, Jäger C, Steiger K, Muckenhuber A, Vilne B, Çifcibaşı K, Reyes CM, Yurteri Ü, Kießler M, Gürçınar IH, Sugden M, Yıldızhan SE, Sezerman OU, Çilingir S, Süyen G, Reichert M, Schmid RM, Bärthel S, Oellinger R, Krüger A, Rad R, Saur D, Algül H, Friess H, Lesina M, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE. Phenotype screens of murine pancreatic cancer identify a Tgf-α-Ccl2-paxillin axis driving human-like neural invasion. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166333. [PMID: 37607005 PMCID: PMC10617783 DOI: 10.1172/jci166333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid cancers like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a type of pancreatic cancer, frequently exploit nerves for rapid dissemination. This neural invasion (NI) is an independent prognostic factor in PDAC, but insufficiently modeled in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of PDAC. Here, we systematically screened for human-like NI in Europe's largest repository of GEMM of PDAC, comprising 295 different genotypes. This phenotype screen uncovered 2 GEMMs of PDAC with human-like NI, which are both characterized by pancreas-specific overexpression of transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) and conditional depletion of p53. Mechanistically, cancer-cell-derived TGF-α upregulated CCL2 secretion from sensory neurons, which induced hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein paxillin via CCR4 on cancer cells. This activated the cancer migration machinery and filopodia formation toward neurons. Disrupting CCR4 or paxillin activity limited NI and dampened tumor size and tumor innervation. In human PDAC, phospho-paxillin and TGF-α-expression constituted strong prognostic factors. Therefore, we believe that the TGF-α-CCL2-CCR4-p-paxillin axis is a clinically actionable target for constraining NI and tumor progression in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rouzanna Istvanffy
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
| | - Linhan Ye
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Laschinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Kalliope N. Diakopoulos
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Kıvanç Görgülü
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Qiaolin Li
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology and Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Muckenhuber
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology and Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Baiba Vilne
- Bioinformatics laboratory, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kaan Çifcibaşı
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carmen Mota Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
| | - Ümmügülsüm Yurteri
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kießler
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Halil Gürçınar
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maya Sugden
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Sümeyye Çilingir
- Department of Physiology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Güldal Süyen
- Department of Physiology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bärthel
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) and Experimental Cancer Therapy
| | - Rupert Oellinger
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics
| | - Dieter Saur
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) and Experimental Cancer Therapy
| | - Hana Algül
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Lesina
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp Onur Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Else Kröner Clinician Scientist Professor for Translational Pancreatic Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Mutschler C, Fazal SV, Schumacher N, Loreto A, Coleman MP, Arthur-Farraj P. Schwann cells are axo-protective after injury irrespective of myelination status in mouse Schwann cell-neuron cocultures. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261557. [PMID: 37642648 PMCID: PMC10546878 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelinating Schwann cell (SC)-dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron cocultures are an important technique for understanding cell-cell signalling and interactions during peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination, injury, and regeneration. Although methods using rat SCs and neurons or mouse DRG explants are commonplace, there are no established protocols for compartmentalised myelinating cocultures with dissociated mouse cells. There consequently is a need for a coculture protocol that allows separate genetic manipulation of mouse SCs or neurons, or use of cells from different transgenic animals to complement in vivo mouse experiments. However, inducing myelination of dissociated mouse SCs in culture is challenging. Here, we describe a new method to coculture dissociated mouse SCs and DRG neurons in microfluidic chambers and induce robust myelination. Cocultures can be axotomised to study injury and used for drug treatments, and cells can be lentivirally transduced for live imaging. We used this model to investigate axon degeneration after traumatic axotomy and find that SCs, irrespective of myelination status, are axo-protective. At later timepoints after injury, live imaging of cocultures shows that SCs break up, ingest and clear axonal debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mutschler
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Shaline V. Fazal
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Nathalie Schumacher
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapies, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrea Loreto
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Michael P. Coleman
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Peter Arthur-Farraj
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
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8
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Malik T, Malik A, Abd-Elsayed A. Pathophysiology of Work-Related Neuropathies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1745. [PMID: 37371842 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Work-related injuries are common. The cost of these injuries is around USD 176 billion to USD 350 billion a year. A significant number of work-related injuries involve nerve damage or dysfunction. Injuries may heal with full recovery of function, but those involving nerve damage may result in significant loss of function or very prolonged recovery. While many factors can predispose a person to suffer nerve damage, in most cases, it is a multifactorial issue that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This makes preventing work-related injuries hard. To date, no evidence-based guidelines are available to clinicians to evaluate work-related nerve dysfunction. While the symptoms range from poor endurance to cramping to clear loss of motor and sensory functions, not all nerves are equally vulnerable. The common risk factors for nerve damage are a superficial location, a long course, an acute change in trajectory along the course, and coursing through tight spaces. The pathophysiology of acute nerve injury is well known, but that of chronic nerve injury is much less well understood. The two most common mechanisms of nerve injury are stretching and compression. Chronic mild to moderate compression is the most common mechanism of nerve injury and it elicits a characteristic response from Schwann cells, which is different from the one when nerve is acutely injured. It is important to gain a better understanding of work-related nerve dysfunction, both from health and from regulatory standpoints. Currently, management depends upon etiology of nerve damage, recovery is often poor if nerves are badly damaged or treatment is not instituted early. This article reviews the current pathophysiology of chronic nerve injury. Chronic nerve injury animal models have contributed a lot to our understanding but it is still not complete. Better understanding of chronic nerve injury pathology will result in identification of novel and more effective targets for pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Malik
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, B6/319 CSC, Madison, WI 53792-3272, USA
| | - Ahmed Malik
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, B6/319 CSC, Madison, WI 53792-3272, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, B6/319 CSC, Madison, WI 53792-3272, USA
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9
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Fazal SV, Mutschler C, Chen CZ, Turmaine M, Chen CY, Hsueh YP, Ibañez-Grau A, Loreto A, Casillas-Bajo A, Cabedo H, Franklin RJM, Barker RA, Monk KR, Steventon BJ, Coleman MP, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Arthur-Farraj P. SARM1 detection in myelinating glia: sarm1/ Sarm1 is dispensable for PNS and CNS myelination in zebrafish and mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1158388. [PMID: 37091921 PMCID: PMC10113485 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1158388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since SARM1 mutations have been identified in human neurological disease, SARM1 inhibition has become an attractive therapeutic strategy to preserve axons in a variety of disorders of the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). While SARM1 has been extensively studied in neurons, it remains unknown whether SARM1 is present and functional in myelinating glia? This is an important question to address. Firstly, to identify whether SARM1 dysfunction in other cell types in the nervous system may contribute to neuropathology in SARM1 dependent diseases? Secondly, to ascertain whether therapies altering SARM1 function may have unintended deleterious impacts on PNS or CNS myelination? Surprisingly, we find that oligodendrocytes express sarm1 mRNA in the zebrafish spinal cord and that SARM1 protein is readily detectable in rodent oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, activation of endogenous SARM1 in cultured oligodendrocytes induces rapid cell death. In contrast, in peripheral glia, SARM1 protein is not detectable in Schwann cells and satellite glia in vivo and sarm1/Sarm1 mRNA is detected at very low levels in Schwann cells, in vivo, in zebrafish and mouse. Application of specific SARM1 activators to cultured mouse Schwann cells does not induce cell death and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels remain unaltered suggesting Schwann cells likely contain no functionally relevant levels of SARM1. Finally, we address the question of whether SARM1 is required for myelination or myelin maintenance. In the zebrafish and mouse PNS and CNS, we show that SARM1 is not required for initiation of myelination and myelin sheath maintenance is unaffected in the adult mouse nervous system. Thus, strategies to inhibit SARM1 function to treat neurological disease are unlikely to perturb myelination in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaline V. Fazal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Mutschler
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Civia Z. Chen
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiung-Ya Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrea Ibañez-Grau
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Andrea Loreto
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angeles Casillas-Bajo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Hugo Cabedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Altos Labs - Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A. Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly R. Monk
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Michael P. Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A. Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter Arthur-Farraj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Zou Y. Establishment of an in vitro Differentiation and Dedifferentiation System of Rat Schwann Cells. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4631. [PMID: 36908636 PMCID: PMC9993079 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are the primary type of glia; their in vitro differentiation and dedifferentiation system has not been described in detail in the literature. Thus, an in vitro differentiation and dedifferentiation system of rat Schwann cells is described in this protocol. These cultures and systems may be used to investigate the morphological and biochemical effects of drug interventions or lentivirus-mediated gene transfer on Schwann cells during differentiation or dedifferentiation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Biology of Postdoctoral Research Station, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes proliferation and myelinating genes expression of Schwann cells through NRG1/ErbB signaling pathway. Tissue Cell 2023; 80:101985. [PMID: 36459840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are the major component of myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system, which are necessary in the development, function maintenance, and repair of peripheral nerves. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) affecting the proliferation and myelinating activity of SCs. Rat Schwann cell line RSC96 were cultured and exposed to LIPUS of different duty ratios (control, 20 %, 50 %, 80 %). Results demonstrated that LIPUS with a duty ratio of 50 % showing the maximal effect in facilitating proliferation of SCs. The expressions of Krox20 and myelin basic protein (MBP), the key molecules of SC myelination, and the potent inducer of myelination neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its receptors ErbB2 and ErbB3 increased significantly by LIPUS. The reaction of these factors to LIPUS were both time- and duty ratio-dependent: namely LIPUS with higher duty ratios took effects when applied repeatedly over more consecutive days. These observations indicated that NRG1/ErbB signaling pathway might contribute to the effects of LIPUS on the proliferation and myelinating status of SCs, which could be one of the mechanisms in the protective role of LIPUS in nerve repair and regeneration. Our work provided novel insights for promising strategies of nerve repair therapy.
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12
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Abd Razak NH, Zainey AS, Idris J, Daud MF. The Fundamentals of Schwann Cell Biology. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY 2023:105-113. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-29265-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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13
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Yuan Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Zhao MY. Review: Myelin clearance is critical for regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:908148. [PMID: 36588879 PMCID: PMC9801717 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.908148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injury occurs frequently and is a major clinical and public health problem that can lead to functional impairment and permanent disability. Despite the availability of modern diagnostic procedures and advanced microsurgical techniques, active recovery after peripheral nerve repair is often unsatisfactory. Peripheral nerve regeneration involves several critical events, including the recreation of the microenvironment and remyelination. Results from previous studies suggest that the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a greater capacity for repair than the central nervous system. Thus, it will be important to understand myelin and myelination specifically in the PNS. This review provides an update on myelin biology and myelination in the PNS and discusses the mechanisms that promote myelin clearance after injury. The roles of Schwann cells and macrophages are considered at length, together with the possibility of exogenous intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiMing Yuan
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Wang
| | - ShanHong Wu
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Yue Zhao
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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14
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Development and In Vitro Differentiation of Schwann Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233753. [PMID: 36497014 PMCID: PMC9739763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. They exist in several subtypes and perform a variety of functions in nerves. Their derivation and culture in vitro are interesting for applications ranging from disease modeling to tissue engineering. Since primary human Schwann cells are challenging to obtain in large quantities, in vitro differentiation from other cell types presents an alternative. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the developmental signaling mechanisms that determine neural crest and Schwann cell differentiation in vivo. Next, an overview of studies on the in vitro differentiation of Schwann cells from multipotent stem cell sources is provided. The molecules frequently used in those protocols and their involvement in the relevant signaling pathways are put into context and discussed. Focusing on hiPSC- and hESC-based studies, different protocols are described and compared, regarding cell sources, differentiation methods, characterization of cells, and protocol efficiency. A brief insight into developments regarding the culture and differentiation of Schwann cells in 3D is given. In summary, this contribution provides an overview of the current resources and methods for the differentiation of Schwann cells, it supports the comparison and refinement of protocols and aids the choice of suitable methods for specific applications.
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15
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The Role of c-Jun and Autocrine Signaling Loops in the Control of Repair Schwann Cells and Regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:820216. [PMID: 35221918 PMCID: PMC8863656 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.820216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After nerve injury, both Schwann cells and neurons switch to pro-regenerative states. For Schwann cells, this involves reprogramming of myelin and Remak cells to repair Schwann cells that provide the signals and mechanisms needed for the survival of injured neurons, myelin clearance, axonal regeneration and target reinnervation. Because functional repair cells are essential for regeneration, it is unfortunate that their phenotype is not robust. Repair cell activation falters as animals get older and the repair phenotype fades during chronic denervation. These malfunctions are important reasons for the poor outcomes after nerve damage in humans. This review will discuss injury-induced Schwann cell reprogramming and the concept of the repair Schwann cell, and consider the molecular control of these cells with emphasis on c-Jun. This transcription factor is required for the generation of functional repair cells, and failure of c-Jun expression is implicated in repair cell failures in older animals and during chronic denervation. Elevating c-Jun expression in repair cells promotes regeneration, showing in principle that targeting repair cells is an effective way of improving nerve repair. In this context, we will outline the emerging evidence that repair cells are sustained by autocrine signaling loops, attractive targets for interventions aimed at promoting regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R. Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Negro S, Pirazzini M, Rigoni M. Models and methods to study Schwann cells. J Anat 2022; 241:1235-1258. [PMID: 34988978 PMCID: PMC9558160 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are fundamental components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of all vertebrates and play essential roles in development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. There are distinct populations of SCs including: (1) myelinating SCs that ensheath axons by a specialized plasma membrane, called myelin, which enhances the conduction of electric impulses; (2) non‐myelinating SCs, including Remak SCs, which wrap bundles of multiple axons of small caliber, and perysinaptic SCs (PSCs), associated with motor axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). All types of SCs contribute to PNS regeneration through striking morphological and functional changes in response to nerve injury, are affected in peripheral neuropathies and show abnormalities and a diminished plasticity during aging. Therefore, methodological approaches to study and manipulate SCs in physiological and pathophysiological conditions are crucial to expand the present knowledge on SC biology and to devise new therapeutic strategies to counteract neurodegenerative conditions and age‐derived denervation. We present here an updated overview of traditional and emerging methodologies for the study of SCs for scientists approaching this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,CIR-Myo, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di Miologia, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,CIR-Myo, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di Miologia, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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17
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Zou Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Xu J, Fu L, Ma X, Xu Y, Xu S, Wang X, Guo J. SIRT6 Negatively Regulates Schwann Cells Dedifferentiation via Targeting c-Jun During Wallerian Degeneration After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:429-444. [PMID: 34708329 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silent information regulator 6 (SIRT6) is a mammalian homolog of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin family. Previous studies have been reported a pro-regenerative role of SIRT6 in central nervous system injury. However, the role of SIRT6 in peripheral nerve injury is still unknown. Given the importance and necessity of Schwann cell dedifferentiation response to peripheral nerve injury, we aim to investigate the molecular mechanism of SIRT6 steering Schwann cell dedifferentiation during Wallerian degeneration in injured peripheral nerve. Herein, we first examined the expression pattern of SIRT6 after peripheral nerve injury. Using the explants of sciatic nerve, an ex vivo model of nerve degeneration, we provided evidences indicating that SIRT6 inhibitor accelerates Schwann cell dedifferentiation as well as axonal and myelin degeneration, while SIRT6 activator attenuates this process. Moreover, in an in vitro Schwann cell dedifferentiation model, we found SIRT6 inhibitor promotes Schwann cell dedifferentiation through upregulating the expression of c-Jun. In addition, downregulation of c-Jun reverse the effects of SIRT6 inhibition on the Schwann cells dedifferentiation and axonal and myelin degeneration. In summary, we first described SIRT6 acts as a negative regulator for Schwann cells dedifferentiation during Wallerian degeneration and c-Jun worked as a direct downstream partner of SIRT6 in injured peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lanya Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinrui Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Shuyi Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510700, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of EducationGuangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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18
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Sachana M, Willett C, Pistollato F, Bal-Price A. The potential of mechanistic information organised within the AOP framework to increase regulatory uptake of the developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) in vitro battery of assays. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 103:159-170. [PMID: 34147625 PMCID: PMC8279093 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current in vivo DNT testing for regulatory purposes is not effective. In vitro assays anchored to key neurodevelopmental processes are available. Development of Adverse Outcome Pathways is required to increase mechanistic understanding of DNT effects. DNT Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment for various regulatory purposes should be developed. The OECD Guidance Document on use of in vitro DNT battery of assays is currently under development.
A major challenge in regulatory developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) assessment is lack of toxicological information for many compounds. Therefore, the Test Guidelines programme of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) took the initiative to coordinate an international collaboration between diverse stakeholders to consider integration of alternative approaches towards improving the current chemical DNT testing. During the past few years, a series of workshops was organized during which a consensus was reached that incorporation of a DNT testing battery that relies on in vitro assays anchored to key neurodevelopmental processes should be developed. These key developmental processes include neural progenitor cell proliferation, neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation, neural cell migration, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis and neuronal network formation, as well key events identified in the existing Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs). AOPs deliver mechanistic information on the causal links between molecular initiating event, intermediate key events and an adverse outcome of regulatory concern, providing the biological context to facilitate development of Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) for various regulatory purposes. Developing IATA case studies, using mechanistic information derived from AOPs, is expected to increase scientific confidence for the use of in vitro methods within an IATA, thereby facilitating regulatory uptake. This manuscript summarizes the current state of international efforts to enhance DNT testing by using an in vitro battery of assays focusing on the role of AOPs in informing the development of IATA for different regulatory purposes, aiming to deliver an OECD guidance document on use of in vitro DNT battery of assays that include in vitro data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Sachana
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 75775, Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Catherine Willett
- Humane Society International, 1255 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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19
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Sundaram VK, El Jalkh T, Barakat R, Fernandez CJI, Massaad C, Grenier J. Retracing Schwann Cell Developmental Transitions in Embryonic Dissociated DRG/Schwann Cell Cocultures in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:590537. [PMID: 34093128 PMCID: PMC8173108 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.590537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic Dissociated Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) cultures are often used to investigate the role of novel molecular pathways or drugs in Schwann cell development and myelination. These cultures largely recapitulate the order of cellular and molecular events that occur in Schwann cells of embryonic nerves. However, the timing of Schwann cell developmental transitions, notably the transition from Schwann Cell Precursors (SCP) to immature Schwann cells (iSC) and then to myelinating Schwann cells, has not been estimated so far in this culture system. In this study, we determined the expression profiles of Schwann cell developmental genes during the first week of culture and then compared our data to the expression profiles of these genes in developing spinal nerves. This helped in identifying that SCP transition into iSC between the 5th and 7th day in vitro. Furthermore, we also investigated the transition of immature cells into pro-myelinating and myelinating Schwann cells upon the induction of myelination in vitro. Our results suggest that Schwann cell differentiation beyond the immature stage can be observed as early as 4 days post the induction of myelination in cocultures. Finally, we compared the myelinating potential of coculture-derived Schwann cell monocultures to cultures established from neonatal sciatic nerves and found that both these culture systems exhibit similar myelinating phenotypes. In effect, our results allow for a better understanding and interpretation of coculture experiments especially in studies that aim to elucidate the role of a novel actor in Schwann cell development and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana El Jalkh
- INSERM UMRS 1124, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,EC2M, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Rasha Barakat
- INSERM UMRS 1124, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 1016, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Charbel Massaad
- INSERM UMRS 1124, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Grenier
- INSERM UMRS 1124, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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20
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Balakrishnan A, Belfiore L, Chu TH, Fleming T, Midha R, Biernaskie J, Schuurmans C. Insights Into the Role and Potential of Schwann Cells for Peripheral Nerve Repair From Studies of Development and Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:608442. [PMID: 33568974 PMCID: PMC7868393 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.608442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries arising from trauma or disease can lead to sensory and motor deficits and neuropathic pain. Despite the purported ability of the peripheral nerve to self-repair, lifelong disability is common. New molecular and cellular insights have begun to reveal why the peripheral nerve has limited repair capacity. The peripheral nerve is primarily comprised of axons and Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells that produce myelin to facilitate the rapid conduction of electrical impulses. Schwann cells are required for successful nerve regeneration; they partially “de-differentiate” in response to injury, re-initiating the expression of developmental genes that support nerve repair. However, Schwann cell dysfunction, which occurs in chronic nerve injury, disease, and aging, limits their capacity to support endogenous repair, worsening patient outcomes. Cell replacement-based therapeutic approaches using exogenous Schwann cells could be curative, but not all Schwann cells have a “repair” phenotype, defined as the ability to promote axonal growth, maintain a proliferative phenotype, and remyelinate axons. Two cell replacement strategies are being championed for peripheral nerve repair: prospective isolation of “repair” Schwann cells for autologous cell transplants, which is hampered by supply challenges, and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or lineage conversion of accessible somatic cells to induced Schwann cells, with the potential of “unlimited” supply. All approaches require a solid understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding Schwann cell development and the repair phenotype, which we review herein. Together these studies provide essential context for current efforts to design glial cell-based therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balakrishnan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Belfiore
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Taylor Fleming
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Modeling tumors of the peripheral nervous system associated with Neurofibromatosis type 1: Reprogramming plexiform neurofibroma cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102068. [PMID: 33160273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexiform neurofibromas (pNFs) are benign tumors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that can progress towards a deadly soft tissue sarcoma termed malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). pNFs appear during development in the context of the genetic disease Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) due to the complete loss of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene in a cell of the neural crest (NC) - Schwann cell (SC) axis of differentiation. NF1(-/-) cells from pNFs can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that exhibit an increased proliferation rate and maintain full iPSC properties. Efficient protocols for iPSC differentiation towards NC and SC exist and thus NC cells can be efficiently obtained from NF1(-/-) iPSCs and further differentiated towards SCs. In this review, we will focus on the iPSC modeling of pNFs, including the reprogramming of primary pNF-derived cells, the properties of pNF-derived iPSCs, the capacity to differentiate towards the NC-SC lineage, and how well iPSC-derived NF1(-/-) SC spheroids recapitulate pNF-derived primary SCs. The potential uses of NF1(-/-) iPSCs in pNF modeling and a future outlook are discussed.
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22
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Widasmara D, Menaldi SL, Turchan A. Evaluation of nerve growth factor serum level for early detection of leprosy disability. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:145. [PMID: 33425178 PMCID: PMC7757272 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.145.15213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction this research aimed to analyze nerve growth factor (NGF) contents as diagnostic tools for early disability in leprosy patients and the cut-off point value. Methods research samples consisted of 79 leprosy patients with disability grade 0 or 1 who met the clinically approved inclusion criteria. The age of patients ranged from 14 to 50 years. For both sample groups, blood serum was collected to determine NGF concentration. NGF level was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manual guide of the kit insert from Cussabio®. Statistical analysis used SPSS 17 software for Windows. A comparison was performed with the Student's t-test and the NGF concentration cut-off point was determined using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results the research result demonstrated that NGF concentration in multibacillary leprosy with disability grade 0 was higher than in grade 1. Leprosy with disability grade 0 had an NGF content reaching 100.46 pg/mL, while those with grade 1 had a lower concentration of NGF at 30.56 pg/mL. The higher disability grade indicated a lower NGF concentration in the blood serum. Based on the ROC analysis result, the NGF cut-off was shown to be 81.43 pg/mL. This result indicated that low NGF in nerve and skin lesions of leprosy patients contributes to early peripheral nerve malfunction due to Mycobacterium leprae infection. Conclusion these results prove that NGF can be used as a marker of early disability in leprosy, with the cut-off value at 81.43 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhelya Widasmara
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sri Linuwih Menaldi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Agus Turchan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, East Java, Indonesia
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23
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Serrano-Regal MP, Bayón-Cordero L, Ordaz RP, Garay E, Limon A, Arellano RO, Matute C, Sánchez-Gómez MV. Expression and Function of GABA Receptors in Myelinating Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:256. [PMID: 32973453 PMCID: PMC7472887 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin facilitates the fast transmission of nerve impulses and provides metabolic support to axons. Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and Schwann cell (SC) precursors is critical for myelination during development and myelin repair in demyelinating disorders. Myelination is tightly controlled by neuron-glia communication and requires the participation of a wide repertoire of signals, including neurotransmitters such as glutamate, ATP, adenosine, or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and it is also present in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The composition and function of GABA receptors (GABARs) are well studied in neurons, while their nature and role in glial cells are still incipient. Recent studies demonstrate that GABA-mediated signaling mechanisms play relevant roles in OPC and SC precursor development and function, and stand out the implication of GABARs in oligodendrocyte (OL) and SC maturation and myelination. In this review, we highlight the evidence supporting the novel role of GABA with an emphasis on the molecular identity of the receptors expressed in these glial cells and the possible signaling pathways involved in their actions. GABAergic signaling in myelinating cells may have potential implications for developing novel reparative therapies in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Paz Serrano-Regal
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Laura Bayón-Cordero
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Rainald Pablo Ordaz
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Edith Garay
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Agenor Limon
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rogelio O. Arellano
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Carlos Matute
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
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24
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Lee DW, Kim E, Jeong I, Kim HK, Kim S, Park HC. Schwann cells selectively myelinate primary motor axons via neuregulin-ErbB signaling. Glia 2020; 68:2585-2600. [PMID: 32589818 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spinal motor neurons project their axons out of the spinal cord via the motor exit point (MEP) and regulate their target muscle fibers for diverse behaviors. Several populations of glial cells including Schwann cells, MEP glia, and perineurial glia are tightly associated with spinal motor axons in nerve fascicles. Zebrafish have two types of spinal motor neurons, primary motor neurons (PMNs) and secondary motor neurons (SMNs). PMNs are implicated in the rapid response, whereas SMNs are implicated in normal and slow movements. However, the precise mechanisms mediating the distinct functions of PMNs and SMNs in zebrafish are unclear. In this study, we found that PMNs were myelinated by MEP glia and Schwann cells, whereas SMNs remained unmyelinated at the examined stages. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that myelinated PMNs solely innervated fast muscle through a distributed neuromuscular junction (NMJ), whereas unmyelinated SMNs innervated both fast and slow muscle through distributed and myoseptal NMJs, respectively, indicating that myelinated PMNs could provide rapid responses for startle and escape movements, while unmyelinated SMNs regulated normal, slow movement. Further, we demonstrate that neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) type III-ErbB signaling provides a key instructive signal that determines the myelination of primary motor axons by MEP glia and Schwann cells. Perineurial glia ensheathed unmyelinated secondary motor axons and myelinated primary motor nerves. Ensheathment required interaction with both MEP glia and Schwann cells. Collectively, these data suggest that primary and secondary motor neurons contribute to the regulation of movement in zebrafish with distinct patterns of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Won Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyoung Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Ki Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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25
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Wilson ER, Della-Flora Nunes G, Weaver MR, Frick LR, Feltri ML. Schwann cell interactions during the development of the peripheral nervous system. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:464-489. [PMID: 32281247 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells play a critical role in the development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), establishing important relationships both with the extracellular milieu and other cell types, particularly neurons. In this review, we discuss various Schwann cell interactions integral to the proper establishment, spatial arrangement, and function of the PNS. We include signals that cascade onto Schwann cells from axons and from the extracellular matrix, bidirectional signals that help to establish the axo-glial relationship and how Schwann cells in turn support the axon. Further, we speculate on how Schwann cell interactions with other components of the developing PNS ultimately promote the complete construction of the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gustavo Della-Flora Nunes
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Weaver
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Luciana R Frick
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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26
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Blanco-Cantó ME, Patel N, Velasco-Aviles S, Casillas-Bajo A, Salas-Felipe J, García-Escrivá A, Díaz-Marín C, Cabedo H. Novel EGR2 variant that associates with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease when combined with lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor T49M polymorphism. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e407. [PMID: 32337334 PMCID: PMC7164973 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify novel genetic mechanisms causing Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Methods We performed a next-generation sequencing study of 34 genes associated with CMT in a patient with peripheral neuropathy. Results We found a non-previously described mutation in EGR2 (p.P397H). P397H mutation is located within the loop that connects zinc fingers 2 and 3, a pivotal domain for the activity of this transcription factor. Using promoter activity luciferase assays, we found that this mutation promotes decreased transcriptional activity of EGR2. In this patient, we also found a previously described nonpathogenic polymorphism in lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor (LITAF) (p.T49M). We show that the p.T49M mutation decreases the steady-state levels of the LITAF protein in Schwann cells. Loss of function of LITAF has been shown to produce deregulation in the NRG1-erbB signaling, a pivotal pathway for EGR2 expression by Schwann cells. Surprisingly, our segregation study demonstrates that p.P397H mutation in EGR2 is not sufficient to produce CMT disease. Most notably, only those patients expressing simultaneously the LITAF T49M polymorphism develop peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions Our data support that the LITAF loss-of-function interferes with the expression of the transcriptional-deficient EGR2 P397H mutant hampering Schwann cell differentiation and suggest that in vivo both genes act in tandem to allow the proper development of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Empar Blanco-Cantó
- ISABIAL (FISABIO) (M.E.B.-C., N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., C.D.-M., H.C.), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC (N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., H.C.), San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Hospital Marina Salud (J.S.-F.), Denia; and Hospital IMED Levante (A.G.-E.), Benidorm, Spain
| | - Nikiben Patel
- ISABIAL (FISABIO) (M.E.B.-C., N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., C.D.-M., H.C.), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC (N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., H.C.), San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Hospital Marina Salud (J.S.-F.), Denia; and Hospital IMED Levante (A.G.-E.), Benidorm, Spain
| | - Sergio Velasco-Aviles
- ISABIAL (FISABIO) (M.E.B.-C., N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., C.D.-M., H.C.), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC (N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., H.C.), San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Hospital Marina Salud (J.S.-F.), Denia; and Hospital IMED Levante (A.G.-E.), Benidorm, Spain
| | - Angeles Casillas-Bajo
- ISABIAL (FISABIO) (M.E.B.-C., N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., C.D.-M., H.C.), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC (N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., H.C.), San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Hospital Marina Salud (J.S.-F.), Denia; and Hospital IMED Levante (A.G.-E.), Benidorm, Spain
| | - Juan Salas-Felipe
- ISABIAL (FISABIO) (M.E.B.-C., N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., C.D.-M., H.C.), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC (N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., H.C.), San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Hospital Marina Salud (J.S.-F.), Denia; and Hospital IMED Levante (A.G.-E.), Benidorm, Spain
| | - Alexandre García-Escrivá
- ISABIAL (FISABIO) (M.E.B.-C., N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., C.D.-M., H.C.), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC (N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., H.C.), San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Hospital Marina Salud (J.S.-F.), Denia; and Hospital IMED Levante (A.G.-E.), Benidorm, Spain
| | - Carmen Díaz-Marín
- ISABIAL (FISABIO) (M.E.B.-C., N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., C.D.-M., H.C.), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC (N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., H.C.), San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Hospital Marina Salud (J.S.-F.), Denia; and Hospital IMED Levante (A.G.-E.), Benidorm, Spain
| | - Hugo Cabedo
- ISABIAL (FISABIO) (M.E.B.-C., N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., C.D.-M., H.C.), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC (N.P., S.V.-A., A.C.-B., H.C.), San Juan de Alicante, Spain; Hospital Marina Salud (J.S.-F.), Denia; and Hospital IMED Levante (A.G.-E.), Benidorm, Spain
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27
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Monje PV. The properties of human Schwann cells: Lessons from in vitro culture and transplantation studies. Glia 2020; 68:797-810. [PMID: 32027424 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human Schwann cells (hSCs) can be isolated directly from peripheral nerve and cultured using methods similar to those used for SCs from other species. Yet, important interspecies differences are revealed when the primary or expanded hSCs are compared to their nonhuman counterparts. This review addresses the special properties of nerve-derived hSCs that have resulted to date from both in vitro studies and in vivo research on cell transplantation in animal models and human subjects. A consensus has yet to emerge about the essential attributes of cultured normal hSCs. Thus, an emphasis is placed on the importance of validating hSC cultures by means of purity, identity, and biological activity to reliably use them as in vitro models of the SC phenotype and cell therapy products for injury repair. Combining traditional immunological methods, high-resolution omics approaches, and assorted cell-based assays is so far the best approach to unequivocally identify hSC populations obtained by direct isolation or derivation from stem cells. Special considerations are required to understand and manage the variability and heterogeneity proper of donor batches, as well as to evaluate risk factors. This is particularly important if the intended use of the hSCs is implantation in the human body, diagnosis of disease, or drug testing aimed at targeting any aspect of SC function in human patients. To conclude, in view of their unique properties, new concepts and methods are needed to better understand the biology of hSCs and exploit their full potential in basic science and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Monje
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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28
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Lee JS, Lee JY, Song DW, Bae HS, Doo HM, Yu HS, Lee KJ, Kim HK, Hwang H, Kwak G, Kim D, Kim S, Hong YB, Lee JM, Choi BO. Targeted PMP22 TATA-box editing by CRISPR/Cas9 reduces demyelinating neuropathy of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A in mice. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:130-140. [PMID: 31713617 PMCID: PMC7145652 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A) is the most common inherited neuropathy without a known therapy, which is caused by a 1.4 Mb duplication on human chromosome 17, which includes the gene encoding the peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa (PMP22). Overexpressed PMP22 protein from its gene duplication is thought to cause demyelination and subsequently axonal degeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Here, we targeted TATA-box of human PMP22 promoter to normalize overexpressed PMP22 level in C22 mice, a mouse model of CMT1A harboring multiple copies of human PMP22. Direct local intraneural delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 designed to target TATA-box of PMP22 before the onset of disease, downregulates gene expression of PMP22 and preserves both myelin and axons. Notably, the same approach was effective in partial rescue of demyelination even after the onset of disease. Collectively, our data present a proof-of-concept that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of TATA-box can be utilized to treat CMT1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Su Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hyun M Doo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Ho S Yu
- ToolGen, Inc., Seoul, 08501, Korea
| | | | - Hee K Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Geon Kwak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | | | - Young B Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Jung M Lee
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Korea
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29
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George S, Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Neuroglia: in the Context of Cell Signalling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 15:814-826. [PMID: 31515658 PMCID: PMC6925073 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The promise of engineering specific cell types from stem cells and rebuilding damaged or diseased tissues has fascinated stem cell researchers and clinicians over last few decades. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into non-mesodermal cells, particularly neural-lineage, consisting of neurons and glia. These multipotent adult stem cells can be used for implementing clinical trials in neural repair. Ongoing research identifies several molecular mechanisms involved in the speciation of neuroglia, which are tightly regulated and interconnected by various components of cell signalling machinery. Growing MSCs with multiple inducers in culture media will initiate changes on intricately interlinked cell signalling pathways and processes. Net result of these signal flow on cellular architecture is also dependent on the type of ligands and stem cells investigated in vitro. However, our understanding about this dynamic signalling machinery is limited and confounding, especially with spheroid structures, neurospheres and organoids. Therefore, the results for differentiating neurons and glia in vitro have been inconclusive, so far. Added to this complication, we have no convincing evidence about the electrical conductivity and functionality status generated in differentiating neurons and glia. This review has taken a step forward to tailor the information on differentiating neuroglia with the common methodologies, in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajan George
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
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30
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Chen R, Yang X, Zhang B, Wang S, Bao S, Gu Y, Li S. EphA4 Negatively Regulates Myelination by Inhibiting Schwann Cell Differentiation in the Peripheral Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1191. [PMID: 31798398 PMCID: PMC6863774 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin plays a crucial role in axon function recovery following nerve damage, and the interaction between Schwann cells (SCs) and regenerating axons profoundly affects myelin formation. Eph receptor A4 (EphA4), a member of the Eph tyrosine kinase receptor family, regulates cell-cell interactions via its ligand ephrins. However, our current knowledge on how EphA4 regulates the formation of myelin sheaths remains limited. In order to explore the roles of EphA4 in myelination in the peripheral nervous system, we used a combination of (1) a co-culture model of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants and SCs, (2) a SC differentiation model induced by db-cAMP, and (3) a regeneration model of crushed sciatic nerves in rats. Our results demonstrated that EphA4 inhibited myelination by inhibiting SC differentiation and facilitating SC proliferation in vitro. The in vivo experiments revealed that EphA4 expression in SCs is upregulated following nerve crush injury and then downregulated during remyelination. Moreover, silencing of EphA4 by siRNA or overexpression of EphA4 by genetic manipulation can accelerate or slow down nerve remyelination in crushed sciatic nerves. Taken together, our results suggest that EphA4 may negatively regulate myelination by abrogating SC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shengran Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuangxi Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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31
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Han SH, Yun SH, Shin YK, Park HT, Park JI. Heat Shock Protein 90 is Required for cAMP-Induced Differentiation in Rat Primary Schwann Cells. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2643-2657. [PMID: 31606837 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) play an important role in producing myelin for rapid neurotransmission in the peripheral nervous system. Activation of the differentiation and myelination processes in SCs requires the expression of a series of transcriptional factors including Sox10, Oct6/Pou3f1, and Egr2/Krox20. However, functional interactions among several transcription factors are poorly defined and the important components of the regulatory network are still unknown. Until now, available evidence suggests that SCs require cAMP signaling to initiate the myelination program. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is known as a chaperone required to stabilize ErbB2 receptor. In recent years, it was reported that cAMP transactivated the ErbB2/ErbB3 signaling in SCs. However, the relationship between Hsp90 and cAMP-induced differentiation in SCs is undefined. Here we investigated the role of Hsp90 during cAMP-induced differentiation of SCs using Hsp90 inhibitor, geldanamycin and Hsp90 siRNA transfection. Our results showed that dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) treatment upregulated Hsp90 expression and led to nuclear translocation of Gab1/ERK, the downstream signaling pathway of the ErbB2 signaling mechanism in myelination. The expression of myelin-related genes and nuclear translocation of Gab1/ERK following db-cAMP treatment was inhibited by geldanamycin pretreatment and Hsp90 knockdown. These findings suggest that Hsp90 might play a role in cAMP-induced differentiation via stabilization of ErbB2 and nuclear translocation of Gab1/ERK in SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Heum Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea.,Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea.,Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Shin
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Tae Park
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea. .,Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. Schwann Cell Precursors; Multipotent Glial Cells in Embryonic Nerves. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:69. [PMID: 30971890 PMCID: PMC6443887 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the neural crest, often referred to as neural crest stem cells, give rise to a number of sub-lineages, one of which is Schwann cells, the glial cells of peripheral nerves. Crest cells transform to adult Schwann cells through the generation of two well defined intermediate stages, the Schwann cell precursors (SCP) in early embryonic nerves, and immature Schwann cells (iSch) in late embryonic and perinatal nerves. SCP are formed when neural crest cells enter nascent nerves and form intimate relationships with axons, a diagnostic feature of glial cells. This involves large-scale changes in gene expression, including the activation of established glial cell markers. Like early glia in the CNS, radial glia, SCP retain developmental multipotency and contribute to other crest-derived lineages during embryonic development. SCP, as well as closely related cells termed boundary cap cells, and later stages of the Schwann cell lineage have all been implicated as the tumor initiating cell in NF1 associated neurofibromas. iSch are formed from SCP in a process that involves the appearance of additional differentiation markers, autocrine survival circuits, cellular elongation, a formation of endoneurial connective tissue and basal lamina. Finally, in peri- and post-natal nerves, iSch are reversibly induced by axon-associated signals to form the myelin and non-myelin Schwann cells of adult nerves. This review article discusses early Schwann cell development in detail and describes a large number of molecular signaling systems that control glial development in embryonic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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33
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Yi S, Liu Q, Wang X, Qian T, Wang H, Zha G, Yu J, Wang P, Gu X, Chu D, Li S. Tau modulates Schwann cell proliferation, migration and differentiation following peripheral nerve injury. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.222059. [PMID: 30782778 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau protein (encoded by the gene microtubule-associated protein tau, Mapt) is essential for the assembly and stability of microtubule and the functional maintenance of the nervous system. Tau is highly abundant in neurons and is detectable in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, whether tau is present in Schwann cells, the unique glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, is unclear. Here, we investigated the presence of tau and its coding mRNA, Mapt, in cultured Schwann cells and find that tau is present in these cells. Gene silencing of Mapt promoted Schwann cell proliferation and inhibited Schwann cell migration and differentiation. In vivo application of Mapt siRNA suppressed the migration of Schwann cells after sciatic nerve injury. Consistent with this, Mapt-knockout mice showed elevated proliferation and reduced migration of Schwann cells. Rats injected with Mapt siRNA and Mapt-knockout mice also exhibited impaired myelin and lipid debris clearance. The expression and distribution of the cytoskeleton proteins α-tubulin and F-actin were also disrupted in these animals. These findings demonstrate the existence and biological effects of tau in Schwann cells, and expand our understanding of the function of tau in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qianyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Tianmei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hongkui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Guangbin Zha
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Dandan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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34
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Jessen KR, Arthur-Farraj P. Repair Schwann cell update: Adaptive reprogramming, EMT, and stemness in regenerating nerves. Glia 2019; 67:421-437. [PMID: 30632639 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells respond to nerve injury by cellular reprogramming that generates cells specialized for promoting regeneration and repair. These repair cells clear redundant myelin, attract macrophages, support survival of damaged neurons, encourage axonal growth, and guide axons back to their targets. There are interesting parallels between this response and that found in other tissues. At the cellular level, many other tissues also react to injury by cellular reprogramming, generating cells specialized to promote tissue homeostasis and repair. And at the molecular level, a common feature possessed by Schwann cells and many other cells is the injury-induced activation of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and stemness, differentiation states that are linked to cellular plasticity and that help injury-induced tissue remodeling. The number of signaling systems regulating Schwann cell plasticity is rapidly increasing. Importantly, this includes mechanisms that are crucial for the generation of functional repair Schwann cells and nerve regeneration, although they have no or a minor role elsewhere in the Schwann cell lineage. This encourages the view that selective tools can be developed to control these particular cells, amplify their repair supportive functions and prevent their deterioration. In this review, we discuss the emerging similarities between the injury response seen in nerves and in other tissues and survey the transcription factors, epigenetic mechanisms, and signaling cascades that control repair Schwann cells, with emphasis on systems that selectively regulate the Schwann cell injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Arthur-Farraj
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Hyung S, Im SK, Lee BY, Shin J, Park JC, Lee C, Suh JKF, Hur EM. Dedifferentiated Schwann cells secrete progranulin that enhances the survival and axon growth of motor neurons. Glia 2018; 67:360-375. [PMID: 30444070 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs), the primary glia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), display remarkable plasticity in that fully mature SCs undergo dedifferentiation and convert to repair SCs upon nerve injury. Dedifferentiated SCs provide essential support for PNS regeneration by producing signals that enhance the survival and axon regrowth of damaged neurons, but the identities of neurotrophic factors remain incompletely understood. Here we show that SCs express and secrete progranulin (PGRN), depending on the differentiation status of SCs. PGRN expression and secretion markedly increased as primary SCs underwent dedifferentiation, while PGRN secretion was prevented by administration of cAMP, which induced SC differentiation. We also found that sciatic nerve injury, a physiological trigger of SC dedifferentiation, induced PGRN expression in SCs in vivo. These results suggest that dedifferentiated SCs express and secrete PGRN that functions as a paracrine factor to support the survival and axon growth of neighboring neurons after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hyung
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Im
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Yoon Lee
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, KIST, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Center for Theragnosis, KIST, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Park
- Department of Medical Engineering and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Theragnosis, KIST, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Kyo Francis Suh
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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36
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Gu Y, Wu Y, Su W, Xing L, Shen Y, He X, Li L, Yuan Y, Tang X, Chen G. 17β-Estradiol Enhances Schwann Cell Differentiation via the ERβ-ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway and Promotes Remyelination in Injured Sciatic Nerves. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1026. [PMID: 30356713 PMCID: PMC6189327 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is critical for nerve regeneration. However, the molecular mechanism involved in remyelination is poorly understood. To explore the roles of 17β-estradiol (E2) for myelination in the peripheral nervous system, we used a co-culture model of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants and Schwann cells (SCs) and a regeneration model of the crushed sciatic nerves in ovariectomized (OVX) and non-ovariectomized (non-OVX) rats for in vitro and in vivo analysis. E2 promoted myelination by facilitating the differentiation of SCs in vitro, which could be inhibited by the estrogen receptors (ER) antagonist ICI182780, ERβ antagonist PHTPP, or ERK1/2 antagonist PD98059. This suggests that E2 accelerates SC differentiation via the ERβ-ERK1/2 signaling. Furthermore, E2 promotes remyelination in crushed sciatic nerves of both OVX and non-OVX rats. Interestingly, E2 also significantly increased the expression of the lysosome membrane proteins LAMP1 and myelin protein P0 in the regenerating nerves. Moreover, P0 has higher degree of colocalization with LAMP1 in the regenerating nerves. Taking together, our results suggest that E2 enhances Schwann cell differentiation and further myelination via the ERβ-ERK1/2 signaling and that E2 increases the expression of myelin proteins and lysosomes in SCs to promotes remyelination in regenerating sciatic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yumen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenfeng Su
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - LingYan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaowen He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lilan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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37
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Kim M, Wende H, Walcher J, Kühnemund J, Cheret C, Kempa S, McShane E, Selbach M, Lewin GR, Birchmeier C. Maf links Neuregulin1 signaling to cholesterol synthesis in myelinating Schwann cells. Genes Dev 2018; 32:645-657. [PMID: 29748249 PMCID: PMC6004071 DOI: 10.1101/gad.310490.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kim et al. define a crucial role of the transcription factor Maf in myelination and cholesterol biosynthesis and show that Maf acts downstream from Neuregulin1 in myelinating Schwann cells. Cholesterol is a major constituent of myelin membranes, which insulate axons and allow saltatory conduction. Therefore, Schwann cells, the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system, need to produce large amounts of cholesterol. Here, we define a crucial role of the transcription factor Maf in myelination and cholesterol biosynthesis and show that Maf acts downstream from Neuregulin1 (Nrg1). Maf expression is induced when Schwann cells begin myelination. Genetic ablation of Maf resulted in hypomyelination that resembled mice with defective Nrg1 signaling. Importantly, loss of Maf or Nrg1 signaling resulted in a down-regulation of the cholesterol synthesis program, and Maf directly binds to enhancers of cholesterol synthesis genes. Furthermore, we identified the molecular mechanisms by which Nrg1 signaling regulates Maf levels. Transcription of Maf depends on calmodulin-dependent kinases downstream from Nrg1, whereas Nrg1–MAPK signaling stabilizes Maf protein. Our results delineate a novel signaling cascade regulating cholesterol synthesis in myelinating Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagen Wende
- Department of Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Walcher
- Department of Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Kühnemund
- Department of Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cyril Cheret
- Department of Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Department of Integrative Proteomics and Metabolomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik McShane
- Department of Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Department of Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary R Lewin
- Department of Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Department of Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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38
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Gomis-Coloma C, Velasco-Aviles S, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Casillas-Bajo A, Backs J, Cabedo H. Class IIa histone deacetylases link cAMP signaling to the myelin transcriptional program of Schwann cells. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1249-1268. [PMID: 29472387 PMCID: PMC5881490 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells respond to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) halting proliferation and expressing myelin proteins. Here we show that cAMP signaling induces the nuclear shuttling of the class IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC)-4 in these cells, where it binds to the promoter and blocks the expression of c-Jun, a negative regulator of myelination. To do it, HDAC4 does not interfere with the transcriptional activity of MEF2. Instead, by interacting with NCoR1, it recruits HDAC3 and deacetylates histone 3 in the promoter of c-Jun, blocking gene expression. Importantly, this is enough to up-regulate Krox20 and start Schwann cell differentiation program-inducing myelin gene expression. Using conditional knockout mice, we also show that HDAC4 together with HDAC5 redundantly contribute to activate the myelin transcriptional program and the development of myelin sheath in vivo. We propose a model in which cAMP signaling shuttles class IIa HDACs into the nucleus of Schwann cells to regulate the initial steps of myelination in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gomis-Coloma
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL) and Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Saniatria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Velasco-Aviles
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL) and Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Saniatria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Angeles Casillas-Bajo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL) and Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Saniatria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Johannes Backs
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo Cabedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL) and Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Saniatria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
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39
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Kiepura AJ, Kochański A. Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A drug therapies: role of adenylyl cyclase activity and G-protein coupled receptors in disease pathomechanism. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2018-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Schwann cells are the main glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and play key roles in peripheral nerve development and function, including providing myelin that is essential for normal movement and sensation in the adult. Schwann cells can be readily destabilized by a wide variety of distinct conditions that range from nerve injury to immune assaults, metabolic disturbances, microbial infections, or genetic defects, leading to the breakdown of myelin (demyelination) and a subsequent switch in phenotypic states. This striking feature of Schwann cells forms the cornerstone of several debilitating and even fatal PNS neurological disorders that include the demyelinating neuropathies Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), and PNS cancers, including Neurofibromatosis.Primary Schwann cell cultures have proved a valuable tool to dissect key mechanisms that regulate proliferation, survival, differentiation, and myelination of these glial cell types. In this chapter, we describe the steps involved in the isolation and purification of Schwann cells from rodent peripheral nerves and the use of these cultures to model myelination in vitro.
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41
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Camarena V, Sant DW, Huff TC, Mustafi S, Muir RK, Aron AT, Chang CJ, Renslo AR, Monje PV, Wang G. cAMP signaling regulates DNA hydroxymethylation by augmenting the intracellular labile ferrous iron pool. eLife 2017; 6:29750. [PMID: 29239726 PMCID: PMC5745079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cAMP regulates gene transcription principally by activating the protein kinase A (PKA)-targeted transcription factors. Here, we show that cAMP enhances the generation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in multiple cell types. 5hmC is converted from 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by Tet methylcytosine dioxygenases, for which Fe(II) is an essential cofactor. The promotion of 5hmC was mediated by a prompt increase of the intracellular labile Fe(II) pool (LIP). cAMP enhanced the acidification of endosomes for Fe(II) release to the LIP likely through RapGEF2. The effect of cAMP on Fe(II) and 5hmC was confirmed by adenylate cyclase activators, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and most notably by stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The transcriptomic changes caused by cAMP occurred in concert with 5hmC elevation in differentially transcribed genes. Collectively, these data show a previously unrecognized regulation of gene transcription by GPCR-cAMP signaling through augmentation of the intracellular labile Fe(II) pool and DNA hydroxymethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Camarena
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - David W Sant
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Tyler C Huff
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Sushmita Mustafi
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Ryan K Muir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Paula V Monje
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. Nasser Ibrahim Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
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42
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Fazal SV, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Wagstaff LJ, Musner N, Otto G, Janz M, Mirsky R, Jessen KR. Graded Elevation of c-Jun in Schwann Cells In Vivo: Gene Dosage Determines Effects on Development, Remyelination, Tumorigenesis, and Hypomyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 37:12297-12313. [PMID: 29109239 PMCID: PMC5729195 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0986-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell c-Jun is implicated in adaptive and maladaptive functions in peripheral nerves. In injured nerves, this transcription factor promotes the repair Schwann cell phenotype and regeneration and promotes Schwann-cell-mediated neurotrophic support in models of peripheral neuropathies. However, c-Jun is associated with tumor formation in some systems, potentially suppresses myelin genes, and has been implicated in demyelinating neuropathies. To clarify these issues and to determine how c-Jun levels determine its function, we have generated c-Jun OE/+ and c-Jun OE/OE mice with graded expression of c-Jun in Schwann cells and examined these lines during development, in adulthood, and after injury using RNA sequencing analysis, quantitative electron microscopic morphometry, Western blotting, and functional tests. Schwann cells are remarkably tolerant of elevated c-Jun because the nerves of c-Jun OE/+ mice, in which c-Jun is elevated ∼6-fold, are normal with the exception of modestly reduced myelin thickness. The stronger elevation of c-Jun in c-Jun OE/OE mice is, however, sufficient to induce significant hypomyelination pathology, implicating c-Jun as a potential player in demyelinating neuropathies. The tumor suppressor P19ARF is strongly activated in the nerves of these mice and, even in aged c-Jun OE/OE mice, there is no evidence of tumors. This is consistent with the fact that tumors do not form in injured nerves, although they contain proliferating Schwann cells with strikingly elevated c-Jun. Furthermore, in crushed nerves of c-Jun OE/+ mice, where c-Jun levels are overexpressed sufficiently to accelerate axonal regeneration, myelination and function are restored after injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In injured and diseased nerves, the transcription factor c-Jun in Schwann cells is elevated and variously implicated in controlling beneficial or adverse functions, including trophic Schwann cell support for neurons, promotion of regeneration, tumorigenesis, and suppression of myelination. To analyze the functions of c-Jun, we have used transgenic mice with graded elevation of Schwann cell c-Jun. We show that high c-Jun elevation is a potential pathogenic mechanism because it inhibits myelination. Conversely, we did not find a link between c-Jun elevation and tumorigenesis. Modest c-Jun elevation, which is beneficial for regeneration, is well tolerated during Schwann cell development and in the adult and is compatible with restoration of myelination and nerve function after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaline V Fazal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Wagstaff
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Georg Otto
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N1EH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Martin Janz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité, University Hospital Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
| | - Kristján R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
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43
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Ishii T, Kawakami E, Endo K, Misawa H, Watabe K. Myelinating cocultures of rodent stem cell line-derived neurons and immortalized Schwann cells. Neuropathology 2017; 37:475-481. [PMID: 28707715 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is one of the most remarkable biological events in the neuron-glia interactions for the development of the mammalian nervous system. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions in myelin synthesis in vitro, establishment of the myelinating system in cocultures of continuous neuronal and glial cell lines are desirable. In the present study, we performed co-culture experiments using rat neural stem cell-derived neurons or mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived motoneurons with immortalized rat IFRS1 Schwann cells to establish myelinating cultures between these cell lines. Differentiated neurons derived from an adult rat neural stem cell line 1464R or motoneurons derived from a mouse ES cell line NCH4.3, were mixed with IFRS1 Schwann cells, plated, and maintained in serum-free F12 medium with B27 supplement, ascorbic acid, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Myelin formation was demonstrated by electron microscopy at 4 weeks in cocultures of 1464R-derived neurons or NCH4.3-derived motoneurons with IFRS1 Schwann cells. These in vitro coculture systems utilizing the rodent stable stem and Schwann cell lines can be useful in studies of peripheral nerve development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishii
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Kawakami
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Endo
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Misawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Watabe
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology (Neuropathology), Kyorin University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Ghidinelli M, Poitelon Y, Shin YK, Ameroso D, Williamson C, Ferri C, Pellegatta M, Espino K, Mogha A, Monk K, Podini P, Taveggia C, Nave KA, Wrabetz L, Park HT, Feltri ML. Laminin 211 inhibits protein kinase A in Schwann cells to modulate neuregulin 1 type III-driven myelination. PLoS Biol 2017. [PMID: 28636612 PMCID: PMC5479503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is required for proper nervous system function. Schwann cells in developing nerves depend on extrinsic signals from the axon and from the extracellular matrix to first sort and ensheathe a single axon and then myelinate it. Neuregulin 1 type III (Nrg1III) and laminin α2β1γ1 (Lm211) are the key axonal and matrix signals, respectively, but how their signaling is integrated and if each molecule controls both axonal sorting and myelination is unclear. Here, we use a series of epistasis experiments to show that Lm211 modulates neuregulin signaling to ensure the correct timing and amount of myelination. Lm211 can inhibit Nrg1III by limiting protein kinase A (PKA) activation, which is required to initiate myelination. We provide evidence that excessive PKA activation amplifies promyelinating signals downstream of neuregulin, including direct activation of the neuregulin receptor ErbB2 and its effector Grb2-Associated Binder-1 (Gab1), thereby elevating the expression of the key transcription factors Oct6 and early growth response protein 2 (Egr2). The inhibitory effect of Lm211 is seen only in fibers of small caliber. These data may explain why hereditary neuropathies associated with decreased laminin function are characterized by focally thick and redundant myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ghidinelli
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
- UniSR, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoon Kyoung Shin
- Department of Physiology, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University Medical School, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dominique Ameroso
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Courtney Williamson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Cinzia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Pellegatta
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
- UniSR, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Kevin Espino
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Amit Mogha
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kelly Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paola Podini
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - Hwan Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University Medical School, Busan, South Korea
- * E-mail: (MLF); (HTP)
| | - Maria Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (MLF); (HTP)
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45
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Boerboom A, Dion V, Chariot A, Franzen R. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Schwann Cell Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:38. [PMID: 28261057 PMCID: PMC5314106 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell incredible plasticity is a hallmark of the utmost importance following nerve damage or in demyelinating neuropathies. After injury, Schwann cells undergo dedifferentiation before redifferentiating to promote nerve regeneration and complete functional recovery. This review updates and discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of myelination as well as in the reprogramming of Schwann cells taking place early following nerve lesion to support repair. Significant advance has been made on signaling pathways and molecular components that regulate SC regenerative properties. These include for instance transcriptional regulators such as c-Jun or Notch, the MAPK and the Nrg1/ErbB2/3 pathways. This comprehensive overview ends with some therapeutical applications targeting factors that control Schwann cell plasticity and highlights the need to carefully modulate and balance this capacity to drive nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Dion
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Chariot
- GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO)Wavre, Belgium
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46
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Zhang SJ, Wu WL, Yang KY, Chen YZ, Liu HC. Phenotypic changes of Schwann cells on the proximal stump of injured peripheral nerve during repair using small gap conduit tube. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1538-1543. [PMID: 29090001 PMCID: PMC5649476 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.215266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiation of Schwann cells is an important feature of the response to peripheral nerve injury and specific negative myelination regulators are considered to have a major role in this process. However, most experiments have focused on the distal nerve stump, where the Notch signaling pathway is strongly associated with Schwann cell dedifferentiation and repair of the nerve. We observed the phenotypic changes of Schwann cells and changes of active Notch signaling on the proximal stump during peripheral nerve repair using small gap conduit tubulization. Eighty rats, with right sciatic nerve section of 4 mm, were randomly assigned to conduit bridging group and control group (epineurium suture). Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, in myelinating Schwann cells on the proximal stump, began to up-regulate at 1 day after injury and was still evident at 5 days. Compared with the control group, Notch1 mRNA was expressed at a higher level in the conduit bridging group during the first week on the proximal stump. Hes1 mRNA levels in the conduit bridging group significantly increased compared with the control group at 3, 5, 7 and 14 days post-surgery. The change of the Notch intracellular domain shared a similar trend as Hes1 mRNA expression. Our results confirmed that phenotypic changes of Schwann cells occurred in the proximal stump. The differences in these changes between the conduit tubulization and epineurium suture groups correlate with changes in Notch signaling. This suggests that active Notch signaling might be a key mechanism during the early stage of neural regeneration in the proximal nerve stump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Liang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai-Yun Yang
- Laboratory of Ears, Nose, and Throat, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun-Zhen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Chun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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47
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Piñero G, Berg R, Andersen ND, Setton-Avruj P, Monje PV. Lithium Reversibly Inhibits Schwann Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Without Inducing Myelin Loss. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8287-8307. [PMID: 27917448 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the bioactivity, specificity, and reversibility of lithium's action on the growth, survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cultured Schwann cells (SCs). In isolated SCs, lithium promoted a state of cell cycle arrest that featured extensive cell enlargement and c-Jun downregulation in the absence of increased expression of myelin-associated markers. In addition, lithium effectively prevented mitogen-induced S-phase entry without impairing cell viability. When lithium was administered together with differentiating concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogs, a dramatic inhibition of the expression of the master regulator of myelination Krox-20 was observed. Likewise, lithium antagonized the cAMP-dependent expression of various myelin markers such as protein zero, periaxin, and galactocerebroside and allowed SCs to maintain high levels of expression of immature SC markers even in the presence of high levels of cAMP and low levels of c-Jun. Most importantly, the inhibitory action of lithium on SC proliferation and differentiation was shown to be dose dependent, specific, and reversible upon removal of lithium compounds. In SC-neuron cultures, lithium suppressed myelin sheath formation while preserving axonal integrity, SC-axon contact, and basal lamina formation. Lithium was unique in its ability to prevent the onset of myelination without promoting myelin degradation or SC dedifferentiation. To conclude, our results underscored an unexpected antagonistic action of lithium on SC mitogenesis and myelin gene expression. We suggest that lithium represents an attractive pharmacological agent to safely and reversibly suppress the onset of SC proliferation, differentiation, and myelination while maintaining the integrity of pre-existing myelinated fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Piñero
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Randall Berg
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia Denise Andersen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Setton-Avruj
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Virginia Monje
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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48
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Mogha A, D'Rozario M, Monk KR. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Myelinating Glia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:977-987. [PMID: 27670389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily represents the largest class of functionally selective drug targets for disease modulation and therapy. GPCRs have been studied in great detail in central nervous system (CNS) neurons, but these important molecules have been relatively understudied in glia. In recent years, however, exciting new roles for GPCRs in glial cell biology have emerged. We focus here on the key roles of GPCRs in a specialized subset of glia, myelinating glia. We highlight recent work firmly establishing GPCRs as regulators of myelinating glial cell development and myelin repair. These advances expand our understanding of myelinating glial cell biology and underscore the utility of targeting GPCRs to promote myelin repair in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mogha
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mitchell D'Rozario
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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49
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Liu X, Zhao Y, Peng S, Zhang S, Wang M, Chen Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Sun C. BMP7 retards peripheral myelination by activating p38 MAPK in Schwann cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31049. [PMID: 27491681 PMCID: PMC4974506 DOI: 10.1038/srep31049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) myelination is pivotal for the proper physiological functioning of the nervous system, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains less well understood. Here, we showed that the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) inversely correlates with myelin gene expression during peripheral myelination, which suggests that BMP7 is likely a negative regulator for myelin gene expression. Our experiments further showed that the application of BMP7 attenuates the cAMP induced myelin gene expression in SCs. Downstream pathway analysis suggested that both p38 MAPK and SMAD are activated by exogenous BMP7 in SCs. The pharmacological intervention and gene silence studies revealed that p38 MAPK, not SMAD, is responsible for BMP7-mediated suppression of myelin gene expression. In addition, c-Jun, a potential negative regulator for peripheral myelination, was up-regulated by BMP7. In vivo experiments showed that BMP7 treatment greatly impaired peripheral myelination in newborn rats. Together, our results established that BMP7 is a negative regulator for peripheral myelin gene expression and that p38 MAPK/c-Jun axis might be the main downstream target of BMP7 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yahong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Su Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Meihong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yeyue Chen
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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50
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Schwann cells–axon interaction in myelination. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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