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Chen Z, Ding H, Zhu H, Huang S, Yan C, Chen ZY. Additional mechanism for selective absorption of cholesterol and Phytosterols. Food Chem 2024; 458:140300. [PMID: 38964108 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Phytosterols are structurally similar to cholesterol but they are much less absorbed (<2%) than cholesterol (>50%) in the intestine. We hypothesize that phytosterols are poor substrates of intestinal acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), and thus minimal phytosterol esters are formed and packed into chylomicrons, leading to their low absorption. Two isotope tracing models, including a radioactive hamster microsomal ACAT2 reaction model and a differentiated Caco-2 cell model, were established to examine the specificity of ACAT2 to various sterols, including cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. Both models consistently demonstrated that only cholesterol but not phytosterols could be efficiently esterified by ACAT2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking further suggested that unfavorable interactions existed between ACAT2 and phytosterols. In conclusion, phytosterols are poor substrates of ACAT2 and thus minimally absorbed. This work provides a theoretical basis for the use of phytosterol-based supplements in treating dyslipidemia and preventing heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Huafang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouhe Huang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Chi Yan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
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2
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Fauste E, Panadero MI, Pérez-Armas M, Donis C, López-Laiz P, Sevillano J, Sánchez-Alonso MG, Ramos-Álvarez MP, Otero P, Bocos C. Maternal fructose intake aggravates the harmful effects of a Western diet in rat male descendants impacting their cholesterol metabolism. Food Funct 2024; 15:6147-6163. [PMID: 38767501 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Scope: fructose consumption from added sugars correlates with the epidemic rise in MetS and CVD. Maternal fructose intake has been described to program metabolic diseases in progeny. However, consumption of fructose-containing beverages is allowed during gestation. Cholesterol is also a well-known risk factor for CVD. Therefore, it is essential to study Western diets which combine fructose and cholesterol and how maternal fructose can influence the response of progeny to these diets. Methods and results: a high-cholesterol (2%) diet combined with liquid fructose (10%), as a model of an unhealthy Western diet, was administered to descendants from control and fructose-fed mothers. Gene (mRNA and protein) expression and plasma, fecal and tissue parameters of cholesterol metabolism were measured. Interestingly, progeny from fructose-fed dams consumed less liquid fructose and cholesterol-rich chow than males from control mothers. Moreover, descendants of fructose-fed mothers fed a Western diet showed an increased cholesterol elimination through bile and feces than males from control mothers. Despite these mitigating circumstances to develop a proatherogenic profile, the same degree of hypercholesterolemia and severity of steatosis were observed in all descendants fed a Western diet, independently of maternal intake. An increased intestinal absorption of cholesterol, synthesis, esterification, and assembly into lipoprotein found in males from fructose-fed dams consuming a Western diet could be the cause. Moreover, an augmented GLP2 signalling seen in these animals would explain this enhanced lipid absorption. Conclusions: maternal fructose intake, through a fetal programming, makes a Western diet considerably more harmful in their descendants than in the offspring from control mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fauste
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M I Panadero
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Pérez-Armas
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Donis
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - P López-Laiz
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Sevillano
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M G Sánchez-Alonso
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M P Ramos-Álvarez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Otero
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Bocos
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Cheng Y, Yu H, Li K, Lv J, Zhuang J, Bai K, Wu Q, Yang X, Yang H, Lu Q. Hsa_circ_0003098 promotes bladder cancer progression via miR-377-5p/ACAT2 axis. Genomics 2023; 115:110692. [PMID: 37532090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has proven that circRNAs play vital roles in tumor progression. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying circRNAs in bladder cancer (BCa) remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the role and investigate the potential molecular mechanisms of hsa_circ_0003098 in BCa. We confirmed that hsa_circ_0003098 expression was significantly upregulated in BCa tissues, of which expression was remarkably associated with poor prognosis. Functionally, overexpression of hsa_circ_0003098 promoted BCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0003098 promoted upregulation of ACAT2 expression and induced cholesteryl ester accumulation via acting as a sponge for miR-377-5p. Thus, hsa_circ_0003098 plays an oncogenic role in BCa and may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Cheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Urology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Juntao Zhuang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kexin Bai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qikai Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Haiwei Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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4
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Lee M, Park J, Kim OK, Kim D, Han MJ, Kim SH, Kim TH, Lee J. Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 (LRC) Inhibits Cholesterol Synthesis and Stimulates Cholesterol Excretion in Animal and Cell Models. J Med Food 2023; 26:529-539. [PMID: 37594559 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.k.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB (LRC™) supplementation on hypercholesterolemia by researching its effects on cellular cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic rats (KHGASP-22-170) and HepG2 cell line. Rats were separated into six groups after adaptation and were then fed a normal control (NC), a high-cholesterol diet (HC), or a HC supplemented with simvastatin 15 mg/kg body weight (positive control [PC]), LRC 1 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU)/rat/day, LRC 4 × 109 CFU/rat/day, or LRC 1 × 1010 CFU/rat/day (1 × 109, 4 × 109, or 1 × 1010). The rats were dissected to study the effects of LRC on cholesterol metabolism and intestinal excretion at the end of experimental period. We discovered that LRC mainly participated in the restraint of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol into tissues, partially in the transport of cholesteryl esters into high density lipoprotein for maturation, and intestinal excretion of cholesterol. These results are supported by the expression of transcription factors and enzymes such as HMG-CoA reductase, SREBP2, CYP7A1, CETP, and LCAT in both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in serum and hepatic tissue. Furthermore, the LRC treatment in HepG2 significantly reduced the mRNA expression of HMG-CoA reductase, SREBP2, and CEPT and significantly increased the mRNA expression of LDL-receptor, LCAT, and CYP7A1 at all doses. Hence, we suggest that LRC supplementation could alleviate the serum cholesterol level by inhibiting the intracellular cholesterol synthesis, and augmenting excretion of intestinal cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jeongjin Park
- Division of Food and Nutrition and Human Ecology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ok-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition and Human Ecology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dakyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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5
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Ferrari A, Whang E, Xiao X, Kennelly JP, Romartinez-Alonso B, Mack JJ, Weston T, Chen K, Kim Y, Tol MJ, Bideyan L, Nguyen A, Gao Y, Cui L, Bedard AH, Sandhu J, Lee SD, Fairall L, Williams KJ, Song W, Munguia P, Russell RA, Martin MG, Jung ME, Jiang H, Schwabe JWR, Young SG, Tontonoz P. Aster-dependent non-vesicular transport facilitates dietary cholesterol uptake. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.07.548168. [PMID: 37503112 PMCID: PMC10369906 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal cholesterol absorption is an important contributor to systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1), the target of the drug ezetimibe (EZ), assists in the initial step of dietary cholesterol uptake. However, how cholesterol moves downstream of NPC1L1 is unknown. Here we show that Aster-B and Aster-C are critical for non-vesicular cholesterol movement in enterocytes, bridging NPC1L1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and ACAT2 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Loss of NPC1L1 diminishes accessible PM cholesterol in enterocytes and abolishes Aster recruitment to the intestinal brush border. Enterocytes lacking Asters accumulate cholesterol at the PM and display evidence of ER cholesterol depletion, including decreased cholesterol ester stores and activation of the SREBP-2 transcriptional pathway. Aster-deficient mice have impaired cholesterol absorption and are protected against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Finally, we show that the Aster pathway can be targeted with a small molecule inhibitor to manipulate dietary cholesterol uptake. These findings identify the Aster pathway as a physiologically important and pharmacologically tractable node in dietary lipid absorption. One-Sentence Summary Identification of a targetable pathway for regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption.
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Kennelly JP, Tontonoz P. Cholesterol Transport to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041263. [PMID: 35940908 PMCID: PMC9899650 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cholesterol in mammalian cells is stored in the plasma membrane (PM). Cholesterol transport from the PM to low-sterol regulatory regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) controls cholesterol synthesis and uptake, and thereby influences the rates of cholesterol flux between tissues of complex organisms. Cholesterol transfer to the ER is also required for steroidogenesis, oxysterol and bile acid synthesis, and cholesterol esterification. The ER-resident Aster proteins (Aster-A, -B, and -C) form contacts with the PM to move cholesterol to the ER in mammals. Mice lacking Aster-B have low adrenal cholesteryl ester stores and impaired steroidogenesis because of a defect in cholesterol transport from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to the ER. This work reviews the molecular characteristics of Asters, their role in HDL- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol movement, and how cholesterol transferred to the ER is utilized by cells. The roles of other lipid transporters and of membrane lipid organization in maintaining aspects of cholesterol homeostasis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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7
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Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting Sterol O-Acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT): A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16062-16098. [PMID: 36473091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that aids the esterification of cholesterol and fatty acids to cholesterol esters. SOAT has been studied extensively as a potential drug target, since its inhibition can serve as an alternative to statin therapy. Two SOAT isozymes that have discrete functions in the human body, namely, SOAT1 and SOAT2, have been characterized. Over three decades of research has focused on candidate SOAT1 inhibitors with unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Recent research has focused on targeting SOAT2 selectively. In this perspective, we summarize the literature covering various SOAT inhibitory agents and discuss the design, structural requirements, and mode of action of SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas Rutland
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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8
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Xu Y, Jin Y, Wu J, Ren Z. Comparative transcriptome and Lipidome analyses suggest a lipid droplet-specific response to heat exposure of brown adipose tissue in normal and obese mice. Life Sci 2022; 299:120540. [PMID: 35398332 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In mammals, heat stress (HS) from high-temperature environments has multiple adverse effects on the well-being of the organism. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenesis tissue that protects against obesity, and as an endocrine organ that regulates the systemic metabolism, but it is unclear how heat stress affects BAT in normal and obese subjects. Understanding the transcriptomic profiles and lipidomics of BAT upon heat exposure provides insights into the adaptive changes associated with this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed heat treatment (40 °C, 4 h) models for normal and obese mice, observed the effect of heat treatment on interscapular BAT (iBAT) and performed an assay for iBAT with RNA-seq and lipidomics to compare transcriptional programs and lipid dynamics. KEY FINDINGS In normal mice, heat treatment caused an iBAT damage by decreasing the expression of genes involved in thermogenesis, adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, HS disturbed the acyl-chain composition of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and glycerophospholipids (PEs, PCs and CLs), accelerated the production of cholesterol esters, and caused the formation of giant lipid droplets rich in cholesterol esters in iBAT. Unexpectedly, in obese mice, heat treatment had a smaller effect on iBAT by improving the composition of the saturated glycerolipids, PEs and PCs and increasing the proportion of oxidized lipid in lipid droplets. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings proved lipid droplets participated in the regulation of lipid components of iBAT in normal and obese mice after heat treatment, which provided a new view for the understanding of the adaptation of iBAT to high-temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Province, PR China.
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Hai Q, Smith JD. Acyl-Coenzyme A: Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT) in Cholesterol Metabolism: From Its Discovery to Clinical Trials and the Genomics Era. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080543. [PMID: 34436484 PMCID: PMC8398989 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification and cloning of the acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) enzymes and the sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) genes has opened new areas of interest in cholesterol metabolism given their profound effects on foam cell biology and intestinal lipid absorption. The generation of mouse models deficient in Soat1 or Soat2 confirmed the importance of their gene products on cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein physiology. Although these studies supported clinical trials which used non-selective ACAT inhibitors, these trials did not report benefits, and one showed an increased risk. Early genetic studies have implicated common variants in both genes with human traits, including lipoprotein levels, coronary artery disease, and Alzheimer’s disease; however, modern genome-wide association studies have not replicated these associations. In contrast, the common SOAT1 variants are most reproducibly associated with testosterone levels.
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10
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Ticho AL, Calzadilla N, Malhotra P, Lee H, Anbazhagan AN, Saksena S, Dudeja PK, Lee D, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. NPC1L1-dependent transport of 27-alkyne cholesterol in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C916-C925. [PMID: 33760662 PMCID: PMC8163569 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00062.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1 Like-1 (NPC1L1) mediates the uptake of micellar cholesterol by intestinal epithelial cells and is the molecular target of the cholesterol-lowering drug ezetimibe (EZE). The detailed mechanisms responsible for intracellular shuttling of micellar cholesterol are not fully understood due to the lack of a suitable NPC1L1 substrate that can be traced by fluorescence imaging and biochemical methods. 27-Alkyne cholesterol has been previously shown to serve as a substrate for different cellular processes similar to native cholesterol. However, it is not known whether alkyne cholesterol is absorbed via an NPC1L1-dependent pathway. We aimed to determine whether alkyne cholesterol is a substrate for NPC1L1 in intestinal cells. Human intestinal epithelial Caco2 cells were incubated with micelles containing alkyne cholesterol in the presence or absence of EZE. Small intestinal closed loops in C57BL/6J mice were injected with micelles containing alkyne cholesterol with or without EZE. Alkyne cholesterol esterification in Caco2 cells was significantly inhibited by EZE and by inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis Pitstop 2. The esterification was similarly reduced by inhibitors of the acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). Alkyne cholesterol efficiently labeled the apical membrane of Caco2 cells and the amount retained on the membrane was significantly increased by EZE as judged by accessibility to exogenous cholesterol oxidase. In mouse small intestine, the presence of EZE reduced total alkyne cholesterol uptake by ∼75%. These data show that alkyne cholesterol acts as a substrate for NPC1L1 and may serve as a nonradioactive tracer to measure cholesterol absorption in both in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Ticho
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nathan Calzadilla
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- The Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- The Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- The Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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11
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Sun Y, Dai L, Kang X, Fu D, Gao H, Chen H. Isolation and expression of five genes in the mevalonate pathway of the Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21760. [PMID: 33231898 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese white pine beetle Dendroctonus armandi (Tsai and Li) is a significant pest of the Qinling and Bashan Mountains pine forests of China. The Chinese white pine beetle can overcome the defences of Chinese white pine Pinus armandi (Franch) through pheromone-assisted aggregation that results in a mass attack of host trees. We isolated five full-length complementary DNAs encoding mevalonate pathway-related enzyme genes from the Chinese white pine beetle (D. armandi), which are acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), mevalonate kinase (MK), mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MPDC), and phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK). Bioinformatic analyses were performed on the full-length deduced amino acid sequences. Differential expression of these five genes was observed between sexes, and within these significant differences among topically applied juvenile hormone III (JH III), fed on phloem of P. armandi, tissue distribution, and development stage. Mevalonate pathway genes expression were induced by JH III and feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Sun
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lulu Dai
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaotong Kang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Fu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiming Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources (South China Agricultural University), College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Amato F, Castaldo A, Castaldo G, Cernera G, Corso G, Ferrari E, Gelzo M, Monzani R, Villella VR, Raia V. Impaired cholesterol metabolism in the mouse model of cystic fibrosis. A preliminary study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245302. [PMID: 33412572 PMCID: PMC7790534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate cholesterol metabolism in a mouse model with cystic fibrosis (CF) by the comparison of affected homozygous versus wild type (WT) mice. In particular, we evaluated the effects of a diet enriched with cholesterol in both mice groups in comparison with the normal diet. To this purpose, beyond serum and liver cholesterol, we analyzed serum phytosterols as indirect markers of intestinal absorption of cholesterol, liver lathosterol as indirect marker of de novo cholesterol synthesis, liver cholestanol (a catabolite of bile salts synthesis) and the liver mRNA levels of LDL receptor (LDLR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoAR), acyl CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase 2 (ACAT2), cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). CF mice showed lower intestinal absorption and higher liver synthesis of cholesterol than WT mice. In WT mice, the cholesterol supplementation inhibits the synthesis of liver cholesterol and enhances its catabolism, while in CF mice we did not observe a reduction of LDLR and HMG-CoAR expression (probably due to an altered feed-back), causing an increase of intracellular cholesterol. In addition, we observed a further increase (5-fold) in TNFα mRNA levels. This preliminary study suggests that in CF mice there is a vicious circle in which the altered synthesis/secretion of bile salts may reduce the digestion/absorption of cholesterol. As a result, the liver increases the biosynthesis of cholesterol that accumulates in the cells, triggering inflammation and further compromising the metabolism of bile salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Amato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Alice Castaldo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Eleonora Ferrari
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Monica Gelzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Romina Monzani
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Rachela Villella
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Raia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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13
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Piccinin E, Cariello M, Moschetta A. Lipid metabolism in colon cancer: Role of Liver X Receptor (LXR) and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1). Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100933. [PMID: 33218679 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly occurring cancers worldwide. Although several genetic alterations have been associated with CRC onset and progression, nowadays the reprogramming of cellular metabolism has been recognized as a fundamental step of the carcinogenic process. Intestinal tumor cells frequently display an aberrant activation of lipid metabolism. Indeed, to satisfy the growing needs of a continuous proliferation, cancer cells can either increase the uptake of exogenous lipids or upregulate the endogenous lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis. Therefore, strategies aimed at limiting lipid accumulation are now under development in order to counteract malignancies. Two major players of lipids metabolism have been so far identified for their contribution to CRC development: the nuclear receptor Liver X Receptor (LXRs) and the enzyme Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1). Whereas LXR is mainly recognized for its role as a cholesterol sensor, finally promoting the loss of cellular cholesterol and whole-body homeostasis, SCD1 acts as the major regulator of new fatty acids, finely tuning the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio. Intriguingly, SCD1 is directly regulated by LXRs. Despite LXRs agonists have elicited great interest as a promising therapeutic target for cancer, LXR's ability to induce SCD1 and new fatty acids synthesis represent a major obstacle in the development of new effective treatments. Thus, further investigations are required to fully dissect the concomitant modulation of both players, to develop specific therapies aimed at blocking intestinal cancer cells proliferation, eventually counteracting CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piccinin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy; National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
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14
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Ibrahim A, Shafie NH, Mohd Esa N, Shafie SR, Bahari H, Abdullah MA. Mikania micrantha Extract Inhibits HMG-CoA Reductase and ACAT2 and Ameliorates Hypercholesterolemia and Lipid Peroxidation in High Cholesterol-Fed Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103077. [PMID: 33050310 PMCID: PMC7599693 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of an ethyl acetate extract of Mikania micrantha stems (EAMMS) in hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. Rats were divided into a normal group (NC) and hypercholesterolemia induced groups: hypercholesterolemia control group (PC), simvastatin group (SV) (10 mg/kg) and EAMMS extract groups at different dosages of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Blood serum and tissues were collected for haematological, biochemical, histopathological, and enzyme analysis. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, as well as enzymes of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), were measured. Feeding rats with high cholesterol diet for eight weeks resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) increased of TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT and MDA levels. Meanwhile, the administration of EAMMS extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and simvastatin (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA compared to rats in the PC group. Furthermore, all EAMMS and SV-treated groups showed a higher HDL-C level compared to both NC and PC groups. No significant difference was found in the level of ALT, AST, urea and creatinine between the different dosages in EAMMS extracts. Treatment with EAMMS also exhibited the highest inhibition activity of enzyme HMGCR and ACAT2 as compared to the control group. From the histopathological examination, liver tissues in the PC group showed severe steatosis than those fed with EAMMS and normal diet. Treatment with EAMMS extract ameliorated and reduced the pathological changes in the liver. No morphological changes showed in the kidney structure of both control and treated groups. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that EAMMS extract has anti-hypercholesterolemia properties and could be used as an alternative treatment for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azlinda Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.I.); (N.M.E.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Nurul Husna Shafie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.I.); (N.M.E.); (S.R.S.)
- Laboratory of UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-39769-2470
| | - Norhaizan Mohd Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.I.); (N.M.E.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Siti Raihanah Shafie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.I.); (N.M.E.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Maizaton Atmadini Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Pathak P, Helsley RN, Brown AL, Buffa JA, Choucair I, Nemet I, Gogonea CB, Gogonea V, Wang Z, Garcia-Garcia JC, Cai L, Temel R, Sangwan N, Hazen SL, Brown JM. Small molecule inhibition of gut microbial choline trimethylamine lyase activity alters host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1474-H1486. [PMID: 32330092 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00584.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has recently been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis, prompting the development of therapeutic strategies to reduce TMAO. Previous work has shown that experimental alteration of circulating TMAO levels via dietary alterations or inhibition of the host TMAO producing enzyme flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is associated with reorganization of host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in mice. In this work, we set out to understand whether recently developed nonlethal gut microbe-targeting small molecule choline trimethylamine (TMA) lyase inhibitors also alter host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Treatment of mice with the mechanism-based choline TMA lyase inhibitor, iodomethylcholine (IMC), increased fecal neutral sterol loss in the form of coprostanol, a bacteria metabolite of cholesterol. In parallel, IMC treatment resulted in marked reductions in the intestinal sterol transporter Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) and reorganization of the gut microbial community, primarily reversing choline supplemented diet-induced changes. IMC also prevented diet-driven hepatic cholesterol accumulation, causing both upregulation of the host hepatic bile acid synthetic enzyme CYP7A1 and altering the expression of hepatic genes critical for bile acid feedback regulation. These studies suggest that the gut microbiota-driven TMAO pathway is closely linked to both microbe and host sterol and bile acid metabolism. Collectively, as gut microbe-targeting choline TMA lyase inhibitors move through the drug discovery pipeline from preclinical models to human studies, it will be important to understand how these drugs impact both microbe and host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The gut microbe-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality, prompting drug discovery efforts to identify points of therapeutic intervention within the microbe host TMAO pathway. Recently, mechanism-based small molecule inhibitors of the major bacterial trimethylamine (TMA) lyase enzymes have been developed, and these drugs show efficacy as anti-atherothrombotic agents. The novel findings of this study are that small molecule TMA lyase inhibition results in beneficial reorganization of host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. This study confirms previous observations that the gut microbial TMAO pathway is intimately linked to host cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and provides further rationale for the development of small molecule choline TMA lyase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Pathak
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer A Buffa
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ibrahim Choucair
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ina Nemet
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Camelia Baleanu Gogonea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Lei Cai
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ryan Temel
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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16
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Regulation of intestinal lipid metabolism: current concepts and relevance to disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:169-183. [PMID: 32015520 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipids entering the gastrointestinal tract include dietary lipids (triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids) and endogenous lipids from bile (phospholipids and cholesterol) and from shed intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes). Here, we comprehensively review the digestion, uptake and intracellular re-synthesis of intestinal lipids as well as their packaging into pre-chylomicrons in the endoplasmic reticulum, their modification in the Golgi apparatus and the exocytosis of the chylomicrons into the lamina propria and subsequently to lymph. We also discuss other fates of intestinal lipids, including intestinal HDL and VLDL secretion, cytosolic lipid droplets and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, we highlight the applicability of these findings to human disease and the development of therapeutics targeting lipid metabolism. Finally, we explore the emerging role of the gut microbiota in modulating intestinal lipid metabolism and outline key questions for future research.
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17
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Lopez AM, Ramirez CM, Taylor AM, Jones RD, Repa JJ, Turley SD. Ontogenesis and Modulation of Intestinal Unesterified Cholesterol Sequestration in a Mouse Model of Niemann-Pick C1 Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:158-167. [PMID: 31312996 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the NPC1 gene result in sequestration of unesterified cholesterol (UC) and glycosphingolipids in most tissues leading to multi-organ disease, especially in the brain, liver, lungs, and spleen. Various data from NPC1-deficient mice suggest the small intestine (SI) is comparatively less affected, even in late stage disease. METHODS Using the Npc1nih mouse model, we measured SI weights and total cholesterol (TC) levels in Npc1-/- versus Npc1+/+ mice as a function of age, and then after prolonged ezetimibe-induced inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Next, we determined intestinal levels of UC and esterified cholesterol (EC), and cholesterol synthesis rates in Npc1-/- and Npc1+/+ mice, with and without the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme SOAT2, following a once-only subcutaneous injection with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD). RESULTS By ~ 42 days of age, intestinal TC levels averaged ~ 2.1-fold more (mostly UC) in the Npc1-/- versus Npc1+/+ mice with no further increase thereafter. Chronic ezetimibe treatment lowered intestinal TC levels in the Npc1-/- mice by only ~ 16%. In Npc1-/- mice given 2HPβCD 24 h earlier, UC levels fell, EC levels increased (although less so in mice lacking SOAT2), and cholesterol synthesis was suppressed equally in the Npc1-/-:Soat2+/+ and Npc1-/-:Soat2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The low and static levels of intestinal UC sequestration in Npc1-/- mice likely reflect the continual sloughing of cells from the mucosa. This sequestration is blunted by about the same extent following a single acute treatment with 2HPβCD as it is by a prolonged ezetimibe-induced block of cholesterol absorption.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ezetimibe/pharmacology
- Female
- Intestinal Absorption/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Niemann-Pick C1 Protein
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/drug therapy
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/genetics
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/genetics
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Charina M Ramirez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Anna M Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ryan D Jones
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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18
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Mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 21:225-245. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Transcriptomic Sequencing of Airway Epithelial Cell NCI-H292 Induced by Synthetic Cationic Polypeptides. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3638469. [PMID: 31058187 PMCID: PMC6463615 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3638469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil asthma is characterized by the infiltration of eosinophils to the bronchial epithelium. The toxic cationic protein released by eosinophils, mainly major basic protein (MBP), is one of the most important causative factors of epithelium damage. Poly-L-Arginine (PLA) is a kind of synthetic cationic polypeptides, which is widely used to mimic the effects of MBP on epithelial cells in vitro. However, little is known about the changes of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcriptome profiles in cationic protein stimulated epithelial cells. In this study, we compared the expression of DEGs and transcriptome profiles between PLA-treated airway epithelial cells NCI-H292 and control. The results showed that there were a total of 230 DEGs, of which 86 were upregulated and 144 were downregulated. These DEGs were further analyzed using gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The results showed that the upregulated DEGs were involved in cholesterol synthesis, protein binding, and composition of cellular membranes, mainly enriched in metabolic and biosynthesis pathways. While downregulated DEGs were implicated in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and cytoskeleton and were enriched in ECM pathway. In conclusion, our research provided the mechanism of the cationic polypeptides acting on the airway epithelial cells on the basis of transcriptomic profile, and this could be regarded as important indications in unveiling the pathologic role of natural cationic proteins in the damage to epithelial cells of asthmatics.
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhan Y, Li B, Lu W, Nan F. Design and synthesis of further simplified pyripyropene A based ACAT2 selective inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Lee KR, Chae SH, Kim MJ, Chae YJ, Lee MY, Lee CW, Kang JS, Yoon WK, Won YS, Lee K, Moon OS, Kim YK, Kim HC. Determination of Penicillium griseofulvum-oriented pyripyropene A, a selective inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2, in mouse plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4388. [PMID: 30238481 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a method for the determination of Penicillium griseofulvum-oriented pyripyropene A (PPPA), a selective inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2, in mouse and human plasma and validated it using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pyripyropene A (PPPA) and an internal standard, carbamazepine, were separated using a Xterra MS C18 column with a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. The ion transitions monitored in positive-ion mode [M + H]+ of multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) were m/z 148.0 from m/z 584.0 for PPPA and m/z 194.0 from m/z 237.0 for the internal standard. The detector response was specific and linear for PPPA at concentrations within the range from 1 to 5,000 ng/mL. The intra-/inter-day precision and accuracy of the method was acceptable by the criteria for assay validation. The matrix effects of PPPA ranged from 97.6 to 104.2% and from 93.3 to 105.3% in post-preparative mouse and human plasma samples, respectively. PPPA was also stable under various processing and/or handling conditions. Finally, PPPA concentrations in the mouse plasma samples could be measured after intravenous, intraperitoneal, or oral administration of PPPA, suggesting that the assay is useful for pharmacokinetic studies on mice and applicable to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Song-Hee Chae
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- CKD Research Institute, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Yeol Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Won-Kee Yoon
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Young-Suk Won
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Kihoon Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Og-Sung Moon
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, South Korea
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22
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Vaisman BL, Neufeld EB, Freeman LA, Gordon SM, Sampson ML, Pryor M, Hillman E, Axley MJ, Karathanasis SK, Remaley AT. LCAT Enzyme Replacement Therapy Reduces LpX and Improves Kidney Function in a Mouse Model of Familial LCAT Deficiency. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:423-434. [PMID: 30563940 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.251876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) is due to mutations in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), a plasma enzyme that esterifies cholesterol on lipoproteins. FLD is associated with markedly reduced levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein and cholesteryl ester and the formation of a nephrotoxic lipoprotein called LpX. We used a mouse model in which the LCAT gene is deleted and a truncated version of the SREBP1a gene is expressed in the liver under the control of a protein-rich/carbohydrate-low (PRCL) diet-regulated PEPCK promoter. This mouse was found to form abundant amounts of LpX in the plasma and was used to determine whether treatment with recombinant human LCAT (rhLCAT) could prevent LpX formation and renal injury. After 9 days on the PRCL diet, plasma total and free cholesterol, as well as phospholipids, increased 6.1 ± 0.6-, 9.6 ± 0.9-, and 6.7 ± 0.7-fold, respectively, and liver cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased 1.7 ± 0.4- and 2.8 ±0.9-fold, respectively, compared with chow-fed animals. Transmission electron microscopy revealed robust accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatocytes and the appearance of multilamellar LpX particles in liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi. In the kidney, LpX was found in glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes, the glomerular basement membrane, and the mesangium. The urine albumin/creatinine ratio increased 30-fold on the PRCL diet compared with chow-fed controls. Treatment of these mice with intravenous rhLCAT restored the normal lipoprotein profile, eliminated LpX in plasma and kidneys, and markedly decreased proteinuria. The combined results suggest that rhLCAT infusion could be an effective therapy for the prevention of renal disease in patients with FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris L Vaisman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Edward B Neufeld
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Scott M Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Maureen L Sampson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Milton Pryor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Emily Hillman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Milton J Axley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (B.L.V., E.B.N., L.A.F., S.M.G., M.L.S., M.P., E.H., A.T.R.) and MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland (M.J.A., S.K.K.)
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Babawale EA, Jones PJ, Mercer KE, Lin H, Yeruva L, Bar Yoseph F, Rutherfurd SM. Modulating Sterol Concentrations in Infant Formula Influences Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in the Neonatal Piglet. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121848. [PMID: 30513717 PMCID: PMC6316586 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Formula-fed infants present higher cholesterol synthesis rates and lower circulating cholesterol during the postnatal feeding period compared to breast-fed infants, though the mechanisms underlying this phenotype are not fully understood. Typical infant formulas contain vegetable-based fats, inherently including phytosterols (PS), which are structurally similar to cholesterol and may interfere with their absorption. A seven-day old piglets model was used to test the inhibitory effects of PS on cholesterol absorption during postnatal feeding. Following feeding for 21 days with milk-based formulas containing PS and cholesterol levels resembling those in formulas or human-milk, apparent cholesterol digestibility was analyzed in ileal digesta, and cholesterol, PS, and cholesterol synthesis markers were analyzed in plasma and liver samples. Ileal cholesterol digestibility content was increased in the piglets fed low PS formulas and the rate of the hepatic cholesterol synthesis, as determined by the lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratios (L:C), was decreased in the piglets fed LP-formulas and corresponded to reduced nuclear expression of SREBP2 relative to those fed HP-formulas. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PS in formula can inhibit cholesterol absorption and enhance cholesterol synthesis. Whether or not this leads to entrainment of cholesterol synthesis later in life via early programming awaits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Babawale
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Peter Jh Jones
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada.
| | - Kelly E Mercer
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Haixia Lin
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | | | - Shane M Rutherfurd
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Lopez AM, Jones RD, Repa JJ, Turley SD. Niemann-Pick C1-deficient mice lacking sterol O-acyltransferase 2 have less hepatic cholesterol entrapment and improved liver function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G454-G463. [PMID: 29878847 PMCID: PMC6230690 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00124.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl esters are generated at multiple sites in the body by sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) 1 or SOAT2 in various cell types and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in plasma. Esterified cholesterol and triacylglycerol contained in lipoproteins cleared from the circulation via receptor-mediated or bulk-phase endocytosis are hydrolyzed by lysosomal acid lipase within the late endosomal/lysosomal (E/L) compartment. Then, through the successive actions of Niemann-Pick C (NPC) 2 and NPC 1, unesterified cholesterol (UC) is exported from the E/L compartment to the cytosol. Mutations in either NPC1 or NPC2 lead to continuing entrapment of UC in all organs, resulting in multisystem disease, which includes hepatic dysfunction and in some cases liver failure. These studies investigated primarily whether elimination of SOAT2 in NPC1-deficient mice impacted hepatic UC sequestration, inflammation, and transaminase activities. Measurements were made in 7-wk-old mice fed a low-cholesterol chow diet or one enriched with cholesterol starting 2 wk before study. In the chow-fed mice, NPC1:SOAT2 double knockouts, compared with their littermates lacking only NPC1, had 20% less liver mass, 28% lower hepatic UC concentrations, and plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities that were decreased by 48% and 36%, respectively. mRNA expression levels for several markers of inflammation were all significantly lower in the NPC1 mutants lacking SOAT2. The existence of a new class of potent and selective SOAT2 inhibitors provides an opportunity for exploring if suppression of this enzyme could potentially become an adjunctive therapy for liver disease in NPC1 deficiency. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease, the entrapment of unesterified cholesterol (UC) in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment of all cells causes multiorgan disease, including neurodegeneration, pulmonary dysfunction, and liver failure. Some of this sequestered UC entered cells initially in the esterified form. When sterol O-acyltransferase 2, a cholesterol esterifying enzyme present in enterocytes and hepatocytes, is eliminated in NPC1-deficient mice, there is a reduction in their hepatomegaly, hepatic UC content, and cellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan D Jones
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
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25
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Zhu Y, Chen CY, Li J, Cheng JX, Jang M, Kim KH. In vitro exploration of ACAT contributions to lipid droplet formation during adipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:820-829. [PMID: 29549095 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As adipose tissue is the major cholesterol storage organ and most of the intracellular cholesterol is distributed to lipid droplets (LDs), cholesterol homeostasis may have a role in the regulation of adipocyte size and function. ACATs catalyze the formation of cholesteryl ester (CE) from free cholesterol to modulate the cholesterol balance. Despite the well-documented role of ACATs in hypercholesterolemia, their role in LD development during adipogenesis remains elusive. Here, we identify ACATs as regulators of de novo lipogenesis and LD formation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of ACAT activity suppressed intracellular cholesterol and CE levels, and reduced expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake and efflux. ACAT inhibition resulted in decreased de novo lipogenesis, as demonstrated by reduced maturation of SREBP1 and SREBP1-downstream lipogenic gene expression. Consistent with this observation, knockdown of either ACAT isoform reduced total adipocyte lipid content by approximately 40%. These results demonstrate that ACATs are required for storage ability of lipids and cholesterol in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Miran Jang
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 .,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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26
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Liu S, You L, Zhao Y, Chang X. Wild Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenol extract reduces cholesterol accumulation and enhances antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo. Food Res Int 2018; 107:73-83. [PMID: 29580541 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypocholesterolemic effect of Lonicera caerulea berry extract rich in polyphenols (LCBP) on high cholesterol-induced hypercholesterolemia and lipoprotein metabolite changes was examined in Caco-2 cells and rats. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, catechin, and chlorogenic acid are the major phenolic components of LCBP. The cholesterol-reducing effect and antioxidant capacity of these components were compared in Caco-2 cells. LCBP (80 μg/mL) and cyanidin-3-glucoside, catechin, and chlorogenic acid (50 μM) were found to be effective (p < 0.05). Rats were fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) with or without LCBP supplementation (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg body weight intragastrically once daily) for 12 weeks. Compared with the HCD control group, LCBP supplementation at 150 and 300 mg/kg decreased the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C, but increased that of HDL-C. LCBP treatment promoted greater neutral and acidic sterol excretion (p < 0.05) and improved the antioxidant capacity of the colon tissue, colon contents, and blood. Moreover, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels were decreased in serum (p < 0.05). NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP mRNA and protein expression were reduced and ABCG5/8 expression was increased (p < 0.05) after LCBP treatment. Our results suggest that LCBP could be used as a functional food for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to excessive cholesterol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Liu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Lu You
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Xuedong Chang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China.
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27
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Chuang JC, Lopez AM, Turley SD. Quantitation of the rates of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol synthesis in lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mice before and during treatment with ezetimibe. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 135:116-125. [PMID: 28322747 PMCID: PMC5489310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Esterified cholesterol (EC) and triglycerides, contained within lipoproteins taken up by cells, are hydrolysed by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) in the late endosomal/lysosomal (E/L) compartment. The resulting unesterified cholesterol (UC) is transported via Niemann-Pick type C2 and C1 into the cytosolic compartment where it enters a putative pool of metabolically active cholesterol that is utilized in accordance with cellular needs. Loss-of-function mutations in LIPA, the gene encoding LAL, result in dramatic increases in tissue concentrations of EC, a hallmark feature of Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). The lysosomal sequestration of EC causes cells to respond to a perceived deficit of sterol by increasing their rate of cholesterol synthesis, particularly in the liver. A similar compensatory response occurs with treatments that disrupt the enterohepatic movement of cholesterol or bile acids. Here we measured rates of cholesterol synthesis in vivo in the liver and small intestine of a mouse model for CESD given the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe from weaning until early adulthood. Consistent with previous findings, this treatment significantly reduced the amount of EC sequestered in the liver (from 132.43±7.35 to 70.07±6.04mg/organ) and small intestine (from 2.78±0.21 to 1.34±0.09mg/organ) in the LAL-deficient mice even though their rates of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol synthesis were either comparable to, or exceeded those in matching untreated Lal-/- mice. These data reveal the role of intestinal cholesterol absorption in driving the expansion of tissue EC content and disease progression in LAL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Adam M Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
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28
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Chang NY, Chan YJ, Ding ST, Lee YH, HuangFu WC, Liu IH. Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2 Contributes to the Yolk Cholesterol Trafficking during Zebrafish Embryogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167644. [PMID: 27936201 PMCID: PMC5147938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate whether Sterol O-acyltransferase (Soat) mediates the absorption and transportation of yolk lipids to the developing embryo, zebrafish soat1 and soat2 were cloned and studied. In the adult zebrafish, soat1 was detected ubiquitously while soat2 mRNA was detected specifically in the liver, intestine, brain and testis. Whole mount in situ hybridization demonstrated that both soat1 and soat2 expressed in the yolk syncytial layer, hatching gland and developing cardiovascular as well as digestive systems, suggesting that Soats may play important roles in the lipid trafficking and utilization during embryonic development. The enzymatic activity of zebrafish Soat2 was confirmed by Oil Red O staining in the HEK293 cells overexpressing this gene, and could be quenched by Soat2 inhibitor Pyripyropene A (PPPA). The zebrafish embryos injected with PPPA or morpholino oligo against soat2 in the yolk showed significantly larger yolk when compared with wild-type embryos, especially at 72 hpf, indicating a slower rate of yolk consumption. Our result indicated that zebrafish Soat2 is catalytically active in synthesizing cholesteryl esters and contributes to the yolk cholesterol trafficking during zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yun Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Chan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Drouin-Chartier JP, Tremblay AJ, Lemelin V, Lépine MC, Lamarche B, Couture P. Ezetimibe increases intestinal expression of the LDL receptor gene in dyslipidaemic men with insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:1226-1235. [PMID: 27460541 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To gain further insight into intestinal cholesterol homeostasis in dyslipidaemic men with insulin resistance (IR) by examining the impact of treatment with ezetimibe on the expression of key genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and LDL receptor (R)-mediated uptake of lipoproteins. METHODS A total of 25 men with dyslipidaemia and IR were recruited to participate in this double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received 10 mg/day ezetimibe or placebo for periods of 12 weeks each. Intestinal gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR in duodenal biopsy samples collected by gastroduodenoscopy at the end of each treatment. RESULTS A total of 20 participants completed the protocol. Treatment with ezetimibe significantly increased intestinal LDLR (+16.2%; P = .01), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoAR; +14.0%; P = .04) and acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT-2) mRNA expression (+12.5%; P = .03). Changes in sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP-2) expression were significantly correlated with changes in HMG-CoAR (r = 0.55; P < .05), ACAT-2 (r = 0.69; P < .001) and proprotein convertase substilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) expression (r = 0.45; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These results show that inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe increases expression of the LDLR gene, supporting the concept that increased LDL clearance with ezetimibe treatment occurs not only in the liver but also in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André J Tremblay
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Valéry Lemelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Lépine
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Patrick Couture
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lipid Research Center, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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30
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Guo D, Lu M, Hu X, Xu J, Hu G, Zhu M, Zhang X, Li Q, Chang CCY, Chang T, Song B, Xiong Y, Li B. Low-level expression of human ACAT2 gene in monocytic cells is regulated by the C/EBP transcription factors. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:980-989. [PMID: 27688151 PMCID: PMC5091289 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) are the exclusive intracellular enzymes that catalyze the formation of cholesteryl/steryl esters (CE/SE). In our previous work, we found that the high-level expression of human ACAT2 gene with the CpG hypomethylation of its whole promoter was synergistically regulated by two transcription factors Cdx2 and HNF1α in the intestine and fetal liver. Here, we first observed that the specific CpG-hypomethylated promoter was correlated with the low expression of human ACAT2 gene in monocytic cell line THP-1. Then, two CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) elements within the activation domain in the specific CpG-hypomethylation promoter region were identified, and the expression of ACAT2 in THP-1 cells was evidently decreased when the C/EBP transcription factors were knock-downed using RNAi technology. Furthermore, ChIP assay confirmed that C/EBPs directly bind to their elements for low-level expression of human ACAT2 gene in THP-1 cells. Significantly, the increased expressions of ACAT2 and C/EBPs were also found in macrophages differentiated from both ATRA-treated THP-1 cells and cultured human blood monocytes. These results demonstrate that the low-level expression of human ACAT2 gene with specific CpG-hypomethylated promoter is regulated by the C/EBP transcription factors in monocytic cells, and imply that the lowly expressed ACAT2 catalyzes the synthesis of certain CE/SE that are assembled into lipoproteins for the secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Guo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xihan Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangjing Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tayuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Baoliang Song
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Boliang Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Guo D, Zhang X, Li Q, Qian L, Xu J, Lu M, Hu X, Zhu M, Chang CCY, Song B, Chang T, Xiong Y, Li B. The ACAT2 expression of human leukocytes is responsible for the excretion of lipoproteins containing cholesteryl/steryl esters. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:990-997. [PMID: 27688150 PMCID: PMC5091290 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-coenzymeA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) is abundantly expressed in intestine and fetal liver of healthy human. Our previous studies have shown that in monocytic cells the low-level expression of human ACAT2 gene with specific CpG-hypomethylated promoter is regulated by the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factors. In this study, we further report that the ACAT2 gene expression is attributable to the C/EBPs in the human leukocytes and correlated with the excretion of fluorescent lipoproteins containing the ACAT2-catalyzed NBD22-steryl esters. Moreover, this lipoprotein excretion can be inhibited by the ACAT2 isoform-selective inhibitor pyripyropene A (PPPA) in a dose-dependent manner, and employed to determine the half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of PPPA. Significantly, it is found that the differentiation-inducing factor all-trans retinoic acid, but not the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, enhances this ACAT2-dependent lipoprotein excretion. These data demonstrate that the ACAT2 expression of human leukocytes is responsible for the excretion of lipoproteins containing cholesteryl/steryl esters (CE/SE), and suggest that the excretion of lipoproteins containing the ACAT2-catalyzed CS/SE may avoid cytotoxicity through decreasing the excess intracellular cholesterols/sterols (especially various oxysterols), which is essential for the action of the human leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Guo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xihan Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Baoliang Song
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tayuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Boliang Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Soayfane Z, Tercé F, Cantiello M, Robenek H, Nauze M, Bézirard V, Allart S, Payré B, Capilla F, Cartier C, Peres C, Al Saati T, Théodorou V, Nelson DW, Yen CLE, Collet X, Coméra C. Exposure to dietary lipid leads to rapid production of cytosolic lipid droplets near the brush border membrane. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:48. [PMID: 27478484 PMCID: PMC4965885 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal absorption of dietary lipids involves their hydrolysis in the lumen of proximal intestine as well as uptake, intracellular transport and re-assembly of hydrolyzed lipids in enterocytes, leading to the formation and secretion of the lipoproteins chylomicrons and HDL. In this study, we examined the potential involvement of cytosolic lipid droplets (CLD) whose function in the process of lipid absorption is poorly understood. Methods Intestinal lipid absorption was studied in mouse after gavage. Three populations of CLD were purified by density ultracentrifugations, as well as the brush border membranes, which were analyzed by western-blots. Immunofluorescent localization of membranes transporters or metabolic enzymes, as well as kinetics of CLD production, were also studied in intestine or Caco-2 cells. Results We isolated three populations of CLD (ranging from 15 to 1000 nm) which showed differential expression of the major lipid transporters scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD-36), Niemann Pick C-like 1 (NPC1L1), and the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCG5/G8 but also caveolin 2 and fatty acid binding proteins. The enzyme monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) was identified in the brush border membrane (BBM) in addition to the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting local synthesis of triglycerides and CLD at both places. Conclusions We show a very fast production of CLD by enterocytes associated with a transfer of apical constituents as lipid transporters. Our findings suggest that following their uptake by enterocytes, lipids can be partially metabolized at the BBM and packaged into CLD for their transportation to the ER. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0107-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Soayfane
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - François Tercé
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Michela Cantiello
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Horst Robenek
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michel Nauze
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Valérie Bézirard
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| | - Sophie Allart
- INSERM UMR 1043 (INSERM/UPS/CNRS/USC Inra), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Payré
- CMEAB, Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Capilla
- INSERM/UPS - US006/CREFRE, Service d'Histopathologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cartier
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| | - Christine Peres
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS - US006/CREFRE, Service d'Histopathologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Vassilia Théodorou
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| | - David W Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Chi-Liang Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Xavier Collet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Christine Coméra
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France.,UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse, cedex 3, France
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Identification of ten mevalonate enzyme-encoding genes and their expression in response to juvenile hormone levels in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Gene 2016; 584:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Warrier M, Zhang J, Bura K, Kelley K, Wilson MD, Rudel LL, Brown JM. Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2-Driven Cholesterol Esterification Opposes Liver X Receptor-Stimulated Fecal Neutral Sterol Loss. Lipids 2016; 51:151-7. [PMID: 26729489 PMCID: PMC5221701 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Statin drugs have proven a successful and relatively safe therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, even with the substantial low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering achieved with statin treatment, CVD remains the top cause of death in developed countries. Selective inhibitors of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme sterol-O acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) hold great promise as effective CVD therapeutics. In mouse models, previous work has demonstrated that either antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) or small molecule inhibitors of SOAT2 can effectively reduce CVD progression, and even promote regression of established CVD. Although it is well known that SOAT2-driven cholesterol esterification can alter both the packaging and retention of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins, here we set out to determine whether SOAT2-driven cholesterol esterification can also impact basal and liver X receptor (LXR)-stimulated fecal neutral sterol loss. These studies demonstrate that SOAT2 is a negative regulator of LXR-stimulated fecal neutral sterol loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kanwardeep Bura
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kathryn Kelley
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Martha D Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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35
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Zhan Y, Zhang XW, Xiong Y, Li BL, Nan FJ. Design and synthesis of simple, yet potent and selective non-ring-A pyripyropene A-based inhibitors of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2). Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:747-751. [PMID: 26584338 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyripyropene A-based compounds were designed and synthesized by opening the upper section of the A-ring, which significantly simplifies the structure and synthesis from commercially available starting materials. Representative compound (-)-3 exhibited potent activity against ACAT2 and greater selectivity for ACAT2 than for ACAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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36
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Besseling J, Sjouke B, Kastelein JJP. Screening and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia - Lessons from the past and opportunities for the future (based on the Anitschkow Lecture 2014). Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:597-606. [PMID: 26115072 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the screening and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), an autosomal dominant inherited disease, characterized by severely increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased risk for premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Genetic family based cascade screening for FH was shown to be cost-effective and a screening program with such an approach was carried out in the Netherlands from 1994 to 2014. Over 64,000 persons have participated in this program of whom 40.3% were found to carry an FH causing mutation. We will discuss the results of this screening program, as well as the scientific opportunities it has provided. Currently, statins and ezetimibe are the only registered LDL-C lowering treatment options for FH patients. Many of them do not attain the treatment goals that are recommended by treatment guidelines. In this review, we will also provide a comprehensive overview of promising new modalities that could lower LDL-C in FH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Besseling
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Sjouke
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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37
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Saher G, Stumpf SK. Cholesterol in myelin biogenesis and hypomyelinating disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1083-94. [PMID: 25724171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The largest pool of free cholesterol in mammals resides in myelin membranes. Myelin facilitates rapid saltatory impulse propagation by electrical insulation of axons. This function is achieved by ensheathing axons with a tightly compacted stack of membranes. Cholesterol influences myelination at many steps, from the differentiation of myelinating glial cells, over the process of myelin membrane biogenesis, to the functionality of mature myelin. Cholesterol emerged as the only integral myelin component that is essential and rate-limiting for the development of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system. Moreover, disorders that interfere with sterol synthesis or intracellular trafficking of cholesterol and other lipids cause hypomyelination and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes recent results on the roles of cholesterol in CNS myelin biogenesis in normal development and under different pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Saher
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sina Kristin Stumpf
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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38
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Zhang J, Sawyer JK, Marshall SM, Kelley KL, Davis MA, Wilson MD, Brown JM, Rudel LL. Cholesterol esters (CE) derived from hepatic sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) are associated with more atherosclerosis than CE from intestinal SOAT2. Circ Res 2014; 115:826-33. [PMID: 25239141 PMCID: PMC4209196 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cholesterol esters (CE), especially cholesterol oleate, generated by hepatic and intestinal sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) play a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether the contribution of intestine-derived CE from SOAT2 would have similar effects in promoting atherosclerosis progression as for liver-derived CE. OBJECTIVE To test whether, in low-density lipoprotein receptor null (LDLr(-/-)) mice, the conditional knockout of intestinal SOAT2 (SOAT2(SI-/SI-)) or hepatic SOAT2 (SOAT2(L-/L-)) would equally limit atherosclerosis development compared with the global deletion of SOAT2 (SOAT2(-/-)). METHODS AND RESULTS SOAT2 conditional knockout mice were bred with LDLr(-/-) mice creating LDLr(-/-) mice with each of the specific SOAT2 gene deletions. All mice then were fed an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks. SOAT2(SI-/SI-)LDLr(-/-) and SOAT2(-/-)LDLr(-/-) mice had significantly lower levels of intestinal cholesterol absorption, more fecal sterol excretion, and lower biliary cholesterol levels. Analysis of plasma LDL showed that all mice with SOAT2 gene deletions had LDL CE with reduced percentages of cholesterol palmitate and cholesterol oleate. Each of the LDLr(-/-) mice with SOAT2 gene deletions had lower accumulations of total cholesterol and CE in the liver compared with control mice. Finally, aortic atherosclerosis development was significantly lower in all mice with global or tissue-restricted SOAT2 gene deletions. Nevertheless, SOAT2(-/-)LDLr(-/-) and SOAT2(L-/L-)LDLr(-/-) mice had less aortic CE accumulation and smaller aortic lesions than SOAT2(SI-/SI-)LDLr(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS SOAT2-derived CE from both the intestine and liver significantly contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, although the CE from the hepatic enzyme appeared to promote more atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Stephanie M Marshall
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Kathryn L Kelley
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Matthew A Davis
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Martha D Wilson
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - J Mark Brown
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.).
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Degirolamo C, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Intestinal nuclear receptors in HDL cholesterol metabolism. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:1262-70. [PMID: 25070952 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a pivotal role in cholesterol homeostasis by functioning as an absorptive and secretory organ in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Enterocytes control cholesterol absorption, apoAI synthesis, HDL biogenesis, and nonbiliary cholesterol fecal disposal. Thus, intestine-based therapeutic interventions may hold promise in the management of diseases driven by cholesterol overload. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium and regulate transcriptionally the handling of cholesterol by the enterocytes. Here, we discuss the NR regulation of cholesterol fluxes across the enterocytes with special emphasis on NR exploitation as a bona fide novel HDL-raising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Degirolamo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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40
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Iqbal J, Boutjdir M, Rudel LL, Hussain MM. Intestine-specific MTP and global ACAT2 deficiency lowers acute cholesterol absorption with chylomicrons and HDLs. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2261-75. [PMID: 25030663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m047951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal cholesterol absorption involves the chylomicron and HDL pathways and is dependent on microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and ABCA1, respectively. Chylomicrons transport free and esterified cholesterol, whereas HDLs transport free cholesterol. ACAT2 esterifies cholesterol for secretion with chylomicrons. We hypothesized that free cholesterol accumulated during ACAT2 deficiency may be secreted with HDLs when chylomicron assembly is blocked. To test this, we studied cholesterol absorption in mice deficient in intestinal MTP, global ACAT2, and both intestinal MTP and global ACAT2. Intestinal MTP ablation significantly increased intestinal triglyceride and cholesterol levels and reduced their transport with chylomicrons. In contrast, global ACAT2 deficiency had no effect on triglyceride absorption but significantly reduced cholesterol absorption with chylomicrons and increased cellular free cholesterol. Their combined deficiency reduced cholesterol secretion with both chylomicrons and HDLs. Thus, contrary to our hypothesis, free cholesterol accumulated in the absence of MTP and ACAT2 is unavailable for secretion with HDLs. Global ACAT2 deficiency causes mild hypertriglyceridemia and reduces hepatosteatosis in mice fed high cholesterol diets by increasing hepatic lipoprotein production by unknown mechanisms. We show that this phenotype is preserved in the absence of intestinal MTP in global ACAT2-deficient mice fed a Western diet. Further, we observed increases in hepatic MTP activity in these mice. Thus, ACAT2 deficiency might increase MTP expression to avoid hepatosteatosis in cholesterol-fed animals. Therefore, ACAT2 inhibition might avert hepatosteatosis associated with high cholesterol diets by increasing hepatic MTP expression and lipoprotein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Iqbal
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209
| | - Mohamed Boutjdir
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27104
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209
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Marshall SM, Gromovsky AD, Kelley KL, Davis MA, Wilson MD, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Rudel LL, Brown JM, Temel RE. Acute sterol o-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) knockdown rapidly mobilizes hepatic cholesterol for fecal excretion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98953. [PMID: 24901470 PMCID: PMC4047063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is LDL cholesterol, which can be reduced by increasing cholesterol excretion from the body. Fecal cholesterol excretion can be driven by a hepatobiliary as well as a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). We previously showed that chronic knockdown of the hepatic cholesterol esterifying enzyme sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) increased fecal cholesterol loss via TICE. To elucidate the initial events that stimulate TICE, C57Bl/6 mice were fed a high cholesterol diet to induce hepatic cholesterol accumulation and were then treated for 1 or 2 weeks with an antisense oligonucleotide targeting SOAT2. Within 2 weeks of hepatic SOAT2 knockdown (SOAT2HKD), the concentration of cholesteryl ester in the liver was reduced by 70% without a reciprocal increase in hepatic free cholesterol. The rapid mobilization of hepatic cholesterol stores resulted in a ∼ 2-fold increase in fecal neutral sterol loss but no change in biliary cholesterol concentration. Acute SOAT2HKD increased plasma cholesterol carried primarily in lipoproteins enriched in apoB and apoE. Collectively, our data suggest that acutely reducing SOAT2 causes hepatic cholesterol to be swiftly mobilized and packaged onto nascent lipoproteins that feed cholesterol into the TICE pathway for fecal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Kelley
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martha D. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Pramfalk C, Melhuish TA, Wotton D, Jiang ZY, Eriksson M, Parini P. TG-interacting factor 1 acts as a transcriptional repressor of sterol O-acyltransferase 2. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:709-17. [PMID: 24478032 PMCID: PMC3966704 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m045922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acat2 [gene name: sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2)] esterifies cholesterol in enterocytes and hepatocytes. This study aims to identify repressor elements in the human SOAT2 promoter and evaluate their in vivo relevance. We identified TG-interacting factor 1 (Tgif1) to function as an important repressor of SOAT2. Tgif1 could also block the induction of the SOAT2 promoter activity by hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α and 4α. Women have ∼ 30% higher hepatic TGIF1 mRNA compared with men. Depletion of Tgif1 in mice increased the hepatic Soat2 expression and resulted in higher hepatic lipid accumulation and plasma cholesterol levels. Tgif1 is a new player in human cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pramfalk
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiffany A. Melhuish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - David Wotton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Zhao-Yan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Lu M, Hu XH, Li Q, Xiong Y, Hu GJ, Xu JJ, Zhao XN, Wei XX, Chang CCY, Liu YK, Nan FJ, Li J, Chang TY, Song BL, Li BL. A specific cholesterol metabolic pathway is established in a subset of HCCs for tumor growth. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 5:404-15. [PMID: 24163426 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in cholesterol homeostasis. It exclusively receives and metabolizes oxysterols, which are important metabolites of cholesterol and are more cytotoxic than free cholesterol, from all extrahepatic tissues. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) impair certain liver functions and cause pathological alterations in many processes including cholesterol metabolism. However, the link between an altered cholesterol metabolism and HCC development is unclear. Human ACAT2 is abundantly expressed in intestine and fetal liver. Our previous studies have shown that ACAT2 is induced in certain HCC tissues. Here, by investigating tissue samples from HCC patients and HCC cell lines, we report that a specific cholesterol metabolic pathway, involving induction of ACAT2 and esterification of excess oxysterols for secretion to avoid cytotoxicity, is established in a subset of HCCs for tumor growth. Inhibiting ACAT2 leads to the intracellular accumulation of unesterified oxysterols and suppresses the growth of both HCC cell lines and their xenograft tumors. Further mechanistic studies reveal that HCC-linked promoter hypomethylation is essential for the induction of ACAT2 gene expression. We postulate that specifically blocking this HCC-established cholesterol metabolic pathway may have potential therapeutic applications for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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45
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Iqbal J, Parks JS, Hussain MM. Lipid absorption defects in intestine-specific microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30432-30444. [PMID: 24019513 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.501247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described apolipoprotein B (apoB)-dependent and -independent cholesterol absorption pathways and the role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in these pathways. To assess the contribution of these pathways to cholesterol absorption and to determine whether there are other pathways, we generated mice that lack MTP and ABCA1, individually and in combination, in the intestine. Intestinal deletions of Mttp and Abca1 decreased plasma cholesterol concentrations by 45 and 24%, respectively, whereas their combined deletion reduced it by 59%. Acute cholesterol absorption was reduced by 28% in the absence of ABCA1, and it was reduced by 92-95% when MTP was deleted in the intestine alone or together with ABCA1. MTP deficiency significantly reduced triglyceride absorption, although ABCA1 deficiency had no effect. ABCA1 deficiency did not affect cellular lipids, but Mttp deficiency significantly increased intestinal levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids. Accumulation of intestinal free fatty acids, but not triglycerides, in Mttp-deficient intestines was prevented when mice were also deficient in intestinal ABCA1. Combined deficiency of these genes increased intestinal fatty acid oxidation as a consequence of increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT1α). These studies show that intestinal MTP and ABCA1 are critical for lipid absorption and are the main determinants of plasma and intestinal lipid levels. Reducing their activities might lower plasma lipid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Iqbal
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203 and
| | - John S Parks
- the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences and Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 25157
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203 and.
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46
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Xie 谢畅 C, Zhou 周章森 ZS, Li 李钠 N, Bian 卞艳 Y, Wang 王永建 YJ, Wang 王丽娟 LJ, Li 李伯良 BL, Song 宋保亮 BL. Ezetimibe blocks the internalization of NPC1L1 and cholesterol in mouse small intestine. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2092-2101. [PMID: 22811412 PMCID: PMC3435542 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m027359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple transmembrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 like1 (NPC1L1) is essential for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Ezetimibe binds to NPC1L1 and is a clinically used cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Recent studies in cultured cells have shown that NPC1L1 mediates cholesterol uptake through vesicular endocytosis that can be blocked by ezetimibe. However, how NPC1L1 and ezetimibe work in the small intestine is unknown. In this study, we found that NPC1L1 distributed in enterocytes of villi and transit-amplifying cells of crypts. Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), another important protein for cholesterol absorption by providing cholesteryl esters to chylomicrons, was mainly presented in the apical cytoplasm of enterocytes. NPC1L1 and ACAT2 were highly expressed in jejunum and ileum. ACAT1 presented in the Paneth cells of crypts and mesenchymal cells of villi. In the absence of cholesterol, NPC1L1 was localized on the brush border of enterocytes. Dietary cholesterol induced the internalization of NPC1L1 to the subapical layer beneath the brush border and became partially colocalized with the endosome marker Rab11. Ezetimibe blocked the internalization of NPC1L1 and cholesterol and caused their retention in the plasma membrane. This study demonstrates that NPC1L1 mediates cholesterol entering enterocytes through vesicular endocytosis and that ezetimibe blocks this step in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xie 谢畅
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhang-Sen Zhou 周章森
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Na Li 李钠
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Bian 卞艳
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong-Jian Wang 王永建
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li-Juan Wang 王丽娟
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bo-Liang Li 李伯良
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song 宋保亮
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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47
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Inhibition of cholesterol absorption: targeting the intestine. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3235-50. [PMID: 22923351 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the gradual formation of a lipid-rich plaque in the arterial wall is the primary cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Hypercholesterolemia, elevated circulating cholesterol, was identified as a key risk factor for CAD in epidemiological studies. Since the approval of Mevacor in 1987, the primary therapeutic intervention for hypercholesterolemia has been statins, drugs that inhibit the biosynthesis of cholesterol. With improved understanding of the risks associated with elevated cholesterol levels, health agencies are recommending reductions in cholesterol that are not achievable in every patient with statins alone, underlying the need for improved combination therapies. The whole body cholesterol pool is derived from two sources, biosynthesis and diet. Although statins are effective at reducing the biosynthesis of cholesterol, they do not inhibit the absorption of cholesterol, making this an attractive target for adjunct therapies. This report summarizes the efforts to target the gastrointestinal absorption of cholesterol, with emphasis on specifically targeting the gastrointestinal tract to avoid the off-target effects sometimes associated with systemic exposure.
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48
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Cholesteryl ester accumulation and accelerated cholesterol absorption in intestine-specific hormone sensitive lipase-null mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1406-14. [PMID: 22842588 PMCID: PMC3459056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) regulates the hydrolysis of acylglycerols and cholesteryl esters (CE) in various cells and organs, including enterocytes of the small intestine. The physiological role of this enzyme in enterocytes, however, stayed elusive. In the present study we generated mice lacking HSL exclusively in the small intestine (HSLiKO) to investigate the impact of HSL deficiency on intestinal lipid metabolism and the consequences on whole body lipid homeostasis. Chow diet-fed HSLiKO mice showed unchanged plasma lipid concentrations. In addition, feeding with high fat/high cholesterol (HF/HC) diet led to unaltered triglyceride but increased plasma cholesterol concentrations and CE accumulation in the small intestine. The same effect was observed after an acute cholesterol load. Gavaging of radioactively labeled cholesterol resulted in increased abundance of radioactivity in plasma, liver and small intestine of HSLiKO mice 4 h post-gavaging. However, cholesterol absorption determined by the fecal dual-isotope ratio method revealed no significant difference, suggesting that HSLiKO mice take up the same amount of cholesterol but in an accelerated manner. mRNA expression levels of genes involved in intestinal cholesterol transport and esterification were unchanged but we observed downregulation of HMG-CoA reductase and synthase and consequently less intestinal cholesterol biosynthesis. Taken together our study demonstrates that the lack of intestinal HSL leads to CE accumulation in the small intestine, accelerated cholesterol absorption and decreased cholesterol biosynthesis, indicating that HSL plays an important role in intestinal cholesterol homeostasis.
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49
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Zhang J, Kelley KL, Marshall SM, Davis MA, Wilson MD, Sawyer JK, Farese RV, Brown JM, Rudel LL. Tissue-specific knockouts of ACAT2 reveal that intestinal depletion is sufficient to prevent diet-induced cholesterol accumulation in the liver and blood. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1144-52. [PMID: 22460046 PMCID: PMC3351821 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m024356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) generates cholesterol esters (CE) for packaging into newly synthesized lipoproteins and thus is a major determinant of blood cholesterol levels. ACAT2 is expressed exclusively in the small intestine and liver, but the relative contributions of ACAT2 expression in these tissues to systemic cholesterol metabolism is unknown. We investigated whether CE derived from the intestine or liver would differentially affect hepatic and plasma cholesterol homeostasis. We generated liver-specific (ACAT2(L-/L-)) and intestine-specific (ACAT2(SI-/SI-)) ACAT2 knockout mice and studied dietary cholesterol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. ACAT2(SI-/SI-) mice, in contrast to ACAT2(L-/L-) mice, had blunted cholesterol absorption. However, specific deletion of ACAT2 in the intestine generated essentially a phenocopy of the conditional knockout of ACAT2 in the liver, with reduced levels of plasma very low-density lipoprotein and hepatic CE, yet hepatic-free cholesterol does not build up after high cholesterol intake. ACAT2(L-/L-) and ACAT2(SI-/SI-) mice were equally protected from diet-induced hepatic CE accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. These results suggest that inhibition of intestinal or hepatic ACAT2 improves atherogenic hyperlipidemia and limits hepatic CE accumulation in mice and that depletion of intestinal ACAT2 is sufficient for most of the beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism. Inhibitors of ACAT2 targeting either tissue likely would be beneficial for atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Kathryn L. Kelley
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Stephanie M. Marshall
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Martha D. Wilson
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Janet K. Sawyer
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Robert V. Farese
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry & Biophysics, Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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50
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