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Peleman C, Hellemans S, Veeckmans G, Arras W, Zheng H, Koeken I, Van San E, Hassannia B, Walravens M, Kayirangwa E, Beyene NT, Van Herck MA, De Vos WH, Pintelon I, van Nassauw L, Oosterlinck B, Smet A, Vits L, Dirinck E, Verrijken A, De Man J, Van Eyck A, Kwanten WJ, Vonghia L, Driessen A, Augustyns K, Toyokuni S, De Winter B, Van Steenkiste C, Francque S, Vanden Berghe T. Ferroptosis is a targetable detrimental factor in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01348-9. [PMID: 39060422 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for pharmacologic treatment for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Hepatocyte cell death is a hallmark of this highly prevalent chronic liver disease, but the dominant type of cell death remains uncertain. Here we report that ferroptosis, an iron-catalyzed mode of regulated cell death, contributes to MASLD. Unsupervised clustering in a cohort of biopsy-proven MASLD patients revealed a subgroup with hepatic ferroptosis signature and lower glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) levels. Likewise, a subgroup with reduced ferroptosis defenses was discerned in public transcriptomics datasets. Four weeks of choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAHFD) induced MASLD with ferroptosis in mice. Gpx4 overexpression did not affect steatohepatitis, instead CDAHFD protected from morbidity due to hepatocyte-specific Gpx4 knockout. The ferroptosis inhibitor UAMC-3203 attenuated steatosis and alanine aminotransferase in CDAHFD and a second model, i.e., the high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFD). The effect of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids supplementation on ferroptosis susceptibility was assessed in human HepG2 cells. Fat-laden HepG2 showed a drop in ferroptosis defenses, increased phosphatidylglycerol with two polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) lipid tails, and sustained ferroptosis sensitivity. In conclusion, this study identified hepatic ferroptosis as a detrimental factor in MASLD patients. Unexpectedly, non-PUFA supplementation to hepatocytes altered lipid bilayer composition to maintain ferroptosis sensitivity. Based on findings in in vivo models, ferroptosis inhibition represents a promising therapeutic target in MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Peleman
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Cell Death Signaling Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stig Hellemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geraldine Veeckmans
- Cell Death Signaling Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wout Arras
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ine Koeken
- Cell Death Signaling Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emily Van San
- Cell Death Signaling Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Behrouz Hassannia
- Cell Death Signaling Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magali Walravens
- Cell Death Signaling Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Edissa Kayirangwa
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nateneal Tamerat Beyene
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikhaïl Alfons Van Herck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Winnok Harald De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Excellence Consortium on Multimodal Neuromics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Excellence Consortium on Multimodal Neuromics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc van Nassauw
- Department of ASTARC, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Oosterlinck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieve Vits
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline Dirinck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - An Verrijken
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Joris De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Eyck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus Josephus Kwanten
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Driessen
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Pathology, Radiotherapy, Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Benedicte De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- Cell Death Signaling Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Koenig AB, Tan A, Abdelaal H, Monge F, Younossi ZM, Goodman ZD. Review article: Hepatic steatosis and its associations with acute and chronic liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 60:167-200. [PMID: 38845486 DOI: 10.1111/apt.18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is a common finding in liver histopathology and the hallmark of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whose global prevalence is rising. AIMS To review the histopathology of hepatic steatosis and its mechanisms of development and to identify common and rare disease associations. METHODS We reviewed literature on the basic science of lipid droplet (LD) biology and clinical research on acute and chronic liver diseases associated with hepatic steatosis using the PubMed database. RESULTS A variety of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of chronic hepatic steatosis or steatotic liver disease, which typically appears macrovesicular. Microvesicular steatosis is associated with acute mitochondrial dysfunction and liver failure. Fat metabolic processes in hepatocytes whose dysregulation leads to the development of steatosis include secretion of lipoprotein particles, uptake of remnant lipoprotein particles or free fatty acids from blood, de novo lipogenesis, oxidation of fatty acids, lipolysis and lipophagy. Hepatic insulin resistance is a key feature of MASLD. Seipin is a polyfunctional protein that facilitates LD biogenesis. Assembly of hepatitis C virus takes place on LD surfaces. LDs make important, functional contact with the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles. CONCLUSIONS Diverse liver pathologies are associated with hepatic steatosis, with MASLD being the most important contributor. The biogenesis and dynamics of LDs in hepatocytes are complex and warrant further investigation. Organellar interfaces permit co-regulation of lipid metabolism to match generation of potentially toxic lipid species with their LD depot storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Koenig
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Albert Tan
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Hala Abdelaal
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Fanny Monge
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Zobair M Younossi
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- The Global NASH Council, Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zachary D Goodman
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
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3
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Fan M, Guan Y, Zhang W, Huang F, Zhang Z, Li X, Yuan B, Liu W, Geng M, Li X, Xu J, Jiang C, Zhao W, Ye F, Zhu W, Meng L, Lu S, Holmdahl R. Reactive oxygen species regulation by NCF1 governs ferroptosis susceptibility of Kupffer cells to MASH. Cell Metab 2024:S1550-4131(24)00184-0. [PMID: 38851189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Impaired self-renewal of Kupffer cells (KCs) leads to inflammation in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Here, we identify neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) as a critical regulator of iron homeostasis in KCs. NCF1 is upregulated in liver macrophages and dendritic cells in humans with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and in MASH mice. Macrophage NCF1, but not dendritic cell NCF1, triggers KC iron overload, ferroptosis, and monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration, thus aggravating MASH progression. Mechanistically, elevated oxidized phospholipids induced by macrophage NCF1 promote Toll-like receptor (TLR4)-dependent hepatocyte hepcidin production, leading to increased KC iron deposition and subsequent KC ferroptosis. Importantly, the human low-functional polymorphic variant NCF190H alleviates KC ferroptosis and MASH in mice. In conclusion, macrophage NCF1 impairs iron homeostasis in KCs by oxidizing phospholipids, triggering hepatocyte hepcidin release and KC ferroptosis in MASH, highlighting NCF1 as a therapeutic target for improving KC fate and limiting MASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meiyang Fan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanglong Guan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fumeng Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengqiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingyu Yuan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manman Geng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Congshan Jiang
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Surgical Critical Care and Life Support (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Medical Inflammation Research Group, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Shin JH, Li Z, Rupp AC, Miller N, Kernodle S, Lanthier N, Henry P, Seshadri N, Myronovych A, MacDougald OA, O’Rourke RW, Kohli R, Burant CF, Rothberg AE, Seeley RJ. Intestinal FGF15 regulates bile acid and cholesterol metabolism but not glucose and energy balance. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174164. [PMID: 38587078 PMCID: PMC11128213 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19, mouse/human ortholog) is expressed in the ileal enterocytes of the small intestine and released postprandially in response to bile acid absorption. Previous reports of FGF15-/- mice have limited our understanding of gut-specific FGF15's role in metabolism. Therefore, we studied the role of endogenous gut-derived FGF15 in bile acid, cholesterol, glucose, and energy balance. We found that circulating levels of FGF19 were reduced in individuals with obesity and comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Gene expression analysis of ileal FGF15-positive cells revealed differential expression during the obesogenic state. We fed standard chow or a high-fat metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-inducing diet to control and intestine-derived FGF15-knockout (FGF15INT-KO) mice. Control and FGF15INT-KO mice gained similar body weight and adiposity and did not show genotype-specific differences in glucose, mixed meal, pyruvate, and glycerol tolerance. FGF15INT-KO mice had increased systemic bile acid levels but decreased cholesterol levels, pointing to a primary role for gut-derived FGF15 in regulating bile acid and cholesterol metabolism when exposed to obesogenic diet. These studies show that intestinal FGF15 plays a specific role in bile acid and cholesterol metabolism regulation but is not essential for energy and glucose balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Surgery and
| | | | - Ziru Li
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Alan C. Rupp
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole Miller
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, Saint-Luc University Clinics, and
- Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paulina Henry
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert W. O’Rourke
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Surgery and
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy E. Rothberg
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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5
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Peleman C, Francque S, Berghe TV. Emerging role of ferroptosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: revisiting hepatic lipid peroxidation. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105088. [PMID: 38537604 PMCID: PMC11026979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterised by cell death of parenchymal liver cells which interact with their microenvironment to drive disease activity and liver fibrosis. The identification of the major death type could pave the way towards pharmacotherapy for MASH. To date, increasing evidence suggest a type of regulated cell death, named ferroptosis, which occurs through iron-catalysed peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in membrane phospholipids. Lipid peroxidation enjoys renewed interest in the light of ferroptosis, as druggable target in MASH. This review recapitulates the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in liver physiology, evidence for ferroptosis in human MASH and critically appraises the results of ferroptosis targeting in preclinical MASH models. Rewiring of redox, iron and PUFA metabolism in MASH creates a proferroptotic environment involved in MASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Ferroptosis induction might be a promising novel approach to eradicate HCC, while its inhibition might ameliorate MASH disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Peleman
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sven Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Abstract
Prolonged or excessive exposure to oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) generates chronic inflammation. OxPLs are present in atherosclerotic lesions and can be detected in plasma on apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins. When initially conceptualized, OxPL-apoB measurement in plasma was expected to reflect the concentration of minimally oxidized LDL, but, surprisingly, it correlated more strongly with plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels. Indeed, experimental and clinical studies show that Lp(a) particles carry the largest fraction of OxPLs among apoB-containing lipoproteins. Plasma OxPL-apoB levels provide diagnostic information on the presence and extent of atherosclerosis and improve the prognostication of peripheral artery disease and first and recurrent myocardial infarction and stroke. The addition of OxPL-apoB measurements to traditional cardiovascular risk factors improves risk reclassification, particularly in patients in intermediate risk categories, for whom improving decision-making is most impactful. Moreover, plasma OxPL-apoB levels predict cardiovascular events with similar or greater accuracy than plasma Lp(a) levels, probably because this measurement reflects both the genetics of elevated Lp(a) levels and the generalized or localized oxidation that modifies apoB-containing lipoproteins and leads to inflammation. Plasma OxPL-apoB levels are reduced by Lp(a)-lowering therapy with antisense oligonucleotides and by lipoprotein apheresis, niacin therapy and bariatric surgery. In this Review, we discuss the role of role OxPLs in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and Lp(a) atherogenicity, and the use of OxPL-apoB measurement for improving prognosis, risk reclassification and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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7
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Parola M, Pinzani M. Liver fibrosis in NAFLD/NASH: from pathophysiology towards diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 95:101231. [PMID: 38056058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, as an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, results from chronic liver injury as well as persistent activation of inflammatory response and of fibrogenesis. Liver fibrosis is a major determinant for chronic liver disease (CLD) progression and in the last two decades our understanding on the major molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the fibrogenic progression of CLD has dramatically improved, boosting pre-clinical studies and clinical trials designed to find novel therapeutic approaches. From these studies several critical concepts have emerged, starting to reveal the complexity of the pro-fibrotic microenvironment which involves very complex, dynamic and interrelated interactions between different hepatic and extrahepatic cell populations. This review will offer first a recapitulation of established and novel pathophysiological basic principles and concepts by intentionally focus the attention on NAFLD/NASH, a metabolic-related form of CLD with a high impact on the general population and emerging as a leading cause of CLD worldwide. NAFLD/NASH-related pro-inflammatory and profibrogenic mechanisms will be analysed as well as novel information on cells, mediators and signalling pathways which have taken advantage from novel methodological approaches and techniques (single cell genomics, imaging mass cytometry, novel in vitro two- and three-dimensional models, etc.). We will next offer an overview on recent advancement in diagnostic and prognostic tools, including serum biomarkers and polygenic scores, to support the analysis of liver biopsies. Finally, this review will provide an analysis of current and emerging therapies for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Parola
- Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine - Royal Free Hospital, London, NW32PF, United Kingdom.
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8
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Ribback S, Peters K, Yasser M, Prey J, Wilhelmi P, Su Q, Dombrowski F, Bannasch P. Hepatocellular Ballooning is Due to Highly Pronounced Glycogenosis Potentially Associated with Steatosis and Metabolic Reprogramming. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:52-61. [PMID: 38250461 PMCID: PMC10794273 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Hepatocellular ballooning is a common finding in chronic liver disease, mainly characterized by rarefied cytoplasm that often contains Mallory-Denk bodies (MDB). Ballooning has mostly been attributed to degeneration but its striking resemblance to glycogenotic/steatotic changes characterizing preneoplastic hepatocellular lesions in animal models and chronic human liver diseases prompts the question whether ballooned hepatocytes (BH) are damaged cells on the path to death or rather viable cells, possibly involved in neoplastic development. Methods Using specimens from 96 cirrhotic human livers, BH characteristics were assessed for their glycogen/lipid stores, enzyme activities, and proto-oncogenic signaling cascades by enzyme- and immunohistochemical approaches with serial paraffin and cryostat sections. Results BH were present in 43.8% of cirrhotic livers. Particularly pronounced excess glycogen storage of (glycogenosis) and/or lipids (steatosis) were characteristic, ground glass features and MDB were often observed. Decreased glucose-6-phosphatase, increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and altered immunoreactivity of enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and cholesterol biosynthesis were discovered. Furthermore, components of the insulin signaling cascade were upregulated along with insulin dependent glucose transporter glucose transporter 4 and the v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway associated with de novo lipogenesis. Conclusions BH are hallmarked by particularly pronounced glycogenosis with facultative steatosis, many of their features being reminiscent of metabolic aberrations documented in preneoplastic hepatocellular lesions in experimental animals and chronic human liver diseases. Hence, BH are not damaged entities facing death but rather viable cells featuring metabolic reprogramming, indicative of a preneoplastic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ribback
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Peters
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mohd Yasser
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jessica Prey
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paula Wilhelmi
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Su
- Cell Marque, Millipore-Sigma, Rocklin, CA, USA
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Bannasch
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Godzien J, Lopez-Lopez A, Sieminska J, Jablonowski K, Pietrowska K, Kisluk J, Mojsak M, Dzieciol-Anikiej Z, Barbas C, Reszec J, Kozlowski M, Moniuszko M, Kretowski A, Niklinski J, Ciborowski M. Exploration of oxidized phosphocholine profile in non-small-cell lung cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1279645. [PMID: 38288337 PMCID: PMC10824250 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1279645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lung cancer is one of the most frequently studied types of cancer and represents the most common and lethal neoplasm. Our previous research on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has revealed deep lipid profile reprogramming and redox status disruption in cancer patients. Lung cell membranes are rich in phospholipids that are susceptible to oxidation, leading to the formation of bioactive oxidized phosphatidylcholines (oxPCs). Persistent and elevated levels of oxPCs have been shown to induce chronic inflammation, leading to detrimental effects. However, recent reports suggest that certain oxPCs possess anti-inflammatory, pro-survival, and endothelial barrier-protective properties. Thus, we aimed to measure the levels of oxPCs in NSCLC patients and investigate their potential role in lung cancer. Methods: To explore the oxPCs profiles in lung cancer, we performed in-depth, multi-level metabolomic analyses of nearly 350 plasma and lung tissue samples from 200 patients with NSCLC, including adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the two most prevalent NSCLC subtypes and COPD patients as a control group. First, we performed oxPC profiling of plasma samples. Second, we analyzed tumor and non-cancerous lung tissues collected during the surgical removal of NSCLC tumors. Because of tumor tissue heterogeneity, subsequent analyses covered the surrounding healthy tissue and peripheral and central tumors. To assess whether the observed phenotypic changes in the patients were associated with measured oxPC levels, metabolomics data were augmented with data from medical records. Results: We observed a predominance of long-chain oxPCs in plasma samples and of short-chain oxPCs in tissue samples from patients with NSCLC. The highest concentration of oxPCs was observed in the central tumor region. ADC patients showed higher levels of oxPCs compared to the control group, than patients with SCC. Conclusion: The detrimental effects associated with the accumulation of short-chain oxPCs suggest that these molecules may have greater therapeutic utility than diagnostic value, especially given that elevated oxPC levels are a hallmark of multiple types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Godzien
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Angeles Lopez-Lopez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Julia Sieminska
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kacper Jablonowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Pietrowska
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Kisluk
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Mojsak
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Joanna Reszec
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kozlowski
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jacek Niklinski
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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10
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Sato S, Nakaji S, Sawada K, Akimoto N, Tateda T, Kaizuka M, Sasada T, Nomiya H, Igarashi G, Iino C, Chinda D, Mikami T, Sakuraba H, Fukuda S. Association between reactive oxygen species production in neutrophils and liver fibrosis in the general population. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 73:214-220. [PMID: 37970548 PMCID: PMC10636577 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neutrophils, has harmful effects on the liver and various other organs. However, little is known about the association between liver fibrosis and ROS levels in neutrophils in the general population. This large-scale epidemiological study aimed to determine the association between liver fibrosis and neutrophil-generated ROS levels according to age and sex in the general population. This cross-sectional study included 1,000 participants from a district health promotion project. Participants were grouped based on sex (male; female) and age (young, <65 years; old, ≥65 years). The four groups were as follows: male, young (n = 289); male, old (n = 100); female, young (n = 425); and female, old (n = 186). Liver fibrosis was assessed using the fibrosis 4 (FIB-4) index, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fibrosis score (NFS). Basal and stimulated ROS were considered in the analysis. Multiple linear analyses showed (1) significant positive correlations between all liver fibrosis scores and basal ROS in the young groups, and (2) significant negative correlations between NFS and stimulated ROS in females. Preventing liver fibrosis through neutrophil-related immune system enhancement may avert the development of lifestyle-related diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Center of Healthy Aging Innovation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kaori Sawada
- Center of Healthy Aging Innovation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Naoki Akimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Tateda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kaizuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sasada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nomiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Go Igarashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Chikara Iino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Daisuke Chinda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mikami
- Center of Healthy Aging Innovation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hirotake Sakuraba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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11
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Maraga E, Safadi R, Amer J, Higazi AAR, Fanne RA. Alleviation of Hepatic Steatosis by Alpha-Defensin Is Associated with Enhanced Lipolysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59050983. [PMID: 37241215 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59050983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The neutrophilic peptide, alpha-defensin, is considered an evolving risk factor intimately linked with lipid mobilization. It was previously linked to augmented liver fibrosis. Here, we assess a potential association between alpha-defensin and fatty liver. Materials and Methods: A cohort of transgenic C57BL/6JDef+/+ male mice that overexpress the human neutrophil-derived alpha-defensin in their polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were assessed for liver steatosis and fibrosis development. Wild type (C57BL/6JDef.Wt) and transgenic (C57BL/6JDef+/+) mice were maintained on a standard rodent chow diet for 8.5 months. At the termination of the experiment, systemic metabolic indices and hepatic immunological cell profiling were assessed. Results: The Def+/+ transgenic mice exhibited lower body and liver weights, lower serum fasting glucose and cholesterol, and significantly lower liver fat content. These results were associated with impaired liver lymphocytes count and function (lower CD8, NK cells, and killing marker CD107a). The metabolic cage demonstrated dominant fat utilization with a comparable food intake in the Def+/+ mice. Conclusions: Chronic physiological expression of alpha-defensin induces favorable blood metabolic profile, increased systemic lipolysis, and decreased hepatic fat accumulation. Further studies are needed to characterize the defensin net liver effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Maraga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem IL-91120, Israel
| | - Rifaat Safadi
- Liver Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem IL-91120, Israel
| | - Johnny Amer
- Liver Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem IL-91120, Israel
| | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem IL-91120, Israel
| | - Rami Abu Fanne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem IL-91120, Israel
- Department of Cardiology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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12
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Human Neutrophil α-Defensins 1–3 Are Upregulated in the Microenvironment of Fibrotic Liver. Medicina (B Aires) 2023; 59:medicina59030496. [PMID: 36984497 PMCID: PMC10058849 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Neutrophil infiltration is an established signature of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Steatohepatitis (NASH). The most abundant neutrophilic peptide, alpha-defensin, is considered a new evolving risk factor in the inflammatory milieu, intimately involved in lipid mobilization. Our objective is to assess for potential association between alpha-defensin immunostains and NAFLD severity. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively investigated the liver biopsies of NAFLD/NASH patients, obtained at Hillel Yaffe Medical center between the years 2012 and 2016. Patients’ characteristics were recorded, including relevant blood tests at the time of biopsy. Each biopsy was semi-quantitatively scored using NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) and NASH fibrosis stage. The biopsies were immunostained for alpha-defensin. The precipitation of alpha-defensin was correlated to NAS and fibrosis. Results: A total of 80 biopsies were evaluated: male ratio 53.2%, mean age 44.9 ± 13.2 years, 54 had fibrosis grades 0–2, and 26 were grade 3–4. Conventional metabolic risk factors were more frequent in the high-grade fibrosis group. Immunostaining for alpha-defensin disclosed higher intensity (a.u.) in grade 3–4 fibrosis relative to grades 0–2, 25% vs. 6.5%, p < 0.05, respectively. Moreover, alpha-defensin staining was nicely co-localized with fibrosis. Conclusions: In our group of NASH/NAFLD patients, higher metabolic risk profile was associated with higher fibrosis grade. Immunostaining for alpha-defensin showed patchy intense staining concordant with high fibrosis, nicely co-localized with histological fibrosis. Whether alpha-defensin is a profibrotic risk factor or merely risk marker for fibrosis must be clarified in future studies.
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13
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Yin X, Guo X, Liu Z, Wang J. Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032844. [PMID: 36769165 PMCID: PMC9917647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease that affects approximately one-quarter of the global adult population, posing a significant threat to human health with wide-ranging social and economic implications. The main characteristic of NAFLD is considered that the excessive fat is accumulated and deposited in hepatocytes without excess alcohol intake or some other pathological causes. NAFLD is a progressive disease, ranging from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and death. Therefore, NAFLD will probably emerge as the leading cause of end-stage liver disease in the coming decades. Unlike other highly prevalent diseases, NAFLD has received little attention from the global public health community. Liver biopsy is currently considered the gold standard for the diagnosis and staging of NAFLD because of the absence of noninvasive and specific biomarkers. Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD and the heterogeneity of the disease phenotype, no specific pharmacological therapies have been approved for NAFLD at present, although several drugs are in advanced stages of development. This review summarizes the current evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunzhe Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zuojia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.W.)
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14
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Deng KQ, Huang X, Lei F, Zhang XJ, Zhang P, She ZG, Cai J, Ji YX, Li H. Role of hepatic lipid species in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C630-C639. [PMID: 35759443 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00123.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disease due to the global pandemic of metabolic diseases. Dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism plays a central role in the initiation and progression of NAFLD. With the advancement of lipidomics, an increasing number of lipid species and underlying mechanisms associating hepatic lipid components have been revealed. Therefore, the focus of this mini-review is to highlight the links between hepatic lipid species and their mechanisms mediating the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We first summarized the interplay between NAFLD and hepatic lipid disturbances. Next, we focused on reviewing the role of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, oxidized phospholipids, and their respective intermediates in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The mechanisms by which monounsaturated fatty acids and other pro-resolving mediators exert protective effects are also addressed. Finally, we further discussed the implication of different analysis approaches in lipidomic. Evolving insights into the pathophysiology of NAFLD will provide the opportunity for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Center Hospital of Huanggang, Huanggang, China.,Huanggang Institute of Translation Medicine, Huanggang, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Lei
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Huanggang Institute of Translation Medicine, Huanggang, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Characterization and Roles of Membrane Lipids in Fatty Liver Disease. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040410. [PMID: 35448380 PMCID: PMC9025760 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions and it affects the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Membrane lipids are important structural and signaling components of the cell membrane. Recent studies highlight their importance in lipid homeostasis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. Here, we discuss the numerous membrane lipid species and their metabolites including, phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol, and how dysregulation of their composition and physiology contribute to the development of fatty liver disease. The development of new genetic and pharmacological mouse models has shed light on the role of lipid species on various mechanisms/pathways; these lipids impact many aspects of the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease and could potentially be targeted for the treatment of fatty liver disease.
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16
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Bence KK, Birnbaum MJ. Metabolic drivers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101143. [PMID: 33346069 PMCID: PMC8324696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly increasing worldwide parallel to the global obesity epidemic. NAFLD encompasses a range of liver pathologies and most often originates from metabolically driven accumulation of fat in the liver, or non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). In a subset of NAFL patients, the disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a more severe form of liver disease characterized by hepatocyte injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in our understanding of NASH pathogenesis, but gaps remain in our mechanistic knowledge of the precise metabolic triggers for disease worsening. SCOPE OF REVIEW The transition from NAFL to NASH likely involves a complex constellation of multiple factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the liver. This review focuses on early metabolic events in the establishment of NAFL and initial stages of NASH. We discuss the association of NAFL with obesity as well as the role of adipose tissue in disease progression and highlight early metabolic drivers implicated in the pathological transition from hepatic fat accumulation to steatohepatitis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The close association of NAFL with features of metabolic syndrome highlight plausible mechanistic roles for adipose tissue health and the release of lipotoxic lipids, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and disruption of the intestinal barrier in not only the initial establishment of hepatic steatosis, but also in mediating disease progression. Human genetic variants linked to NASH risk to date are heavily biased toward genes involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, providing compelling support for the hypothesis that NASH is fundamentally a metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
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17
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Goonetilleke M, Kuk N, Correia J, Hodge A, Moore G, Gantier MP, Yeoh G, Sievert W, Lim R. Addressing the liver progenitor cell response and hepatic oxidative stress in experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis using amniotic epithelial cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:429. [PMID: 34321089 PMCID: PMC8317377 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease globally and in its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, patient education and lifestyle changes are the major tools to prevent the continued progression of NASH. Emerging therapies in NASH target known pathological processes involved in the progression of the disease including inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) were previously shown to be beneficial in experimental models of chronic liver injury, reducing hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that liver progenitor cells (LPCs) response plays a significant role in the development of fibrosis and HCC in mouse models of fatty liver disease. In this study, we examined the effect hAECs have on the LPC response and hepatic oxidative stress in an experimental model of NASH. Methods Experimental NASH was induced in C57BL/6 J male mice using a high-fat, high fructose diet for 42 weeks. Mice received either a single intraperitoneal injection of 2 × 106 hAECs at week 34 or an additional hAEC dose at week 38. Changes to the LPC response and oxidative stress regulators were measured. Results hAEC administration significantly reduced the expansion of LPCs and their mitogens, IL-6, IFNγ and TWEAK. hAEC administration also reduced neutrophil infiltration and myeloperoxidase production with a concurrent increase in heme oxygenase-1 production. These observations were accompanied by a significant increase in total levels of anti-fibrotic IFNβ in mice treated with a single dose of hAECs, which appeared to be independent of c-GAS-STING activation. Conclusions Expansion of liver progenitor cells, hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with experimental NASH were attenuated by hAEC administration. Given that repeated doses did not significantly increase efficacy, future studies assessing the impact of dose escalation and/or timing of dose may provide insights into clinical translation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02476-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihiri Goonetilleke
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Kuk
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeanne Correia
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Hodge
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory Moore
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Yeoh
- Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - William Sievert
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Biswas S, Gao D, Altemus JB, Rekhi UR, Chang E, Febbraio M, Byzova TV, Podrez EA. Circulating CD36 is increased in hyperlipidemic mice: Cellular sources and triggers of release. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:180-188. [PMID: 33775772 PMCID: PMC8085123 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD36 is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein abundantly expressed in several cell types. Recent studies have identified CD36 in circulation (cCD36) in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and proposed cCD36 to be a biomarker of disease activity. Whether cCD36 is present in hyperlipidemia, a condition characterized by oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, is not known. In addition, the cellular origin of cCD36 and triggers of CD36 release have not been elucidated. We now demonstrate that plasma cCD36 level is increased in hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- and Ldlr-/- mice. Using several cell-specific CD36 knockout mice, we showed that multiple cell types contribute to cCD36 generation in hyperlipidemic conditions, with a particularly strong contribution from endothelial cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that oxidized phospholipids, ligands for CD36 (oxPCCD36), which are known to accumulate in circulation in hyperlipidemia, induce a robust release of CD36 from several cell types. In vivo studies have demonstrated CD36 release into the circulation of WT mice in response to tail-vein injection of oxPCCD36. These findings document the presence of cCD36 in hyperlipidemia and identify a link between cCD36 and oxidized phospholipids generated under oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation associated with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Biswas
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Detao Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jessica B Altemus
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Umar R Rekhi
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11361 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Ellen Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11361 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Leone V, Ali A, Weber A, Tschaharganeh DF, Heikenwalder M. Liver Inflammation and Hepatobiliary Cancers. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:606-623. [PMID: 33674229 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune regulation has an important role in cancer development, particularly in organs with continuous exposure to environmental pathogens, such as the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Chronic liver inflammation can lead to the development of hepatobiliary cancers, namely hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), or combined HCC (cHCC)-CCA. In this review, we discuss the link between oxidative stress and the hepatic immune compartments, as well as how these factors trigger hepatocyte damage, proliferation, and eventually cancer initiation and its sustainment. We further give an overview of new anticancer therapies based on immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Leone
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adnan Ali
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research (IMCR), University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darjus Felix Tschaharganeh
- Helmholtz-University Group Cell Plasticity and Epigenetic Remodeling, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Attenuation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate-Induced Steatohepatitis by Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:8818160. [PMID: 33457418 PMCID: PMC7787751 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8818160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), an environmentally persistent pollutant, has been revealed to elicit hepatic toxicity. In the current study, we investigated the protective role of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) against PFOS-caused steatohepatitis in mice. Animals were exposed intragastrically to PFOS (10 mg/kg/day), GSPE (150 mg/kg/day), or their combination. After 21 days of treatment, mice exposed to PFOS exhibited steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the liver. Nevertheless, simultaneous administration of GSPE resumed the declined serum hepatic enzyme activities and histological abnormalities in PFOS-exposed mice. Furthermore, GSPE supplementation reduced the contents of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) and expression of lipid metabolism-associated genes CD36 and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in the liver of mice treated with PFOS. Moreover, GSPE suppressed the generation of lipid peroxidative product malondialdehyde and restored the activity of superoxide dismutase in the liver of PFOS-exposed mice. In addition, GSPE repressed the PFOS-induced hepatic overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Our results demonstrate that GSPE attenuates PFOS-caused steatohepatitis in mice by regulating lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response.
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21
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Ma B, Sun H, Zhu B, Wang S, Du L, Wang X, Qu S. Hepatic Steatosis Is Associated with Elevated Serum Iron in Patients with Obesity and Improves after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. Obes Facts 2021; 14:64-71. [PMID: 33352578 PMCID: PMC7983566 DOI: 10.1159/000511736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is closely related to metabolism. However, the relationship between iron and hepatic steatosis has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the triangular relationship between iron and hepatic steatosis and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in patients with obesity. METHODS A total of 297 patients with obesity and 43 healthy individuals with a normal BMI were enrolled. Eighty-two patients underwent LSG. Anthropometrics, glucose-lipid metabolic markers, and hepatic steatosis assessed by FibroScan (CAP value and E value) were measured at baseline, and again at follow-up time intervals of 6 months and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS (1) Iron was significantly higher in patients with obesity or overweight than in the individuals with normal BMI (8.18 ± 1.47 vs. 7.46 ± 0.99 mmol/L, p = 0.002). Iron was also higher in subjects with high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia than non-corresponding disorders (all p < 0.05). Moreover, iron was significantly higher in the severe than mild or moderate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) group (p = 0.046 and 0.018). (2) Iron was positively associated with body weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, uric acid, liver enzymes, postprandial blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, free fatty acid, and hepatic steatosis (CAP value), and negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all p < 0.05). Iron was also positively associated with the visceral adipose area in patients with obesity and negatively associated with the subcutaneous adipose area in patients with overweight (all p < 0.05). (3) Iron levels and CAP values were decreased gradually 6 months and 1 year after surgery (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results indicated that iron is associated with hepatic steatosis in obesity. The iron level was significantly higher in patients with severe NAFLD than with mild or moderate NAFLD. LSG may reduce iron levels while improving fat deposition in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilin Wang
- Department of Liver and Gallbladder Surgery, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China,
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China,
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22
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Hydrogen influences HDL-associated enzymes and reduces oxidized phospholipids levels in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Life Sci 2020; 267:118945. [PMID: 33359745 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) are formed as a result of oxidative stress, which potentially mediate multiple pathological effects. We aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrogen (H2) on OxPLs in vivo and the underlying mechanism. MAIN METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control group fed with a chow diet, model group fed with a high-fat diet, and H2-treated group fed with a high-fat diet and treated by 4% H2 inhalation for ten weeks. OxPLs in liver and plasma were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was separated by ultracentrifugation. A proteomic analysis was performed to reveal the alternation of HDL protein composition and he antioxidant capacity of HDL was tested by low-density lipoprotein oxidation experiment. Furthermore, the activity or expression of HDL-associated enzymes were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Inhalation of 4% H2 decreased the accumulation of OxPLs in rats. In vitro tests revealed that the different concentrations of H2 did not inhibit the formation of OxPLs mediated by non-enzymatic oxidation. H2 inhalation altered the components and enhanced the anti-oxidative capacity of HDL in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Further experiments showed that H2 significantly regulated the activity of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, paraoxonase-1, and the expression of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings revealed that H2 may reduce the OxPLs levels through its influence on HDL-associated enzymes that can act on OxPLs, suggesting that H2 can be used in alleviating diseases related to lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress.
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23
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Li X, Wang J, Gong X, Zhang M, Kang S, Shu B, Wei Z, Huang ZS, Li D. Upregulation of BCL-2 by acridone derivative through gene promoter i-motif for alleviating liver damage of NAFLD/NASH. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8255-8268. [PMID: 32710621 PMCID: PMC7470982 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are global epidemic public health problems with pathogenesis incompletely understood. Hepatocyte excessive apoptosis is a significant symbol for NAFLD/NASH patients, and therefore anti-apoptosis therapy could be used for NAFLD/NASH treatment. Up-regulation of BCL-2 has been found to be closely related with anti-apoptosis. BCL-2 gene promoter region has a C-rich sequence, which can form i-motif structure and play important role in regulating gene transcription. In this study, after extensive screening and evaluation, we found that acridone derivative A22 could up-regulate BCL-2 transcription and translation in vitro and in cells through selective binding to and stabilizing BCL-2 gene promoter i-motif. Our further experiments showed that A22 could reduce hepatocyte apoptosis in NAFLD/NASH model possibly through up-regulating BCL-2 expression. A22 could reduce inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and cirrhosis in high-fat diet-fed mice liver model. Our findings provide a potentially new approach of anti-apoptosis for NAFLD/NASH treatment, and A22 could be further developed as a lead compound for NAFLD/NASH therapy. Our present study first demonstrated that gene promoter i-motif could be targeted for gene up-regulation for extended treatment of other important diseases besides cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xue Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bing Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zuzhuang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Wai huan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Dornas W, Schuppan D. Mitochondrial oxidative injury: a key player in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G400-G411. [PMID: 32597705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00121.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. NAFLD is tightly linked to the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Globally, its inflammatory form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has become the main cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, mainly due to liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. One hallmark of NASH is the presence of changes in mitochondrial morphology and function that are accompanied by a blocked flow of electrons in the respiratory chain, which increases formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. Consequences are oxidation of DNA bases and mitochondrial DNA depletion that are coupled with genetic and acquired mitochondrial DNA mutations, all impairing the resynthesis of respiratory chain polypeptides. In general, several maladaptations of pathways that usually maintain energy homeostasis occur with the early and late excess metabolic stress in NAFLD and NASH. We discuss the interplay between hepatocyte mitochondrial stress and inflammatory responses, focusing primarily on events initiated and maintained by mitochondrial free radical-induced damage in NAFLD. Importantly, mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction are modulated by key pharmacological targets that are related to excess production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial turnover and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, the efficacy of such interventions depends on NAFLD/NASH disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Dornas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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25
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Kaufmann B, Reca A, Wang B, Friess H, Feldstein AE, Hartmann D. Mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and implications for surgery. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2020; 406:1-17. [PMID: 32833053 PMCID: PMC7870612 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-020-01965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common form of chronic liver disease in both adults and children worldwide. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms behind NAFLD provides the basis for identifying risk factors, such as metabolic syndrome, pancreatoduodenectomy, and host genetics, that lead to the onset and progression of the disease. The progression from steatosis to more severe forms, such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, leads to an increased number of liver and non-liver complications. Purpose NAFLD-associated end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often require surgery as the only curative treatment. In particular, the presence of NAFLD together with the coexisting metabolic comorbidities that usually occur in these patients requires careful preoperative diagnosis and peri-/postoperative management. Bariatric surgery, liver resection, and liver transplantation (LT) have shown favorable results for weight loss, HCC, and ESLD in patients with NAFLD. The LT demand and the increasing spread of NAFLD in the donor pool reinforce the already existing lack of donor organs. Conclusion In this review, we will discuss the diverse mechanisms underlying NAFLD, its implications for surgery, and the challenges for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kaufmann
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Agustina Reca
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Baocai Wang
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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Pérez-Torres I, Manzano-Pech L, Rubio-Ruíz ME, Soto ME, Guarner-Lans V. Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112555. [PMID: 32486343 PMCID: PMC7321091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are formed when there is an abnormal increase in the level of nitric oxide (NO) produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or by the uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The presence of high concentrations of superoxide anions (O2−) is also necessary for their formation. RNS react three times faster than O2− with other molecules and have a longer mean half life. They cause irreversible damage to cell membranes, proteins, mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleic acids and enzymes, altering their activity and leading to necrosis and to cell death. Although nitrogen species are important in the redox imbalance, this review focuses on the alterations caused by the RNS in the cellular redox system that are associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Currently, nitrosative stress (NSS) is implied in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The mechanisms that produce damage remain poorly understood. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the participation of NSS in the pathology of cardiometabolic diseases and their possible mechanisms of action. This information might be useful for the future proposal of anti-NSS therapies for cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pérez-Torres
- Vascular Biomedicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (I.P.-T.); (V.G.-L.)
| | - Linaloe Manzano-Pech
- Vascular Biomedicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - María Esther Rubio-Ruíz
- Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - María Elena Soto
- Immunology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (I.P.-T.); (V.G.-L.)
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Hepatocyte Injury and Hepatic Stem Cell Niche in the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030590. [PMID: 32131439 PMCID: PMC7140508 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. The global prevalence of NAFLD is constantly increasing. NAFLD is a disease spectrum comprising distinct stages with different prognoses. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive condition, characterized by liver inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning, with or without fibrosis. The natural history of NAFLD is negatively influenced by NASH onset and by the progression towards advanced fibrosis. Pathogenetic mechanisms and cellular interactions leading to NASH and fibrosis involve hepatocytes, liver macrophages, myofibroblast cell subpopulations, and the resident progenitor cell niche. These cells are implied in the regenerative trajectories following liver injury, and impairment or perturbation of these mechanisms could lead to NASH and fibrosis. Recent evidence underlines the contribution of extra-hepatic organs/tissues (e.g., gut, adipose tissue) in influencing NASH development by interacting with hepatic cells through various molecular pathways. The present review aims to summarize the role of hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, their mutual influence, and the possible interactions with extra-hepatic tissues and organs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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28
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Gao YS, Qian MY, Wei QQ, Duan XB, Wang SL, Hu HY, Liu J, Pan CY, Zhang SQ, Qi LW, Zhou JP, Zhang HB, Wang LR. WZ66, a novel acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor, alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:336-347. [PMID: 31645659 PMCID: PMC7468331 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) increases incredibly. NASH ends up to advanced liver disease, which is highly threatening to human health. Currently, treatment of NASH is very limited. Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACC1/ACC2) are proved as effective drug targets for NASH. We aimed to develop novel ACC inhibitors and evaluate their therapeutic value for NASH prevention. ACC inhibitors were obtained through structure-based drug design, synthesized, screened from ACC enzymatic measurement platform and elucidated in cell culture-based assays and animal models. The lipidome and microbiome analysis were integrated to assess the effects of WZ66 on lipids profiles in liver and plasma as well as gut microbiota in the intestine. WZ66 was identified as a novel ACC1/2 inhibitor. It entered systemic circulation rapidly and could accumulate in liver. WZ66 alleviated NASH-related liver features including steatosis, Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells activation in diet-induced obese mice. The triglycerides (TGs) and other lipids including diglycerides (DGs), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) were decreased in WZ66-treated mice as evidenced by lipidome analysis in livers. The lipids profiles in plasma were also altered with WZ66 treatment. Plasma TG were moderately increased, while the activation of SREBP1c was not detected. WZ66 also downregulated the abundance of Allobaculum, Mucispirillum and Prevotella genera as well as Mucispirillum schaedleri species in gut microbiota. WZ66 is an ideal lead compound and a potential drug candidate deserving further investigation in the therapeutics of NASH.
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29
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Sun X, Seidman JS, Zhao P, Troutman TD, Spann NJ, Que X, Zhou F, Liao Z, Pasillas M, Yang X, Magida JA, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Downes M, Evans RM, Saltiel AR, Tsimikas S, Glass CK, Witztum JL. Neutralization of Oxidized Phospholipids Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 2020; 31:189-206.e8. [PMID: 31761566 PMCID: PMC7028360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), which arise due to oxidative stress, are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, but their roles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown. Here, we show that OxPLs accumulate in human and mouse NASH. Using a transgenic mouse that expresses a functional single-chain variable fragment of E06, a natural antibody that neutralizes OxPLs, we demonstrate the causal role of OxPLs in NASH. Targeting OxPLs in hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice improved multiple aspects of NASH, including steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, hepatocyte death, and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, we found that OxPLs promote ROS accumulation to induce mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes. Neutralizing OxPLs in AMLN-diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice reduced oxidative stress, improved hepatic and adipose-tissue mitochondrial function, and fatty-acid oxidation. These results suggest targeting OxPLs may be an effective therapeutic strategy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fangli Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhongji Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason A Magida
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Yang Z, Wu J, Li X, Xie D, Wang Y, Yang T. Association between dietary iron intake and the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17613. [PMID: 31651873 PMCID: PMC6824640 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to test the association between dietary iron intake and the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a large sample of middle-aged and elderly Chinese population.The data included in this analysis were collected from a population-based cross-sectional study, that is, the Xiangya Hospital Health Management Center Study. Dietary iron intake was assessed using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The relationship between dietary iron intake and the prevalence of NAFLD was examined using logistic and spline regressions.A cross-sectional study including 5445 subjects was conducted. The prevalence of NAFLD was 36.9%. Compared with the lowest quintile, the energy-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of NAFLD were 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.64), 1.80 (95% CI: 1.41-2.29) and 2.11 (95% CI: 1.60-2.80) in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th quintile of iron intake, respectively (P-value for trend <.001). In addition, dietary iron intake was positively associated with the OR of NAFLD in a dose-response relationship manner (test for trend P < .001). However, after stratifying the data by gender, such association only remained in the male, but not in the female population. With adjustment of additional potential confounders, the results did not change materially.Subjects with higher dietary iron intake were subject to a higher prevalence of NAFLD in a dose-response relationship manner. However, such association probably only exists in males, but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury
| | - Dongxing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tubao Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University
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Philippova M, Oskolkova OV, Bochkov VN. OxPLs‐Masking/Degradation Immune Assay: An “All‐Included” Analysis of Mechanisms Detoxifying Oxidized Phospholipids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Philippova
- Signaling LaboratoryDepartment of BiomedicineBasel University HospitalZLF 318 Hebelstrasse 204031 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olga V. Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 46/III8020 GrazAustria
| | - Valery N. Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 46/III8020 GrazAustria
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PET/MR Imaging of Malondialdehyde-Acetaldehyde Epitopes With a Human Antibody Detects Clinically Relevant Atherothrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 71:321-335. [PMID: 29348025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs) are proinflammatory, and elevated levels in plasma predict cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to develop novel positron emission tomography (PET) probes to noninvasively image OSE-rich lesions. METHODS An antigen-binding fragment (Fab) antibody library was constructed from human fetal cord blood. After multiple rounds of screening against malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) epitopes, the Fab LA25 containing minimal nontemplated insertions in the CDR3 region was identified and characterized. In mice, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and plaque specificity studies were performed with Zirconium-89 (89Zr)-labeled LA25. In rabbits, 89Zr-LA25 was used in combination with an integrated clinical PET/magnetic resonance (MR) system. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging were used to evaluate vessel wall inflammation and plaque neovascularization, respectively. Extensive ex vivo validation was carried out through a combination of gamma counting, near infrared fluorescence, autoradiography, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS LA25 bound specifically to MAA epitopes in advanced and ruptured human atherosclerotic plaques with accompanying thrombi and in debris from distal protection devices. PET/MR imaging 24 h after injection of 89Zr-LA25 showed increased uptake in the abdominal aorta of atherosclerotic rabbits compared with nonatherosclerotic control rabbits, confirmed by ex vivo gamma counting and autoradiography. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, and near-infrared fluorescence signals were also significantly higher in atherosclerotic rabbit aortas compared with control aortas. Enhanced liver uptake was also noted in atherosclerotic animals, confirmed by the presence of MAA epitopes by immunostaining. CONCLUSIONS 89Zr-LA25 is a novel PET radiotracer that may allow noninvasive phenotyping of high-risk OSE-rich lesions.
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Stamenkovic A, Pierce GN, Ravandi A. Oxidized lipids: not just another brick in the wall 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:473-485. [PMID: 30444647 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been intense investigation in trying to understand the pathological role that oxidized phospholipids play in cardiovascular disease. Phospholipids are targets for oxidation, particularly during conditions of excess free radical generation. Once oxidized, they acquire novel roles uncharacteristic of their precursors. Oxidized phosphatidylcholines have an important role in multiple physiological and pathophysiological conditions including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, lung disease, inflammation, and chronic alcohol consumption. Circulating oxidized phosphatidylcholine may also serve as a clinical biomarker. The focus of this review, therefore, will be to summarize existing evidence that oxidized phosphatidylcholine molecules play an important role in cardiovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stamenkovic
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,b Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,b Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,c Interventional Cardiology, Section of Cardiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Palmitate-induced lipotoxicity is crucial for the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in cooperation with gut-derived endotoxin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11365. [PMID: 30054551 PMCID: PMC6063851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have indicated important roles of palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), it remains unclear how palmitate contributes to inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. Administration of palmitate in high fat diet (HFD)-fed but not basal diet (BD)-fed mice resulted in an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Surprisingly, combined administration of very low dose lipopolysaccharide in palmitate-treated mice led to a marked increase in serum ALT levels despite BD-fed conditions. Administration of palmitate alone in BD-fed mice caused inflammatory cell infiltration and liver fibrosis mediated by the toll-like receptor 4 pathway without ALT elevation. In addition, a significant correlation between serum free fatty acid levels and liver fibrosis stage was observed in patients with NAFLD. These results indicate that palmitate may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in the presence of gut-derived endotoxin.
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Que X, Hung MY, Yeang C, Gonen A, Prohaska TA, Sun X, Diehl C, Määttä A, Gaddis DE, Bowden K, Pattison J, MacDonald JG, Ylä-Herttuala S, Mellon PL, Hedrick CC, Ley K, Miller YI, Glass CK, Peterson KL, Binder CJ, Tsimikas S, Witztum JL. Oxidized phospholipids are proinflammatory and proatherogenic in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Nature 2018; 558:301-306. [PMID: 29875409 PMCID: PMC6033669 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) are ubiquitous, are formed in many inflammatory tissues, including atherosclerotic lesions, and frequently mediate proinflammatory changes 1 . Because OxPL are mostly the products of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, mechanisms to specifically neutralize them are unavailable and their roles in vivo are largely unknown. We previously cloned the IgM natural antibody E06, which binds to the phosphocholine headgroup of OxPL, and blocks the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) by macrophages and inhibits the proinflammatory properties of OxPL2-4. Here, to determine the role of OxPL in vivo in the context of atherogenesis, we generated transgenic mice in the Ldlr-/- background that expressed a single-chain variable fragment of E06 (E06-scFv) using the Apoe promoter. E06-scFv was secreted into the plasma from the liver and macrophages, and achieved sufficient plasma levels to inhibit in vivo macrophage uptake of OxLDL and to prevent OxPL-induced inflammatory signalling. Compared to Ldlr-/- mice, Ldlr -/- E06-scFv mice had 57-28% less atherosclerosis after 4, 7 and even 12 months of 1% high-cholesterol diet. Echocardiographic and histologic evaluation of the aortic valves demonstrated that E06-scFv ameliorated the development of aortic valve gradients and decreased aortic valve calcification. Both cholesterol accumulation and in vivo uptake of OxLDL were decreased in peritoneal macrophages, and both peritoneal and aortic macrophages had a decreased inflammatory phenotype. Serum amyloid A was decreased by 32%, indicating decreased systemic inflammation, and hepatic steatosis and inflammation were also decreased. Finally, the E06-scFv prolonged life as measured over 15 months. Because the E06-scFv lacks the functional effects of an intact antibody other than the ability to bind OxPL and inhibit OxLDL uptake in macrophages, these data support a major proatherogenic role of OxLDL and demonstrate that OxPL are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, which E06 counteracts in vivo. These studies suggest that therapies inactivating OxPL may be beneficial for reducing generalized inflammation, including the progression of atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Yow Hung
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Calvin Yeang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ayelet Gonen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Prohaska
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cody Diehl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Brigham Young University Idaho, Rexburg, ID, USA
| | - Antti Määttä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dalia E Gaddis
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Bowden
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pattison
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Schuster S, Cabrera D, Arrese M, Feldstein AE. Triggering and resolution of inflammation in NASH. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:349-364. [PMID: 29740166 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered the progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury and different degrees of fibrosis. A central issue in this field relates to the identification of those factors that trigger inflammation, thus fuelling the transition from nonalcoholic fatty liver to NASH. These triggers of liver inflammation might have their origins outside the liver (such as in adipose tissue or the gut) as well as inside the organ (for instance, lipotoxicity, innate immune responses, cell death pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress), both of which contribute to NASH development. In this Review, we summarize the currently available information on the key upstream triggers of inflammation in NASH. We further delineate the mechanisms by which liver inflammation is resolved and the implications of a defective pro-resolution process. A better knowledge of these mechanisms should help to design targeted therapies able to halt or reverse disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schuster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Arrese
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centre for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Houben T, Oligschlaeger Y, Bitorina AV, Hendrikx T, Walenbergh SMA, Lenders MH, Gijbels MJJ, Verheyen F, Lütjohann D, Hofker MH, Binder CJ, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Blood-derived macrophages prone to accumulate lysosomal lipids trigger oxLDL-dependent murine hepatic inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12550. [PMID: 28970532 PMCID: PMC5624963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the consistent rise of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) worldwide, the mechanisms that govern the inflammatory aspect of this disease remain unknown. Previous research showed an association between hepatic inflammation and lysosomal lipid accumulation in blood-derived hepatic macrophages. Additionally, in vitro findings indicated that lipids, specifically derived from the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particle, are resistant to removal from lysosomes. On this basis, we investigated whether lysosomal lipid accumulation in blood-derived hepatic macrophages is causally linked to hepatic inflammation and assessed to what extent increasing anti-oxLDL IgM autoantibodies can affect this mechanism. By creating a proof-of-concept mouse model, we demonstrate a causal role for lysosomal lipids in blood-derived hepatic macrophages in mediating hepatic inflammation and initiation of fibrosis. Furthermore, our findings show that increasing anti-oxLDL IgM autoantibody levels reduces inflammation. Hence, therapies aimed at improving lipid-induced lysosomal dysfunction and blocking oxLDL-formation deserve further investigation in the context of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Houben
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Bitorina
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie M A Walenbergh
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Hélène Lenders
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J J Gijbels
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fons Verheyen
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn; Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Molecular Genetics, Medical Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM), Austrian Academy of Sciences; Lazarettgasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50, ER 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Hepatic Immune Microenvironment in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Liver Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6862439. [PMID: 28852648 PMCID: PMC5567444 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6862439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many types of innate (natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, and Kupffer cells/macrophages) and adaptive (T cells and B cells) immune cells are enriched within the liver and function in liver physiology and pathology. Liver pathology is generally induced by two types of immunologic insults: failure to eliminate antigens derived from the gastrointestinal tract which are important for host defense and an impaired tissue protective tolerance mechanism that helps reduce the negative outcomes of immunopathology. Accumulating evidence from the last several decades suggests that hepatic immune cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver injury and inflammation in humans and mice. Here, we focus on the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in the development and maintenance of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Additionally, the pathogenesis of liver disease and new therapeutic targets for preventing and treating alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are discussed.
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Fleet SE, Lefkowitch JH, Lavine JE. Current Concepts in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46:217-231. [PMID: 28506362 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of disease. Its increasing prevalence is a direct result of historically high rates of obesity. Hepatocyte lipid accumulation is the first step in a cascade of metabolic and inflammatory events thought to precipitate NAFLD. Histologic findings provide insight into these events. Lifestyle modification remains the primary therapy in children. Current recommendations include vitamin E treatment in those with biopsy-proven NASH. Trials of novel drugs are ongoing in adults. As efficacy/safety are established, these therapies may be tenable for use in children. At the current time, biopsy-driven histology endpoints are necessary to establish whether future therapies can improve pediatric or adult-type NASH in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Fleet
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH17-119, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jay H Lefkowitch
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, PH 15W 1574, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joel E Lavine
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH17-105F, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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40
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Spahis S, Delvin E, Borys JM, Levy E. Oxidative Stress as a Critical Factor in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:519-541. [PMID: 27452109 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by liver triacylglycerol build-up, has been growing in the global world in concert with the raised prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipemia. Redox imbalance has been suggested to be highly relevant to NAFLD pathogenesis. Recent Advances: As a major health problem, NAFLD progresses to the more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) condition and predisposes susceptible individuals to liver and cardiovascular disease. Although NAFLD represents the predominant cause of chronic liver disorders, the mechanisms of its development and progression remain incompletely understood, even if various scientific groups ascribed them to the occurrence of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and apoptosis. Nevertheless, oxidative stress (OxS) more and more appears as the most important pathological event during NAFLD development and the hallmark between simple steatosis and NASH manifestation. CRITICAL ISSUES The purpose of this article is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NAFLD, essentially focusing on OxS as a major pathogenetic mechanism. Various attempts to translate reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by antioxidants into experimental and clinical studies have yielded mostly encouraging results. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although augmented concentrations of ROS and faulty antioxidant defense have been associated to NAFLD and related complications, mechanisms of action and proofs of principle should be highlighted to support the causative role of OxS and to translate its concept into the clinic. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 519-541.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schohraya Spahis
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emile Levy
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,4 EPODE International Network , Paris, France
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PPARs and Mitochondrial Metabolism: From NAFLD to HCC. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:7403230. [PMID: 28115925 PMCID: PMC5223052 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7403230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are widespread threats which bring about a significant burden of deaths worldwide, mainly due to cardiovascular events and cancer. The pathogenesis of these diseases is extremely complex, multifactorial, and only partially understood. As the main metabolic organ, the liver is central to maintain whole body energetic homeostasis. At the cellular level, mitochondria are the metabolic hub connecting and integrating all the main biochemical, hormonal, and inflammatory signaling pathways to fulfill the energetic and biosynthetic demand of the cell. In the liver, mitochondria metabolism needs to cope with the energetic regulation of the whole body. The nuclear receptors PPARs orchestrate lipid and glucose metabolism and are involved in a variety of diseases, from metabolic disorders to cancer. In this review, focus is placed on the roles of PPARs in the regulation of liver mitochondrial metabolism in physiology and pathology, from NAFLD to HCC.
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Stechemesser L, Eder SK, Wagner A, Patsch W, Feldman A, Strasser M, Auer S, Niederseer D, Huber-Schönauer U, Paulweber B, Zandanell S, Ruhaltinger S, Weghuber D, Haschke-Becher E, Grabmer C, Rohde E, Datz C, Felder TK, Aigner E. Metabolomic profiling identifies potential pathways involved in the interaction of iron homeostasis with glucose metabolism. Mol Metab 2016; 6:38-47. [PMID: 28123936 PMCID: PMC5220278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Elevated serum ferritin has been linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and adverse health outcomes in subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). As the mechanisms underlying the negative impact of excess iron have so far remained elusive, we aimed to identify potential links between iron homeostasis and metabolic pathways. Methods In a cross-sectional study, data were obtained from 163 patients, allocated to one of three groups: (1) lean, healthy controls (n = 53), (2) MetS without hyperferritinemia (n = 54) and (3) MetS with hyperferritinemia (n = 56). An additional phlebotomy study included 29 patients with biopsy-proven iron overload before and after iron removal. A detailed clinical and biochemical characterization was obtained and metabolomic profiling was performed via a targeted metabolomics approach. Results Subjects with MetS and elevated ferritin had higher fasting glucose (p < 0.001), HbA1c (p = 0.035) and 1 h glucose in oral glucose tolerance test (p = 0.002) compared to MetS subjects without iron overload, whereas other clinical and biochemical features of the MetS were not different. The metabolomic study revealed significant differences between MetS with high and low ferritin in the serum concentrations of sarcosine, citrulline and particularly long-chain phosphatidylcholines. Methionine, glutamate, and long-chain phosphatidylcholines were significantly different before and after phlebotomy (p < 0.05 for all metabolites). Conclusions Our data suggest that high serum ferritin concentrations are linked to impaired glucose homeostasis in subjects with the MetS. Iron excess is associated to distinct changes in the serum concentrations of phosphatidylcholine subsets. A pathway involving sarcosine and citrulline also may be involved in iron-induced impairment of glucose metabolism. This metabolomic study focuses on pathways linking iron status to insulin resistance. Metabolomic differences in Metabolic Syndrome with/without iron overload are shown. Phlebotomy changes methionine, glutamate and long-chain phosphatidylcholines levels. Phosphatidylcholines are involved in the interaction of iron and glucose homeostasis.
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Key Words
- +Fe, with iron overload
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Akt/PKB, Akt/protein kinase B
- BMI, body mass index
- CDP, Cytidinediphosphat
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DIOS, dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome
- FoxO1, forkhead transcription factor O1
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GLUT1, glucose transporter 1
- GNMT, glycine N-methyltransferase
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Glucose
- HDL, high density lipoproteins
- HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance
- Hyperferritinemia
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- Iron overload
- LDL, low density lipoproteins
- MRI, magnet resonance imaging
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- Metabolomics
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome
- PC_E, plasmalogens
- PEMT, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
- RBC, red blood count
- T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- VLDL, very low-densitylipoproteins
- WHO, World Health Organization
- WHR, waist hip ratio
- oGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- −Fe, without iron overload
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Stechemesser
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian K Eder
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrej Wagner
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Patsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Feldman
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Strasser
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Simon Auer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Oberndorf, Paracelsusstrasse 37, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria; Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Huber-Schönauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Oberndorf, Paracelsusstrasse 37, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stephan Zandanell
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Ruhaltinger
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Haschke-Becher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Grabmer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Rohde
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Datz
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Oberndorf, Paracelsusstrasse 37, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Thomas K Felder
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Shu XB, Zhang L, Huang J, Ji G. Relationship between iron overload and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An update. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3398-3403. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i22.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a component of the multiple hits, iron overload plays an important role in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Iron overload could affect glucose, lipid, energy metabolism and inflammatory reaction. This paper reviews the relationship between iron overload and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in order to clarify how and why iron overload influences the progression of NAFLD.
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Chon YE, Kim KJ, Jung KS, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Chon CY, Chung JB, Park KH, Bae JC, Han KH. The Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Measured by Controlled Attenuation Parameter. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:885-92. [PMID: 27189281 PMCID: PMC4951464 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.4.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) population compared with that in normal glucose tolerance (NGT) individuals has not yet been quantitatively assessed. We investigated the prevalence and the severity of NAFLD in a T2DM population using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects who underwent testing for biomarkers related to T2DM and CAP using Fibroscan® during a regular health check-up were enrolled. CAP values of 250 dB/m and 300 dB/m were selected as the cutoffs for the presence of NAFLD and for moderate to severe NAFLD, respectively. Biomarkers related to T2DM included fasting glucose/insulin, fasting C-peptide, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycoalbumin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS Among 340 study participants (T2DM, n=66; pre-diabetes, n=202; NGT, n=72), the proportion of subjects with NAFLD increased according to the glucose tolerance status (31.9% in NGT; 47.0% in pre-diabetes; 57.6% in T2DM). The median CAP value was significantly higher in subjects with T2DM (265 dB/m) than in those with pre-diabetes (245 dB/m) or NGT (231 dB/m) (all p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that subjects with moderate to severe NAFLD had a 2.8-fold (odds ratio) higher risk of having T2DM than those without NAFLD (p=0.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-6.64), and positive correlations between the CAP value and HOMA-IR (ρ0.407) or fasting C-peptide (ρ0.402) were demonstrated. CONCLUSION Subjects with T2DM had a higher prevalence of severe NAFLD than those with NGT. Increased hepatic steatosis was significantly associated with the presence of T2DM, and insulin resistance induced by hepatic fat may be an important mechanistic connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Chon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Joon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Executive Healthcare Clinic, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Sik Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae Yoon Chon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bock Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Executive Healthcare Clinic, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Hye Park
- Executive Healthcare Clinic, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Cheol Bae
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyub Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Narayanan S, Surette FA, Hahn YS. The Immune Landscape in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Immune Netw 2016; 16:147-58. [PMID: 27340383 PMCID: PMC4917398 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver lies at the intersection of multiple metabolic pathways and consequently plays a central role in lipid metabolism. Pathological disturbances in hepatic lipid metabolism are characteristic of chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity-mediated insulin resistance, which can result in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Tissue damage induced in NAFLD activates and recruits liver-resident and non-resident immune cells, resulting in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Importantly, NASH is associated with an increased risk of significant clinical sequelae such as cirrhosis, cardiovascular diseases, and malignancies. In this review, we describe the immunopathogenesis of NASH by defining the known functions of immune cells in the progression and resolution of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Narayanan
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Fionna A Surette
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Young S Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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46
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Alam S, Mustafa G, Alam M, Ahmad N. Insulin resistance in development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2016; 7:211-217. [PMID: 27190693 PMCID: PMC4867400 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although insulin resistance (IR) is strongly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the association of IR and NAFLD is not universal and correlation between IR and severity of NAFLD is still controversial. In this review, we summarize recent evidence that partially dissociates insulin resistance from NAFLD. It has also been reported that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene, rather than IR, account for the variability in liver fat content. Polymorphisms of the patatin-like phospholipase 3 gene have also been reported to be associated with NAFLD without metabolic syndrome, which suggests that genetic conditions that promote the development of fatty changes in the liver may occur independently of IR. Moreover, environmental factors such as nutrition and physical activity as well as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth have been linked to the pathogenesis of NAFLD, although some of the data are conflicting. Therefore, findings from both genetically engineered animal models and humans with genetic conditions, as well as recent studies that have explored the role of environmental factors, have confirmed the view that NAFLD is a polygenic disease process caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, IR is not the sole predictor of the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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47
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Argo CK, Ikura Y, Lackner C, Caldwell SH. The fat droplet in hepatocellular ballooning and implications for scoring nonalcoholic steatohepatitis therapeutic response. Hepatology 2016. [PMID: 26206460 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis K Argo
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Yoshihiro Ikura
- Department of Pathology, Takatsuki General Hospital, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephen H Caldwell
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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48
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Scavenger receptor B1, the HDL receptor, is expressed abundantly in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20646. [PMID: 26865459 PMCID: PMC4749959 DOI: 10.1038/srep20646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol from peripheral tissue, carried by HDL, is metabolized in the liver after uptake by the HDL receptor, SR-B1. Hepatocytes have long been considered the only liver cells expressing SR-B1; however, in this study we describe two disparate immunofluorescence (IF) experiments that suggest otherwise. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy employing ultrathin (120 nm) sections of mouse liver, improving z-axis resolution, we identified the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), marked by FcγRIIb, as the cell within the liver expressing abundant SR-B1. In contrast, the hepatocyte, identified with β-catenin, expressed considerably weaker levels, although optical resolution of SR-B1 was inadequate. Thus, we moved to a different IF strategy, first separating dissociated liver cells by gradient centrifugation into two portions, hepatocytes (parenchymal cells) and LSEC (non-parenchymal cells). Characterizing both portions for the cellular expression of SR-B1 by flow cytometry, we found that LSEC expressed considerable amounts of SR-B1 while in hepatocytes SR-B1 expression was barely perceptible. Assessing mRNA of SR-B1 by real time PCR we found messenger expression in LSEC to be about 5 times higher than in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H Henry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Stephen H Caldwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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Souza-Mello V. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as targets to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1012-1019. [PMID: 26052390 PMCID: PMC4450178 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i8.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, the world has faced tremendous progress in the understanding of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis due to rising obesity rates. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that modulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis and inflammation, being altered in diet-induced obesity. Experimental evidences show that PPAR-alpha is the master regulator of hepatic beta-oxidation (mitochondrial and peroxisomal) and microsomal omega-oxidation, being markedly decreased by high-fat (HF) intake. PPAR-beta/delta is crucial to the regulation of forkhead box-containing protein O subfamily-1 expression and, hence, the modulation of enzymes that trigger hepatic gluconeogenesis. In addition, PPAR-beta/delta can activate hepatic stellate cells aiming to the hepatic recovery from chronic insult. On the contrary, PPAR-gamma upregulation by HF diets maximizes NAFLD through the induction of lipogenic factors, which are implicated in the fatty acid synthesis. Excessive dietary sugars also upregulate PPAR-gamma, triggering de novo lipogenesis and the consequent lipid droplets deposition within hepatocytes. Targeting PPARs to treat NAFLD seems a fruitful approach as PPAR-alpha agonist elicits expressive decrease in hepatic steatosis by increasing mitochondrial beta-oxidation, besides reduced lipogenesis. PPAR-beta/delta ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance by decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis at postprandial stage. Total PPAR-gamma activation can exert noxious effects by stimulating hepatic lipogenesis. However, partial PPAR-gamma activation leads to benefits, mainly mediated by increased adiponectin expression and decreased insulin resistance. Further studies are necessary aiming at translational approaches useful to treat NAFLD in humans worldwide by targeting PPARs.
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