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Cruz-Pulido YE, Mounce BC. Good cop, bad cop: Polyamines play both sides in host immunity and viral replication. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 146:70-79. [PMID: 36604249 PMCID: PMC10101871 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses rely on host cells for energy and synthesis machinery required for genome replication and particle assembly. Due to the dependence of viruses on host cells, viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms by which they can induce metabolic changes in the host cell to suit their specific requirements. The host immune response also involves metabolic changes to be able to react to viral insult. Polyamines are small ubiquitously expressed polycations, and their metabolism is critical for viral replication and an adequate host immune response. This is due to the variety of functions that polyamines have, ranging from condensing DNA to enhancing the translation of polyproline-containing proteins through the hypusination of eIF5A. Here, we review the diverse mechanisms by which viruses exploit polyamines, as well as the mechanisms by which immune cells utilize polyamines for their functions. Furthermore, we highlight potential avenues for further study of the host-virus interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin E Cruz-Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Bryan C Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA; Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
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2
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Guenifi W, Gasmi A, Lacheheb A. Epidemiological and Clinical Factors Associated with Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus. Middle East J Dig Dis 2021; 13:321-327. [PMID: 36606021 PMCID: PMC9489441 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2021.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of chronicity is high after acute hepatitis C. The infection remains limited and spontaneously resolves in an average of 30% of subjects. Such subjects are considered recovered and do not require any medical care. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical factors associated with spontaneous viral clearance. METHODS We conducted a descriptive retrospective study on patients' files managed for a positive hepatitis C serology who benefited from the research of serum viral RNA by molecular biology. RESULTS The study collected 429 usable files. The mean age of the patients was 50.21 years, and the sex ratio was 0.98. Spontaneous viral clearance was estimated at 17.2%. The univariate analysis showed that clearance was significantly greater in subjects under the age of 50 years, patients without type 2 diabetes, patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus, patients with transfusion, and those diagnosed fortuitously. Multivariate analysis confirmed the relationship between diabetes and the circumstances of the diagnosis. The relationship in the case of hepatitis B co-infection was very close to the statistical significance level (p=0.055). CONCLUSION The presence of hepatitis B co-infection in patients with positive hepatitis C serology predicts a high probability of having spontaneous clearance. However, advanced age and the existence of a history of blood transfusion, type 2 diabetes or suggestive signs of liver damage are associated with persistent viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Guenifi
- Department of infectious diseases, Faculty of medicine, University FERHAT Abbes, Setif 1-Algeria
,Corresponding Author: Wahiba Guenifi, PhD Address : Department of infectious diseases, Faculty of medicine, University FERHAT Abbes, Setif 1-Algeria Tel : 00213667339852 Fax : 0021336721637 Email :
| | - Abdelkader Gasmi
- Department of infectious diseases, Faculty of medicine, University FERHAT Abbes, Setif 1-Algeria
| | - Abdelmadjid Lacheheb
- Department of infectious diseases, Faculty of medicine, University FERHAT Abbes, Setif 1-Algeria
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3
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Intra-host evolutionary dynamics of the hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9986. [PMID: 33976241 PMCID: PMC8113533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are asymptomatic during the initial stages of infection and therefore the precise timing of infection is often unknown. Retrospective estimation of infection duration would improve existing surveillance data and help guide treatment. While intra-host viral diversity quantifications such as Shannon entropy have previously been utilized for estimating duration of infection, these studies characterize the viral population from only a relatively short segment of the HCV genome. In this study intra-host diversities were examined across the HCV genome in order to identify the region most reflective of time and the degree to which these estimates are influenced by high-risk activities including those associated with HCV acquisition. Shannon diversities were calculated for all regions of HCV from 78 longitudinally sampled individuals with known seroconversion timeframes. While the region of the HCV genome most accurately reflecting time resided within the NS3 gene, the gene region with the highest capacity to differentiate acute from chronic infections was identified within the NS5b region. Multivariate models predicting duration of infection from viral diversity significantly improved upon incorporation of variables associated with recent public, unsupervised drug use. These results could assist the development of strategic population treatment guidelines for high-risk individuals infected with HCV and offer insights into variables associated with a likelihood of transmission.
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4
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Xiao Y, Xu H, Guo W, Zhao Y, Luo Y, Wang M, He Z, Ding Z, Liu J, Deng L, Sha F, Ma X. Update on treatment and preventive interventions against COVID-19: an overview of potential pharmacological agents and vaccines. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:16. [PMID: 34765999 PMCID: PMC7711057 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered by the new member of the coronaviridae family, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an unprecedented challenge for global health. In addition to mild to moderate clinical manifestations such as fever, cough, and fatigue, severe cases often developed lethal complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury. Given the alarming rate of infection and increasing trend of mortality, the development of underlying therapeutic and preventive treatment, as well as the verification of its effectiveness, are the top priorities. Current research mainly referred to and evaluated the application of the empirical treatment based on two precedents, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), including antiviral drugs targeting different stages of virus replication, immunotherapy modulating the overactivated inflammation response, and other therapies such as herbal medicine and mesenchymal stem cells. Besides, the ongoing development of inventing prophylactic interventions such as various vaccines by companies and institutions worldwide is crucial to decline morbidity and mortality. This review mainly focused on promising candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 and collected recently updated evidence relevant to its feasibility in clinical practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Xiao
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Hanyue Xu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Wen Guo
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yunuo Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yuling Luo
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ming Wang
- Infectious Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Zhiyao He
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Zhenyu Ding
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Lei Deng
- Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10465 USA
| | - Fushen Sha
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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5
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Chiu YM, Chen DY. Infection risk in patients undergoing treatment for inflammatory arthritis: non-biologics versus biologics. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:207-228. [PMID: 31852268 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1705785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the therapeutic effectiveness of biologics targeting immune cells or cytokines in patients with inflammatory arthritis, which reflects their pathogenic roles, an increased infection risk is observed in those undergoing biological treatment. However, there are limited data regarding the comparison of infection risks in inflammatory arthritis patients treated with non-biologics (csDMARDs), biologics (bDMARDs), including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and non-TNF inhibitors, or targeted synthetic (ts)DMARDs.Areas covered: Through a review of English-language literature as of 30 June 2019, we focus on the existing evidence on the risk of infections caused by bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and hepatitis virus in inflammatory arthritis patients undergoing treatment with csDMARDs, bDMARDs, or tsDMARDs.Expert opinion: While the risks of bacterial and mycobacterial infection are increased in arthritis patients treated with csDMARDs, the risks are further higher in those receiving bDMARDs therapy, particularly TNF inhibitors. Regarding HBV infection, antiviral therapy may effectively prevent HBV reactivation in patients receiving bDMARDs, especially rituximab. However, more data are needed to establish effective preventive strategies for HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients. It seems safe to use cyclosporine and TNF inhibitors in patients with HCV infection, while those undergoing rituximab therapies should be frequently monitored for HCV activity.Abbreviations: ABT: abatacept; ADA: adalimumab; AS: ankylosing spondylitis; bDMARDs: biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CS: corticosteroids; CsA: cyclosporine A; csDMARDs: conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; CZP: certolizumab; DAAs: direct-acting antiviral agents; DM: diabetes mellitus; DOT: directly observed therapy; EIN: Emerging Infections Network; ETN: etanercept; GOL: golimumab; GPRD: General Practice Research Database; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HBVr: HBV reactivation; HBsAg+: HBsAg-positive; HBsAg-/anti-HBc+: HBsAg-negative anti-HBc antibodies-positive; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine: IFX: infliximab; IL-6: interleukin-6; JAK: Janus kinase; LEF: leflunomide; LTBI: latent tuberculosis infection; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MTX: methotrexate; OR: odds ratio; PsA: psoriatic arthritis; PMS: post-marketing surveillance; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TNFi: tumor necrosis factor inhibitor; SCK: secukinumab; SSZ: sulfasalazine; TOZ: tocilizumab; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk; RTX: rituximab; 3HP: 3-month once-weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine; TB: tuberculosis; tsDMARDs: targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; UTK: ustekinumab; WHO: World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ming Chiu
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Translational Medicine Laboratory, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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6
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Sebastiani M, Milazzo L, Atzeni F, Vacchi C, Manfredi A, Quartuccio L, Scirè C, Gaeta GB, Lapadula G, Armignacco O, Tavio M, D'Angelo S, Meroni P, Bazzichi L, Grassi W, Mathieu A, Mastroianni C, Sagnelli E, Santantonio T, Foppa CU, Puoti M, Sarmati L, Airò P, Epis OM, Scrivo R, Gargiulo M, Riva A, Ciancio G, Zehender G, Taliani G, Meroni L, Sollima S, Sarzi-Puttini P, Galli M. Italian consensus recommendations for the management of hepatitis C infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2019; 29:895-902. [PMID: 30582388 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2018.1558918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The recent introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) which can eliminate Hepatitis C virus (HCV) had revolutionized the treatment of HCV infections also in a complex clinical setting such as the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). HCV elimination is also opportune due to the availability of more efficient immunosuppressive drugs, whose effect on the course of HCV infection is largely unknown.Methods: Consensus process was endorsed by the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR) and the Italian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (SIMIT) to review the available evidence and produce practical, hospital-wide recommendations. The consensus panel consisted of 18 infectious diseases consultants, 20 rheumatologists and one clinical epidemiologist, who used the criteria of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine to assess the quality of the evidence and the strength of their recommendations.Results: A core-set of statements about management of patients with RA and infection by HCV have been developed to help clinicians in their clinical practice.Conclusions: A screening for HCV should be performed in all RA patients and it is mandatory before starting an immunosuppressive therapy. Finally, a DAA treatment should be considered in all HCV-infected patients.Significance and InnovationsHCV antibodies should be investigated at the time of diagnosis of RA and, in any case, before starting immunosuppressive therapy with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).HCV eradication with DAA should be attempted as soon as possible, depending on patient conditions allowing a continuous oral treatment lasting 8-12 weeksConventional and biological DMARDs are allowed in patients with HCV infection, but they should be used cautiously in presence of advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sebastiani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Modena, Azienda Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Milazzo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Milano, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Vacchi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Modena, Azienda Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Andreina Manfredi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Modena, Azienda Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Quartuccio
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Scirè
- Epidemiology Unit, Italian Society for Rheumatology (SIR), Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Gaeta
- Infectious Diseases and Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lapadula
- Department of Medicine - Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Tavio
- Unit of Emerging and Immunosuppressed Infectious Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Ospedali Riuniti", Torrette Ancona, Italy
| | - Salvatore D'Angelo
- Rheumatology Department of Lucania, San Carlo Hospital of Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital of Matera, Potenza, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Meroni
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Gaetano Pini Orthopedic Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Bazzichi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Walter Grassi
- Department of Rheumatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedale "C. Urbani", Jesi Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mathieu
- Rheumatology Unit, University Clinic and AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Mastroianni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department Public Health and Infectious Disease, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Uberti Foppa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Puoti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, AO Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milano, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Airò
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Rossana Scrivo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties-Rheumatology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Gargiulo
- Third Department of Infectious Diseases- D. Cotugno Hospital- AORN dei Colli, Naple, Italy
| | - Agostino Riva
- Rheumatology Unit, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ciancio
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara and Sant'Anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Gloria Taliani
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department Public Health and Infectious Disease, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Meroni
- Rheumatology Unit, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Galli
- Rheumatology Unit, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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7
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Villani R, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in HCC Recurrence after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010049. [PMID: 30583555 PMCID: PMC6337751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is associated with a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because of a direct effect of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) proteins and an indirect oncogenic effect of chronic inflammation and impaired immune response. The treatment of chronic hepatitis C markedly reduces all-cause mortality; in fact, interferon-based treatment has shown a reduction of HCC incidence of more than 70%. The recent introduction of the highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has completely changed the scenario of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with rates of HCV cure over 90%. However, an unexpectedly high incidence of HCC recurrence was observed in patients after DAA treatment (27% versus 0.4–2% in patients who received interferon treatment). The mechanism that underlies the high rate of tumor relapse is currently unknown and is one of the main issues in hepatology. We reviewed the possible mechanisms involved in HCC recurrence after DAA treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Interferons/therapeutic use
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/virology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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8
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Nafady A, Nafady-Hego H, Abdelwahab NM, Eltellawy RHN, Abu Faddan NH. Peripheral lymphocytes analyses in children with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e13004. [PMID: 30022474 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific immune response is believed to play a crucial role in viral clearance. There is, nevertheless, no reliable parameter to monitor this immune response or predict chronic HCV infection development. METHOD An observational case-control study was performed to identify such parameters, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 57 children with chronic HCV were systemically phenotyped, and the serum level of Interferon gamma and interleukin (IL) -17 was measured. The data were compared with 37 age-matched healthy volunteers (controls). RESULTS Children with chronic HCV infection had a lower frequency of natural killer cells (NK) cells, CD56Dim NK cells and expansion of CD56Bright NK cells compared with controls (P = 0.001, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001 respectively). Increased CD56Dim NK cells were negatively correlated with the higher viral load, R2 = 0.29, P = 0.05, while, increased NK T cells were positively correlated with high viral load, R2 = 0.17, P = 0.011. T helper cells, naive T cells, CD127 negative T cells, and HLA-DR-positive T cells significantly increased in patients than in controls. The frequency of CD4+CD25high+ T regulatory (Treg) cells increased in HCV-infected patients, compared with those in control, and FOXP3 was upregulated within them. Treg cells' increase was positively correlated with high viral load, R2 = 0.45, P = 0.004. The level of IL-17 was higher in HCV patients than that in control, P < 0.0001. CONCLUSION Although the contribution of those markers to the chronic HCV establishment in children remains elusive, the results may provide important clues for reliable indicators of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Nafady
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Nafady-Hego
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Abdelwahab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Radwa H N Eltellawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nagla H Abu Faddan
- Department of Pediatrics, children hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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9
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Méndez-Lagares G, Lu D, Chen C, Terrault N, Segal MR, Khalili M, Monto A, Shen H, Manos MM, Lanier LL, Ryan JC, McCune JM, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ. Memory T Cell Proliferation before Hepatitis C Virus Therapy Predicts Antiviral Immune Responses and Treatment Success. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1124-1132. [PMID: 29263212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the host immune system to the efficacy of new anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drugs is unclear. We undertook a longitudinal prospective study of 33 individuals with chronic HCV treated with combination pegylated IFN-α, ribavirin, and telaprevir/boceprevir. We characterized innate and adaptive immune cells to determine whether kinetics of the host response could predict sustained virologic response (SVR). We show that characteristics of the host immune system present before treatment were correlated with successful therapy. Augmentation of adaptive immune responses during therapy was more impressive among those achieving SVR. Most importantly, active memory T cell proliferation before therapy predicted SVR and was associated with the magnitude of the HCV-specific responses at week 12 after treatment start. After therapy initiation, the most important correlate of success was minimal monocyte activation, as predicted by previous in vitro work. In addition, subjects achieving SVR had increasing expression of the transcription factor T-bet, a driver of Th1 differentiation and cytotoxic effector cell maturation. These results show that host immune features present before treatment initiation predict SVR and eventual development of a higher frequency of functional virus-specific cells in blood. Such host characteristics may also be required for successful vaccine-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Méndez-Lagares
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ding Lu
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Connie Chen
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Norah Terrault
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mark R Segal
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Mandana Khalili
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Alexander Monto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - M Michele Manos
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129; and
| | - James C Ryan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
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10
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Mao S, Wang M, Ou X, Sun D, Cheng A, Zhu D, Chen S, Jia R, Liu M, Sun K, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Chen X. Virologic and Immunologic Characteristics in Mature Ducks with Acute Duck Hepatitis A Virus 1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1574. [PMID: 29201029 PMCID: PMC5696325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus 1 (DHAV-1) infection in mature ducks has previously been proposed as a small-animal model for human hepatitis A. However, basic research on the outcome of DHAV-1 infection in mature ducks is limited. Here, we examined the course of viremia, the characteristics of antibody responses, and the profiles of plasma cytokines in mature ducks infected with DHAV-1. During the course of infection, the viremia was detectable soon after infection and persisted for 196 days, however, the ducks presented as clinically asymptomatic. Specific and timely immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA1 responses were elicited. At the same time, extensive inhibition of viral replication was observed with increasing IgG concentration. With respect to pattern-recognition receptors, TLR-7 was mainly involved in triggering the innate defense against the DHAV-1 infection. In addition, plasma immune analytes were measured and were determined to have bidirectional roles in virus clearance. It was concluded that DHAV-1 spreads quickly in blood. The spontaneous clearance of DHAV-1 during asymptomatic infection in mature ducks depends on the cooperation of timely antibody responses and alert innate immune responses. Moreover, the delayed clearance may be associated with a weak interferon-γ-producing CD8+ T cell response. This study allows us to reveal the mechanism of clearance and persistence of DHAV-1 infection in mature ducks. We anticipate that it will provide a basis for future studies focused on defining the nature mechanisms involved in the clearance and persistence of human hepatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Hsiao JL, Ko WS, Shih CJ, Chiou YL. The Changed Proportion of CD45RA +/CD45RO + T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients During Pegylated Interferon-α with Ribavirin Therapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:303-309. [PMID: 28414566 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) may progress toward chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. A therapy for patients with chronic HCV infection is the combination of pegylated interferon-α with ribavirin, which increases the rate of sustained virological response (SVR) to 56%. However, a practical biomarker to predict SVR is lacking. T cells expressing the CD45RA isoform are considered naive, and antigenic stimulation converts them to CD45RO+. CD45RO+ T cells exhibit immediate response and high lymphokine production, leading to the maintenance and upregulation of immune reactions. The aim of this study is to clarify the proportions of CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T cells associated with rapid virological response and SVR. We collected blood samples from 32 HCV patients receiving the combined treatment. The samples were collected before, during 4th, 12th, and 24th therapy weeks, and 4th week posttherapy, and their T cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. Twenty-nine patients (90.6%) achieved SVR. There were significant declines in proportions of CD45RA+ cells during 4th, 12th, and 24th therapy weeks, and significant increases in proportions of CD45RO+ cells during 24th therapy week and 4th week posttherapy (P < 0.05). Patients undergoing hepatitis C therapy exhibited lowered CD45RA+ cell proportions and increased CD45RO+ cell proportions. This effect may be important in a patient's response to pegylated interferon-α with ribavirin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Lung Hsiao
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wang-Sheng Ko
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China .,2 Department of Nutrition, Institute of BioMedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University , Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Ju Shih
- 2 Department of Nutrition, Institute of BioMedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University , Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Chiou
- 2 Department of Nutrition, Institute of BioMedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University , Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China .,3 Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University , Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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12
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Komolmit P, Charoensuk K, Thanapirom K, Suksawatamnuay S, Thaimai P, Chirathaworn C, Poovorawan Y. Correction of vitamin D deficiency facilitated suppression of IP-10 and DPP IV levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C: A randomised double-blinded, placebo-control trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174608. [PMID: 28376103 PMCID: PMC5380326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency was common among patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and had negative influence on treatment outcome. Correction of vitamin D deficiency improved treatment response. Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP IV) involved in inflammatory responses in CHC. Their higher levels at pretreatment of CHC could predict poorer responses. Vitamin D suppressed expression of IP-10 from monocytes in vitro. In CHC patients, DPP IV involved in IP-10 regulation. We hypothesized that correction of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in CHC patients might restore immune dysregulation through a pathway linked to the TH1/Th2 cytokines, IP-10 or DPP IV. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 80 CHC patients with vitamin D levels less than 30 ng/mL were assigned to receive vitamin D (40) or placebo (40) supplements for 6 weeks. The levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], Th1/Th2 cytokines, IP-10 and DPP IV were measured at baseline and at the 6th week. At the end of study, the mean 25(OH)D level in vitamin D group was significantly increased and normalised. There were no changes in the level of Th1/Th2 cytokines. Our important finding revealed that upon correction of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency, the serum IP-10 and DPP IV levels were decreased significantly as compare to the placebo group (delta changes; 83.27 vs -133.80; 95% CI [-326.910, -40.758], p = 0.0125, and 271.04 vs -518.69; 95% CI [-1179,15, -59.781], p = 0.0305, respectively. As previous evidences suggested that each factor individually influenced and predicted outcome of CHC treatment. Our results offer a new insight and help to piece the puzzle of vitamin D deficiency, IP-10 and DPP IV together in CHC. TRIAL REGISTRATION Thai Clinical Trials Registry TCTR20160429001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawat Komolmit
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases: King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kriangsak Charoensuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases: King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal medicine, Buddhachinaraj Hospital School of Medicine, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kessarin Thanapirom
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases: King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirinporn Suksawatamnuay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases: King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panarat Thaimai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases: King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn university, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Decrease in regulatory T-cell function in chronic hepatitis C patients receiving pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 58:8-17. [PMID: 28238888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. Pegylated interferon is the standard therapy for CHC patients in Asian countries. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and function of Tregs in CHC patients receiving combination therapy. METHODS CHC patients (n=30) who had elevated alanine aminotransferase and underwent combination therapy were included. Clinical data and Treg function were checked at baseline, 12 weeks after treatment, at the end of treatment, and at the end of 24 weeks of follow-up. Treg immunosuppressive activity was measured as the inhibition ratio of conventional T-cell proliferation. RESULTS Treg-mediated immunosuppression was significantly lower during therapy than at baseline (baseline 44.45%; 12 weeks 18.41% (p=0.042); end of treatment 22.62% (p=0.036); end of follow-up 17.46% (p=0.003)). Treg-mediated immunosuppression was higher in patients with a sustained virological response (SVR) than in those without SVR at the end of follow-up (SVR 24.20%, non-SVR 6.87%; p=0.030). CONCLUSION Treg-mediated immunosuppression was lower during and after combination therapy, regardless of the treatment response, and higher in patients with SVR than in those without SVR at the end of follow-up.
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14
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Abstract
Infection with West Nile virus (WNV) leads to a range of disease outcomes, including chronic infection, though lack of a robust mouse model of chronic WNV infection has precluded identification of the immune events contributing to persistent infection. Using the Collaborative Cross, a population of recombinant inbred mouse strains with high levels of standing genetic variation, we have identified a mouse model of persistent WNV disease, with persistence of viral loads within the brain. Compared to lines exhibiting no disease or marked disease, the F1 cross CC(032x013)F1 displays a strong immunoregulatory signature upon infection that correlates with restraint of the WNV-directed cytolytic response. We hypothesize that this regulatory T cell response sufficiently restrains the immune response such that a chronic infection can be maintained in the CNS. Use of this new mouse model of chronic neuroinvasive virus will be critical in developing improved strategies to prevent prolonged disease in humans.
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15
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Perrella O, Perrella M, Sbreglia C, Patarino T, Perrella A. Chronic Inflammatory HCV Hepatitis: Clinical Pictures and Immunopathogenesis. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0500300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Perrella
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Federico II University, Naples
| | | | | | - A. Perrella
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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16
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Abdelwahab SF. Cellular immune response to hepatitis-C-virus in subjects without viremia or seroconversion: is it important? Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:23. [PMID: 27186234 PMCID: PMC4867533 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) causes chronic infection and represents a global health burden. To date, there is no licensed vaccine for HCV. The high viral replication rate and the existence of several HCV genotypes and quasispecies hamper the development of an effective universal vaccine. In this regard, the current HCV vaccine candidates show genotype-specific protection or narrow cross reactivity against other genotypes. Importantly, HCV spontaneous clearance occurs in 15-50 % of infected subjects, indicating that natural resistance to chronic infection exists. This phenomenon was demonstrated among humans and chimpanzees and continues to motivate researchers attempting to develop an effective HCV vaccine. However, what constitutes a protective immune response or correlate of protection against HCV infection is still vague. Additionally, the mechanisms behind successful HCV clearance suggest the coordination of several arms of the immune system, with cell-mediated immunity (CMI) playing a crucial role in this process. By contrast, although neutralizing antibodies have been identified, they are isolate-specific and poorly correlate with viral clearance. Antigen-specific CD4 T cells, instead, correlate with transient decline in HCV viremia and long-lasting control of the infection. Unfortunately, HCV has been very successful in evading host immune mechanisms, leading to complications such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Interestingly, CMI to HCV antigens were shown among exposed individuals without viremia or seroconversion, suggesting the clearance of prior HCV infection(s). These individuals include family members living with HCV-infected subjects, healthcare workers, IV drug users, and sexual contacts. The correlates of protection could be closely monitored among these individuals. This review provides a summary of HCV-specific immune responses in general and of CMI in particular in these cohorts. The importance of these CMI responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed F. Abdelwahab
- Departement of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511 Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 21974 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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17
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Serum Cytokine of IL-10 and IL-12 in Chronic Liver Disease: The Immune and Inflammatory Response. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:707254. [PMID: 26783377 PMCID: PMC4689924 DOI: 10.1155/2015/707254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the potential association of serum interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 with HCV infection in chronic liver disease and to evaluate their possible role as new biomarkers in HCC development. Material and Methods. Forty-one patients suffering from chronic liver disease (33 patients harbor HCV infection and 8 are HCV-negative patients) were enrolled in the present study and histopathologically diagnosed into 15 patients with HCC, 16 patients with LC, and 10 patients with liver histology compatible with precirrhotic hepatitis (PCH). Ten patients complaining of cholecystitis were included as nondisease control. Serum levels of IL-10 and IL-12 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. HCV-infected patients showed elevated expression of IL-10 and IL-12 compared to nondisease controls (P < 0.0001) but there is no significant difference with respect to their expression in HCV-negative patients. Serum IL-10 and IL-12 were elevated significantly with disease progression (P < 0.0001) and a positive correlation coefficient was detected between IL-10, IL-12 (r = 0.785, P < 0.0001), and transaminase values suggesting their possible role in chronic inflammation progression leading to HCC. Conclusion. IL-10 and IL-12 might be involved in chronic inflammation progression leading to HCC and their evaluation could be used as new biomarkers to reflect the degree of inflammation in HCC development.
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18
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Abstract
Despite advances in therapy, hepatitis C virus infection remains a major global health issue with 3 to 4 million incident cases and 170 million prevalent chronic infections. Complex, partially understood, host-virus interactions determine whether an acute infection with hepatitis C resolves, as occurs in approximately 30% of cases, or generates a persistent hepatic infection, as occurs in the remainder. Once chronic infection is established, the velocity of hepatocyte injury and resultant fibrosis is significantly modulated by immunologic as well as environmental factors. Immunomodulation has been the backbone of antiviral therapy despite poor understanding of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Kaplan
- Medicine and Research Services, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia PA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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19
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Richert-Spuhler LE, Lund JM. The Immune Fulcrum: Regulatory T Cells Tip the Balance Between Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Outcomes upon Infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:217-43. [PMID: 26615099 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable for immune homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmunity. In the context of infectious diseases, Tregs are multidimensional. Here, we describe how they may potentiate effector responses by assisting in recruitment of T cells into the infection site to resolve infection, facilitate accelerated antigen-specific memory responses, limit pathology, and contribute to disease resolution and healing, to the great benefit of the host. We also explore the villainous functions of Tregs during infection by reviewing several diseases in which the depletion or reduction in Treg frequency allows for better generation of effector memory, and results in acute resolution of infection, as opposed to chronicity or severe long-term outcomes. We describe findings generated using mouse models of infection as well as experiments performed using human cells and tissues. We propose that Tregs represent an immunologic fulcrum, promoting both pathogen clearance and damage control by preventing excessive destruction of infected tissues though unchecked immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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20
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Montoya V, Olmstead AD, Janjua NZ, Tang P, Grebely J, Cook D, Richard Harrigan P, Krajden M. Differentiation of acute from chronic hepatitis C virus infection by nonstructural 5B deep sequencing: a population-level tool for incidence estimation. Hepatology 2015; 61:1842-50. [PMID: 25645961 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability to classify acute versus chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections at the time of diagnosis is desirable to improve the quality of surveillance information. The aim of this study was to differentiate acute from chronic HCV infections utilizing deep sequencing. HCV nonstructural 5B (NS5B) amplicons (n = 94) were generated from 77 individuals (13 acute and 64 chronic HCV infections) in British Columbia, Canada, with documented seroconversion time frames. Amplicons were deep sequenced and HCV genomic diversity was measured by Shannon entropy (SE) and a single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis. The relationship between each diversity measure and the estimated days since infection was assessed using linear mixed models, and the ability of each diversity measure to differentiate acute from chronic infections was assessed using generalized estimating equations. Both SE and the SNV diversity measures were significantly different for acute versus chronic infections (P < 0.009). NS5B nucleotide diversity continued to increase for at least 3 years postinfection. Among individuals with the least uncertainty with regard to duration of infection (n = 39), the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was high (0.96 for SE; 0.98 for SNV). Although the AUROCs were lower (0.86 for SE; 0.80 for SNV) when data for all individuals were included, they remain sufficiently high for epidemiological purposes. Synonymous mutations were the primary discriminatory variable accounting for over 78% of the measured genetic diversity. CONCLUSIONS NS5B sequence diversity assessed by deep sequencing can differentiate acute from chronic HCV infections and, with further validation, could become a powerful population-level surveillance tool for incidence estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Montoya
- BC Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrea D Olmstead
- BC Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Naveed Z Janjua
- BC Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick Tang
- BC Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darrel Cook
- BC Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P Richard Harrigan
- BC Center for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- BC Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Zhu B, Wang C, Zhang X, He J, Wu J, Yu R, Zhao W. Relationships between interleukin-12B and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis C in Chinese Han hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 2015; 37:505-10. [PMID: 25613737 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1006086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) commonly causes a chronic infection but portion of hemodialysis patients are able to resistant to HCV infection, even clear the virus naturally. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) are crucial regulators of the immune response to T-helper 1 (Th1) or T-helper 2 (Th2) categories and play a role in autoimmune and infectious diseases. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible association of genetic polymorphisms of 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the IL-12B (-1188) and IL-10 (-592 and -819) and hepatitis C in Chinese Han hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS The genotyping of IL-12B 3'UTR and IL-10 -592 and -819 were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. RESULTS Compared with the IL-12B-AA genotype, CC and combined CC/AC genotypes were associated with a significant decreased risk of HCV infection in Chinese hemodialysis patients (p < 0.001). However, the IL-10-592 and -819 genotypes were not found significant difference both between the anti-HCV (+) and anti-HCV (-) patients (p > 0.05) and the persistent infection and viral clearance HD patients (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that the polymorphisms of IL-12B 3'UTR might contribute to the susceptibility of HCV infection in Chinese HD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China and
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22
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Shen ZY, Zheng WP, Liu T, Yang Y, Song HL. Effects of dendritic cells from hepatitis B virus transgenic mice-stimulated autologous lymphocytes on hepatitis B virus replication: a study on the impact of specific sensitized effector cells on in vitro virus replication. Viral Immunol 2014; 28:85-92. [PMID: 25343622 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dendritic cells (DCs) from hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice-stimulated autologous lymphocytes on in vitro HBV replication. DCs from HBV transgenic mice were induced to maturity by lipopolysaccharide, followed by incubation with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in vitro. Mature DCs and autologous lymphocytes were co-stimulated to form specific sensitized immune effector cells (IEC), which were then co-cultured with the human hepatoma cell line HepG2.2.15. Changes in morphology and activity of hepatocytes were then observed, as well as analysis of changes in liver enzyme, and HBV DNA and inflammatory cytokine levels in the culture supernatant. Intracellular HBV DNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) concentration were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Co-stimulation by mature DCs and IEC showed no impact on the morphology and liver enzyme expression level of HepG2.2.15 cells, but the supernatant HBV DNA and intracellular HBV DNA and cccDNA levels decreased significantly compared with those cells co-cultured with immature DCs. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines in the supernatant showed that when HBV DNA was highly expressed, the concentration of IFN-γ and IL-2 decreased, while IL-10 increased. Contrastingly, when HBV DNA had low expression, the concentration of IFN-γ and IL-2 increased and IL-10 decreased. Co-stimulation of HBV-related antigen-induced mature DCs and autologous lymphocytes showed inhibitory effects on ex vivo HBV replication, and cytokines were suggested to mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yang Shen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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23
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Helal SF, Gomaa HE, Thabet EH, Younan MA, Helmy NA. Impact of IL-10 (-1082) promoter-single nucleotide polymorphism on the outcome of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2014; 7:19-24. [PMID: 24833945 PMCID: PMC4019231 DOI: 10.4137/cgast.s13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Immunoregulatory cytokines may influence the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection outcome. This study aimed to determine the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the interleukin (IL)-10 (-1082) G/A polymorphism, and its association with chronicity or resolution of HCV genotype 4 infection in Egypt. The frequencies of different dimorphic polymorphisms based on single nucleotide substitution in chronic HCV patients (50) and resolved HCV patients (50) were: IL-10 (-1082) G/G 22 (44%) and 18 (36%), G/A 19 (38%) and 24 (48%), and A/A 9 (18%), and 8 (16%), respectively. In the sustained virologic response (SVR) (36) and spontaneously resolved subjects (14) groups, the frequencies were: IL-10 (-1082) G/G 11 (30.6%) and 7 (50%) G/A 18 (50%) and 6 (42.9%), A/A 7 (19.4%) and 1 (7.1%), respectively. An association between male gender and chronic hepatitis C outcome (P value 0.041) was found. However, no significant gender difference was found when we compared females versus males with elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in the chronic HCV patient group (P value = 1). CONCLUSION No significant difference in the frequency of IL-10 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 1082 was found between chronic and resolved HCV subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheir F Helal
- Virology and Clinical Pathology Department, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Howayda E Gomaa
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman H Thabet
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariam A Younan
- Virology and Clinical Pathology Department, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Neveen A Helmy
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
The acute phase of hepatitis C (HCV) infection is typically defined as the initial 6 months following exposure to the virus; however, in some individuals, the acute phase of the infection can last much longer (Orland et al. Hepatology 33:321-27, 2001). Although some patients have symptoms of acute hepatitis, most infected individuals are entirely asymptomatic. As a result, many patients are unaware of the infection until it progresses to chronic infection, and may not develop symptoms until decades later with the onset of decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A substantial proportion (20-40%) of infected patients clear the virus during the acute phase. Interferon-based treatment is also much more likely to be successful in the acute phase of infection but is relatively poorly tolerated. Therefore, recognition of acute HCV infection is critical to prioritize those patients who do not spontaneously clear the infection for immediate therapy. However, the promise of highly effective well-tolerated all-oral therapies in development may alter the management approach. This review will focus on the epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of acute HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj A Sharma
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 6B-Fell Pavilion, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
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Fernandez-Ponce C, Dominguez-Villar M, Aguado E, Garcia-Cozar F. CD4+ primary T cells expressing HCV-core protein upregulate Foxp3 and IL-10, suppressing CD4 and CD8 T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85191. [PMID: 24465502 PMCID: PMC3896374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive T cell responses are critical for controlling HCV infection. While there is clinical evidence of a relevant role for regulatory T cells in chronic HCV-infected patients, based on their increased number and function; mechanisms underlying such a phenomena are still poorly understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that proteins from Hepatitis C virus can suppress host immune responses. We and others have shown that HCV is present in CD4+ lymphocytes from chronically infected patients and that HCV-core protein induces a state of unresponsiveness in the CD4+ tumor cell line Jurkat. Here we show that CD4+ primary T cells lentivirally transduced with HCV-core, not only acquire an anergic phenotype but also inhibit IL-2 production and proliferation of bystander CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 stimulation. Core-transduced CD4+ T cells show a phenotype characterized by an increased basal secretion of the regulatory cytokine IL-10, a decreased IFN-γ production upon stimulation, as well as expression of regulatory T cell markers, CTLA-4, and Foxp3. A significant induction of CD4+CD25+CD127(low)PD-1(high)TIM-3(high) regulatory T cells with an exhausted phenotype was also observed. Moreover, CCR7 expression decreased in HCV-core expressing CD4+ T cells explaining their sequestration in inflamed tissues such as the infected liver. This work provides a new perspective on de novo generation of regulatory CD4+ T cells in the periphery, induced by the expression of a single viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Margarita Dominguez-Villar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Aguado
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Cozar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Puerto Real University Hospital Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
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CD49b, a major marker of regulatory T-cells type 1, predicts the response to antiviral therapy of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:290878. [PMID: 24575405 PMCID: PMC3915765 DOI: 10.1155/2014/290878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The TRANSPEG study was a prospective study to assess the efficacy of antiviral therapy in patients with a recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) after liver transplantation. The influence of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) on the response to antiviral therapy was analyzed. Patients were considered as a function of their sustained virological response (SVR) at 18 months after treatment initiation. A transcriptomic analysis was performed to assess Treg markers (Tr1 and FoxP3+) in serum, PBMC, and liver biopsies. 100 patients had been included in the TRANSPEG study. Data from 27 of these patients were available. The results showed that the expression of CD49b (a predominant marker of Tr1) before the introduction of antiviral therapy was significantly associated with SVR. Responders displayed lower serum levels of CD49b than nonresponders (P < 0.02). These findings were confirmed in PBMC and liver biopsies even if in a nonsignificant manner for the limited number of samples. The assessment of CD49b levels is thus predictive of the response to antiviral therapy. This data suggests that CD49b may be a marker of the failure of the immune response and antiviral therapy during HCV recurrence. The assessment of CD49b could help to select patients who require earlier and more intensive antiviral therapy.
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Zingaretti C, De Francesco R, Abrignani S. Why is it so difficult to develop a hepatitis C virus preventive vaccine? Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 20 Suppl 5:103-9. [PMID: 24829939 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With an estimated 3% of the world's population chronically infected, hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major health problem for which an efficient vaccination strategy would be highly desirable. Indeed, chronic hepatitis C is recognized as one of the major causes of cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma and liver failure worldwide and it is the most common indication for liver transplantation, accounting for 40-50% of liver transplants. Much progress has been made in the prevention of HCV transmission and in therapeutic intervention. However, even if a new wave of directly acting antivirals promise to overcome the problems of low efficacy and adverse effects observed for the current standard of care, which include interferon-α and ribavirin, an effective vaccine would be the only means to definitively eradicate infection and to diminish the burden of HCV-related diseases at affordable costs. Although there is strong evidence that the goal of a prophylactic vaccine could be achieved, there are huge development issues that have impeded reaching this goal and that still have to be addressed. In this article we address the question of whether an HCV vaccine is needed, whether it will eventually be feasible, and why it is so difficult to produce.
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Overexpression of Regulatory T Cells Type 1 (Tr1) Specific Markers in a Patient with HCV-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ISRN HEPATOLOGY 2013; 2013:928485. [PMID: 27335834 PMCID: PMC4890904 DOI: 10.1155/2013/928485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important causative agent of liver disease, but factors that determine the resolution or progression of infection are poorly understood. In this study, we suggested that existence of immunosuppressive mechanisms, supported by regulatory T cells and especially the regulatory T cell 1 subset (Tr1), may explain the impaired immune response during infection and thus the fibrosis aggravation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using quantitative real-time PCR, we investigated the intra-hepatic presence of Tr1 cells in biopsies from a genotype 1b infected patient followed for an 18-year period from cirrhosis to HCC. We described a significant increase of gene expression in particular for the cytokines IL-10, TGF-β, and their receptors that were perfectly correlated with an increased expression of the Tr1 specific markers (combined expression of CD4, CD18, and CD49b). This was strongly marked since the patient evolved in the pathology and could explain the failure of the treatment. In conclusion, evidence of regulatory T cell installation in the liver of chronically infected patient with cirrhosis and HCC suggests for the first time a key role for these cells in the course of HCV infection.
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Aroucha D, do Carmo R, Moura P, Silva J, Vasconcelos L, Cavalcanti M, Muniz M, Aroucha M, Siqueira E, Cahú G, Pereira L, Coêlho M. High tumor necrosis factor-α/interleukin-10 ratio is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Cytokine 2013; 62:421-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yue M, Deng X, Zhai X, Xu K, Kong J, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Yu X, Xu X, Liu Y, Zhu D, Zhang Y. Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles induced by hepatitis C virus F protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronic hepatitis C patients. Immunol Lett 2013; 152:89-95. [PMID: 23680070 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Th1 and Th2 cytokine response has been confirmed to be correlated with the pathogenesis of HCV infection. The aim of the study is to investigate the Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles induced by HCV alternate reading frame protein (F protein) in chronic hepatitis C patients. We assessed the immune responses specific to HCV F protein in 55 chronic HCV patients. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) post F protein stimulation were compared among HCV patients and healthy donors. Finally, the associations between HCV F protein and HLA class II alleles were explored. We found that the seroprevalence of anti-F antibodies in HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients was significantly higher than that of patients without HCC, but such a significant difference in humoral immune responses to F protein was not observed in HCV 1b-infected- and non-HCV 1b-infected-patients. Additionally, the PBMC proliferation of HCC patients was significantly lower than that of patients without HCC. Furthermore, F protein stimulation of PBMCs from F-seropositive patients resulted in Th2 biased cytokine responses (significantly decreased IFN-γ and/or IL-2 and significantly increased IL-4 and/or IL-5 levels) that reportedly may contribute to HCC progression and pathogenesis. However, no significant difference in the association between HCV F protein and HLA-DRB1*0201, 0301, 0405, 1001 and HLA-DQB1*0201, 0401, 0502, 0602 was observed in this study. These findings suggest that F protein may contribute to the HCV-associated bias in Th1/Th2 responses of chronic hepatitis C patients including the progress of HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yue
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Davtyan TK, Poghosyan DA, Sukiasyan AG, Grant MD. The anti-idiotypic antibody 1F7 stimulates monocyte interleukin-10 production and induces endotoxin tolerance. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:14. [PMID: 23561395 PMCID: PMC3635981 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens that establish chronic infection elicit immune responses with suppressive cytokines dominating over pro-inflammatory cytokines. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection are associated with high levels of antiviral antibodies expressing a common idiotype specifically recognized by the 1F7 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The 1F7 mAb is a murine IgMκ antibody raised against immunoglobulin pooled from the plasma of multiple HIV-infected individuals. In this study, we investigated direct effects of the 1F7 mAb itself on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS Isolated monocytes or PBMC from healthy controls were incubated with the 1F7 mAb or IgMκ mAb control. Cytokine production was measured in cell culture supernatants by ELISA and cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10) were identified by subset depletion and intracellular flow cytometry. Endotoxin tolerance was assessed by exposing monocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) following 1F7 mAb or IgMκ mAb control pre-treatment and comparing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in cell culture supernatants. RESULTS The 1F7 mAb stimulated monocytes and CD36+ lymphocytes to produce IL-10 in a time and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of monocytes with 1F7 mAb also reduced their subsequent responsiveness to LPS stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Induction of antibodies expressing the 1F7 idiotype by chronic pathogens may facilitate IL-10 production and progression to chronic infection. Direct effects of IL-10 from human monocytes stimulated by 1F7-like antibodies, followed by monocyte transition to an alternatively activated phenotype illustrated by endotoxin tolerance, are two complementary features favouring a tolerogenic or non-responsive immunological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigran K Davtyan
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St, John's, NL, Canada.
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Cameron B, Galbraith S, Li H, Lloyd A. Correlates and characteristics of hepatitis C virus-specific T-cell immunity in exposed uninfected high-risk prison inmates. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:e96-106. [PMID: 23490396 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Some hepatitis C (HCV)-uninfected, high-risk individuals have HCV-specific cellular immunity without viraemia or seroconversion. The characteristics of these responses and the risk behavioural associations were studied in 94 subjects in a prospective cohort of recently seronegative prisoners reporting injecting drug use (IDU). Detailed behavioural data were collected. HCV antibody and PCR testing were performed. ELISpot assays for HCV-induced interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 production by T lymphocytes, as well as multiplex in vitro cytokine production assays, were performed. Seventy-eight subjects remained antibody and PCR negative and 16 seroconverted. Of the seronegative group, 22 (28%) had IFN-γ ELISpot responses in comparison with 13 of the 16 seroconverters (82%). This seronegative immune status was associated positively with injecting anabolic steroids and negatively with a recent break from IDU. The IFN-γ ELISpot responses involved both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and were comparable in magnitude, but narrower in specificity, in uninfected subjects than in seroconverters. A subset of seronegative subjects had HCV-induced cytokine production patterns comparable with the seroconverters with increased production of IFN-γ, IL-2 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and reduced IL-10 in response to nonstructural peptides. In conclusion, comparable patterns of HCV-specific cellular immunity are found in recently infected subjects and in a minority of high-risk, uninfected subjects. Further characterization of these responses and their protective efficacy will inform HCV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cameron
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Pavón-Castillero EJ, Muñoz-de-Rueda P, López-Segura R, Gila A, Quiles R, Muñoz-Gámez JA, Carazo A, Martínez P, Ruiz-Extremera A, Salmerón J. Importance of IL-10 and IL-6 during chronic hepatitis C genotype-1 treatment and their relation with IL28B. Cytokine 2013; 61:595-601. [PMID: 23159283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper investigates serum levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 (CHC-GT1), the relation of each with clinical and virological characteristics, how they affect the response to combined therapy and their relation with the IL28B polymorphisms rs12979860. Serum level expression and the polymorphism of IL-10, IL-6 and IL28B were determined in 138 CHC-GT1 patients, treated with pegylated interferon/ribavirin (pegIFN-α/RBV) for 48 weeks, in the following samples: baseline, week-12 (during treatment) and week-72 (post-treatment). 77 patients (56%) presented Sustained Virological Response (SVR) and 61 (44%) were non-SVR. Multivariate logistic regression showed that age ≤ 40 years (aOR=3.7, 95%CI=1.5-8.9, P=0.004), low activity of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) (aOR=0.9, 95%CI=0.98-0.99, P=0.028), CC genotype of IL28B polymorphism (aOR=2.7, 95%CI=1.0-7.2, P=0.044) and low IL-6 (aOR=0.5, 95%CI=0.3-1.0, P=0.038) were predictor factors of virological response. In all patients, following treatment, IL-6 decreased at week-12 (P=0.004) from baseline and had returned to basal values at week-72. Serum IL-10 concentration was significantly decreased at week-72 only in SVR patients (P ≤ 0.001). When patients were stratified by IL28B polymorphisms rs12979860 CC vs non-CC patients, a statistically significant decrease in IL-10 at week-72 in both groups was observed (P=0.003 and P ≤ 0.001, respectively). None of the polymorphisms of IL-10 or IL-6 studied were associated with SVR. CONCLUSIONS CC genotype of IL28B and low IL-6 serum concentration are factors associated independently with SVR. Moreover, decreased IL-10 at week-72 is associated with SVR in both CC and non-CC patients, and both factors are important to determine the effectiveness of treatment.
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Fernández-Rodríguez A, Rallón N, Berenguer J, Jiménez-Sousa MA, Cosín J, Guzmán-Fulgencio M, Restrepo C, Lopez JC, García-Álvarez M, Miralles P, Soriano V, Benito JM, Resino S. Analysis of IL28B alleles with virologic response patterns and plasma cytokine levels in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. AIDS 2013; 27:163-73. [PMID: 23135173 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835c11e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the impact of interleukin 28B (IL28B) polymorphisms (rs12980275, rs8099917, rs7248668, and rs11881222) and their haplotypes on hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment (peg-interferon-α and ribavirin) success in 324 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. We also explore the behavior of plasma cytokine levels. DESIGN Retrospective follow-up study. METHODS Virologic response to HCV treatment was measured by plasma HCV viral load at different endpoints: rapid virologic response (RVR), early virologic response (EVR), end-of-treatment virologic response (ETVR) and sustained virologic response (SVR). IL28B polymorphisms were genotyped using GoldenGate assay. Finally, 13 cytokines were measured at baseline in 57 plasma samples using a multiplex immunoassay kit. RESULTS IL28B polymorphisms were strongly associated to virologic responses (RVR, EVR, ETVR, and SVR), although only for HCV genotypes 1 and 4 (P < 0.05). Strong linkage disequilibrium was detected for rs12980275/rs11881222 (r = 0.94) and rs8099917/rs7248668 (r = 0.99). IL28B haplotypes showed association but no improvement on treatment outcome prediction. Thus, the genotyping of only one single-nucleotide polymorphism was enough for predicting treatment response in GT1/4 patients with favorable rs12980275 (AA) genotype, while for subjects harboring unfavorable genotypes, the inclusion of rs8099917 was useful (SVR increased from 31 to 45%). Moreover, patients with rs12980275 (AA) that achieved SVR showed reduced plasma levels of Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-6 and IL-9), and proinflammatory (TNF-α) cytokines. CONCLUSION The presence of IL28B polymorphisms was significantly associated with HCV clearance during and after HCV therapy. The evaluated cytokine profile was much more favorable in patients with rs12980275 (AA) who achieved SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- Unidad de coinfección HIV/hepatitis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Hepatitis C vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Gad YZ, Mouas N, Abdel-Aziz A, Abousmra N, Elhadidy M. Distinct immunoregulatory cytokine pattern in Egyptian patients with occult Hepatitis C infection and unexplained persistently elevated liver transaminases. Asian J Transfus Sci 2012; 6:24-8. [PMID: 22623838 PMCID: PMC3353624 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.95046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: The immunopathogenesis of occult Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a matter of great controversy and has been suggested to involve a complex balance between cytokines with pro- and anti-inflammatory activity. This work aimed at studying the serum Th1 and Th2 cytokine production in patients with occult HCV infection. Materials and Methods: Serum levels of cytokines of Th1 (interleukin [IL]-2, INF-γ) and Th2 (IL-4) were measured in 27 patients with occult HCV infection and 28 patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Results: The levels of IL-2 and interferon-γ were highly significantly increased in patients with chronic HCV infection (P<0.001). IL-4 was highly significantly increased in occult HCV infection (P<0.001). Significant increases were noted in chronic HCV infection regarding bilirubin (P<0.001), ALT (P = 0.009), AST (P = 0.013), AFP (P<0.001), while serum albumin was significantly higher in occult HCV infection (P<0.001). Necroinflammation (P<0.001), fibrosis (P<0.001), and cirrhosis (P = 0.03) were significantly increased in chronic HCV infection. Conclusion: Our data revealed a high prevalence of occult HCV infection (25%) in patients with unexplained persistently abnormal liver function test results. Those patients exhibited a distinct immunoregulatory cytokine pattern, favoring viral persistence and explaining the less aggressive course of this disease entity than chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahia Z Gad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Zhu Q, Li N, Han Q, Li Z, Zhang G, Li F, Zhang P, Chen J, Lv Y, Liu Z. Single-nucleotide polymorphism at CYP27B1-1260, but not VDR Taq I, is possibly associated with persistent hepatitis B virus infection. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1115-21. [PMID: 22963605 PMCID: PMC3438824 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D, beyond its role in calcium and bone metabolism, exhibits immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive immune pathways and is suggestively related to liver diseases. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in vitamin D functions with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS Five hundred Chinese Han subjects, including 274 chronic HBV patients, 68 HBV infection resolvers, and 158 healthy controls without HBV infection, were studied. The CYP27B1-1260 promoter and the VDR Taq I polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Although there was no difference between HBV patients and healthy controls, HBV patients and healthy controls had a higher frequency of the CYP27B1-1260 genotype CC (15.0% vs. 2.9%, p=0.004 and 13.3% vs. 2.9%, p=0.006, respectively) and allele C (38.3% vs. 25.7%, p=0.006 and 39.2% vs. 25.7%, p=0.006, respectively) compared with resolvers. The genotype and allele frequencies of the VDR Taq I polymorphism had no difference between patients, resolvers, and healthy controls. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the CYP27B1-1260 promoter polymorphism is possibly associated with the persistence, but not susceptibility to HBV infection in Chinese HBV patients, and that the VDR Taq I polymorphism is not suggested to be related to chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes related to Diseases, Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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Brenndörfer ED, Sällberg M. Hepatitis C virus-mediated modulation of cellular immunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:315-29. [PMID: 22911132 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease globally. A chronic infection can result in liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure in a significant ratio of the patients. About 170 million people are currently infected with HCV. Since 80 % of the infected patients develop a chronic infection, HCV has evolved sophisticated escape strategies to evade both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Thus, chronic hepatitis C is characterized by perturbations in the number, subset composition and/or functionality of natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells. The balance between HCV-induced immune evasion and the antiviral immune response results in chronic liver inflammation and consequent immune-mediated liver injury. This review summarizes our current understanding of the HCV-mediated interference with cellular immunity and of the factors resulting in HCV persistence. A profound knowledge about the intrinsic properties of HCV and its effects on intrahepatic immunity is essential to be able to design effective immunotherapies against HCV such as therapeutic HCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Daniel Brenndörfer
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F68, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS, Eckels DD. In vitro antigen-specific induction of IL-22 in human subjects that resolved HCV infection. Future Virol 2012. [PMID: 23185211 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS: To determine if in vitro production of IL-22 and IL-17 correlated with resolution of HCV infection. MATERIALS #ENTITYSTARTX00026; METHODS: Human peripheral blood cells isolated from a well-defined cohort of resolved and chronic HCV-infected subjects were used to measure HCV-, influenza- and mitogen-activated T-cell proliferation. In addition, IL-22 and IL-17 production was measured via ELISAs and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Resolved HCV subjects had a significantly higher T-cell proliferative response to recombinant NS3 protein compared with chronic HCV subjects. Resolved subjects had a dose-dependent IL-22 response to recombinant NS3 compared with chronic HCV subjects. CONCLUSION: IL-22 production is associated with antigen-specific induction of CD4 (+) T cells in individuals that resolved HCV infection, suggesting a potential role for IL-22 in HCV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Tseng KC, Ho YC, Hsieh YH, Lai NS, Wen ZH, Li C, Wu SF. Elevated frequency and function of regulatory T cells in patients with active chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:823-33. [PMID: 22367277 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the persistence of hepatitis C virus infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and function of Tregs in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). METHODS We enrolled 44 CHC patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (CH group), 13 CHC patients with persistent normal ALT levels (PNALT group), and 14 age-matched healthy subjects (HS group; controls). Tregs were identified as CD4+, CD25+, and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+ T lymphocytes, using three-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The frequency of Tregs was determined by calculating the percentage of CD4+CD25(high) T cells among CD4 T cells. CD127 and CD45RA were also analyzed for subsets of Tregs. The levels of serum transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 in immunosuppressive assays were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immunosuppressive abilities of Tregs were evaluated by measuring their ability to inhibit the proliferation of effector cells. RESULTS Higher proportions of Tregs were found in the CH and PNALT groups compared with the HS group. The populations of CD127 low/negative and CD45RA negative cells were higher in the CH group than in the PNALT group. The expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β in the CH and PNALT groups were significantly higher than those in the HS group. In addition, the immunosuppressive ability of Tregs from the CH group was increased relative to that in the PNALT and the HS group. CONCLUSIONS CHC patients, irrespective of liver function, had higher frequencies of Tregs than healthy subjects; however, only CHC patients with inflammation showed enhanced immunosuppressive function of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chih Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
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Guo Z, Zhang H, Rao H, Jiang D, Cong X, Feng B, Wang J, Wei L, Chen H. DCs pulsed with novel HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitopes against hepatitis C virus induced a broadly reactive anti-HCV-specific T lymphocyte response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38390. [PMID: 22701633 PMCID: PMC3373515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with single or multiple-peptide mixtures of novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) epitopes to stimulate HCV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector functions. Methods A bioinformatics approach was used to predict HLA-A2-restricted HCV-specific CTL epitopes, and the predicted peptides identified from this screen were synthesized. Subsequent IFN-γ ELISPOT analysis detected the stimulating function of these peptides in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from both chronic and self-limited HCV infected subjects (subjects exhibiting spontaneous HCV clearance). Mature DCs, derived in vitro from CD14+ monocytes harvested from the study subjects by incubation with appropriate cytokine cocktails, were loaded with novel peptide or epitope peptide mixtures and co-cultured with autologous T lymphocytes. Granzyme B (GrB) and IFN-γ ELISPOT analysis was used to test for epitope-specific CTL responses. T-cell-derived cytokines contained in the co-cultured supernatant were detected by flow cytometry. Results We identified 7 novel HLA-A2-restricted HCV-specific CTL epitopes that increased the frequency of IFN-γ-producing T cells compared to other epitopes, as assayed by measuring spot forming cells (SFCs). Two epitopes had the strongest stimulating capability in the self-limited subjects, one found in the E2 and one in the NS2 region of HCV; five epitopes had a strong stimulating capacity in both chronic and self-limited HCV infection, but were stronger in the self-limited subjects. They were distributed in E2, NS2, NS3, NS4, and NS5 regions of HCV, respectively. We also found that mDCs loaded with novel peptide mixtures could significantly increase GrB and IFN-γ SFCs as compared to single peptides, especially in chronic HCV infection subjects. Additionally, we found that DCs pulsed with multiple epitope peptide mixtures induced a Th1-biased immune response. Conclusions Seven novel and strongly stimulating HLA-A2-restricted HCV-specific CTL epitopes were identified. Furthermore, DCs loaded with multiple-epitope peptide mixtures induced epitope-specific CTLs responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Guo
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Henghui Zhang
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Rao
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cong
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hongsong Chen
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
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Glances in Immunology of HIV and HCV Infection. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:434036. [PMID: 22754568 PMCID: PMC3375159 DOI: 10.1155/2012/434036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of HIV and HCV much progress has been made in the understanding of their life cycle and interaction with the host immune system. Despite these viruses markedly differ in their virological properties and in their pathogenesis, they share many common features in their immune escape and survival strategy. Both viruses have developed sophisticated ways to subvert and antagonize host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last years, much effort has been done in the study of the AIDS pathogenesis and in the development of efficient treatment strategies, and a fatal infection has been transformed in a potentially chronic pathology. Much of this knowledge is now being transferred in the HCV research field, especially in the development of new drugs, although a big difference still remains between the outcome of the two infections, being HCV eradicable after treatment, whereas HIV eradication remains at present unachievable due to the establishment of reservoirs. In this review, we present current knowledge on innate and adaptive immune recognition and activation during HIV and HCV mono-infections and evasion strategies. We also discuss the genetic associations between components of the immune system, the course of infection, and the outcome of the therapies.
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Katsounas A, Schlaak JF, Lempicki RA. CCL5: a double-edged sword in host defense against the hepatitis C virus. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 30:366-78. [PMID: 22053974 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.593105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) facilitates induction of chemotaxis in immune cells and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) at sites of liver inflammation during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Importantly, CCL5 participates in the establishment of T-helper 1 responses crucial in controlling liver disease and HCV infection outcome and demonstrates distinct gene expression patterns between the blood and the liver, stressing the importance of immunoregulatory networks differentially functioning between these compartments. This review illustrates the significance of CCL5-dependent pathways in HCV-related immunopathogenesis by elaborating on biological mechanisms interconnecting peripheral and tissue immunology, liver pathology, HSC activation, and interferon-α immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Katsounas
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick (NCI-Frederick), Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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Guzmán-Fulgencio M, Jiménez JL, Berenguer J, Fernández-Rodríguez A, López JC, Cosín J, Miralles P, Micheloud D, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Resino S. Plasma IL-6 and IL-9 predict the failure of interferon-α plus ribavirin therapy in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1238-45. [PMID: 22294644 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine profile plays an important role in treatment outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and probably modulates the immune response against HCV. The aim of this study was to evaluate which cytokines affect the response to interferon-α (IFN-α) and ribavirin therapy and how these cytokines change 72 weeks after starting anti-HCV therapy in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. METHODS We carried out a retrospective follow-up study of 65 patients on anti-HCV therapy. A sustained virological response (SVR) was defined as an undetectable HCV viral load up to 24 weeks after the end of treatment. Cytokines were measured using a multiplex immunoassay kit. RESULTS On starting anti-HCV therapy, non-responder (NR) patients had higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-9, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (P < 0.05), while IL-17A levels were increased in SVR patients (P = 0.058). However, only patients with high levels of IL-6 and IL-9 had decreased odds to achieve SVR (P < 0.05). Plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-9 had a high predictive value for SVR failure [area under the ROC curve (AUC) 0.839 (95% CI 0.733-0.945) and AUC 0.769 (95% CI 0.653-0.884)]. In addition, during anti-HCV therapy, IL-1β showed an increase in NR patients (P = 0.015) and IL-10 decreased in SVR patients (P = 0.049). After clearing HCV infection, low levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-22 were found in SVR patients (P < 0.05), as well as IL-1β, but only near statistical significance (P = 0.073). CONCLUSIONS High plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-9 had a high predictive value for SVR failure. Furthermore, clearing of HCV infection was associated with low inflammatory and T helper (Th)2/Th9/Th22 cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guzmán-Fulgencio
- Laboratorio de Epidemiología Molecular de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Petrovic D, Dempsey E, Doherty DG, Kelleher D, Long A. Hepatitis C virus--T-cell responses and viral escape mutations. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:17-26. [PMID: 22125159 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small, enveloped RNA virus and the number of HCV-infected individuals worldwide is estimated to be approximately 170 million. Most HCV infections persist, with up to 80% of all cases leading to chronic hepatitis associated with liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV-host interactions have a crucial role in viral survival, persistence, pathogenicity of infection, and disease progression. Maintenance of a vigorous, sustained cellular immune response recognizing multiple epitopes is essential for viral clearance. To escape immune surveillance, HCV alters its epitopes so that they are no-longer recognized by T cells and neutralizing antibodies, in addition to interfering with host cell cellular components and signaling pathways. The generation of escape variants is one of the most potent immune evasion strategies utilized by HCV. A large body of evidence suggests that single or multiple mutations within HLA-restricted epitopes contribute to viral immune escape and establishment of viral persistence. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune escape will aid in the design of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Husain MM, Aggarwal R, Kumar D, Jameel S, Naik S. Effector T cells immune reactivity among patients with acute hepatitis E. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:e603-8. [PMID: 21914082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in several developing countries. Information on cellular immune responses during acute hepatitis E is limited. We therefore studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with acute hepatitis E and healthy adult subjects who lacked anti-HEV antibodies for enumeration of various T-cell subsets using flow cytometry and to assess HEV-specific T effector cell responses using interferon-gamma ELISPOT assays. The patients showed increased numbers of CD8(+) cells and CD4(+) CD8(+) cells compared with healthy controls. In addition, the proportion of PBMCs that produced interferon-gamma in response to recombinant HEV open reading frame (ORF) 2 and ORF 3 proteins were found to be higher in patients than in healthy controls. Using pools of 15-mer overlapping peptides corresponding to these recombinant proteins, the immunodominant regions in these proteins for interferon-gamma-producing cells were mapped to regions corresponding to amino acids 181-249 and 301-489 of HEV ORF2 protein. These data provide evidence for the activation of effector T cells during acute hepatitis E. These responses may play a role in viral clearance from the host in patients with HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Husain
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Koay LB, Feng IC, Sheu MJ, Kuo HT, Lin CY, Chen JJ, Wang SL, Tang LY, Tsai SL. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen-specific regulatory T cells confer sustained remission to anti-HBV therapy in chronic hepatitis B with acute exacerbation. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:687-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Phthalate-Induced Liver Protection against Deleterious Effects of the Th1 Response: A Potentially Serious Health Hazard. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:49671. [PMID: 18566640 PMCID: PMC2246061 DOI: 10.1155/2007/49671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) induces pulmonary immunopathology mediated by classical Th1 type of acquired immunity with hepatic involvement in up to 80% of disseminated cases. Since PPAR agonists cause immune responses characterized by a decrease in the secretion of Th1 cytokines, we investigated the impact of activating these receptors on hepatic pathology associated with a well-characterized model of Th1-type pulmonary response. Male Fischer 344 rats were either maintained on a drug-free diet (groups I and II), or a diet containing diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), a compound transformed in vivo to metabolites known to activate PPARs, for 21 days (groups III and IV). Subsequently, animals were primed with Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) in a Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Fifteen days later, animals in groups II and IV were challenged with Sepharose 4B beads covalently coupled with PPD, while animals in groups I and III received blank Sepharose beads. Animals with Th1 response (group II) showed a marked structural disruption in the hepatic lobule. Remarkably, these alterations were conspicuously absent in animals which received DEHP (group IV), despite noticeable accumulation of T cells in the periportal triads. Immunostaining and confocal microscopy revealed hepatic accumulation of IFNgamma+ Th1 and IL-4+ Th2 cells in animals from groups II and IV, respectively. Our data suggest a PPARalpha-mediated suppression of the development of a Th1 immune response in the liver, resulting in hepatoprotective effect. However, potentially negative consequences of PPAR activation, such as decreased ability of the immune system to fight infection and interference with the efficacy of vaccines designed to evoke Th1 immune responses, remain to be investigated.
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