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Karimi R, Yanovich A, Elbarbry F, Cleven A. Adaptive Effects of Endocrine Hormones on Metabolism of Macronutrients during Fasting and Starvation: A Scoping Review. Metabolites 2024; 14:336. [PMID: 38921471 PMCID: PMC11205672 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Food deprivation can occur for different reasons. Fasting (<24 h duration) occurs to meet religious or well-being goals. Starvation (>1-day duration) occurs when there is intentional (hunger strike or treatment of a medical condition) or unintentional (anorexia nervosa, drought, epidemic famine, war, or natural disaster) food deprivation. A scoping review was undertaken using the PubMed database to explore 1805 abstracts and review 88 eligible full-text articles to explore the adaptive relationships that emerge between cortisol, insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormones on the metabolic pathways of macronutrients in humans during fasting and starvation. The collected data indicate that fasting and starvation prime the human body to increase cortisol levels and decrease the insulin/glucagon ratio and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. During fasting, increased levels of cortisol and a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio enhance glycogenolysis and reduce the peripheral uptake of glucose and glycogenesis, whereas decreased T3 levels potentially reduce glycogenolysis. During starvation, increased levels of cortisol and a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio enhance lipolysis, proteolysis, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and ureagenesis, and decreased T3 levels reduce thermogenesis. We present a potential crosstalk between T3 and the above hormones, including between T3 and leptin, to extend their adaptive roles in the metabolism of endogenous macronutrients during food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Karimi
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Avenue, HPC-Ste 451, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (A.Y.); (F.E.); (A.C.)
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Denisova EI, Makarova EN. Influence of leptin administration to pregnant mice on fetal gene expression and adaptation to sweet and fatty food in adult offspring of different sexes. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2024; 28:288-298. [PMID: 38952707 PMCID: PMC11214896 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-24-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated leptin in pregnant mice improves metabolism in offspring fed high-calorie diet and its influence may be sex-specific. Molecular mechanisms mediating leptin programming action are unknown. We aimed to investigate programming actions of maternal leptin on the signaling function of the placenta and fetal liver and on adaptation to high-calorie diet in male and female offspring. Female C57BL/6J mice received leptin injections in mid-pregnancy. Gene expression was assessed in placentas and in the fetal brain and liver at the end of pregnancy. Metabolic parameters and gene expression in the liver, brown fat and hypothalamus were assessed in adult male and female offspring that had consumed sweet and fatty diet (SFD: chow, lard, sweet biscuits) for 2 weeks. Females had lower blood levels of leptin, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol than males. Consuming SFD, females had increased Ucp1 expression in brown fat, while males had accumulated fat, decreased blood triglycerides and liver Fasn expression. Leptin administration to mothers increased Igf1 and Dnmt3b expression in fetal liver, decreased post-weaning growth rate, and increased hypothalamic Crh expression in response to SFD in both sexes. Only in male offspring this administration decreased expression of Fasn and Gck in the mature liver, increased fat mass, blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol and Dmnt3a expression in the fetal liver. The results suggest that the influence of maternal leptin on the expression of genes encoding growth factors and DNA methyltransferases in the fetal liver may mediate its programming effect on offspring metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Denisova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E N Makarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Sanz-Lamora H, Nicola-Llorente M, Torres-Oteros D, Pérez-Martí A, Aghziel I, Lozano-Castellón J, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Canudas S, Marrero PF, Haro D, Relat J. The Antiobesity Effects of Rosehip (Rosa canina) Flesh by Antagonizing the PPAR Gamma Activity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300539. [PMID: 38332573 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE The rosehip (Rosa canina) is a perennial shrub with a reddish pseudofruit that has demonstrated antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and antiobesogenic effects in rodent models but there is low information about the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects on the onset and progression of diet-induced obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old C57BL/6J male mice are subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD)-supplemented or not with R. canina flesh for 18 weeks. The results indicated that the R. canina flesh exerts a preventive effect on HFD-induced obesity with a significant reduction in body-weight gain and an improvement of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance caused by a HFD. At the tissue level, subcutaneous white adipose tissue exhibits a higher number of smaller adipocytes, with decreased lipogenesis. On its side, the liver shows a significant decrease in lipid droplet content and in the expression of genes related to lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose metabolism. Finally, the data suggest that most of these effects agree with the presence of a putative Perosxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist in the R. canina flesh. CONCLUSIONS R. canina flesh dietary supplementation slows down the steatotic effect of a HFD at least in part through the regulation of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hèctor Sanz-Lamora
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Mariano Nicola-Llorente
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Daniel Torres-Oteros
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Martí
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Inass Aghziel
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Julián Lozano-Castellón
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Sílvia Canudas
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Pedro F Marrero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Diego Haro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
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Castro MC, Villagarcía HG, Di Sarli Gutiérrez L, Arbeláez LG, Schinella G, Massa ML, Francini F. Akt Signaling and Nitric Oxide Synthase as Possible Mediators of the Protective Effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine in Prediabetes Induced by Sucrose. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1215. [PMID: 38279215 PMCID: PMC10817010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate possible mechanisms involved in the protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on hepatic endocrine-metabolic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory changes in prediabetic rats. For that, normal male Wistar rats (60 days old) were fed for 21 days with 10% sucrose in their drinking water and 5 days of NAC administration (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and thereafter, we determined: serum glucose, insulin, transaminases, uric acid, and triglyceride levels; hepatic fructokinase and glucokinase activities, glycogen content, lipogenic gene expression; enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress, insulin signaling pathway, and inflammatory markers. Results showed that alterations evinced in sucrose-fed rats (hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and high liver fructokinase activity together with increased liver lipogenic gene expression and oxidative stress and inflammatory markers) were prevented by NAC administration. P-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (P-eNOS)/eNOS and pAKT/AKT ratios, decreased by sucrose ingestion, were restored after NAC treatment. In conclusion, the results suggest that NAC administration improves glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in prediabetic rats probably mediated by modulation of the AKT/NOS pathway. Administration of NAC may be an effective complementary strategy to alleviate or prevent oxidative stress and inflammatory responses observed in type 2 diabetes at early stages of its development (prediabetes).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Castro
- CENEXA—Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP—CONICET CCT La Plata, FCM, CEAS CICPBA), Calle 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (M.C.C.); (H.G.V.); (L.D.S.G.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Hernán Gonzalo Villagarcía
- CENEXA—Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP—CONICET CCT La Plata, FCM, CEAS CICPBA), Calle 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (M.C.C.); (H.G.V.); (L.D.S.G.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Luciana Di Sarli Gutiérrez
- CENEXA—Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP—CONICET CCT La Plata, FCM, CEAS CICPBA), Calle 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (M.C.C.); (H.G.V.); (L.D.S.G.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Luisa González Arbeláez
- CIC—Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (UNLP—CONICET CCT La Plata, FCM), Calle 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina;
| | - Guillermo Schinella
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina;
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UNAJ-CICPBA (Av. Calchaquí 6200), Florencia Varela 1888, Argentina
| | - María Laura Massa
- CENEXA—Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP—CONICET CCT La Plata, FCM, CEAS CICPBA), Calle 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (M.C.C.); (H.G.V.); (L.D.S.G.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Flavio Francini
- CENEXA—Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP—CONICET CCT La Plata, FCM, CEAS CICPBA), Calle 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (M.C.C.); (H.G.V.); (L.D.S.G.); (M.L.M.)
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5
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Yin C, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu G, Wang N, Liang N, Zhang L, Tu Q, Lv J, Jiang H, Ma H, Du C, Li M, He X, Chen S, Guo J, Li S, Qin J, Li N, Tao Y, Yin H. ALDOB/KAT2A interactions epigenetically modulate TGF-β expression and T cell functions in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00669. [PMID: 38051951 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cross talk between tumor cells and immune cells enables tumor cells to escape immune surveillance and dictate responses to immunotherapy. Previous studies have identified that downregulation of the glycolytic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase B (ALDOB) in tumor cells orchestrated metabolic programming to favor HCC. However, it remains elusive whether and how ALDOB expression in tumor cells affects the tumor microenvironment in HCC. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that ALDOB downregulation was negatively correlated with CD8 + T cell infiltration in human HCC tumor tissues but in a state of exhaustion. Similar observations were made in mice with liver-specific ALDOB knockout or in subcutaneous tumor models with ALDOB knockdown. Moreover, ALDOB deficiency in tumor cells upregulates TGF-β expression, thereby increasing the number of Treg cells and impairing the activity of CD8 + T cells. Consistently, a combination of low ALDOB and high TGF-β expression exhibited the worst overall survival for patients with HCC. More importantly, the simultaneous blocking of TGF-β and programmed cell death (PD) 1 with antibodies additively inhibited tumorigenesis induced by ALDOB deficiency in mice. Further mechanistic experiments demonstrated that ALDOB enters the nucleus and interacts with lysine acetyltransferase 2A, leading to inhibition of H3K9 acetylation and thereby suppressing TGFB1 transcription. Consistently, inhibition of lysine acetyltransferase 2A activity by small molecule inhibitors suppressed TGF-β and HCC. CONCLUSIONS Our study has revealed a novel mechanism by which a metabolic enzyme in tumor cells epigenetically modulates TGF-β signaling, thereby enabling cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and affect their response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cunzhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery I (Ward l), Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Guijun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaochu Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xuxiao He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shiting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery I (Ward l), Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chen Y, Xu J, Liu X, Guo L, Yi P, Cheng C. Potential therapies targeting nuclear metabolic regulation in cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e421. [PMID: 38034101 PMCID: PMC10685089 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between genetic alterations and metabolic dysregulation is increasingly recognized as a pivotal axis in cancer pathogenesis. Both elements are mutually reinforcing, thereby expediting the ontogeny and progression of malignant neoplasms. Intriguingly, recent findings have highlighted the translocation of metabolites and metabolic enzymes from the cytoplasm into the nuclear compartment, where they appear to be intimately associated with tumor cell proliferation. Despite these advancements, significant gaps persist in our understanding of their specific roles within the nuclear milieu, their modulatory effects on gene transcription and cellular proliferation, and the intricacies of their coordination with the genomic landscape. In this comprehensive review, we endeavor to elucidate the regulatory landscape of metabolic signaling within the nuclear domain, namely nuclear metabolic signaling involving metabolites and metabolic enzymes. We explore the roles and molecular mechanisms through which metabolic flux and enzymatic activity impact critical nuclear processes, including epigenetic modulation, DNA damage repair, and gene expression regulation. In conclusion, we underscore the paramount significance of nuclear metabolic signaling in cancer biology and enumerate potential therapeutic targets, associated pharmacological interventions, and implications for clinical applications. Importantly, these emergent findings not only augment our conceptual understanding of tumoral metabolism but also herald the potential for innovative therapeutic paradigms targeting the metabolism-genome transcriptional axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Linlin Guo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation OncologyJames Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Maehara H, Kokaji T, Hatano A, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Egami R, Tsuchiya T, Ozaki H, Morita K, Shirai M, Li D, Terakawa A, Uematsu S, Hironaka KI, Ohno S, Kubota H, Araki H, Miura F, Ito T, Kuroda S. DNA hypomethylation characterizes genes encoding tissue-dominant functional proteins in liver and skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19118. [PMID: 37926704 PMCID: PMC10625943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Each tissue has a dominant set of functional proteins required to mediate tissue-specific functions. Epigenetic modifications, transcription, and translational efficiency control tissue-dominant protein production. However, the coordination of these regulatory mechanisms to achieve such tissue-specific protein production remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the DNA methylome, transcriptome, and proteome in mouse liver and skeletal muscle. We found that DNA hypomethylation at promoter regions is globally associated with liver-dominant or skeletal muscle-dominant functional protein production within each tissue, as well as with genes encoding proteins involved in ubiquitous functions in both tissues. Thus, genes encoding liver-dominant proteins, such as those involved in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, complement and coagulation systems, enzymes of tryptophan metabolism, and cytochrome P450-related metabolism, were hypomethylated in the liver, whereas those encoding-skeletal muscle-dominant proteins, such as those involved in sarcomere organization, were hypomethylated in the skeletal muscle. Thus, DNA hypomethylation characterizes genes encoding tissue-dominant functional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Maehara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kokaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916‑5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Riku Egami
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takaho Tsuchiya
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305‑8575, Japan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Research, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305‑8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Ozaki
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305‑8575, Japan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Research, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305‑8577, Japan
| | - Keigo Morita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Shirai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dongzi Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akira Terakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Saori Uematsu
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hironaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7‑3‑1 Hongo, Bunkyo‑ku, Tokyo, 113‑0033, Japan
- Department of AI Systems Medicine, M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kubota
- Division of Integrated Omics, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Araki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumihito Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinya Kuroda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7‑3‑1 Hongo, Bunkyo‑ku, Tokyo, 113‑0033, Japan.
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8
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New RRC, Ramanujam S, Chaudhari V, Bogus M, Travers GN, Namjoshi G. Safety and efficacy of an oral insulin (Capsulin) in patients with early-stage type 2 diabetes: A dose-ranging phase 2b study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:953-960. [PMID: 36378077 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the pharmacodynamic properties of different doses of regular human insulin administered in capsule form twice daily in a randomised twelve-week open-label study. METHODS A total of 100 individuals (48 males, 52 females) with type 2 diabetes on metformin completed the study according to the protocol. The mean (SD) age was 48.5 (6.7) years, body mass index 25.7 (2.8) kg/m2 and HbA1c 8.10% (0.65%). Subjects randomized upon admission were assigned to one of three groups receiving formulated regular insulin at dose levels of 75 iu BD, 150 iu insulin BD, or 300 iu BD, all in enteric-coated capsules. The primary and secondary endpoints were change from baseline in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), respectively. RESULTS The study met its primary clinical endpoint of a decrease in HbA1c of 0.5% or higher (least square mean decrease 0.52%; P = .004, median decrease 0.6%) in the dose group receiving 150 iu BD. In a subset of this population, with starting HbA1c values of 9% to 9.5%, an average decrease of 1.575% was observed. In the total population, least square mean decreases in HbA1c for the 75 and 300 iu BD groups were -0.11% and -0.42%, respectively. Mean change in FPG in the 150 iu BD dose group was -18.8 mg/dl (P = .017) and -14.8 and -2.7 mg/dl for the 75 and 300 iu BD groups, respectively. A decrease of 20% for triglycerides (-40 mg/dl) was observed in the 150 iu BD dose group. No significant increases in body weight were observed, and significant decreases in systolic blood pressure were seen in all groups. No serious treatment-related adverse events were recorded, and no incidence of hypoglycaemia was reported throughout the entire 12-week study period. CONCLUSIONS Capsulin oral insulin administered twice per day at a dose of 150 iu per capsule is safe, with no confirmed treatment-linked hypoglycaemic events, and results in significant decreases from baseline in HbA1c, FPG and triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R C New
- Diabetology Limited, c/o The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | | | | | - Michal Bogus
- Diabetology Limited, c/o The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Glen N Travers
- Diabetology Limited, c/o The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
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9
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Kraft G, Coate KC, Smith M, Farmer B, Scott M, Hastings J, Cherrington AD, Edgerton DS. Profound Sensitivity of the Liver to the Direct Effect of Insulin Allows Peripheral Insulin Delivery to Normalize Hepatic but Not Muscle Glucose Uptake in the Healthy Dog. Diabetes 2023; 72:196-209. [PMID: 36280227 PMCID: PMC9871195 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous insulin secretion is a key regulator of postprandial hepatic glucose metabolism, but this process is dysregulated in diabetes. Subcutaneous insulin delivery alters normal insulin distribution, causing relative hepatic insulin deficiency and peripheral hyperinsulinemia, a major risk factor for metabolic disease. Our aim was to determine whether insulin's direct effect on the liver is preeminent even when insulin is given into a peripheral vein. Postprandial-like conditions were created (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and a positive portal vein to arterial glucose gradient) in healthy dogs. Peripheral (leg vein) insulin infusion elevated arterial and hepatic levels 8.0-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively. In one group, insulin's full effects were allowed. In another, insulin's indirect hepatic effects were blocked with the infusion of triglyceride, glucagon, and inhibitors of brain insulin action (intracerebroventricular) to prevent decreases in plasma free fatty acids and glucagon, while blocking increased hypothalamic insulin signaling. Despite peripheral insulin delivery the liver retained its full ability to store glucose, even when insulin's peripheral effects were blocked, whereas muscle glucose uptake markedly increased, creating an aberrant distribution of glucose disposal between liver and muscle. Thus, the healthy liver's striking sensitivity to direct insulin action can overcome the effect of relative hepatic insulin deficiency, whereas excess insulin in the periphery produces metabolic abnormalities in nonhepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dale S. Edgerton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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10
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Study of Hypoglycemic Activity of Novel 9-N-alkyltetrahydroberberine Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214186. [PMID: 36430664 PMCID: PMC9698964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel 9-N-alkyltetrahydroberberine derivatives were synthesized, among which, based on the results of OGTT, one compound containing the longest aliphatic substituent was selected for study in mice C57BL/6Ay, which demonstrate obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and concomitant liver non-alcoholic fatty disease. Administration of this substance at a dose of 15 mg/kg for four weeks improved the insulin sensitivity of mice, which resulted in a decrease in fasting glucose levels and improved the tolerance of mice to OGTT glucose loading. A decrease in the level of lactate in the blood and a decrease in the amount of glucokinase in the liver were also found. The introduction of compound 3c did not have a toxic effect on animals based on biochemical data, histological analysis, and measurements of general parameters such as body weight and feed intake. Thus, the 9-N-heptyltetrahydroberberine derivative showed prominent hypoglycemic effects, which makes it promising to obtain and study other derivatives with longer substituents.
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11
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Shao M, Xu H, Ge X, Zhu J, Huang D, Ren M, Liang H. Salinity levels affect the lysine nutrient requirements and nutrient metabolism of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-12. [PMID: 35674124 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This 62-d research aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary lysine levels (DLL) and salinity on growth performance and nutrition metabolism of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus). Six diets with lysine supplementation (1·34, 1·70, 2·03, 2·41, 2·72 and 3·04 % of DM) were formulated under different cultured salinities in a two-factorial design. The results indicated that supplemental lysine improved the specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Meanwhile, the fish had higher SGR and WG and lower FCR at 8 ‰ salinity. Except for moisture, the whole-body protein, lipid and ash content of GIFT were increased by 8 ‰ salinity, which showed that DLL (1·34 %) increased the whole-body fat content and DLL (2·41 %) increased whole-body protein content. Appropriate DLL up-regulated mRNA levels of protein metabolism-related genes such as target of rapamycin, 4EBP-1 and S6 kinase 1. However, 0 ‰ salinity reduced these protein metabolism-related genes mRNA levels, while proper DLL could improve glycolysis and gluconeogenesis mRNA levels but decrease lipogenesis-related genes mRNA levels in liver. 0 ‰ salinity improved GLUT2, glucokinase and G6 Pase mRNA levels; however, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase mRNA levels were higher at 8 ‰ salinity. Moreover, 8 ‰ salinity also increased plasma total protein and cholesterol levels and decreased glucose levels. These results indicated that the recommended range of lysine requirement under different salinity was 2·03-2·20 % (0 ‰) and 2·20-2·41 % (8 ‰) and 8 ‰ salinity resulted in higher lysine requirements due to changes in the related nutrient metabolism, which might provide useful information for designing more effective feed formulations for GIFT cultured in different salinity environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Huang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualiang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi214081, People's Republic of China
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12
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Bian X, Jiang H, Meng Y, Li YP, Fang J, Lu Z. Regulation of gene expression by glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:786-799. [PMID: 35300892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene transcription and cell metabolism are two fundamental biological processes that mutually regulate each other. Upregulated or altered expression of glucose metabolic genes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is a major driving force of enhanced aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells. Importantly, glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes in tumor cells acquire moonlighting functions and directly regulate gene expression by modulating chromatin or transcriptional complexes. The mutual regulation between cellular metabolism and gene expression in a feedback mechanism constitutes a unique feature of tumor cells and provides specific molecular and functional targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Bian
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Ying-Ping Li
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
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13
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Ali A. Development of antidiabetic drugs from benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activator: A computational approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3313-3325. [PMID: 35844378 PMCID: PMC9280248 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a condition known for the impairment of insulin secretion and is responsible for diabetes mellitus. Various small molecule inhibitors have been discovered as glucokinase activators. Recent studies on benzamide derivatives showed their importance in the treatment of diabetes as glucokinase activator. The present manuscript showed a computation study on benzamide derivatives to help in the production of potent glucokinase activators. In the present study, pharmacophore development, 3D-QSAR, and docking studies were performed on benzamide derivatives to find out the important features required for the development of a potential glucokinase activator. The generated pharmacophore hypothesis ADRR_1 consisted of essential features required for the activity. The resultant statistical data showed high significant values with R2 > 0.99; 0.98 for the training set and Q2 > 0.52; 0.71 for test set based on atom-based and field-based models, respectively. The potent compound 15b of the series showed a good docking score via binding with different amino acid residues such as (NH…ARG63), (SO2…ARG250, THR65), and π-π staking with (phenyl……TYR214). The virtual screening study used 3563 compounds from ZINC database and screened hit compound ZINC08974524, binds with similar amino acids as shown by compound 15b and crystal ligand with docking scores SP (-11.17 kcal/mol) and XP (-8.43 kcal/mol). Compounds were further evaluated by ADME and MMGBSA parameters. Ligands and ZINC hits showed no violation of Lipinski rules. All the screened compounds showed good synthetic accessibility. The present study may be used by researchers for the development of novel benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activator.
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14
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Shah N, Abdalla MA, Deshmukh H, Sathyapalan T. Therapeutics for type-2 diabetes mellitus: a glance at the recent inclusions and novel agents under development for use in clinical practice. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021; 12:20420188211042145. [PMID: 34589201 PMCID: PMC8474306 DOI: 10.1177/20420188211042145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, progressive, and multifaceted illness resulting in significant physical and psychological detriment to patients. As of 2019, 463 million people are estimated to be living with DM worldwide, out of which 90% have type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Over the years, significant progress has been made in identifying the risk factors for developing T2DM, understanding its pathophysiology and uncovering various metabolic pathways implicated in the disease process. This has culminated in the implementation of robust prevention programmes and the development of effective pharmacological agents, which have had a favourable impact on the management of T2DM in recent times. Despite these advances, the incidence and prevalence of T2DM continue to rise. Continuing research in improving efficacy, potency, delivery and reducing the adverse effect profile of currently available formulations is required to keep pace with this growing health challenge. Moreover, new metabolic pathways need to be targeted to produce novel pharmacotherapy to restore glucose homeostasis and address metabolic sequelae in patients with T2DM. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases for recently included agents and novel medication under development for treatment of T2DM. We discuss the pathophysiology of T2DM and review how the emerging anti-diabetic agents target the metabolic pathways involved. We also look at some of the limiting factors to developing new medication and the introduction of unique methods, including facilitating drug delivery to bypass some of these obstacles. However, despite the advances in the therapeutic options for the treatment of T2DM in recent years, the industry still lacks a curative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Shah
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust,
Hull, UK
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology
& Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Brocklehurst
Building, 220-236 Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2RW, UK
| | - Mohammed Altigani Abdalla
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology
& Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull,
UK
| | - Harshal Deshmukh
- University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and
Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hull York
Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and
Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hull York
Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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15
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Rendell MS. Current and emerging gluconeogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2167-2179. [PMID: 34348528 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1958779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last several decades, fueled by gene knockout and knockdown techniques, there has been substantial progress in detailing the pathways of gluconeogenesis. A host of molecules have been identified as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. A number of hormones, enzymes and transcription factors participate in gluconeogenesis. Many new agents have come into use to treat diabetes and several of these are in development to suppress gluconeogenesis. AREAS COVERED Herein, the author reviews agents that have been discovered and/or are in development, which control excess gluconeogenesis. The author has used multiple sources including PubMed, the preprint servers MedRxIv, BioRxIv, Research Gate, as well as Google Search and the database of the U.S. Patent and Trademarks Office to find appropriate literature. EXPERT OPINION It is now clear that lipid metabolism and hepatic lipogenesis play a major role in gluconeogenesis and resistance to insulin. Future efforts will focus on the duality of gluconeogenesis and adipose tissue metabolism. The exploration of therapeutic RNA agents will accelerate. The balance of clinical benefit and adverse effects will determine the future of new gluconeogenesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Rendell
- The Association of Diabetes Investigators, Newport Coast, California, United States.,The Rose Salter Medical Research Foundation, Newport Coast, California, United States
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16
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Kraft G, Coate KC, Smith M, Farmer B, Scott M, Cherrington AD, Edgerton DS. The Importance of the Mechanisms by Which Insulin Regulates Meal-Associated Liver Glucose Uptake in the Dog. Diabetes 2021; 70:1292-1302. [PMID: 33757993 PMCID: PMC8275892 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) is critical for maintaining normal postprandial glucose metabolism. Insulin is clearly a key regulator of HGU, but the physiologic mechanisms by which it acts have yet to be established. This study sought to determine the mechanisms by which insulin regulates liver glucose uptake under postprandial-like conditions (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and a positive portal vein-to-arterial glucose gradient). Portal vein insulin infusion increased hepatic insulin levels fivefold in healthy dogs. In one group (n = 7), the physiologic response was allowed to fully occur, while in another (n = 7), insulin's indirect hepatic effects, occurring secondary to its actions on adipose tissue, pancreas, and brain, were blocked. This was accomplished by infusing triglyceride (intravenous), glucagon (portal vein), and inhibitors of brain insulin action (intracerebroventricular) to prevent decreases in plasma free fatty acids or glucagon, while blocking increased hypothalamic insulin signaling for 4 h. In contrast to the indirect hepatic effects of insulin, which were previously shown capable of independently generating a half-maximal stimulation of HGU, direct hepatic insulin action was by itself able to fully stimulate HGU. This suggests that under hyperinsulinemic/hyperglycemic conditions insulin's indirect effects are redundant to direct engagement of hepatocyte insulin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Kraft
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Katie C Coate
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Marta Smith
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Ben Farmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Melanie Scott
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Dale S Edgerton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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17
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Aslam M, Syed NIH, Jahan S. Effect of Caralluma tuberculata on regulation of carbohydrate metabolizing genes in alloxan-induced rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113897. [PMID: 33567306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Caralluma tuberculata (C. tuberculata) has traditionally been used in Pakistan and other parts of the world as a folk treatment for diabetes mellitus. A few studies indicated its antihyperglycemic effect, however, the mystery remained unfolded as how did it modify the pathophysiological condition. AIM OF STUDY Hence, this study aimed to explore underlying mechanism(s) for its hypoglycemic activity at biochemical and molecular levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanol extract (ME) of C. tuberculata as well as its hexane (HF) and aqueous (AF) fractions were explored for their effect on total glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle of alloxan-induced rats by spectroscopy. Moreover, the expression of genes related to hepatic carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes was quantified. At molecular level, mRNA expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2), glycogen synthase (GS), glucokinase (GK), hexokinase 1 (HK-1), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6 phosphatase (G-6-Pase) was determined by using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after administration of ME (350 mg), HF(3 mg), AF (10 mg) and metformin (500 mg). The doses were administered twice daily according to per kg of body weight. RESULTS A significant reduction in hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content was exhibited. The data of qRT-PCR revealed that gene's expression of GLUT-2 was significantly decreased after treatment with ME and HF, whilst it was unaltered by AF, however, a significant decrease was observed in genes corresponding to GS, GK and HK-1 after treatment with ME. Similarly, there was a significant decrease in expression of genes corresponding to GS, GK and HK-1 following treatment with HF. Surprisingly, post-treatment with AF didn't modify the gene's expression of GS and GK, whilst it caused a profound decrease in expression of HK-1 gene. Contrarily, the expression of gene related to PK was significantly up-regulated post-administration with ME, HF and AF. The expression levels of G-6-PDH, however, remained unaltered after treatment with the experimental extract and fractions of the plant. In addition, HF and AF did not cause any modification in PEPCK, whereas ME caused a significant down-regulation of the gene. Treatment with all the extract and fractions of the plant caused a substantial decrease in the gene's expression of PC, while there was a significant increase in the expression of gene related to G-6-Pase. CONCLUSION The three experimental extract and fractions caused a substantial decrease in glycogen content in liver and skeletal muscle tissues. The analysis by qRT-PCR showed that glucose transport via GLUT-2 was profoundly declined by ME and HF. The expression of genes related to various metabolic pathways involved in metabolism of carbohydrate in hepatocytes revealed explicitly that the ME, HF and AF decreased the phenomena of glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Contrarily, all the extract and fractions of the plant activated glycogenolysis and glycolysis but did not modify the pentose phosphate shunt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aslam
- Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Old Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Nawazish-I-Husain Syed
- Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Old Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
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18
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Zhang X, Alshakhshir N, Zhao L. Glycolytic Metabolism, Brain Resilience, and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:662242. [PMID: 33994936 PMCID: PMC8113697 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.662242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementia. Despite decades of research, the etiology and pathogenesis of AD are not well understood. Brain glucose hypometabolism has long been recognized as a prominent anomaly that occurs in the preclinical stage of AD. Recent studies suggest that glycolytic metabolism, the cytoplasmic pathway of the breakdown of glucose, may play a critical role in the development of AD. Glycolysis is essential for a variety of neural activities in the brain, including energy production, synaptic transmission, and redox homeostasis. Decreased glycolytic flux has been shown to correlate with the severity of amyloid and tau pathology in both preclinical and clinical AD patients. Moreover, increased glucose accumulation found in the brains of AD patients supports the hypothesis that glycolytic deficit may be a contributor to the development of this phenotype. Brain hyperglycemia also provides a plausible explanation for the well-documented link between AD and diabetes. Humans possess three primary variants of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene - ApoE∗ϵ2, ApoE∗ϵ3, and ApoE∗ϵ4 - that confer differential susceptibility to AD. Recent findings indicate that neuronal glycolysis is significantly affected by human ApoE isoforms and glycolytic robustness may serve as a major mechanism that renders an ApoE2-bearing brain more resistant against the neurodegenerative risks for AD. In addition to AD, glycolytic dysfunction has been observed in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, strengthening the concept of glycolytic dysfunction as a common pathway leading to neurodegeneration. Taken together, these advances highlight a promising translational opportunity that involves targeting glycolysis to bolster brain metabolic resilience and by such to alter the course of brain aging or disease development to prevent or reduce the risks for not only AD but also other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Nadine Alshakhshir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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19
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Salman TM, Iyanda MA, Alli-Oluwafuyi AM, Sulaiman SO, Alagbonsi AI. Telfairia occidentalis stimulates hepatic glycolysis and pyruvate production via insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms. Metabol Open 2021; 10:100092. [PMID: 33997754 PMCID: PMC8095178 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Telfairia occidentalis (TO), a plant consumed for its nutritional and medicinal values, exhibits hypoglycaemic effect. However, the metabolic fate of the glucose following TO-induced insulin secretion and consequent hypoglycaemia is not clear. Objective This study determined the effect of ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of TO leaf extracts on some biochemical parameters in the glucose metabolic pathway to explain the possible fate of blood glucose following TO-induced hypoglycaemia. Methods Eighteen male Wistar rats (180-200 g) divided into control, n-hexane TO fraction- and ethyl acetate TO fraction-treated groups (n = 6/group) were used. The control animals received normal saline while the treated groups received TO at 100 mg/kg for seven days. After 24 h following the last dose, the animals were anaesthetised using ketamine; blood samples were collected and livers harvested to determine some biochemical parameters. Results Ethyl acetate TO fraction significantly increased plasma insulin, liver glucokinase activity and plasma pyruvate concentration, but significantly decreased plasma glucose and liver glycogen, without significant changes in plasma lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, liver glucose-6-phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities when compared with control. N-hexane TO fraction significantly reduced liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity and glycogen but significantly increased plasma pyruvate, without significant changes in plasma glucose, insulin, glucose-6-phosphate and lactate concentrations; and liver glucokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Conclusion The present study showed that insulin-mediated TO-induced hypoglycaemia resulted in the stimulation of glycolysis and pyruvate production via insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- EATO, Ethyl acetate TO fraction
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- G6P, Glucose-6-phosphate
- G6PD, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- G6Pase, Glucose-6-phosphatase
- GCK, Glucokinase
- GLUT, Glucose transporter
- GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- Glucoregulatory enzymes
- Glucose metabolites
- Glycogen
- HClO4, Perchloric acid
- HRP, Horseradish Peroxidase
- IMGU, Insulin-mediated glucose uptake
- Insulin
- KOH, Potassium hydroxide
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MCT, Monocarboxylate transporters
- NAD, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NHTO, N-hexane TO fraction
- Plasma glucose
- SEM, Standard error of mean
- TCA, Tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TO, Telfairia occidentalis
- Telfairia occidentalis
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyin Mohammed Salman
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mayowa Adewale Iyanda
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Sheu Oluwadare Sulaiman
- Physiology Department, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda.,Department of Morphology (Cell Biology), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Abdullateef Isiaka Alagbonsi
- Department of Clinical Biology (Physiology), School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye Campus, Rwanda
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Guzmán TJ, Gurrola-Díaz CM. Glucokinase activation as antidiabetic therapy: effect of nutraceuticals and phytochemicals on glucokinase gene expression and enzymatic activity. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:182-193. [PMID: 31210550 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1627458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes represents an important public health problem. Recently, new molecular targets have been identified and exploited to treat this disease. Due to its pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, glucokinase (GCK) is a promising target for the development of novel antidiabetic drugs; however, pharmacological agents that modulate GCK activity have been linked to undesirable side-effects, limiting its use. Interestingly, plants might be a valuable source of new therapeutic compounds with GCK-activating properties and presumably no adverse effects. In this review, we describe biochemical characteristics related to the physiological and pathological importance of GCK, as well as the mechanisms involved in its regulation at different molecular levels. Posteriorly, we present a compendium of findings supporting the potential use of nutraceuticals and phytochemicals in the management of diabetes through modulation of GCK expression and activity. Finally, we propose critical aspects to keep in mind when designing experiments to evaluate GCK modulation properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereso J Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto Transdisciplinar de Investigación e Innovación en Salud/Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Carmen M Gurrola-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto Transdisciplinar de Investigación e Innovación en Salud/Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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21
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Miskelly MG, Shcherbina L, Thorén Fischer AH, Abels M, Lindqvist A, Wierup N. GK-rats respond to gastric bypass surgery with improved glycemia despite unaffected insulin secretion and beta cell mass. Peptides 2021; 136:170445. [PMID: 33197511 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity and results in rapid remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D), before significant weight loss occurs. The underlying mechanisms for T2D remission are not fully understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms we used RYGB-operated diabetic GK-rats and Wistar control rats. Twelve adult male Wistar- and twelve adult male GK-rats were subjected to RYGB- or sham-operation. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed six weeks after surgery. RYGB normalized fasting glucose levels in GK-rats, without affecting fasting insulin levels. In both rat strains, RYGB caused increased postprandial responses in glucose, GLP-1, and GIP. RYGB caused elevated postprandial insulin secretion in Wistar-rats, but had no effect on insulin secretion in GK-rats. In agreement with this, RYGB improved HOMA-IR in GK-rats, but had no effect on HOMA-β. RYGB-operated GK-rats had an increased number of GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor immunoreactive islet cells, but RYGB had no major effect on beta or alpha cell mass. Furthermore, in RYGB-operated GK-rats, increased Slc5a1, Pck2 and Pfkfb1 and reduced Fasn hepatic mRNA expression was observed. In summary, our data shows that RYGB induces T2D remission and enhanced postprandial incretin hormone secretion in GK-rats, without affecting insulin secretion or beta cell mass. Thus our data question the dogmatic view of how T2D remission is achieved and instead point at improved insulin sensitivity as the main mechanism of remission.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gastric Bypass
- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/genetics
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/genetics
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Humans
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion/genetics
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Obesity, Morbid/genetics
- Obesity, Morbid/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/pathology
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Weight Loss/genetics
- Weight Loss/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Miskelly
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Liliya Shcherbina
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Mia Abels
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lindqvist
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nils Wierup
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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Kobayashi T, Shimomoto T, Tamura A, Namekawa J, Iijima T, Ochiai H. A novel glucokinase activator TMG-123 causes long-lasting hypoglycemia and impairs spermatogenesis irreversibly in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:115-123. [PMID: 33642517 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The importance of glucose is well known as an energy source in testes. In order to evaluate the effects of long-lasting hypoglycemia on testes, a novel glucokinase activator, TMG-123, was dosed to rats at 5, 20 and 100 mg/kg for 13 weeks. As a result, plasma glucose levels decreased for several hours with increasing doses over the dose range of 5 to 100 mg/kg. No toxicological findings attributable to the test article were observed in clinical observation, measurements of body weight and food consumption, necropsy, and organ weight measurement. Histopathology showed scattered degeneration of seminiferous tubules in testes, and exfoliation of germ cells related to the degeneration of seminiferous tubules was observed in the lumen of both epididymides in the same animals at the end of the dosing period. Similar histopathological findings were noted at the end of the recovery period. In addition, a fertility study was conducted at the same doses for 13 weeks for males and 5 weeks for females. Sperm analysis showed decreases in the sperm concentration and the motility index and an increase in the incidences of sperm malformations. However, there were no abnormalities in the copulation or fertility rate. These results suggest that long-lasting hypoglycemia in rats is harmful to spermatogenesis and the testicular damage does not recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Azabu University
- TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research
| | | | - Azusa Tamura
- TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research
| | - Junichi Namekawa
- TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research
| | - Takeshi Iijima
- TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research
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23
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Protective Role of Picralima nitida Seed Extract in High-Fat High-Fructose-Fed Rats. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2020; 2020:5206204. [PMID: 33163962 PMCID: PMC7604582 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5206204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Picralima nitida is a therapeutic herb used in ethnomedicine for the management of several disease conditions including diabetes. This study examined the potential palliative effect of aqueous seed extract of Picralima nitida (APN) on dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and the expression of some metabolic genes in high-fat high-fructose-fed rats. Experimental rats (2 months old) were fed a control diet or a high-fat diet with 25% fructose (HFHF diet) in their drinking water for nine weeks. APN was administered orally during the last four weeks. Anthropometric and antioxidant parameters, lipid profile, plasma glucose, and insulin levels and the relative expression of some metabolic genes were assessed. APN caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in weight gained, body mass index, insulin resistance, plasma glucose, and insulin levels. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly increased (P < 0.05), while triacylglycerol, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, cardiac index, atherogenic index, coronary artery index, and malondialdehyde levels in plasma and liver samples were also significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by APN at all experimental doses when compared to the group fed with an HFHF diet only. APN also significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated the relative expression of glucokinase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), and leptin at 400 mg/kg body weight when compared to the group fed with an HFHF diet only. This study showed that APN alleviated dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and oxidant effect associated with the intake of a high-fat high-fructose diet.
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Cokan KB, Urlep Ž, Lorbek G, Matz-Soja M, Skubic C, Perše M, Jeruc J, Juvan P, Režen T, Rozman D. Chronic Disruption of the Late Cholesterol Synthesis Leads to Female-Prevalent Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113302. [PMID: 33182326 PMCID: PMC7695248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma is a disease with a variety of molecular triggers and is usually reported to prevail in males. However, after the menopause, the disease is also increasing in the female population. Herein, we discovered that chronic depletion of cholesterol synthesis due to the knock-out of the gene Cyp51 from this pathway leads to female prevalent hepatocarcinogenesis in aging mice. There is a high similarity between our mouse model and the situation in humans. Multiple deregulated pathways of hepatocarcinogenesis are shared. A female-dependent metabolic reprogramming leading to this type of liver cancer is exposed for the first time and reflects on deregulated cholesterol synthesis as the metabolic trigger. These data are of crucial importance. Despite the higher overall prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in males, we need tools and biomarkers to further stratify patients and offer better diagnosis and treatment options to both sexes. Abstract While the role of cholesterol in liver carcinogenesis remains controversial, hepatocellular carcinoma generally prevails in males. Herein, we uncover pathways of female-prevalent progression to hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic repression of cholesterogenic lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) in hepatocytes. Tumors develop in knock-out mice after year one, with 2:1 prevalence in females. Metabolic and transcription factor networks were deduced from the liver transcriptome data, combined by sterol metabolite and blood parameter analyses, and interpreted with relevance to humans. Female knock-outs show increased plasma cholesterol and HDL, dampened lipid-related transcription factors FXR, LXRα:RXRα, and importantly, crosstalk between reduced LXRα and activated TGF-β signalling, indicating a higher susceptibility to HCC in aging females. PI3K/Akt signalling and ECM-receptor interaction are common pathways that are disturbed by sex-specific altered genes. Additionally, transcription factors (SOX9)2 and PPARα were recognized as important for female hepatocarcinogenesis, while overexpressed Cd36, a target of nuclear receptor RORC, is a new male-related regulator of ECM-receptor signalling in hepatocarcinogenesis. In conclusion, we uncover the sex-dependent metabolic reprogramming of cholesterol-related pathways that predispose for hepatocarcinogenesis in aging females. This is important in light of increased incidence of liver cancers in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Blagotinšek Cokan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Žiga Urlep
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Gregor Lorbek
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Rudol-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Divison of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Cene Skubic
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Martina Perše
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jera Jeruc
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Peter Juvan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-543-7591
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25
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Gene therapy using a novel G6PC-S298C variant enhances the long-term efficacy for treating glycogen storage disease type Ia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:824-830. [PMID: 32430177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current phase I/II clinical trial for human glycogen storage disease type-Ia (GSD-Ia) (NCT03517085) uses a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector expressing a codon-optimized human glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC). DNA sequence changes introduced by codon-optimization can negatively impact gene expression. We therefore generated a novel variant in which a single amino acid change, S298C, is introduced into the native human G6PC sequence. Short term gene transfer study in G6pc-/- mice showed that the rAAV-G6PC-S298C vector is 3-fold more efficacious than the native rAAV-G6PC vector. We have shown previously that restoring 3% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity in G6pc-/- mice prevents hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma (HCA/HCC) development and that mice harboring <3% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity are at risk of tumor development. We have also shown that G6Pase-α deficiency leads to hepatic autophagy impairment that can contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. We now undertake a long-term (66-week) preclinical characterization of the rAAV-G6PC-S298C vector in GSD-Ia gene therapy. We show that the increased efficacy of rAAV-G6PC-S298C has enabled the G6pc-/- mice treated with a lower dose of this vector to survive long-term. We further show that mice expressing ≥3% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity do not develop hepatic tumors or autophagy impairment but mice expressing <3% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity display impaired hepatic autophagy with one developing HCA/HCC nodules. Our study shows that the rAAV-G6PC-S298C vector provides equal or greater efficacy to the codon optimization approach, offering a valuable alternative vector for clinical translation in human GSD-Ia.
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du Preez R, Wanyonyi S, Mouatt P, Panchal SK, Brown L. Saskatoon Berry Amelanchier alnifolia Regulates Glucose Metabolism and Improves Cardiovascular and Liver Signs of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040931. [PMID: 32230955 PMCID: PMC7231198 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) is a potential functional food containing anthocyanins and flavonols, as well as ellagitannins and phenolic acids. We have determined the potential therapeutic effects of Saskatoon berry in diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Nine- to ten-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Two groups were fed on control diets, either corn starch (C) or high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (H) respectively, for 16 weeks. Two further groups were fed on C or H diet for 16 weeks with Saskatoon berry powder added to the diet for the final 8 weeks (CSSK, HSSK). After 16 weeks, H rats showed symptoms of metabolic syndrome, including increased body weight, visceral adiposity, systolic blood pressure, cardiac fibrosis, plasma concentrations of triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, and plasma activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. Saskatoon berry intervention normalised body weight and adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, decreased systolic blood pressure, improved heart and liver structure and function with decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells, and decreased plasma total cholesterol. Further, Saskatoon berry normalised liver expression of hexokinase 1 and glycogen phosphorylase and increased glucose 6-phosphatase relative to H rats. These results suggest that Saskatoon berry regulates glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis to improve metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan du Preez
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (R.d.P.); (S.W.); (S.K.P.)
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Stephen Wanyonyi
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (R.d.P.); (S.W.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Peter Mouatt
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Sunil K. Panchal
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (R.d.P.); (S.W.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (R.d.P.); (S.W.); (S.K.P.)
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3812-6366
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27
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Teofilović A, Brkljačić J, Djordjevic A, VojnovićMilutinović D, Tappy L, Matić G, Veličković N. Impact of insulin and glucocorticoid signalling on hepatic glucose homeostasis in the rat exposed to high-fructose diet and chronic stress. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 71:815-825. [PMID: 32070154 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1728236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Overconsumption of fructose-enriched beverages and everyday stress are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders through modulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. The aim of the study was to investigate whether interaction of high-fructose diet and chronic stress alter insulin and glucocorticoid signalling thus affecting hepatic glucose homeostasis. High-fructose diet led to hyperinsulinemia, increased glucose transporter 2 level, elevated protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, increased glucokinase mRNA and phospho-to-total glycogen synthase kinase 3 ratio and decreased expression of gluconeogenic genes. Fructose diet also led to stimulated glucocorticoid prereceptor metabolism, but downstream signalling remained unchanged due to increased glucocorticoid clearance. Stress did not affect hepatic insulin and glucocorticoid signalling nor glucose metabolism, while the interaction of the factors was observed only for glucokinase expression. The results suggest that, under conditions of fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia, suppression of gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthase activation contribute to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The increased glucocorticoid inactivation may represent an adaptive mechanism to prevent hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teofilović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Brkljačić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela VojnovićMilutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gordana Matić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Veličković
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Cook NL, Pjanic M, Emmerich AG, Rao AS, Hetty S, Knowles JW, Quertermous T, Castillejo-López C, Ingelsson E. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of SPRY2 in human hepatocytes leads to increased glucose uptake and lipid droplet accumulation. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:115. [PMID: 31664995 PMCID: PMC6820957 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is dramatically increasing throughout the world; however, the underlying aetiology is incompletely understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of genec susceptibility loci for obesity and T2DM, although the causal genes and mechanisms are largely unknown. SPRY2 is a candidate gene identified in GWAS of body fat percentage and T2DM, and has recently been linked to insulin production in pancreatic β-cells. In the present study, we aimed to further understand SPRY2 via functional characterisation in HepG2 cells, an in vitro model of human hepatocytes widely used to investigate T2DM and insulin resistance. METHODS CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing was used to target SPRY2 in HepG2 cells, and the functional consequences of SPRY2 knockout (KO) and overexpression subsequently assessed using glucose uptake and lipid droplet assays, measurement of protein kinase phosphorylation and RNA sequencing. RESULTS The major functional consequence of SPRY2 KO was a significant increase in glucose uptake, along with elevated lipid droplet accumulation. These changes were attenuated, but not reversed, in cells overexpressing SPRY2. Phosphorylation of protein kinases across key signalling pathways (including Akt and mitogen activated protein kinases) was not altered after SPRY2 KO. Transcriptome profiling in SPRY2 KO and mock (control) cells revealed a number of differentially expressed genes related to cholesterol biosynthesis, cell cycle regulation and cellular signalling pathways. Phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A) mRNA level was subsequently validated as significantly upregulated following SPRY2 KO, highlighting this as a potential mediator downstream of SPRY2. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a role for SPRY2 in glucose and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and contribute to clarifying the function of this gene in the context of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Cook
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G Emmerich
- Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abhiram S Rao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Casimiro Castillejo-López
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Metabolic control systems coordinate myriad processes across the cellular, tissue and organismal levels to optimize the allocation of limited supplies across multiple, often competing, metabolic demands. As such, the regulation of metabolism can be analysed from the perspective of the economic theory of supply and demand. Here, we discuss how such analyses can provide new insights into the logic of metabolic control. In particular, we suggest that, in addition to being subject to well-appreciated homeostatic control, metabolism is subject to supply-driven and demand-driven controls, each operated by a dedicated set of signals throughout various physiological states, including inflammation. Furthermore, we argue that systemic homeostasis is a derived feature that evolved from the control systems that monitor metabolic supply and demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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30
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Mongelli A, Martelli F, Farsetti A, Gaetano C. The Dark That Matters: Long Non-coding RNAs as Master Regulators of Cellular Metabolism in Non-communicable Diseases. Front Physiol 2019; 10:369. [PMID: 31191327 PMCID: PMC6539782 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs are pivotal for many cellular functions, such as splicing, gene regulation, chromosome structure, and hormone-like activity. Here, we will report about the biology and the general molecular mechanisms associated with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of >200 nucleotides-long ribonucleic acid sequences, and their role in chronic non-transmissible diseases. In particular, we will summarize knowledge about some of the best-characterized lncRNAs, such as H19 and MALAT1, and how they regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as protein synthesis and degradation. Evidence is discussed about how lncRNAs expression might affect cellular and organismal metabolism and whether their modulation could provide ground for the development of innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Farsetti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Università Cattolica di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, ICS Maugeri S.p.A., Pavia, Italy
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31
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Xia H, Dufour CR, Giguère V. ERRα as a Bridge Between Transcription and Function: Role in Liver Metabolism and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:206. [PMID: 31024446 PMCID: PMC6459935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As transcriptional factors, nuclear receptors (NRs) function as major regulators of gene expression. In particular, dysregulation of NR activity has been shown to significantly alter metabolic homeostasis in various contexts leading to metabolic disorders and cancers. The orphan estrogen-related receptor (ERR) subfamily of NRs, comprised of ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ, for which a natural ligand has yet to be identified, are known as central regulators of energy metabolism. If AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) can be viewed as sensors of the metabolic needs of a cell and responding acutely via post-translational control of proteins, then the ERRs can be regarded as downstream effectors of metabolism via transcriptional regulation of genes for a long-term and sustained adaptive response. In this review, we will focus on recent findings centered on the transcriptional roles played by ERRα in hepatocytes. Modulation of ERRα activity in both in vitro and in vivo models via genetic or pharmacological manipulation coupled with chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip and ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) studies have been fundamental in delineating the direct roles of ERRα in the control of hepatic gene expression. These studies have identified crucial roles for ERRα in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as in mitochondrial function under both physiological and pathological conditions. The regulation of ERRα expression and activity via ligand-independent modes of action including coregulator binding, post-translational modifications (PTMs) and control of protein stability will be discussed in the context that may serve as valuable tools to modulate ERRα function as new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of hepatic metabolic dysfunction and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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32
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Seo E, Kang H, Choi H, Choi W, Jun HS. Reactive oxygen species-induced changes in glucose and lipid metabolism contribute to the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver during aging. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12895. [PMID: 30609251 PMCID: PMC6413652 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases due to increased vulnerability to external stress and susceptibility to disease. Aging is associated with metabolic liver disease such as nonalcoholic fatty liver. In this study, we investigated changes in lipid metabolism during aging in mice and the mechanisms involved. Lipid accumulation was increased in liver tissues of aged mice, particularly cholesterol. Increased uptake of both cholesterol and glucose was observed in hepatocytes of aged mice as compared with younger mice. The mRNA expression of GLUT2, GK, SREBP2, HMGCR, and HMGCS, genes for cholesterol synthesis, was gradually increased in liver tissues during aging. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase with aging and are closely related to various aging‐related diseases. When we treated HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes with the ROS inducer, H2O2, lipid accumulation increased significantly compared to the case for untreated HepG2 cells. H2O2 treatment significantly increased glucose uptake and acetyl‐CoA production, which results in glycolysis and lipid synthesis. Treatment with H2O2 significantly increased the expression of mRNA for genes related to cholesterol synthesis and uptake. These results suggest that ROS play an important role in altering cholesterol metabolism and consequently contribute to the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhui Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Hwansu Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyuk Choi
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital; Incheon Republic of Korea
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33
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Liang H, Mokrani A, Chisomo-Kasiya H, Ji K, Ge X, Ren M, Liu B, Xi B, Sun A. Dietary leucine affects glucose metabolism and lipogenesis involved in TOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:719-732. [PMID: 30632024 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the mechanisms governing insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and lipogenesis in juvenile fish fed with different dietary leucine levels. Fish were fed six practical diets with graded leucine levels ranging from 0.90 to 2.94% of dry basis for 8 weeks. The trial results showed that, compared to the control group (0.90%), optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) resulted in the up-regulation of mRNA expression related to insulin signaling pathway, including target of rapamycin (TOR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt). However, an excessive leucine level (2.94%) led to protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) overexpression and inhibited TOR, IRS-1, PI3K, and Akt mRNA expressions. The protein level of TOR, S6K1, IRS-1, PI3K, and Akt showed a similar result with mRNA level of these genes. Optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) significantly improved plasma insulin content, while high level of leucine showed an inhibiting phenomenon. Optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) could reduce plasma glucose by enhancing the ability of glycometabolism including improving glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), glucokinase (GK) expressions and down-regulating phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression. While an excessive leucine level (2.94%) resulted in high plasma glucose by inhibiting the ability of glycometabolism including lowering GLUT2 and GK expressions, and improving glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and PEPCK expressions. The relative expressions of pyruvate kinase (PK) and glycogen synthase (GS) were not significantly affected by dietary leucine levels. Dietary leucine level of 1.33% could improve plasma triglyceride content (TG) by enhancing lipogenesis including improving sterol-response element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) expressions compared to the control group (0.90%). Total cholesterol (TC) was not significantly affected by dietary leucine levels. The present results indicate that optimal leucine level could improve glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis through improving insulin sensitivity in juvenile blunt snout bream. However, excessive dietary leucine level resulted in high plasma glucose, which led to insulin resistance by inhibiting the gene expressions of insulin signaling pathway and activating gluconeogenesis-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Liang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ahmed Mokrani
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | | | - Ke Ji
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ajun Sun
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
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34
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Regulation of liver receptor homologue-1 by DDB2 E3 ligase activity is critical for hepatic glucose metabolism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5304. [PMID: 30923324 PMCID: PMC6438966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) plays a critical role in hepatic metabolism and disease. Here we show that LRH-1 protein stability is regulated by the cullin 4 (CUL4) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. We found that DNA damage-binding protein 2 (DDB2) directly interacts with LRH-1 and functions as a substrate recognition component of CUL4-DDB1 to promote LRH-1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In human hepatoma (HepG2) cells, we observed that protein levels of endogenous LRH-1 are increased by insulin without a change in mRNA levels of LRH-1. However, overexpression of DDB2 impaired the insulin-stimulated increase in LRH-1 levels. In addition, DDB2 overexpression decreased LRH-1 transcriptional activation and expression of target genes, such as glucokinase, whereas knockdown of DDB2 increased the expression of glucokinase. Finally, we demonstrated that DDB2 knockdown increases glucose uptake and intracellular levels of glucose-6-phosphate in HepG2 cells. Our study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of LRH-1 activity and suggests a role for DDB2 in hepatic glucose metabolism.
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35
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Lu B, Munoz-Gomez M, Ikeda Y. The two major glucokinase isoforms show conserved functionality in β-cells despite different subcellular distribution. Biol Chem 2019; 399:565-576. [PMID: 29573377 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GCK) is crucial to regulating glucose metabolism in the liver and in pancreatic β-cells. There are two major GCK isoforms, hepatic and pancreatic GCKs, which differ only in exon 1. However, the functional differences between the two GCK isoforms remain poorly understood. Here, we used a β-cell-targeted gene transfer vector to determine the impact of isoform-specific GCK overexpression on β-cells in vitro and in vivo. We showed that pancreatic GCK had a nuclear localization signal unique to the pancreatic isoform, facilitating its nuclear distribution in β-cells. Despite the difference in subcellular distribution, overexpression of GCK isoforms similarly enhanced glucose uptake and β-cell proliferation in vitro. Overexpression of hepatic or pancreatic GCK also similarly enhanced β-cell proliferation in normal diet mice without affecting fasting glucose and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT). Our further study on human GCK sequences identified disproportional GCK amino acid variants in exon 1, while mutations linked to maturity onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2) were disproportionally found in exons 2 through 10. Our results therefore indicate functional conservation between the two major GCK isoforms despite their distinct subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Miguel Munoz-Gomez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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36
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Kaushik A, Kaushik M. Recent Updates on Glucokinase Activators and Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Disrupters for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:205-212. [PMID: 30039763 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666180724100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impairment of glucose metabolism leads to hyperglycemia and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Glucokinase enzyme is the key regulator of glucose homeostasis that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in liver and pancreatic cells. In hepatocytes, GK controls the glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. The action of liver GK is controlled by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GKRP) partially. In fasting conditions the GKRP binds with GK and inactivate it from carbohydrate metabolism and serve as new target for treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, the GK activators as potential antidiabetic agents but results in increased risks of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION The allosteric inhibitors of the GK-GKRP interaction are coming as alternative agents that can mitigate the risk associated with GK activators. This review discusses the recent advances and current status of potential molecules targeted to GK activators and GK-GKRP disrupters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kaushik
- I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar - Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
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37
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Chellappan DK, Sivam NS, Teoh KX, Leong WP, Fui TZ, Chooi K, Khoo N, Yi FJ, Chellian J, Cheng LL, Dahiya R, Gupta G, Singhvi G, Nammi S, Hansbro PM, Dua K. Gene therapy and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1188-1200. [PMID: 30372820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by T cell-mediated self-destruction of insulin-secreting islet β cells. Management of T1DM is challenging and complicated especially with conventional medications. Gene therapy has emerged as one of the potential therapeutic alternatives to treat T1DM. This review primarily focuses on the current status and the future perspectives of gene therapy in the management of T1DM. A vast number of the studies which are reported on gene therapy for the management of T1DM are done in animal models and in preclinical studies. In addition, the safety of such therapies is yet to be established in humans. Currently, there are several gene level interventions that are being investigated, notably, overexpression of genes and proteins needed against T1DM, transplantation of cells that express the genes against T1DM, stem-cells mediated gene therapy, genetic vaccination, immunological precursor cell-mediated gene therapy and vectors. METHODS We searched the current literature through searchable online databases, journals and other library sources using relevant keywords and search parameters. Only relevant publications in English, between the years 2000 and 2018, with evidences and proper citations, were considered. The publications were then analyzed and segregated into several subtopics based on common words and content. A total of 126 studies were found suitable for this review. FINDINGS Generally, the pros and cons of each of the gene-based therapies have been discussed based on the results collected from the literature. However, there are certain interventions that require further detailed studies to ensure their effectiveness. We have also highlighted the future direction and perspectives in gene therapy, which, researchers could benefit from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Nandhini S Sivam
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kai Xiang Teoh
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Wai Pan Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Tai Zhen Fui
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chooi
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Nico Khoo
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Fam Jia Yi
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jestin Chellian
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Lim Lay Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Rajiv Dahiya
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, 302017, Jaipur, India.
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srinivas Nammi
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, NSW, 2751, Australia; NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Philip Michael Hansbro
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia & Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia & Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
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38
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Kiamehr M, Alexanova A, Viiri LE, Heiskanen L, Vihervaara T, Kauhanen D, Ekroos K, Laaksonen R, Käkelä R, Aalto-Setälä K. hiPSC-derived hepatocytes closely mimic the lipid profile of primary hepatocytes: A future personalised cell model for studying the lipid metabolism of the liver. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3744-3761. [PMID: 30146765 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells offer an alternative platform to primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) for studying the lipid metabolism of the liver. However, despite their great potential, the lipid profile of HLCs has not yet been characterized. Here, we comprehensively studied the lipid profile and fatty acid (FA) metabolism of HLCs and compared them with the current standard hepatocyte models: HepG2 cells and PHHs. We differentiated HLCs by five commonly used methods from three cell lines and thoroughly characterized them by gene and protein expression. HLCs generated by each method were assessed for their functionality and the ability to synthesize, elongate, and desaturate FAs. In addition, lipid and FA profiles of HLCs were investigated by both mass spectrometry and gas chromatography and then compared with the profiles of PHHs and HepG2 cells. HLCs resembled PHHs by expressing hepatic markers: secreting albumin, lipoprotein particles, and urea, and demonstrating similarities in their lipid and FA profile. Unlike HepG2 cells, HLCs contained low levels of lysophospholipids similar to the content of PHHs. Furthermore, HLCs were able to efficiently use the exogenous FAs available in their medium and simultaneously modify simple lipids into more complex ones to fulfill their needs. In addition, we propose that increasing the polyunsaturated FA supply of the culture medium may positively affect the lipid profile and functionality of HLCs. In conclusion, our data showed that HLCs provide a functional and relevant model to investigate human lipid homeostasis at both molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Kiamehr
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna Alexanova
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena E Viiri
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomics Consulting Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Zora Biosciences, Espoo, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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39
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Kaneko K, Soty M, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Silva M, Philippe E, Gautier-Stein A, Rajas F, Mithieux G. The role of kidney in the inter-organ coordination of endogenous glucose production during fasting. Mol Metab 2018; 16:203-212. [PMID: 29960865 PMCID: PMC6157617 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The respective contributions to endogenous glucose production (EGP) of the liver, kidney and intestine vary during fasting. We previously reported that the deficiency in either hepatic or intestinal gluconeogenesis modulates the repartition of EGP via glucagon secretion (humoral factor) and gut–brain–liver axis (neural factor), respectively. Considering renal gluconeogenesis reportedly accounted for approximately 50% of EGP during fasting, we examined whether a reduction in renal gluconeogenesis could promote alterations in the repartition of EGP in this situation. Methods We studied mice whose glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalytic subunit (G6PC) is specifically knocked down in the kidneys (K-G6pc-/- mice) during fasting. We also examined the additional effects of intestinal G6pc deletion, renal denervation and vitamin D administration on the altered glucose metabolism in K-G6pc-/- mice. Results Compared with WT mice, K-G6pc-/- mice exhibited (1) lower glycemia, (2) enhanced intestinal but not hepatic G6Pase activity, (3) enhanced hepatic glucokinase (GK encoded by Gck) activity, (4) increased hepatic glucose-6-phosphate and (5) hepatic glycogen spared from exhaustion during fasting. Increased hepatic Gck expression in the post-absorptive state could be dependent on the enhancement of insulin signal (AKT phosphorylation) in K-G6pc-/- mice. In contrast, the increase in hepatic GK activity was not observed in mice with both kidney- and intestine-knockout (KI-G6pc-/- mice). Hepatic Gck gene expression and hepatic AKT phosphorylation were reduced in KI-G6pc-/- mice. Renal denervation by capsaicin did not induce any effect on glucose metabolism in K-G6pc-/- mice. Plasma level of 1,25 (OH)2 D3, an active form of vitamin D, was decreased in K-G6pc-/- mice. Interestingly, the administration of 1,25 (OH)2 D3 prevented the enhancement of intestinal gluconeogenesis and hepatic GK activity and blocked the accumulation of hepatic glycogen otherwise observed in K-G6pc-/- mice during fasting. Conclusions A diminution in renal gluconeogenesis that is accompanied by a decrease in blood vitamin D promotes a novel repartition of EGP among glucose producing organs during fasting, featured by increased intestinal gluconeogenesis that leads to sparing glycogen stores in the liver. Our data suggest a possible involvement of a crosstalk between the kidneys and intestine (via the vitamin D system) and the intestine and liver (via a neural gut-brain axis), which might take place in the situations of deficient renal glucose production, such as chronic kidney disease. Reduced renal G6Pase activity promotes increased hepatic glycogen during fasting. Reduced renal G6Pase activity enhances intestinal but not hepatic G6Pase activity. Reduced renal G6Pase activity results in low vitamin D level. Vitamin D injection restores metabolism in mice with reduced renal G6Pase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kaneko
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.
| | - Maud Soty
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Carine Zitoun
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Adeline Duchampt
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Marine Silva
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Erwann Philippe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France; Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.
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Liang H, Mokrani A, Chisomo-Kasiya H, Wilson-Arop OM, Mi H, Ji K, Ge X, Ren M. Molecular characterization and identification of facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and its expression and of the related glycometabolism enzymes in response to different starch levels in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:869-883. [PMID: 29560575 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) are transmembrane transporters involved in glucose transport across the plasma membrane. In this study, blunt snout bream GLUT2 gene was cloned, and its expression in various tissues and in liver in response to diets with different carbohydrate levels (17.1; 21.8; 26.4; 32.0; 36.3; and 41.9% of dry matter). Blunt snout bream GLUT2 was also characterized. A full-length cDNA fragment of 2577 bp was cloned, which contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 73 bp, a 3'-UTR of 992 bp, and an open reading frame of 1512 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 503 amino acids with predicted molecular mass of 55.046 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point was 7.52. The predicted GLUT2 protein has 12 transmembrane domains between amino acid residues at 7-29; 71-93; 106-123; 133-155; 168-190; 195-217; 282-301; 316-338; 345-367; 377-399; 412-434; and 438-460. Besides, the conservative structure domains located at 12-477 amino acids belong to the sugar porter family which is the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters. Blunt snout bream GLUT2 had the high degree of sequence identity to four GLUT2s from zebrafish, chicken, human, and mouse, with 91, 63, 57, and 54% identity, respectively. Quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR assays revealed that GLUT2 expression was high in the liver, intestine, and kidney; highest in the liver and was regulated by carbohydrate intake. Compared with the control group (17.1%), fed by 3 h with higher starch levels (32.0; 36.3; and 41.9%), increased plasma glucose levels and glycemic level went back to basal by 24 h after treatment. Furthermore, higher dietary starch levels significantly increase GLUT2, glucokinase (GK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) expression and concurrently decrease phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) mRNA levels (P < 0.05), and these changes were also back to basal levels after 24 h of any dietary treatment. These results indicate that the blunt snout bream is able to regulate their ability to metabolize glucose by improving GLUT2, GK, and PK expression levels and decreasing PEPCK and G6P expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Liang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ahmed Mokrani
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | | | | | - Haifeng Mi
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ke Ji
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China.
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Varghese J, James J, Vaulont S, Mckie A, Jacob M. Increased intracellular iron in mouse primary hepatocytes in vitro causes activation of the Akt pathway but decreases its response to insulin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1870-1882. [PMID: 29859963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An iron-overloaded state has been reported to be associated with insulin resistance. On the other hand, conditions such as classical hemochromatosis (where iron overload occurs primarily in the liver) have been reported to be associated with increased insulin sensitivity. The reasons for these contradictory findings are unclear. In this context, the effects of increased intracellular iron per se on insulin signaling in hepatocytes are not known. METHODS Mouse primary hepatocytes were loaded with iron in vitro by incubation with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC). Intracellular events related to insulin signaling, as well as changes in gene expression and hepatocyte glucose production (HGP), were studied in the presence and absence of insulin and/or forskolin (a glucagon mimetic). RESULTS In vitro iron-loading of hepatocytes resulted in phosphorylation-mediated activation of Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase. This was associated with decreased basal and forskolin-stimulated HGP. Iron attenuated forskolin-mediated induction of the key gluconeogenic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase. It also attenuated activation of the Akt pathway in response to insulin, which was associated with decreased protein levels of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2, constituting insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Increased intracellular iron has dual effects on insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes. It increased basal activation of the Akt pathway, but decreased activation of this pathway in response to insulin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings may help explain why both insulin resistance and increased sensitivity have been observed in iron-overloaded states. They are of relevance to a variety of disease conditions characterized by hepatic iron overload and increased risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India(1).
| | - Jithu James
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India(1)
| | | | - Andrew Mckie
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Molly Jacob
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India(1)
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Kaempferol ameliorates hyperglycemia through suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhancing hepatic insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:90-101. [PMID: 29886193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and an array of other metabolic disorders. In particular, hepatic IR contributes to the increase in hepatic glucose production and consequently the development of fasting hyperglycemia. In this study, we explored whether kaempferol, a flavonoid isolated from Gink go biloba, is able to regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and blood glucose homeostasis in high-fat diet-fed obese mice and further explored the underlying mechanism by which it elicits such effects. Oral administration of kaempferol (50 mg/kg/day), which is the human equivalent dose of 240 mg/day for an average 60 kg human, significantly improved blood glucose control in obese mice, which was associated with reduced hepatic glucose production and improved whole-body insulin sensitivity without altering body weight gain, food consumption or adiposity. In addition, kaempferol treatment increased Akt and hexokinase activity, but decreased pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and glucose-6 phosphatase activity in the liver without altering their protein expression. Consistently, kaempferol decreased PC activity and suppressed gluconeogenesis in HepG2 cells as well as primary hepatocytes isolated from the livers of obese mice. Furthermore, we found that kaempferol is a direct inhibitor of PC. These findings suggest that kaempferol may be a naturally occurring antidiabetic compound that acts by suppressing glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. Kaempferol suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis is due to its direct inhibitory action on the enzymatic activity of PC.
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Villagarcía HG, Román CL, Castro MC, González LA, Ronco MT, Francés DE, Massa ML, Maiztegui B, Flores LE, Gagliardino JJ, Francini F. Liver carbohydrates metabolism: A new islet-neogenesis associated protein peptide (INGAP-PP) target. Peptides 2018; 101:44-50. [PMID: 29305881 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Islet-Neogenesis Associated Protein-Pentadecapeptide (INGAP-PP) increases β-cell mass and enhances glucose and amino acids-induced insulin secretion. Our aim was to demonstrate its effect on liver metabolism. For that purpose, adult male Wistar rats were injected twice-daily (10 days) with saline solution or INGAP-PP (250 μg). Thereafter, serum glucose, triglyceride and insulin levels were measured and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and hepatic insulin sensitivity (HIS) were determined. Liver glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) expression and activity, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression, phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) protein content, P-Akt/Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (P-GSK3/GSK3) protein ratios and glycogen deposit were also determined. Additionally, glucokinase activity and G-6-Pase and PEPCK gene expression were also determined in isolated hepatocytes from normal rats incubated with INGAP-PP (5 μg/ml). INGAP-PP administration did not modify any of the serum parameters tested but significantly increased activity of liver glucokinase and the protein level of its cytosolic activator, PFK-2. Conversely, INGAP-PP treated rats decreased gene expression and enzyme activity of gluconeogenic enzymes, G-6-Pase and PEPCK. They also showed a higher glycogen deposit and P-GSK3/GSK3 and P-Akt/Akt ratio. In isolated hepatocytes, INGAP-PP increased GK activity and decreased G-6-Pase and PEPCK expression. These results demonstrate a direct effect of INGAP-PP on the liver acting through P-Akt signaling pathway. INGAP-PP enhances liver glucose metabolism and deposit and reduces its production/output, thereby contributing to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. These results reinforce the concept that INGAP-PP might become a useful tool to treat people with impaired islet/liver glucose metabolism as it occurs in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Gonzalo Villagarcía
- CENEXA, Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Lisi Román
- CENEXA, Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Castro
- CENEXA, Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luisa Arbeláez González
- CIC, Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Teresa Ronco
- IFISE, Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniel Eleazar Francés
- IFISE, Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Laura Massa
- CENEXA, Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Maiztegui
- CENEXA, Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luis Emilio Flores
- CENEXA, Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan José Gagliardino
- CENEXA, Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Flavio Francini
- CENEXA, Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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The RNA-Binding Protein NONO Coordinates Hepatic Adaptation to Feeding. Cell Metab 2018; 27:404-418.e7. [PMID: 29358041 PMCID: PMC6996513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which feeding and fasting drive rhythmic gene expression for physiological adaptation to daily rhythm in nutrient availability are not well understood. Here we show that, upon feeding, the RNA-binding protein NONO accumulates within speckle-like structures in liver cell nuclei. Combining RNA-immunoprecipitation and sequencing (RIP-seq), we find that an increased number of RNAs are bound by NONO after feeding. We further show that NONO binds and regulates the rhythmicity of genes involved in nutrient metabolism post-transcriptionally. Finally, we show that disrupted rhythmicity of NONO target genes has profound metabolic impact. Indeed, NONO-deficient mice exhibit impaired glucose tolerance and lower hepatic glycogen and lipids. Accordingly, these mice shift from glucose storage to fat oxidation, and therefore remain lean throughout adulthood. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that NONO post-transcriptionally coordinates circadian mRNA expression of metabolic genes with the feeding/fasting cycle, thereby playing a critical role in energy homeostasis.
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Selective Inhibition of FOXO1 Activator/Repressor Balance Modulates Hepatic Glucose Handling. Cell 2017; 171:824-835.e18. [PMID: 29056338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a hallmark of diabetes and an unmet clinical need. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and promotes lipogenesis by suppressing FOXO1-dependent activation of G6pase and inhibition of glucokinase, respectively. The tight coupling of these events poses a dual conundrum: mechanistically, as the FOXO1 corepressor of glucokinase is unknown, and clinically, as inhibition of glucose production is predicted to increase lipogenesis. Here, we report that SIN3A is the insulin-sensitive FOXO1 corepressor of glucokinase. Genetic ablation of SIN3A abolishes nutrient regulation of glucokinase without affecting other FOXO1 target genes and lowers glycemia without concurrent steatosis. To extend this work, we executed a small-molecule screen and discovered selective inhibitors of FOXO-dependent glucose production devoid of lipogenic activity in hepatocytes. In addition to identifying a novel mode of insulin action, these data raise the possibility of developing selective modulators of unliganded transcription factors to dial out adverse effects of insulin sensitizers.
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Sneha P, Thirumal Kumar D, Lijo J, Megha M, Siva R, George Priya Doss C. Probing the Protein-Protein Interaction Network of Proteins Causing Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:167-202. [PMID: 29412996 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play vital roles in various cellular pathways. Most of the proteins perform their responsibilities by interacting with an enormous number of proteins. Understanding these interactions of the proteins and their interacting partners has shed light toward the field of drug discovery. Also, PPIs enable us to understand the functions of a protein by understanding their interacting partners. Consequently, in the current study, PPI network of the proteins causing MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) was drawn, and their correlation in causing a disease condition was marked. MODY is a monogenic type of diabetes caused by autosomal dominant inheritance. Extensive research on transcription factor and their corresponding genetic pathways have been studied over the last three decades, yet, very little is understood about the molecular modalities of highly dynamic interactions between transcription factors, genomic DNA, and the protein partners. The current study also reveals the interacting patterns of the various transcription factors. Consequently, in the current work, we have devised a PPI analysis to understand the plausible pathway through which the protein leads to a deformity in glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sneha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jose Lijo
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Megha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Siva
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Dietary arginine affects the insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7864. [PMID: 28801592 PMCID: PMC5554147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the mechanisms governing insulin resistance, glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in juvenile fish fed with graded levels of dietary arginine. The results showed that, compared with the control group (0.87%), 2.31% dietary arginine level resulted in the upregulation of the relative gene expression of IRS-1, PI3K and Akt in the insulin signaling pathway, while 2.70% dietary arginine level led to inhibition of these genes. 1.62% dietary arginine level upregulated glycolysis by increasing GK mRNA level; 2.70% dietary arginine level upregulated gluconeogenesis and resulted in high plasma glucose content by increasing PEPCK and G6P mRNA level. Furthermore, 2.70% dietary arginine level significantly lowered GLUT2 and increased PK mRNA levels. 1.62% dietary arginine level significantly upregulated ACC, FAS and G6PDH mRNA levels in the fat synthesis pathway and resulted in high plasma TG content. These results indicate that 1.62% dietary arginine level improves glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis in juvenile blunt snout bream. However, 2.70% dietary arginine level results in high plasma glucose, which could lead to negative feedback of insulin resistance, including inhibition of IRS-1 mRNA levels and activation of gluconeogenesis-related gene expression. This mechanism seems to be different from mammals at the molecular level.
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de Souza CO, Teixeira AA, Biondo LA, Lima Junior EA, Batatinha HA, Rosa Neto JC. Palmitoleic Acid Improves Metabolic Functions in Fatty Liver by PPARα-Dependent AMPK Activation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2168-2177. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila O. de Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Luana A. Biondo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Edson A. Lima Junior
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Helena A.P. Batatinha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jose C. Rosa Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Bati K, Kwape TE, Chaturvedi P. Anti-Diabetic Effects of an Ethanol Extract of Cassia Abbreviata Stem Bark on Diabetic Rats and Possible Mechanism of Its Action: - Anti-diabetic Properties of Cassia abbreviata. J Pharmacopuncture 2017; 20:45-51. [PMID: 28392962 PMCID: PMC5374338 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2017.20.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of an ethanol extract of Cassia abbreviata (ECA) bark and the possible mechanisms of its action in diabetic albino rats. METHODS ECA was prepared by soaking the powdered plant material in 70% ethanol. It was filtered and made solvent-free by evaporation on a rotary evaporator. Type 2 diabetes was induced in albino rats by injecting 35 mg/kg body weight (bw) of streptozotocin after having fed the rats a high-fat diet for 2 weeks. Diabetic rats were divided into ECA-150, ECA-300 and Metformin (MET)-180 groups, where the numbers are the doses in mg.kg.bw administered to the groups. Normal (NC) and diabetic (DC) controls were given distilled water. The animals had their fasting blood glucose levels and body weights determined every 7 days for 21 days. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were carried out in all animals at the beginning and the end of the experiment. Liver and kidney samples were harvested for glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase) and hexokinase activity analyses. Small intestines and diaphragms from normal rats were used for α-glucosidase and glucose uptake studies against the extract. RESULTS Two doses, 150 and 300 mg/kg bw, significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and helped them maintain normal body weights. The glucose level in DC rats significantly increased while their body weights decreased. The 150 mg/kg bw dose significantly increased hexokinase and decreased G6Pase activities in the liver and the kidneys. ECA inhibited α-glucosidase activity and promoted glucose uptake in the rats' hemi-diaphragms. CONCLUSION This study revealed that ECA normalized blood glucose levels and body weights in type 2 diabetic rats. The normalization of the glucose levels may possibly be due to inhibition of α-glucosidase, decreased G6Pase activity, increased hexokinase activity and improved glucose uptake by muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keagile Bati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana Private Bag UB0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tebogo Elvis Kwape
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana Private Bag UB0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Padmaja Chaturvedi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana Private Bag UB0022, Gaborone, Botswana
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Tsumura Y, Tsushima Y, Tamura A, Hasebe M, Kanou M, Kato H, Kobayashi T. TMG-123, a novel glucokinase activator, exerts durable effects on hyperglycemia without increasing triglyceride in diabetic animal models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172252. [PMID: 28207836 PMCID: PMC5313197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) plays a critical role for maintaining glucose homeostasis with regulating glucose uptake in liver and insulin secretion in pancreas. GK activators have been reported to decrease blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, clinical development of GK activators has failed due to the loss of glucose-lowering effects and increased plasma triglyceride levels after chronic treatment. Here, we generated a novel GK activator, TMG-123, examined its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characteristics, and evaluated its risks of aforementioned clinical issues. TMG-123 selectively activated GK enzyme activity without increasing Vmax. TMG-123 improved glucose tolerance without increasing plasma insulin levels in both insulin-deficient (Goto-Kakizaki rats) and insulin-resistant (db/db mice) models. The beneficial effect on glucose tolerance was greater than results observed with clinically available antidiabetic drugs such as metformin and glibenclamide in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats. TMG-123 also improved glucose tolerance in combination with metformin. After 4 weeks of administration, TMG-123 reduced the Hemoglobin A1c levels without affecting liver and plasma triglyceride levels in Goto-Kakizaki rats and Diet-Induced Obesity mice. Moreover, TMG-123 sustained its effect on Hemoglobin A1c levels even after 24 weeks of administration without affecting triglycerides. Taken together, these data indicate that TMG-123 exerts glucose-lowering effects in both insulin-deficient and -resistant diabetes, and sustains reduced Hemoglobin A1c levels without affecting hepatic and plasma triglycerides even after chronic treatment. Therefore, TMG-123 is expected to be an antidiabetic drug that overcomes the concerns previously reported with other GK activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsumura
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Tsushima
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Azusa Tamura
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Hasebe
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kanou
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kato
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Kobayashi
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
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