1
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La Cavera S, Chauhan VM, Hardiman W, Yao M, Fuentes-Domínguez R, Setchfield K, Abayzeed SA, Pérez-Cota F, Smith RJ, Clark M. Label-free Brillouin endo-microscopy for the quantitative 3D imaging of sub-micrometre biology. Commun Biol 2024; 7:451. [PMID: 38622287 PMCID: PMC11018753 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This report presents an optical fibre-based endo-microscopic imaging tool that simultaneously measures the topographic profile and 3D viscoelastic properties of biological specimens through the phenomenon of time-resolved Brillouin scattering. This uses the intrinsic viscoelasticity of the specimen as a contrast mechanism without fluorescent tags or photoacoustic contrast mechanisms. We demonstrate 2 μm lateral resolution and 320 nm axial resolution for the 3D imaging of biological cells and Caenorhabditis elegans larvae. This has enabled the first ever 3D stiffness imaging and characterisation of the C. elegans larva cuticle in-situ. A label-free, subcellular resolution, and endoscopic compatible technique that reveals structural biologically-relevant material properties of tissue could pave the way toward in-vivo elasticity-based diagnostics down to the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore La Cavera
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Veeren M Chauhan
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - William Hardiman
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mengting Yao
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rafael Fuentes-Domínguez
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kerry Setchfield
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sidahmed A Abayzeed
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Fernando Pérez-Cota
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard J Smith
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matt Clark
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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2
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Park HC, Li D, Liang R, Adrales G, Li X. Multifunctional Ablative Gastrointestinal Imaging Capsule (MAGIC) for Esophagus Surveillance and Interventions. BME FRONTIERS 2024; 5:0041. [PMID: 38577399 PMCID: PMC10993155 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective and Impact Statement: A clinically viable technology for comprehensive esophagus surveillance and potential treatment is lacking. Here, we report a novel multifunctional ablative gastrointestinal imaging capsule (MAGIC) technology platform to address this clinical need. The MAGIC technology could also facilitate the clinical translation and adoption of the tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) technology. Introduction: Recently developed optical coherence tomography (OCT) TCE technologies have shown a promising potential for surveillance of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer in awake patients without the need for sedation. However, it remains challenging with the current TCE technology for detecting early lesions and clinical adoption due to its suboptimal resolution, imaging contrast, and lack of visual guidance during imaging. Methods: Our technology reported here integrates dual-wavelength OCT imaging (operating at 800 and 1300 nm), an ultracompact endoscope camera, and an ablation laser, aiming to enable comprehensive surveillance, guidance, and potential ablative treatment of the esophagus. Results: The MAGIC has been successfully developed with its multimodality imaging and ablation capabilities demonstrated by imaging swine esophagus ex vivo and in vivo. The 800-nm OCT imaging offers exceptional resolution and contrast for the superficial layers, well suited for detecting subtle changes associated with early neoplasia. The 1300-nm OCT imaging provides deeper penetration, essential for assessing lesion invasion. The built-in miniature camera affords a conventional endoscopic view for assisting capsule deployment and laser ablation. Conclusion: By offering complementary and clinically viable functions in a single device, the reported technology represents an effective solution for endoscopic screening, diagnosis, and potential ablation treatment of the esophagus of a patient in an office setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Cheol Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of College of Future Technology,
Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rongguang Liang
- College of Optical Sciences,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Gina Adrales
- Department of Surgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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3
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Faisal S, Barbour M, Seibel EJ, Aliseda A. Hemodynamics of Saline Flushing in Endoscopic Imaging of Partially Occluded Coronary Arteries. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2024; 15:211-223. [PMID: 38191806 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-023-00708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intravascular endoscopy can aid in the diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis by providing direct color images of coronary plaques. The procedure requires a blood-free optical path between the catheter and plaque, and achieving clearance safely remains an engineering challenge. In this study, we investigate the hemodynamics of saline flushing in partially occluded coronary arteries to advance the development of intravascular forward-imaging catheters that do not require balloon occlusion. METHODS In-vitro experiments and CFD simulations are used to quantify the influence of plaque size, catheter stand-off distance, saline injection flowrate, and injection orientation on the time required to achieve blood clearance. RESULTS Experiments and simulation of saline injection from a dual-lumen catheter demonstrated that flushing times increase both as injection flow rate (Reynolds number) decreases and as the catheter moves distally away from the plaque. CFD simulations demonstrated that successful flushing was achieved regardless of lumen axial orientation in a 95% occluded artery. Flushing time was also found to increase as plaque size decreases for a set injection flowrate, and a lower limit for injection flowrate was found to exist for each plaques size, below which clearance was not achieved. For the three occlusion sizes investigated (90, 95, 97% by area), successful occlusion was achieved in less than 1.2 s. Investigation of the pressure fields developed during injection, highlight that rapid clearance can be achieved while keeping the arterial overpressure to < 1 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS A dual lumen saline injection catheter was shown to produce clearance safely and effectively in models of partially occluded coronary arteries. Clearance was achieved across a range of engineering and clinical parameters without the use of a balloon occlusion, providing development guideposts for a fluid injection system in forward-imaging coronary endoscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faisal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Barbour
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Eric J Seibel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alberto Aliseda
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Wang WC, Li MY, Peng KC, Hsu YF, Estroff B, Yen PY, Schipf D, Wu WJ. Mirrorless MEMS imaging: a nonlinear vibrational approach utilizing aerosol-jetted PZT-actuated fiber MEMS scanner for microscale illumination. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:13. [PMID: 38259520 PMCID: PMC10800347 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel image capture and lighting techniques using a cutting-edge hybrid MEMS scanner system designed for compact microscopic imaging. The scanner comprises a tapered optical fiber waveguide and innovative aerosol-jet printed PZT (lead zirconate titanate) bimorph push-pull actuators on a stainless-steel substrate, effectively addressing issues that are commonly associated with PZT on silicon substrates such as fracture and layer separation. By leveraging nonlinear vibration, the scanner achieves a spiral scan pattern from a single signal input, in addition to the expected two-dimensional scanning and target illumination from two phase-shifted inputs. This capability is further enhanced by a novel process to taper the optical fiber, which reduces illumination scattering and tunes the fiber to the resonant frequencies of the scanner. The precisely tapered tip enables large fields of view while maintaining independent 2-axis scanning through one-degree-of-freedom actuation. Experimental validation showcases the successful generation of a spiral scan pattern with a 60 μm diameter scan area and a 10 Hz frame rate, effectively reconstructing scanned images of 5 μm lines, cross patterns (15 μm in length with a 5 μm gap), and structures of a Psychodidae wing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
- Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Ming-Yao Li
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - Kuan-Chang Peng
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - Yi-Feng Hsu
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - Benjamin Estroff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Pao-Yun Yen
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - David Schipf
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Wen-Jong Wu
- Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, China
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5
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Porwal MH, Feller C, Bales J, Sacho R. A Novel Method for Angioscopic Imaging and Visualizing the Skull Base Using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Cameras. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:1432-1436. [PMID: 37377420 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electrode arrays are a novel technology for miniaturized endoscopes; however, its use for neurointervention is yet to be investigated. In this proof-of-concept study, we aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of CMOS endoscopes in a canine model by providing direct visualization of the endothelial surface, deploying stents and coils, and accessing the spinal subdural space and skull base. METHODS Using 3 canine models, standard guide catheters were introduced into the internal carotid and vertebral arteries through the transfemoral route using fluoroscopy. A 1.2-mm CMOS camera was delivered through the guide catheter to inspect the endothelium. Next, the camera was introduced alongside standard neuroendovascular devices including coils and stents to provide direct visualization of their deployment within the endothelium during fluoroscopy. One canine was used for skull base and extravascular visualization. A lumbar laminectomy was performed, and the camera was navigated within the spinal subdural space until the posterior circulation intracranial vasculature was visualized. RESULTS We successfully visualized the endothelial surface and performed several endovascular procedures such as deployment of coils and stents under direct endovascular, angioscopic vision. We also demonstrated a proof of concept for accessing the skull base and posterior cerebral vasculature using CMOS cameras through the spinal subdural space. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility of CMOS camera technology to directly visualize endothelium, perform common neuroendovascular procedures, and access the base of the skull in a canine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokshal H Porwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Christina Feller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Justine Bales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Raphael Sacho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead , New York , USA
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6
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Dong M, Boyle JM, Palm KJ, Zimmermann M, Witte A, Leenheer AJ, Dominguez D, Gilbert G, Eichenfield M, Englund D. Synchronous micromechanically resonant programmable photonic circuits. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7716. [PMID: 38001076 PMCID: PMC10673894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are emerging as powerful tools for control of light, with applications in quantum information processing, optical range finding, and artificial intelligence. Low-power implementations of these PICs involve micromechanical structures driven capacitively or piezoelectrically but are often limited in modulation bandwidth by mechanical resonances and high operating voltages. Here we introduce a synchronous, micromechanically resonant design architecture for programmable PICs and a proof-of-principle 1×8 photonic switch using piezoelectric optical phase shifters. Our design purposefully exploits high-frequency mechanical resonances and optically broadband components for larger modulation responses on the order of the mechanical quality factor Qm while maintaining fast switching speeds. We experimentally show switching cycles of all 8 channels spaced by approximately 11 ns and operating at 4.6 dB average modulation enhancement. Future advances in micromechanical devices with high Qm, which can exceed 10000, should enable an improved series of low-voltage and high-speed programmable PICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dong
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Julia M Boyle
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Kevin J Palm
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | | | - Alex Witte
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Andrew J Leenheer
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Daniel Dominguez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Gerald Gilbert
- The MITRE Corporation, 200 Forrestal Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, 98 Rochester Street, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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7
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Xie N, Carson MD, Fröch JE, Majumdar A, Seibel EJ, Böhringer KF. Large field-of-view short-wave infrared metalens for scanning fiber endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:094802. [PMID: 36911164 PMCID: PMC9997523 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.9.094802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The scanning fiber endoscope (SFE), an ultrasmall optical imaging device with a large field-of-view (FOV) for having a clear forward view into the interior of blood vessels, has great potential in the cardiovascular disease diagnosis and surgery assistance, which is one of the key applications for short-wave infrared biomedical imaging. The state-of-the-art SFE system uses a miniaturized refractive spherical lens doublet for beam projection. A metalens is a promising alternative that can be made much thinner and has fewer off-axis aberrations than its refractive counterpart. AIM We demonstrate a transmissive metalens working at 1310 nm for a forward viewing endoscope to achieve a shorter device length and better resolution at large field angles. APPROACH We optimize the metalens of the SFE system using Zemax, fabricate it using e-beam lithography, characterize its optical performances, and compare them with the simulations. RESULTS The SFE system has a resolution of ∼ 140 μ m at the center of field (imaging distance 15 mm), an FOV of ∼ 70 deg , and a depth-of-focus of ∼ 15 mm , which are comparable with a state-of-the-art refractive lens SFE. The use of the metalens reduces the length of the optical track from 1.2 to 0.86 mm. The resolution of our metalens-based SFE drops by less than a factor of 2 at the edge of the FOV, whereas the refractive lens counterpart has a ∼ 3 times resolution degradation. CONCLUSIONS These results show the promise of integrating a metalens into an endoscope for device minimization and optical performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhi Xie
- University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew D. Carson
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Johannes E. Fröch
- University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Eric J. Seibel
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Karl F. Böhringer
- University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Institute for Nano-Engineered Systems, Seattle, Washington, United States
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8
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Bae H, Rodewald M, Meyer-Zedler T, Bocklitz TW, Matz G, Messerschmidt B, Press AT, Bauer M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Stallmach A, Schmitt M, Popp J. Feasibility studies of multimodal nonlinear endoscopy using multicore fiber bundles for remote scanning from tissue sections to bulk organs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13779. [PMID: 37612362 PMCID: PMC10447453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the development and application of a compact multi-core fiber optical probe for multimodal non-linear imaging, combining the label-free modalities of Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering, Second Harmonic Generation, and Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence. Probes of this multi-core fiber design avoid moving and voltage-carrying parts at the distal end, thus providing promising improved compatibility with clinical requirements over competing implementations. The performance characteristics of the probe are established using thin cryo-sections and artificial targets before the applicability to clinically relevant samples is evaluated using ex vivo bulk human and porcine intestine tissues. After image reconstruction to counteract the data's inherently pixelated nature, the recorded images show high image quality and morpho-chemical conformity on the tissue level compared to multimodal non-linear images obtained with a laser-scanning microscope using a standard microscope objective. Furthermore, a simple yet effective reconstruction procedure is presented and demonstrated to yield satisfactory results. Finally, a clear pathway for further developments to facilitate a translation of the multimodal fiber probe into real-world clinical evaluation and application is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonsoo Bae
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz IPHT), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), PO Box 100239, 07702, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Marko Rodewald
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz IPHT), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), PO Box 100239, 07702, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Meyer-Zedler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz IPHT), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), PO Box 100239, 07702, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gregor Matz
- GRINTECH GmbH, Schillerstraße 1, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Adrian T Press
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Kastanienstr. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Juergen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz IPHT), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), PO Box 100239, 07702, Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Niemitz L, van der Stel SD, Sorensen S, Messina W, Venkata Sekar SK, Sterenborg HJCM, Andersson-Engels S, Ruers TJM, Burke R. Microcamera Visualisation System to Overcome Specular Reflections for Tissue Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14051062. [PMID: 37241685 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In vivo tissue imaging is an essential tool for medical diagnosis, surgical guidance, and treatment. However, specular reflections caused by glossy tissue surfaces can significantly degrade image quality and hinder the accuracy of imaging systems. In this work, we further the miniaturisation of specular reflection reduction techniques using micro cameras, which have the potential to act as intra-operative supportive tools for clinicians. In order to remove these specular reflections, two small form factor camera probes, handheld at 10 mm footprint and miniaturisable to 2.3 mm, are developed using different modalities, with line-of-sight to further miniaturisation. (1) The sample is illuminated via multi-flash technique from four different positions, causing a shift in reflections which are then filtered out in a post-processing image reconstruction step. (2) The cross-polarisation technique integrates orthogonal polarisers onto the tip of the illumination fibres and camera, respectively, to filter out the polarisation maintaining reflections. These form part of a portable imaging system that is capable of rapid image acquisition using different illumination wavelengths, and employs techniques that lend themselves well to further footprint reduction. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system with validating experiments on tissue-mimicking phantoms with high surface reflection, as well as on excised human breast tissue. We show that both methods can provide clear and detailed images of tissue structures along with the effective removal of distortion or artefacts caused by specular reflections. Our results suggest that the proposed system can improve the image quality of miniature in vivo tissue imaging systems and reveal underlying feature information at depth, for both human and machine observers, leading to better diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Niemitz
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Stefan D van der Stel
- Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Group Nanobiophysics, Faculty TNW, Twente University, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Sorensen
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Walter Messina
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Sekar
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
- BioPixS Ltd.-Biophotonics Standards, IPIC, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
- BioPixS Ltd.-Biophotonics Standards, IPIC, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physics, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Theo J M Ruers
- Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Group Nanobiophysics, Faculty TNW, Twente University, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ray Burke
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
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10
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Sharif Azadeh S, Mak JCC, Chen H, Luo X, Chen FD, Chua H, Weiss F, Alexiev C, Stalmashonak A, Jung Y, Straguzzi JN, Lo GQ, Sacher WD, Poon JKS. Microcantilever-integrated photonic circuits for broadband laser beam scanning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2641. [PMID: 37156850 PMCID: PMC10167362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser beam scanning is central to many applications, including displays, microscopy, three-dimensional mapping, and quantum information. Reducing the scanners to microchip form factors has spurred the development of very-large-scale photonic integrated circuits of optical phased arrays and focal plane switched arrays. An outstanding challenge remains to simultaneously achieve a compact footprint, broad wavelength operation, and low power consumption. Here, we introduce a laser beam scanner that meets these requirements. Using microcantilevers embedded with silicon nitride nanophotonic circuitry, we demonstrate broadband, one- and two-dimensional steering of light with wavelengths from 410 nm to 700 nm. The microcantilevers have ultracompact ~0.1 mm2 areas, consume ~31 to 46 mW of power, are simple to control, and emit a single light beam. The microcantilevers are monolithically integrated in an active photonic platform on 200-mm silicon wafers. The microcantilever-integrated photonic circuits miniaturize and simplify light projectors to enable versatile, power-efficient, and broadband laser scanner microchips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Sharif Azadeh
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Jason C C Mak
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10 King's College Road, ON, M5S 3G4, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hong Chen
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Fu-Der Chen
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10 King's College Road, ON, M5S 3G4, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hongyao Chua
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Frank Weiss
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Christopher Alexiev
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10 King's College Road, ON, M5S 3G4, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrei Stalmashonak
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Youngho Jung
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - John N Straguzzi
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Guo-Qiang Lo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Wesley D Sacher
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Joyce K S Poon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany.
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10 King's College Road, ON, M5S 3G4, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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He L, Wen Z, Wang B, Li X, Wu D. Structural Design and Experimental Studies of Resonant Fiber Optic Scanner Driven by Co-Fired Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:517. [PMID: 36984924 PMCID: PMC10055889 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Piezo-driven resonant fiber optic scanners are gaining more and more attention due to their simple structure, weak electromagnetic radiation, and non-friction loss. Conventional piezo-driven resonant fiber optic scanners typically use quadrature piezoelectric tubes (piezo tubes) operating in 31-mode with high drive voltage and low excitation efficiency. In order to solve the abovementioned problem, a resonant fiber scanner driven by co-fired multilayer piezoelectric ceramics (CMPCs) is proposed in which four CMPCs drive a cantilevered fiber optic in the first-order bending mode to achieve efficient and fast space-filling scanning. In this paper, the cantilever beam vibration model with base displacement excitation was derived to provide a theoretical basis for the design of the fiber optic scanner. The finite element method was used to guide the dynamic design of the scanner. Finally, the dynamics characteristics and scanning trajectory of the prepared scanner prototype were tested and compared with the theoretical and simulation calculation results. Experimental results showed that the scanner can achieve three types of space-filling scanning: spiral, Lissajous, and propeller. Compared with the structure using piezo tubes, the designed scanner achieved the same scanning range with smaller axial dimensions, lower drive voltage, and higher efficiency. The scanner can achieve a free end displacement of 10 mm in both horizontal and vertical directions under a sinusoidal excitation signal of 50 Vp-p and 200 Hz. The theoretical, simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed scanner structure and provide new ideas for the design of resonant fiber optic scanners.
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12
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Yu X, Zhou L, Qi T, Zhao H, Xie H. MEMS Enabled Miniature Two-Photon Microscopy for Biomedical Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:470. [PMID: 36838170 PMCID: PMC9958604 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, two-photon microscopy (TPM) has been the technique of choice for in vivo noninvasive optical brain imaging for neuroscientific study or intra-vital microendoscopic imaging for clinical diagnosis or surgical guidance because of its intrinsic capability of optical sectioning for imaging deeply below the tissue surface with sub-cellular resolution. However, most of these research activities and clinical applications are constrained by the bulky size of traditional TMP systems. An attractive solution is to develop miniaturized TPMs, but this is challenged by the difficulty of the integration of dynamically scanning optical and mechanical components into a small space. Fortunately, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, together with other emerging micro-optics techniques, has offered promising opportunities in enabling miniaturized TPMs. In this paper, the latest advancements in both lateral scan and axial scan techniques and the progress of miniaturized TPM imaging will be reviewed in detail. Miniature TPM probes with lateral 2D scanning mechanisms, including electrostatic, electromagnetic, and electrothermal actuation, are reviewed. Miniature TPM probes with axial scanning mechanisms, such as MEMS microlenses, remote-focus, liquid lenses, and deformable MEMS mirrors, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Effect of Physical Field and Instrument, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tingxiang Qi
- BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing 401332, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing 401332, China
- Foshan Lightview Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Huikai Xie
- BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing 401332, China
- Foshan Lightview Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Kučikas V, Werner MP, Schmitz-Rode T, Louradour F, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Two-Photon Endoscopy: State of the Art and Perspectives. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:3-17. [PMID: 34779969 PMCID: PMC9971078 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for non-destructive deep-tissue imaging modalities has led to interest in multiphoton endoscopy. In contrast to bench top systems, multiphoton endoscopy enables subcellular resolution imaging in areas not reachable before. Several groups have recently presented their development towards the goal of producing user friendly plug and play system, which could be used in biological research and, potentially, clinical applications. We first present the technological challenges, prerequisites, and solutions in two-photon endoscopic systems. Secondly, we focus on the applications already found in literature. These applications mostly serve as a quality check of the built system, but do not answer a specific biomedical research question. Therefore, in the last part, we will describe our vision on the enormous potential applicability of adult two-photon endoscopic systems in biological and clinical research. We will thus bring forward the concept that two-photon endoscopy is a sine qua non in bringing this technique to the forefront in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Kučikas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,XLIM Research Institute, Limoges University, CNRS, Limoges, France.
| | - Maximilian P Werner
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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14
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Wood HAC, Ehrlich K, Yerolatsitis S, Kufcsák A, Quinn TM, Fernandes S, Norberg D, Jenkins NC, Young V, Young I, Hamilton K, Seth S, Akram A, Thomson RR, Finlayson K, Dhaliwal K, Stone JM. Tri-mode optical biopsy probe with fluorescence endomicroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200141. [PMID: 36062395 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present an endoscopic probe that combines three distinct optical fibre technologies including: A high-resolution imaging fibre for optical endomicroscopy, a multimode fibre for time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and a hollow-core fibre with multimode signal collection cores for Raman spectroscopy. The three fibers are all enclosed within a 1.2 mm diameter clinical grade catheter with a 1.4 mm end cap. To demonstrate the probe's flexibility we provide data acquired with it in loops of radii down to 2 cm. We then use the probe in an anatomically accurate model of adult human airways, showing that it can be navigated to any part of the distal lung using a commercial bronchoscope. Finally, we present data acquired from fresh ex vivo human lung tissue. Our experiments show that this minimally invasive probe can deliver real-time optical biopsies from within the distal lung - simultaneously acquiring co-located high-resolution endomicroscopy and biochemical spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Alexander Charles Wood
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katjana Ehrlich
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), Institute of Photonics and Quantum Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephanos Yerolatsitis
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The College of Optics and Photonics (CREOL), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - András Kufcsák
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom Michael Quinn
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susan Fernandes
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dominic Norberg
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nia Caitlin Jenkins
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vikki Young
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Irene Young
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie Hamilton
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sohan Seth
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ahsan Akram
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Rodrick Thomson
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), Institute of Photonics and Quantum Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith Finlayson
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Morgan Stone
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Kaur M, Menon C. Submillimeter Sized 2D Electrothermal Optical Fiber Scanner. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:404. [PMID: 36617001 PMCID: PMC9823315 DOI: 10.3390/s23010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical scanners are used frequently in medical imaging units to examine and diagnose cancers, assist with surgeries, and detect lesions and malignancies. The continuous growth in optics along with the use of optical fibers enables fabrication of imaging devices as small as a few millimeters in diameter. Most forward viewing endoscopic scanners contain an optical fiber acting as cantilever which is vibrated at resonance. In many cases, more than one actuating element is used to vibrate the optical fiber in two directions giving a 2D scan. In this paper, it is proposed to excite the cantilever fiber using a single actuator and scan a 2D region from its vibrating tip. An electrothermal actuator is optimized to provide a bidirectional (horizontal and vertical) displacement to the cantilever fiber placed on it. A periodic current, having a frequency equal to the resonant frequency of cantilever fiber, was passed through the actuator. The continuous expansion and contraction of the actuator enabled the free end of fiber to vibrate in a circle like pattern. A small change in the actuation frequency permitted the scanning of the area inside the circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
| | - Carlo Menon
- MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Walker G, Wang AP, McVeigh PZ, Ivanishvilli Z, Siu W, Seibel EJ, Lesiuk H, Alkherayf F, Drake BJ. The Scanning Fiber Endoscope: A Novel Surgical and High-Resolution Imaging Device for Intracranial Neurosurgery. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:326-333. [PMID: 36103334 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) is a novel medical imaging device that has been used in various vascular beds as a form of angioscopy, as well as in tracts and duct systems for endoluminal imaging. Owing to its miniaturized form, high resolution, and flexibility, it has demonstrated success in imaging across a wide range of diagnostic applications. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate, by performing a third ventriculostomy and visualizing the cranial nerves and brainstem anatomy, that, without modification, the SFE can be used through a transcranial approach in a therapeutic intraventricular neurosurgical application. METHODS A 3.7 French SFE system was used without modification on a live porcine model to perform a third ventriculostomy and acquire high-resolution images of the animal's ventricular system, cranial nerves, and brainstem. A side-by-side comparison was made with one of the current standard-of-care rigid endoscopes as a context for size and image quality. RESULTS High-resolution video-rate imaging was used to assist the successful, uncomplicated performance of a third ventriculostomy. High-resolution endoscopic images of the brainstem and cranial nerves were acquired. CONCLUSION Although the SFE has been shown to be a superior device for imaging, here we demonstrate its first use as a potential therapeutic device in intracranial neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Walker
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Royal Columbian Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alick P Wang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Z McVeigh
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zurab Ivanishvilli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Royal Columbian Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William Siu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Columbian Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric J Seibel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Howard Lesiuk
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fahad Alkherayf
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Drake
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Jiang Y, Chen J, Gong C, Wang TD, Seibel EJ. Deep-Learning-Based Real-Time and Automatic Target-to-Background Ratio Calculation in Fluorescence Endoscopy for Cancer Detection and Localization. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092031. [PMID: 36140433 PMCID: PMC9497969 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a deadly cancer that is rising rapidly in incidence. The early detection of EAC with curative intervention greatly improves the prognoses of patients. A scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) using fluorescence-labeled peptides that bind rapidly to epidermal growth factor receptors showed a promising performance for early EAC detection. Target-to-background (T/B) ratios were calculated to quantify the fluorescence images for neoplasia lesion classification. This T/B calculation is generally based on lesion segmentation with the Chan–Vese algorithm, which may require hyperparameter adjustment when segmenting frames with different brightness and contrasts, which impedes automation to real-time video. Deep learning models are more robust to these changes, while accurate pixel-level segmentation ground truth is challenging to establish in the medical field. Since within our dataset the ground truth contained only a frame-level diagnosis, we proposed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system to calculate the T/B ratio in real time. A two-step process using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) was developed to achieve automatic suspicious frame selection and lesion segmentation for T/B calculation. In the segmentation model training for Step 2, the lesion labels were generated with a manually tuned Chan–Vese algorithm using the labeled and predicted suspicious frames from Step 1. In Step 1, we designed and trained deep CNNs to select suspicious frames using a diverse and representative set of 3427 SFE images collected from 25 patient videos from two clinical trials. We tested the models on 1039 images from 10 different SFE patient videos and achieved a sensitivity of 96.4%, a specificity of 96.6%, a precision of 95.5%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.989. In Step 2, 1006 frames containing suspicious lesions were used for training for fluorescence target segmentation. The segmentation models were tested on two clinical datasets with 100 SFE frames each and achieved mean intersection-over-union values of 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. The T/B ratio calculations based on our segmentation results were similar to the manually tuned Chan–Vese algorithm, which were 1.71 ± 0.22 and 1.72 ± 0.28, respectively, with a p-value of 0.872. With the graphic processing unit (GPU), the proposed two-step CAD system achieved 50 fps for frame selection and 15 fps for segmentation and T/B calculation, which showed that the frame rejection in Step 1 improved the diagnostic efficiency. This CAD system with T/B ratio as the real-time indicator is designed to guide biopsies and surgeries and to serve as a reliable second observer to localize and outline suspicious lesions highlighted by fluorescence probes topically applied in organs where cancer originates in the epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric J. Seibel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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He L, Wang B, Wen Z, Li X, Wu D. 3-D High Frequency Ultrasound Imaging by Piezo-Driving a Single-Element Transducer. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:1932-1942. [PMID: 35050853 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3145162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic scanning of two-dimensional (2-D) arrays and mechanical or freehand scanning of one-dimensional (1-D) arrays have been mostly utilized for conventional three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) imaging. However, the development of 2-D arrays and the hardware systems are complicated and expensive, while freehand systems with positioning sensors and mechanical systems are mostly bulky. This article represents a novel scanning strategy for achieving high-quality 3-D US imaging with a high-frequency single-element transducer. A 42-MHz US transducer with a compact structure was designed and fabricated, which was excited in the 2-D vibration by a tubular piezoelectric actuator. A dedicated imaging system was set up and both B-mode and 3-D US imaging of a custom wire phantom have been carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed transducer. Compared to the results obtained with the motorized linear translation stage, the reconstructed images obtained by the proposed resonance scanning method are accurate, demonstrating the feasibility of 3-D US imaging with a vibrating single-element US transducer.
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Narang VP, Loroch A, Sambiagio G. Versatility and Benefits of 4.0mm Flexible Nasal Endoscopy in 118 Children up to 10 Years of Age. Cureus 2022; 14:e22656. [PMID: 35371672 PMCID: PMC8963822 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This retrospective study looked at the feasibility of using adult 4.0 mm flexible nasendoscopes (FNE) examination under local anesthetic (LA) in children three to 10 years old to diagnose adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and other conditions. We also looked for a correlation between the adenoid size on FNE and a) tonsil size, b) the typical symptoms of snoring, mouth breathing, impaired hearing, and apnoeic episodes c) the management options of otitis media with effusion (OME) and d) the adenoid size intraoperatively. Methods A retrospective, observational study of 118 children in an NHS pediatric otolaryngology clinic led by a single consultant. One hundred ten consecutive patients with suspected AH were divided into two groups of three to five years and six to 10 years. We compared the acceptance rate to FNE in two subgroups (three to five years and six to 10 years old) and examined the correlation between various parameters as outlined above, using the Chi-square test. Eight children underwent FNE for other reasons of change of voice and epistaxis. Results FNE was successfully performed in 86% of the patients without restraint. Thirty-three percent of patients had non-obstructive adenoids (OA) and did not require surgical intervention. The intraoperative adenoid size, symptoms of snoring, mouth-breathing, and apnoeic episodes positively correlated with OA; however, no correlation was seen with the tonsil size (p=0.1143). All patients with OA and type B tympanogram needed adenoidectomy and grommet insertion (p=0.0119), and those with type C curves recovered with adenoidectomy alone. Conclusions 4.0 mm adult scope helped reach a definitive diagnosis for AH in most children above three years of age, thus proving cost-effective. The symptoms of snoring, mouth-breathing, and apnoeic episodes had a positive correlation to the presence of OA; however, the tonsil size was seen to be independent of adenoid size. Primary surgical management can be considered the treatment of choice for all patients with OA and type B tympanogram without a trial of conservative therapy.
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20
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Sharma M, Lee LK, Carson MD, Park DS, An SW, Bovenkamp MG, Cayetano JJ, Berude IA, Nelson LY, Xu Z, Sadr A, Patel SN, Seibel EJ. O-pH: Optical pH Monitor to Measure Oral Biofilm Acidity and Assist in Enamel Health Monitoring. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:2776-2786. [PMID: 35196222 PMCID: PMC9509691 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3153659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacteria in the oral biofilm produce acid after consumption of carbohydrates which if left unmonitored leads to caries formation. We present O-pH, a device that ca measure oral biofilm acidity and provide quantitative feedback to assist in oral health monitoring. METHOD O-pH utilizes a ratiometric pH sensing method by capturing fluorescence of Sodium Fluorescein, an FDA approved chemical dye. The device was calibrated to a lab pH meter using buffered fluorescein solution with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. The calibration was further verified in vitro on additional buffered solution, artificial, and extracted teeth. An in vivo study on 30 pediatric subjects was performed to measure pH before (rest pH) and after a sugar rinse (drop pH), and the resultant difference in pH (diff pH) was calculated. The study enrolled subjects with low (Post-Cleaning) and heavy (Pre-Cleaning) biofilm load, having both unhealthy/healthy surfaces. Further, we modified point-based O-pH to an image-based device using a multimode-scanning fiber endoscope (mm-SFE) and tested in vivo on one subject. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We found significant difference between Post-Cleaning and Pre-Cleaning group using drop pH and diff pH. Additionally, in Pre-Cleaning group, the rest and drop pH is lower at the caries surfaces compared to healthy surfaces. Similar trend was not noticed in the Post-Cleaning group. mm-SFE pH scope recorded image-based pH heatmap of a subject with an average average diff pH of 1.5. SIGNIFICANCE This work builds an optical pH prototype and presents a pioneering study for non-invasively measuring pH of oral biofilm clinically.
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Advanced Optical Imaging-Guided Nanotheranostics towards Personalized Cancer Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030399. [PMID: 35159744 PMCID: PMC8838478 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine involves the use of nanotechnology for clinical applications and holds promise to improve treatments. Recent developments offer new hope for cancer detection, prevention and treatment; however, being a heterogenous disorder, cancer calls for a more targeted treatment approach. Personalized Medicine (PM) aims to revolutionize cancer therapy by matching the most effective treatment to individual patients. Nanotheranostics comprise a combination of therapy and diagnostic imaging incorporated in a nanosystem and are developed to fulfill the promise of PM by helping in the selection of treatments, the objective monitoring of response and the planning of follow-up therapy. Although well-established imaging techniques, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), are primarily used in the development of theranostics, Optical Imaging (OI) offers some advantages, such as high sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution and less invasiveness. Additionally, it allows for multiplexing, using multi-color imaging and DNA barcoding, which further aids in the development of personalized treatments. Recent advances have also given rise to techniques permitting better penetration, opening new doors for OI-guided nanotheranostics. In this review, we describe in detail these recent advances that may be used to design and develop efficient and specific nanotheranostics for personalized cancer drug delivery.
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22
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Yang X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Qin H, Wang S, Tong Y, Zhou K, Sun R, Yue S, Chen X, Ding S, Wang P. Fiber-optic large-depth 3D chromatic confocal endomicroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:300-313. [PMID: 35154872 PMCID: PMC8803035 DOI: 10.1364/boe.442029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current endoscopy techniques have difficulties to provide both high resolution and large imaging depth, which significantly hinders the early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Here, we developed a label-free, large-depth, three-dimensional (3D) chromatic reflectance confocal endomicroscopy. In order to solve the problem of insufficient imaging depth of traditional chromatic confocal microscopy, a customized miniature objective lens both with large chromatic focal shift and correction for spherical aberration was used to focus light of different wavelengths at different depths of the sample simultaneously, and a fiber bundle containing 50000 single-mode cores was used to collect the confocal reflectance signal. To acquire detailed information along the axial direction at a faster speed, a high-speed multi-pixel spectrometer was used to realize simultaneous detection of multi-depth signals. Specifically, we have built up a label-free fiber-optic 3D chromatic reflectance confocal endomicroscopy, with 2.3 µm lateral resolution, imaging depth of 570 µm in 3D phantom and 220 µm in tissue, and 1.5 Hz 3D volumetric frame rate. We have demonstrated that the fiber-optic 3D chromatic confocal endomicroscopy can be used to image human gastric tissues ex vivo, and provide important morphological information for diagnosis without labeling. These results show the great potential of the fiber-optic 3D chromatic confocal endomicroscopy for gastric cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hejun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haoye Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yihang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Keji Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui Sun
- BJR Biomedical Tech Co., Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for /Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- joint contribution
| | - Xun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- joint contribution
| | - Shigang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- joint contribution
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- joint contribution
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23
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Vega D, Galvez D, Romano G, Pham NY, Cordova R, Aitken M, Suebka S, Heusinkveld J, Barton JK. Triple-modality co-registered endoscope featuring wide-field reflectance imaging, and high-resolution multiphoton and optical coherence microscopy. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 1:044502. [PMID: 36325111 PMCID: PMC9625855 DOI: 10.1117/1.jom.1.4.044502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and feasibility testing of a multimodal co-registered endoscope based on a dual-path optical system integrated with a scanning piezo. This endoscope incorporates three different imaging modalities. A large field of view reflectance imaging system enables visualization of objects several millimeters in front of the endoscope, while optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy are employed in contact with tissue to further analyze suspicious areas. The optical system allows multiple different imaging modalities by employing a dual optical path. One path features a low numerical aperture and wide field of view to allow reflectance imaging of distant objects. The other path features a high numerical aperture and short working distance to allow microscopy techniques such as optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy. Images of test targets were obtained with each imaging modality to verify and characterize the imaging capabilities of the endoscope. The reflectance modality was demonstrated with a 561 nm laser to allow high contrast with blood vessels. It achieved a lateral resolution of 24.8 μm at 5 mm and a working distance from 5 mm to 30 mm. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) was performed with a 1300 nm super-luminescent diode since this wavelength experiences low relative scattering to allow for deeper tissue imaging. Measured OCM lateral and axial resolution was 4.0 μm and 14.2 μm, respectively. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) was performed with a custom 1400 nm femtosecond fiber laser, a wavelength suitable for exciting multiple exogenous and some endogenous fluorophores, as well as providing information on tissue composition through harmonic generation processes. A 4.0 μm MPM lateral resolution was measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vega
- The University of Arizona, The James C Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
| | - Dominique Galvez
- The University of Arizona, The James C Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
| | - Gabriella Romano
- University of Arizona, Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
| | - Nancy Y. Pham
- University of Arizona, Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
| | - Ricky Cordova
- University of Arizona, Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
| | - Makenna Aitken
- University of Arizona, Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
| | - Sartanee Suebka
- The University of Arizona, The James C Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
| | - John Heusinkveld
- University of Arizona, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
| | - Jennifer K. Barton
- The University of Arizona, The James C Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
- University of Arizona, Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85721
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24
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Waterhouse DJ, Bano S, Januszewicz W, Stoyanov D, Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, Bohndiek SE. First-in-human pilot study of snapshot multispectral endoscopy for early detection of Barrett's-related neoplasia. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210159R. [PMID: 34628734 PMCID: PMC8501416 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.10.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The early detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus could improve outcomes by enabling curative intervention; however, dysplasia is often inconspicuous using conventional white-light endoscopy. AIM We sought to determine whether multispectral imaging (MSI) could be applied in endoscopy to improve detection of dysplasia in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. APPROACH We used a commercial fiberscope to relay imaging data from within the upper GI tract to a snapshot MSI camera capable of collecting data from nine spectral bands. The system was deployed in a pilot clinical study of 20 patients (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03388047) to capture 727 in vivo image cubes matched with gold-standard diagnosis from histopathology. We compared the performance of seven learning-based methods for data classification, including linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbor classification, and a neural network. RESULTS Validation of our approach using a Macbeth color chart achieved an image-based classification accuracy of 96.5%. Although our patient cohort showed significant intra- and interpatient variance, we were able to resolve disease-specific contributions to the recorded MSI data. In classification, a combined principal component analysis and k-nearest-neighbor approach performed best, achieving accuracies of 95.8%, 90.7%, and 76.1%, respectively, for squamous, non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus and neoplasia based on majority decisions per-image. CONCLUSIONS MSI shows promise for disease classification in Barrett's esophagus and merits further investigation as a tool in high-definition "chip-on-tip" endoscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J. Waterhouse
- University of Cambridge, Department of Physics and CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University College London, Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Bano
- University College London, Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wladyslaw Januszewicz
- Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dan Stoyanov
- University College London, Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- University of Cambridge, MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Massimiliano di Pietro
- University of Cambridge, MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Bohndiek
- University of Cambridge, Department of Physics and CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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25
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Faisal S, Seibel EJ, Aliseda A. Optimization Study of the Hemodynamics of Saline Flushing in Endoscopic Imaging of Chronic Total Occlusions (CTOs). Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:541-555. [PMID: 34131832 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, in vitro experiments and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are used to expand the understand of the physics of saline flushing of a blocked artery to enable optical imaging. This process involves saline injection, mixing with blood, and advection of the mixture away from the region of interest to provide a clear optical path for imaging. METHODS CFD simulations are used as a rapid turn-around tool for the evolutionary design process of an endovascular catheter that combines imaging forward-viewing element with saline flushing lumens. RESULTS A novel design and control technique is developed that provides the method to regulate the pressure in a blocked artery during saline flushing, so only small deviations from physiological pressure values are exerted on the damaged artery wall at any time, minimizing risk of rupture. In vitro experiments demonstrate the optical clearing process in phantoms simulating chronic total occlusions (CTOs) in coronary arteries with an opaque blood surrogate being removed by saline flushing. With the CFD compared by the experiments, parametric analyses of artery diameter and curvature, and flushing lumen diameter size were conducted to understand their impact on flushing times and pressures. Different plaque morphologies were studied to explore the feasibility of saline flushing in different CTO conditions. CONCLUSIONS A new catheter design is demonstrated to safely and effectively produce saline flushing, leading to a clear optical imaging field, and an improved technique is outlined that overcomes some practical challenges and limitations commonly encountered in angioscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faisal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Eric J Seibel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Alberto Aliseda
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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26
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Wicaksono G, Toni F, Wei Feng Tok L, Jun Ting Thng J, Šolić I, Singh M, Djordjevic I, Baino F, Steele TWJ. Fixation of Transparent Bone Pins with Photocuring Biocomposites. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4463-4473. [PMID: 34387486 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone fractures are in need of rapid fixation methods, but the current strategies are limited to metal pins and screws, which necessitate secondary surgeries upon removal. New techniques are sought to avoid surgical revisions, while maintaining or improving the fixation speed. Herein, a method of bone fixation is proposed with transparent biopolymers anchored in place via light-activated biocomposites based on expanding CaproGlu bioadhesives. The transparent biopolymers serve as a UV light guide for the activation of CaproGlu biocomposites, which results in evolution of molecular nitrogen (from diazirine photolysis), simultaneously expanding the covalently cross-linked matrix. Osseointegration additives of hydroxyapatite or Bioglass 45S5 yield a biocomposite matrix with increased stiffness and pullout strength. The structure-property relationships of UV joules dose, pin diameter, and biocomposite additives are assessed with respect to the apparent viscosity, shear modulus, spatiotemporal pin curing, and lap-shear adhesion. Finally, a model system is proposed based on ex vivo investigation with bone tissue for the exploration and optimization of UV-active transparent biopolymer fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautama Wicaksono
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Felicia Toni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Leonard Wei Feng Tok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Jeanette Jun Ting Thng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Ivan Šolić
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Manisha Singh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Ivan Djordjevic
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Terry W J Steele
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
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27
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Kiekens KC, Vega D, Thurgood HT, Galvez D, McGregor DJ, Sawyer TW, Barton JK. Effect of an Added Mass on the Vibration Characteristics for Raster Scanning of a Cantilevered Optical Fiber. JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY 2021; 4:021007. [PMID: 35832635 PMCID: PMC8597565 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric tube actuators with cantilevered optical fibers have enabled the miniaturization of scanning image acquisition techniques for endoscopic implementation. To achieve raster scanning for such a miniaturized system, the first resonant frequency should be of the order of 10 s of Hz. We explore adding a mass at an intermediate location along the length of the fiber to alter the resonant frequencies of the system. We provide a mathematical model to predict resonant frequencies for a cantilevered beam with an intermediate mass. The theoretical and measured data match well for various fiber lengths, mass sizes, and mass attachment locations along the fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli C. Kiekens
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - David Vega
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Harrison T. Thurgood
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Dominique Galvez
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Davis J. McGregor
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Travis W. Sawyer
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Jennifer K. Barton
- Director BIO5 Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
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28
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Ikuta M, Wu TY, Mach AT, Altshuler A, Yan X, Houskeeper JH, Yamamoto A, Tatsumi S, Iwata KI, Ryu J, Zeidan A, Tearney GJ, Takeuchi S. RGB-color forward-viewing spectrally encoded endoscope using three orders of diffraction. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1036-1049. [PMID: 33680558 PMCID: PMC7901315 DOI: 10.1364/boe.415852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) is an ultra-miniature endoscopy technology that encodes each spatial location on the sample with a different wavelength. One challenge in SEE is achieving color imaging with a small probe. We present a novel SEE probe that is capable of conducting real-time RGB imaging using three diffraction orders (6th order diffraction of the blue spectrum, 5th of green, and 4th of red). The probe was comprised of rotating 0.5 mm-diameter illumination optics inside a static, 1.2 mm-diameter flexible sheath with a rigid distal length of 5 mm containing detection fibers. A color chart, resolution target, and swine tissue were imaged. The device achieved 44k/59k/23k effective pixels per R/G/B channels over a 58° angular field and differentiated a wide gamut of colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ikuta
- Healthcare Optics Research Laboratory, Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Wu
- Healthcare Optics Research Laboratory, Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anderson T. Mach
- Healthcare Optics Research Laboratory, Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Altshuler
- Healthcare Optics Research Laboratory, Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xuri Yan
- Healthcare Optics Research Laboratory, Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James H. Houskeeper
- Healthcare Optics Research Laboratory, Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Shumpei Tatsumi
- Production Engineering Headquarters, Canon Inc., Kawasaki 212-8602, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Iwata
- Production Engineering Headquarters, Canon Inc., Kawasaki 212-8602, Japan
| | - Jiheun Ryu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Adel Zeidan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Healthcare Optics Research Laboratory, Canon U.S.A., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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29
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Zhu C, Chan EA, Wang Y, Peng W, Guo R, Zhang B, Soci C, Chong Y. Image reconstruction through a multimode fiber with a simple neural network architecture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:896. [PMID: 33441671 PMCID: PMC7806887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimode fibers (MMFs) have the potential to carry complex images for endoscopy and related applications, but decoding the complex speckle patterns produced by mode-mixing and modal dispersion in MMFs is a serious challenge. Several groups have recently shown that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be trained to perform high-fidelity MMF image reconstruction. We find that a considerably simpler neural network architecture, the single hidden layer dense neural network, performs at least as well as previously-used CNNs in terms of image reconstruction fidelity, and is superior in terms of training time and computing resources required. The trained networks can accurately reconstruct MMF images collected over a week after the cessation of the training set, with the dense network performing as well as the CNN over the entire period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Zhu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Eng Aik Chan
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - You Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Weina Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ruixiang Guo
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Baile Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Cesare Soci
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Yidong Chong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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30
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Kaur M, Lane PM, Menon C. Scanning and Actuation Techniques for Cantilever-Based Fiber Optic Endoscopic Scanners-A Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21010251. [PMID: 33401728 PMCID: PMC7795415 DOI: 10.3390/s21010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopes are used routinely in modern medicine for in-vivo imaging of luminal organs. Technical advances in the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and optical fields have enabled the further miniaturization of endoscopes, resulting in the ability to image previously inaccessible small-caliber luminal organs, enabling the early detection of lesions and other abnormalities in these tissues. The development of scanning fiber endoscopes supports the fabrication of small cantilever-based imaging devices without compromising the image resolution. The size of an endoscope is highly dependent on the actuation and scanning method used to illuminate the target image area. Different actuation methods used in the design of small-sized cantilever-based endoscopes are reviewed in this paper along with their working principles, advantages and disadvantages, generated scanning patterns, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, B.C. V3T 0A3, Canada;
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Pierre M. Lane
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Carlo Menon
- MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, B.C. V3T 0A3, Canada;
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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31
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Micro-endoscopy for Live Small Animal Fluorescent Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1310:153-186. [PMID: 33834437 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6064-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy has emerged as a powerful technique for the fluorescent visualization of cellular- and subcellular-level biological processes in vivo. However, the size of objective lenses used in standard microscopes currently makes it difficult to access internal organs with minimal invasiveness in small animal models, such as mice. Here we describe front- and side-view designs for small-diameter endoscopes based on gradient-index lenses, their construction, their integration into laser scanning confocal microscopy platforms, and their applications for in vivo imaging of fluorescent cells and microvasculature in various organs, including the kidney, bladder, heart, brain, and gastrointestinal tracts, with a focus on the new techniques developed for each imaging application. The combination of novel fluorescence techniques with these powerful imaging methods promises to continue providing novel insights into a variety of diseases.
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Xiang Y, Basirun C, Chou J, Warkiani ME, Török P, Wang Y, Gao S, Kabakova IV. Background-free fibre optic Brillouin probe for remote mapping of micromechanics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6687-6698. [PMID: 33282517 PMCID: PMC7687937 DOI: 10.1364/boe.404535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brillouin imaging (BI) has become a valuable tool for micromechanical material characterisation, thanks to extensive progress in instrumentation in the last few decades. This powerful technique is contactless and label-free, thus making it especially suitable for biomedical applications. Nonetheless, to fully harness the non-contact and non-destructive nature of BI, transformational changes in instrumentation are still needed to extend the technology's utility into the domain of in vivo and in situ operation, which we foresee to be particularly crucial for wide spread usage of BI, e.g. in medical diagnostics and pathology screening. This work addresses this challenge by presenting the first demonstration of a fibre-optic Brillouin probe, capable of mapping the micromechanical properties of a tissue-mimicking phantom. This is achieved through combination of miniaturised optical design, advanced hollow-core fibre fabrication and high-resolution 3D printing. Our prototype probe is compact, background-free and possesses the highest collection efficiency to date, thus providing the foundation of a fibre-based Brillouin device for remote, in situ measurements in challenging and otherwise difficult-to-reach environments in biomedical, material science and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuChen Xiang
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, UK
| | - Carin Basirun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Joshua Chou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Majid E. Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Peter Török
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, UK
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shoufei Gao
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Irina V. Kabakova
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Ryu G, Park C, Kim J, Kim K. Active Endoscope Preserving Image Orientation for Endonasal Skull Base Surgery. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:5069-5072. [PMID: 33019126 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endonasal Skull Base Surgery has some advantages over conventional methods; however, some issues such as the need to replace the endoscope due to the fixed view, and possible invasiveness during insertion make the procedure difficult. To solve these problems, this paper proposes an active endoscope mechanism with several benefits. First, its variable direction of view can cover the wide ranges. Second, it provides a forward view, lessening the danger of damaging critical tissues while the endoscope is being inserted. Third, it can change the direction of view within a very small radius of 6.5 mm, so it can be used in a small cavity and work together with other surgical tools. We have designed the endoscope, which has 4 mm diameter. It is a simple tilting and rotation mechanism of 2-degree of freedom (DOF). It implements kinematics control to make it intuitive to operate. The image sensor attached to the distal end is fixed mechanically so that the image orientation is preserved in the direction of gravity. The experiments showed the user could intuitively control the endoscope with the master device and observe the target without swapping the endoscope. Future tests will examine clinical aspects and combination work with surgical instruments.
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Endoscopic Optical Imaging Technologies and Devices for Medical Purposes: State of the Art. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The growth and development of optical components and, in particular, the miniaturization of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMSs), has motivated and enabled researchers to design smaller and smaller endoscopes. The overarching goal of this work has been to image smaller previously inaccessible luminal organs in real time, at high resolution, in a minimally invasive manner that does not compromise the comfort of the subject, nor introduce additional risk. Thus, an initial diagnosis can be made, or a small precancerous lesion may be detected, in a small-diameter luminal organ that would not have otherwise been possible. Continuous advancement in the field has enabled a wide range of optical scanners. Different scanning techniques, working principles, and the applications of endoscopic scanners are summarized in this review.
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Optical Waveguides and Integrated Optical Devices for Medical Diagnosis, Health Monitoring and Light Therapies. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143981. [PMID: 32709072 PMCID: PMC7411870 DOI: 10.3390/s20143981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguides and integrated optical devices are promising solutions for many applications, such as medical diagnosis, health monitoring and light therapies. Despite the many existing reviews focusing on the materials that these devices are made from, a systematic review that relates these devices to the various materials, fabrication processes, sensing methods and medical applications is still seldom seen. This work is intended to link these multidisciplinary fields, and to provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances of these devices. Firstly, the optical and mechanical properties of optical waveguides based on glass, polymers and heterogeneous materials and fabricated via various processes are thoroughly discussed, together with their applications for medical purposes. Then, the fabrication processes and medical implementations of integrated passive and active optical devices with sensing modules are introduced, which can be used in many medical fields such as drug delivery and cardiovascular healthcare. Thirdly, wearable optical sensing devices based on light sensing methods such as colorimetry, fluorescence and luminescence are discussed. Additionally, the wearable optical devices for light therapies are introduced. The review concludes with a comprehensive summary of these optical devices, in terms of their forms, materials, light sources and applications.
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Hoffman A, Atreya R, Rath T, Neurath MF. Use of Fluorescent Dyes in Endoscopy and Diagnostic Investigation. Visc Med 2020; 36:95-103. [PMID: 32355666 DOI: 10.1159/000506241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The advancement of innovative endoscopic technology in terms of improving the visualization of the mucosa has been of significant benefit. Summary Advancements in image resolution, software processing, and optical filter technology have resulted in several techniques complemental to traditional white light endoscopy. These new techniques provide a real-time optical diagnosis as well as virtual histology of detected lesions. Optical molecular imaging permits a functional assessment within cells. Key Message Optical molecular imaging provides an understanding of cellular processes and permits validation of the specificity of fluorescent tracers and the possibility of quantifying the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hoffman
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinic Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- First Department of Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Rath
- First Department of Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- First Department of Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Jin X, Sun Y, Wu Q, Jia Z, Huang S, Yao J, Huang H, Xu J. High-Performance Free-Standing Flexible Photodetectors Based on Sulfur-Hyperdoped Ultrathin Silicon. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42385-42391. [PMID: 31612698 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible photodetectors (PDs) prepared with silicon-based materials have received considerable attention for their use in a wide range of portable and wearable applications. In this study, we present the first free-standing flexible PD based on sulfur-hyperdoped ultrathin silicon, which was fabricated using a femtosecond laser in a SF6 atmosphere. It is found that the fabricated device exhibits excellent performance of broadband photoresponse from 400 to 1200 nm, with a peak responsivity of 63.79 A/W @ 870 nm at a low bias voltage of -2 V, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency reaching 9092%, which surpasses most values reported for silicon-based flexible PDs. In addition, the device shows a fast response speed (rise time τr = 68 μs) and stable detection performance with good mechanical flexibility. The high-performance PD described here suggests a promising way in flexible applications for sensors, imaging systems, and optical communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics , Nankai University , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yuqi Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics , Nankai University , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Qiang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics , Nankai University , Tianjin 300457 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , China
| | - Zixi Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics , Nankai University , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Song Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics , Nankai University , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Jianghong Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics , Nankai University , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Hui Huang
- Kunming Institute of Physics , Kunming , Yunnan 650223 , China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics , Nankai University , Tianjin 300457 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , China
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McGoran JJ, McAlindon ME, Iyer PG, Seibel EJ, Haidry R, Lovat LB, Sami SS. Miniature gastrointestinal endoscopy: Now and the future. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4051-4060. [PMID: 31435163 PMCID: PMC6700702 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its original application, gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy has undergone many innovative transformations aimed at expanding the scope, safety, accuracy, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of this area of clinical practice. One method of achieving this has been to reduce the caliber of endoscopic devices. We propose the collective term “Miniature GI Endoscopy”. In this Opinion Review, the innovations in this field are explored and discussed. The progress and clinical use of the three main areas of miniature GI endoscopy (ultrathin endoscopy, wireless endoscopy and scanning fiber endoscopy) are described. The opportunities presented by these technologies are set out in a clinical context, as are their current limitations. Many of the positive aspects of miniature endoscopy are clear, in that smaller devices provide access to potentially all of the alimentary canal, while conferring high patient acceptability. This must be balanced with the costs of new technologies and recognition of device specific challenges. Perspectives on future application are also considered and the efforts being made to bring new innovations to a clinical platform are outlined. Current devices demonstrate that miniature GI endoscopy has a valuable place in investigation of symptoms, therapeutic intervention and screening. Newer technologies give promise that the potential for enhancing the investigation and management of GI complaints is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McGoran
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E McAlindon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom
| | - Prasad G Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Eric J Seibel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, 4000 Mason St, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Rehan Haidry
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence B Lovat
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarmed S Sami
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Kinoshita T, Ujiie H, Chen J, Ding L, Chan H, Gregor A, Bernards N, McVeigh PZ, Fujino K, Lee CY, Motooka Y, Inage T, Valic MS, Effat A, Weersink R, Wilson BC, Zheng G, Asamura H, Yasufuku K. Evaluation of Novel Imaging Devices for Nanoparticle-Mediated Fluorescence-Guided Lung Tumor Therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 107:1613-1620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zeidan A, Do D, Kang D, Ikuta M, Ryu J, Tearney GJ. High-Resolution, Wide-Field, Forward-Viewing Spectrally Encoded Endoscope. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51:808-814. [PMID: 31129921 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) is an optical imaging technology that uses spatial wavelength multiplexing to conduct endoscopy in miniature, small diameter probes. Contrary to the previous side-viewing SEE devices, forward-viewing SEE probes are advantageous as they provide a look ahead that facilitates navigation and surveillance. The objective of this work was to develop a miniature forward-viewing SEE probe with a wide field of view and a high spatial resolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS We designed and developed a forward-viewing SEE device with an overall total diameter of 1.27 mm, which consists of a monolithic illumination probe with a length of 3.87 mm and a diameter of 500 µm, 8 multimode detection fibers that were polished at a 17° angle, a rotational scanning mechanism, and a sheath. The SEE device was evaluated using a USAF resolution target and was used for preclinical imaging of a swine joint ex vivo. RESULTS This design resulted in a high resolution probe (best spatial resolution of 20.3 µm), a wide total angular field of view of 100°, and an effective number of imaging elements of ~344,000 pixels. The SEE probe performance was compared to a commercial color chip-on-the-tip endoscope; while monochrome, results showed better spatial resolution and a wider field of view for the SEE device. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the potential of this forward-viewing SEE probe for visualization and navigation in medical imaging applications. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Zeidan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Dukho Do
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Dongkyun Kang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Mitsuhiro Ikuta
- Healthcare Optics Research Laboratory, Canon U.S.A., Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Jiheun Ryu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
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41
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Jiang Y, Girard EJ, Pakiam F, Seibel EJ. Calibration of fluorescence imaging for tumor surgical margin delineation: multistep registration of fluorescence and histological images. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2019; 6:025005. [PMID: 31093519 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.6.2.025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a greater extent of tumor resection is important for patients' survival, complete tumor removal, especially tumor margins, remains challenging due to the lack of sensitivity and specificity of current surgical guidance techniques at the margins. Intraoperative fluorescence imaging with targeted fluorophores is promising for tumor margin delineation. To verify the tumor margins detected by the fluorescence images, it is necessary to register fluorescence with histological images, which provide the ground truth for tumor regions. However, current registration methods compare fluorescence images to a single-layer histological slide, which is selected subjectively and represents a single plane of the three-dimensional tumor. A multistep pipeline is established to correlate fluorescence images to stacked histological images, including fluorescence calibration and multistep registration. Multiple histological slices are integrated as a two-dimensional (2-D) tumor map using optical attenuation model and average intensity projection. A BLZ-100-labeled medulloblastoma mouse model is used to test the whole framework. On average, the synthesized 2-D tumor map outperforms the selected best slide as ground truth [Dice similarity coefficient (DSC): 0.582 versus 0.398, with significant differences; mean area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve: 88% versus 85.5%] and the randomly selected slide as ground truth (DSC: 0.582 versus 0.396 with significant differences; mean AUC: 88% versus 84.1% with significant differences), which indicates our pipeline is reliable and can be applied to investigate targeted fluorescence probes in tumor margin detection. Following this proposed pipeline, BLZ-100 shows enhancement in both tumor cores and tumor margins (mean target-to-background ratio: 8.64 ± 5.76 and 4.82 ± 2.79 , respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- University of Washington, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Emily J Girard
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Olson Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Fiona Pakiam
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Olson Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Eric J Seibel
- University of Washington, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Wurster LM, Shah RN, Placzek F, Kretschmer S, Niederleithner M, Ginner L, Ensher J, Minneman MP, Hoover EE, Zappe H, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA, Ataman Ç. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography angiography using a forward imaging piezo scanner probe. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019. [PMID: 30652423 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.2019.12.issue-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A forward imaging endoscope for optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) featuring a piezoelectric fiber scanner is presented. Imaging is performed with an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system incorporating an akinetic light source with a center wavelength of 1300 nm, bandwidth of 90 nm and A-line rate of 173 kHz. The endoscope operates in contact mode to avoid motion artifacts, in particular, beneficial for OCTA measurements, and achieves a transversal resolution of 12 μm in air at a rigid probe size of 4 mm in diameter and 11.3 mm in length. A spiral scan pattern is generated at a scanning frequency of 360 Hz to sample a maximum field of view of 1.3 mm. OCT images of a human finger as well as visualization of microvasculature of the human palm are presented both in two and three dimensions. The combination of morphological tissue contrast with qualitative dynamic blood flow information within this endoscopic imaging approach potentially enables improved early diagnostic capabilities of internal organs for diseases such as bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Wurster
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronak N Shah
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Kretschmer
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Niederleithner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason Ensher
- INSIGHT Photonics Solution, Inc., Lafayette, Colorado
| | | | | | - Hans Zappe
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Çağlar Ataman
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Wurster LM, Shah RN, Placzek F, Kretschmer S, Niederleithner M, Ginner L, Ensher J, Minneman MP, Hoover EE, Zappe H, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA, Ataman Ç. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography angiography using a forward imaging piezo scanner probe. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800382. [PMID: 30652423 PMCID: PMC7065608 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A forward imaging endoscope for optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) featuring a piezoelectric fiber scanner is presented. Imaging is performed with an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system incorporating an akinetic light source with a center wavelength of 1300 nm, bandwidth of 90 nm and A-line rate of 173 kHz. The endoscope operates in contact mode to avoid motion artifacts, in particular, beneficial for OCTA measurements, and achieves a transversal resolution of 12 μm in air at a rigid probe size of 4 mm in diameter and 11.3 mm in length. A spiral scan pattern is generated at a scanning frequency of 360 Hz to sample a maximum field of view of 1.3 mm. OCT images of a human finger as well as visualization of microvasculature of the human palm are presented both in two and three dimensions. The combination of morphological tissue contrast with qualitative dynamic blood flow information within this endoscopic imaging approach potentially enables improved early diagnostic capabilities of internal organs for diseases such as bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M. Wurster
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ronak N. Shah
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro‐optics, Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Simon Kretschmer
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro‐optics, Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Niederleithner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jason Ensher
- INSIGHT Photonics Solution, Inc.LafayetteColorado
| | | | | | - Hans Zappe
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro‐optics, Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Çağlar Ataman
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro‐optics, Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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Lazaro T, Srinivasan VM, Cooper P, Phillips M, Garcia R, Chen SR, Johnson J, Collins DE, Kan P. A new set of eyes: development of a novel microangioscope for neurointerventional surgery. J Neurointerv Surg 2019; 11:1036-1039. [PMID: 30878951 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endovascular technological advances have revolutionized the field of neurovascular surgery and have become the mainstay of treatment for many cerebrovascular pathologies. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the 'gold standard' for visualization of the vasculature and deployment of endovascular devices. Nonetheless, with recent technological advances in optics, angioscopy has emerged as a potentially important adjunct to DSA. Angioscopy can offer direct visualization of the intracranial vasculature, and direct observation and inspection of device deployment. However, previous iterations of this technology have not been sufficiently miniaturized or practical for modern neurointerventional practice. OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution, development, and design of a microangioscope that offers both high-quality direct visualization and the miniaturization necessary to navigate in the small intracranial vessels and provide examples of its potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular pathologies using an in vivo porcine model. METHODS In this proof-of-concept study we introduce a novel microangioscope, designed from coherent fiber bundle technology. The microangioscope is smaller than any previously described angioscope, at 1.7 F, while maintaining high-resolution images. A porcine model is used to demonstrate the resolution of the images in vivo. RESULTS Video recordings of the microangioscope show the versatility of the camera mounted on different microcatheters and its ability to navigate external carotid artery branches. The microangioscope is also shown to be able to resolve the subtle differences between red and white thrombi in a porcine model. CONCLUSION A new microangioscope, based on miniaturized fiber optic technology, offers a potentially revolutionary way to visualize the intracranial vascular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Lazaro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen R Chen
- Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeremiah Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dalis E Collins
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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An Electro-Thermal Actuation Method for Resonance Vibration of a Miniaturized Optical-Fiber Scanner for Future Scanning Fiber Endoscope Design. ACTUATORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/act8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Medical professionals increasingly rely on endoscopes to carry out many minimally invasive procedures on patients to safely examine, diagnose, and treat a large variety of conditions. However, their insertion tube diameter dictates which passages of the body they can be inserted into and, consequently, what organs they can access. For inaccessible areas and organs, patients often undergo invasive and risky procedures—diagnostic confirmation of peripheral lung nodules via transthoracic needle biopsy is one example from oncology. Hence, this work sets out to present an optical-fiber scanner for a scanning fiber endoscope design that has an insertion tube diameter of about 0.5 mm, small enough to be inserted into the smallest airways of the lung. To attain this goal, a novel approach based on resonance thermal excitation of a single-mode 0.01-mm-diameter fiber-optic cantilever oscillating at 2–4 kHz is proposed. The small size of the electro-thermal actuator enables miniaturization of the insertion tube. Lateral free-end deflection of the cantilever is used as a benchmark for evaluating performance. Experimental results show that the cantilever can achieve over 0.2 mm of displacement at its free end. The experimental results also support finite element simulation models which can be used for future design iterations of the endoscope.
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MEMS Actuators for Optical Microendoscopy. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020085. [PMID: 30682852 PMCID: PMC6412441 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Growing demands for affordable, portable, and reliable optical microendoscopic imaging devices are attracting research institutes and industries to find new manufacturing methods. However, the integration of microscopic components into these subsystems is one of today's challenges in manufacturing and packaging. Together with this kind of miniaturization more and more functional parts have to be accommodated in ever smaller spaces. Therefore, solving this challenge with the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology has opened the promising opportunities in enabling a wide variety of novel optical microendoscopy to be miniaturized. MEMS fabrication technology enables abilities to apply batch fabrication methods with high-precision and to include a wide variety of optical functionalities to the optical components. As a result, MEMS technology has enabled greater accessibility to advance optical microendoscopy technology to provide high-resolution and high-performance imaging matching with traditional table-top microscopy. In this review the latest advancements of MEMS actuators for optical microendoscopy will be discussed in detail.
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Wei L, Yin C, Liu JTC. Dual-axis confocal microscopy for point-of-care pathology. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2019; 25:7100910. [PMID: 30872909 PMCID: PMC6411089 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2018.2854572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscopy is an optical imaging modality that utilizes simple low-numerical aperture (NA) lenses to achieve effective optical sectioning and superior image contrast in biological tissues. The unique architecture of DAC microscopy also provides some advantages for miniaturization, facilitating the development of endoscopic and handheld DAC systems for in vivo imaging. This article reviews the principles of DAC microscopy, including its differences from conventional confocal microscopy, and surveys several variations of DAC microscopy that have been developed and investigated as non-invasive real-time alternatives to conventional biopsy and histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA, JTCL is also with the Department of Pathology at the University of Washington
| | - Chengbo Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA, JTCL is also with the Department of Pathology at the University of Washington
| | - Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA, JTCL is also with the Department of Pathology at the University of Washington
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Warren-Smith SC, Dowler A, Ebendorff-Heidepriem H. Soft-glass imaging microstructured optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33604-33612. [PMID: 30650793 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of multi-core (imaging) microstructured optical fiber via soft-glass preform extrusion through a 3D printed titanium die. The combination of extrusion through 3D printed dies and structured element (capillary) stacking allows for unprecedented control of the optical fiber geometry. We have exploited this to demonstrate a 100 pixel rectangular array imaging microstructured fiber. Due to the high refractive index of the glass used (n = 1.62), such a fiber can theoretically have a pixel pitch as small as 1.8 µm. This opens opportunities for ultra-small, high-resolution imaging fibers fabricated from diverse glass types.
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49
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Waterhouse DJ, Luthman AS, Yoon J, Gordon GSD, Bohndiek SE. Quantitative evaluation of comb-structure correction methods for multispectral fibrescopic imaging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17801. [PMID: 30542081 PMCID: PMC6290790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Removing the comb artifact introduced by imaging fibre bundles, or 'fibrescopes', for example in medical endoscopy, is essential to provide high quality images to the observer. Multispectral imaging (MSI) is an emerging method that combines morphological (spatial) and chemical (spectral) information in a single data 'cube'. When a fibrescope is coupled to a spectrally resolved detector array (SRDA) to perform MSI, comb removal is complicated by the demosaicking step required to reconstruct the multispectral data cube. To understand the potential for using SRDAs as multispectral imaging sensors in medical endoscopy, we assessed five comb correction methods with respect to five performance metrics relevant to biomedical imaging applications: processing time, resolution, smoothness, signal and the accuracy of spectral reconstruction. By assigning weights to each metric, which are determined by the particular imaging application, our results can be used to select the correction method to achieve best overall performance. In most cases, interpolation gave the best compromise between the different performance metrics when imaging using an SRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J Waterhouse
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - A Siri Luthman
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jonghee Yoon
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - George S D Gordon
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
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Ahmed S, Strand S, Weinmann-Menke J, Urbansky L, Galle PR, Neumann H. Molecular endoscopic imaging in cancer. Dig Endosc 2018; 30:719-729. [PMID: 29846982 DOI: 10.1111/den.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death in both the USA and Europe. Molecular imaging is a novel field that is revolutionizing cancer management. It is based on the molecular signature of cells in order to study the human body both in normal and diseased conditions. The emergence of molecular imaging has been driven by the difficulties associated with cancer detection, particularly early-stage premalignant lesions which are often unnoticed as a result of minimal or no structural changes. Endoscopic surveillance is the standard method for early-stage cancer detection. In addition to recent major advancements in endoscopic instruments, significant progress has been achieved in the exploration of highly specific molecular probes and the combination of both will permit significant improvement of patient care. In this review, we provide an outline of the current status of endoscopic imaging and focus on recent applications of molecular imaging in gastrointestinal, hepatic and other cancers in the context of detection, targeted therapy and personalized medicine. As new imaging agents have the potential to broadly expand our cancer diagnostic capability, we will also present an overview of the main types of optical molecular probes with their pros and cons. We conclude by discussing the challenges and future prospects of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmed
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Weinmann-Menke
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lana Urbansky
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helmut Neumann
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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