Molecular mechanism of VEGF and its role in pathological angiogenesis

Nanosponge hydrogel of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate of Alcaligenes faecalis

Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (ODHP) was extracted in a previous study from the culture broth of soil isolate Alcaligenes faecalis MT332429 and showed a promising antimycotic activity. This study was aimed to formulate ODHP loaded β-cyclodextrins (CD) nanosponge (NS) hydrogel (HG) to control skin fungal ailments since nanosponges augment the retention of tested agents in the skin. Box-Behnken design was used to produce the optimized NS formulation, where entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), polydispersity index (PDI), and particle size (PS) were assigned as dependent parameters, while the independent process parameters were polyvinyl alcohol % (w/v %), polymer-linker ratio, homogenization time, and speed. The carbopol 940 hydrogel was then created by incorporating the nanosponges. The hydrogel fit Higuchi's kinetic release model the best, according to in vitro drug release. Stability and photodegradation studies revealed that the NS-HG remained stable under tested conditions. The formulation also showed higher in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to the control fluconazole. In vivo study showed that ODHP-NS-HG increased survival rates, wound contraction, and healing of wound gap and inhibited the inflammation process compared to the other control groups. The histopathological examinations and Masson's trichrome staining showed improved healing and higher records of collagen deposition. Moreover, the permeability of ODHP-NS-HG was higher through rats' skin by 1.5-folds compared to the control isoconazole 1%. Therefore, based on these results, NS-HG formulation is a potential carrier for enhanced and improved topical delivery of ODHP. Our study is a pioneering research on the development of a formulation for ODHP produced naturally from soil bacteria. KEY POINTS: • Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate was successfully formulated as a nanosponge hydrogel and statistically optimized. • The new formula exhibited in vitro good stability, drug release, and higher antifungal activity against C. albicans as compared to the fluconazole. • Ex vivo showed enhanced skin permeability, and in vivo analysis showed high antifungal activity as evidenced by measurement of various biochemical parameters and histopathological examination.

Physiological and tumor-associated angiogenesis: Key factors and therapy targeting VEGF/VEGFR pathway

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide and poses a significant challenge to effective treatment due to its complexity. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is one of the cancer hallmarks and is a critical process in tumor growth and metastasis. The pivotal role of angiogenesis in cancer development has made antiangiogenic treatment a promising strategy for cancer therapy. To develop an effective therapy, it is essential to understand the basics of the physiological and tumor angiogenesis process. This review presents the primary factors related to physiological and tumor angiogenesis and the mechanisms of angiogenesis in tumors. We summarize potential molecular targets for cancer treatment by focusing on the vasculature, with the VEGF/VEGFR pathway being one of the most important and well-studied. Additionally, we present the advantages and limitations of currently used clinical protocols for cancer treatment targeting the VEGF/VEGFR pathway.

Capsiate Improves Glucose Metabolism by Improving Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetic Retinopathy Mice

PURPOSE

Capsiate (cap) is a metabolite that affects a number of biological processes, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is now known to be the primary cause of end-stage eye illness.

METHODS

In order to examine the effects of the cap intervention on body weight, nutritional intake, changes in body weight composition, glucose metabolism levels, retinopathy, and oxidative stress levels, we proposed using a mouse model of diabetic retinopathy caused by STZ.

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrated that, in addition to increasing lean body mass and lowering fat body mass content, cap intervention significantly improved body weight and dietary consumption in STZ mice. Additionally, our results on glucose metabolism revealed that cap had a significant impact on insulin resistance and the stabilization of OGTT levels. In conclusion, we examined the levels of oxidative stress and retinopathy. We discovered that the cap intervention greatly reduced the levels of MDA and significantly improved the levels of VEGF and retinopathy. In contrast, the STZ group's levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH were significantly higher.

CONCLUSIONS

According to our research, the Cap intervention improved the damage caused by diabetic retinopathy by reversing the levels of oxidative stress and the disrupted state of glucose metabolism, which in turn decreased the levels of VEGF.

Innovative Use of Nanomaterials in Treating Retinopathy of Prematurity

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a severe condition primarily affecting premature infants with a gestational age (GA) of 30 weeks or less and a birth weight (BW) of 1500 g or less. The objective of this review is to examine the risk factors, pathogenesis, and current treatments for ROP, such as cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, and anti-VEGF therapy, while exploring the limitations of these approaches. Additionally, this review evaluates emerging nanotherapeutic strategies to address these challenges, aiming to improve ROP management.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather data on the pathogenesis, traditional treatment methods, and novel nanotherapeutic approaches for ROP. This included assessing the efficacy and safety profiles of cryotherapy, laser treatment, anti-VEGF therapy, and nanotherapies currently under investigation.

RESULTS

Traditional treatments, while effective in reducing disease progression, exhibit limitations, including long-term complications, tissue damage, and systemic side effects. Nanotherapeutic approaches, on the other hand, have shown potential in offering targeted drug delivery with reduced systemic toxicity, improved ocular drug penetration, and sustained release, which could decrease the frequency of treatments and enhance therapeutic outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Nanotherapies represent a promising advancement in ROP treatment, offering safer and more effective management strategies. These innovations could address the limitations of traditional therapies, reducing complications and improving outcomes for premature infants affected by ROP. Further research is needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in clinical practice.

Therapeutic antibodies in oncology: an immunopharmacological overview

The biotechnological development of monoclonal antibodies and their immunotherapeutic use in oncology have grown exponentially in the last decade, becoming the first-line therapy for some types of cancer. Their mechanism of action is based on the ability to regulate the immune system or by interacting with targets that are either overexpressed in tumor cells, released into the extracellular milieu or involved in processes that favor tumor growth. In addition, the intrinsic characteristics of each subclass of antibodies provide specific effector functions against the tumor by activating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, among other mechanisms. The rational design and engineering of monoclonal antibodies have improved their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features, thus optimizing the therapeutic regimens administered to cancer patients and improving their clinical outcomes. The selection of the immunoglobulin G subclass, modifications to its crystallizable region (Fc), and conjugation of radioactive substances or antineoplastic drugs may all improve the antitumor effects of therapeutic antibodies. This review aims to provide insights into the immunological and pharmacological aspects of therapeutic antibodies used in oncology, with a rational approach at molecular modifications that can be introduced into these biological tools, improving their efficacy in the treatment of cancer.

Effects of SARS-COV-2 on molecules involved in vascularization and autophagy in placenta tissues

SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered as a multi-organ disease, and several studies highlighted the relevance of the virus infection in the induction of vascular injury and tissue morphological alterations, including placenta. In this study, immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on placenta samples derived from women with COVID-19 infection at delivery (SARS-CoV-2 PCR+) or women healed from a COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2 negative at delivery, SARS-CoV-2 PCR-) or women who gave birth before 2019 (Control). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, Cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), endothelial CD34 marker, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and total Microtubule-associated protein 1 Light Chain 3B marker (LC3B) were investigated in parallel with SPIKE protein by standard IHC. Multiplexed Immunohistochemical Consecutive Staining on Single Slide (MICSSS) was used to examine antigen co-expression in the same specimen. SPIKE protein was detected in villi and decidua from women with ongoing infection, with no significant differences in SPIKE staining between both biopsy sites. VEGF was significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2 PCR + biopsies compared to control and SARS-CoV-2 PCR- samples, and MICSSS method showed the co-localization of SPIKE with VEGF and CD34. The induction of autophagy, as suggested by the LC3B increase in SARS-CoV-2 PCR + biopsies and the co-expression of LC3B with SPIKE protein, may explain one of the different mechanisms by which placenta may react to infection. These data could provide important information on the impact that SARS-CoV-2 may have on the placenta and mother-to-fetus transmission.

Endothelium as a Source of Cardiovascular Toxicity From Antitumor Kinase Inhibitors

Kinase inhibitors (KIs) targeting oncogenic molecular pathways have revolutionized cancer therapy. By directly targeting specific tumor-driving kinases, targeted therapies have fewer side effects compared with chemotherapy. Despite the enhanced specificity, cardiovascular side effects have emerged with many targeted cancer therapies that limit long-term outcomes in patients with cancer. Endothelial cells lining all blood vessels are critical to cardiovascular health and are also exposed to circulating levels of systemic anticancer therapies. Both on- and off-target perturbation of signaling pathways from KIs can cause endothelial dysfunction, resulting in cardiovascular toxicity. As such, the endothelium is a potential source, and also a therapeutic target for prevention, of cardiovascular toxicity. In this review, we examine the evidence for KI-induced endothelial cell dysfunction as a mechanism for the cardiovascular toxicities of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, BCR-Abl (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson proto-oncogene) KIs, Bruton tyrosine inhibitors, and emerging information regarding endothelial toxicity of newer classes of KIs.

Exploring the Wound Healing Potential of Hispidin

BACKGROUND

Hispidin, a polyphenol component mainly derived from the medicinal mushroom species Phellinus and Inonotus, shows promise for biomedical applications, yet its potential in wound healing remains largely unexplored. This research investigates the wound healing effects of hispidin through in vitro and in vivo experiments, while also evaluating its antimicrobial properties and safety profile.

METHODS

In vitro scratch assays were conducted to evaluate the impact of hispidin on the migration of NIH-3T3 cells. The wound healing potential of hispidin was assessed in rats using excision wounds, dead space wounds, and linear incisions, treated with various topical ointments including a simple ointment, 2.5% (w/w) and a 5% (w/w) hispidin ointment, and a 0.2% (w/w) nitrofurazone ointment, administered at 0.2 g daily for 14 days.

RESULTS

Hispidin demonstrated antimicrobial properties and was particularly effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hispidin enhanced NIH-3T3 cell viability, and promoted wound closure in scratch assays, correlating with increased levels of FGF21, TGF-β1, EGF, and VEGF. In excision wound models, the 5% (w/w) hispidin ointment improved wound contraction, epithelialization, tissue regeneration, fibroblast activity, and angiogenesis. In the granulation tissue from dead space wound models, hispidin reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and lipid peroxidation, while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and antioxidant activities (SOD, GPx, CAT), along with connective tissue markers like hydroxyproline, hexosamine, and hexuronic acid. Hispidin also enhanced wound breaking strength in incision models. Acute dermal toxicity studies indicated no adverse effects at 2000 mg/kg.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight hispidin's potential in wound care, demonstrating its antimicrobial, regenerative, and safety properties.

Experimental research of different forms of autolyzed antigen-extracted allogeneic bone combined with vascular endothelial growth factor for the repair of bone defects

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of different forms of autolyzed antigen-extracted allogeneic(AAA) bone combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on bone reconstruction.

METHOD

The AAA bone was made into a block and a granule shape, and mixed with VEGF to prepare VEGF bone. Establishment of rat calvarium defect animal model, it is divided into 5 groups. With block bone, granular bone, block VEGF bone, granular VEGF bone was implanted in the bone defect for repair as the experimental group. The defect area was evaluated by histological and CBCT analysis 4 weeks postoperatively.

RESULTS

Postoperative 4 weeks imaging results showed that there was no high-density shadow in the bone defect area of the blank group and the volume of high-density shadow in the bone defect area of the experimental group was different. Histological results showed that no osteoblasts were found in the blank group, and new bone was formed in the experimental group. The effect of bone formation in the granular bone was better than that in the block bone, and the amount of new bone formation in the VEGF bone group was higher than that of the single bone group.

CONCLUSION

Granular bone has a better osteogenesis effect than block bone. The effect of allogeneic bone combined with VEGF in promoting new bone formation in the area of the bone defect is better than that of allogeneic bone alone. These results provide a theoretical and practical basis for its further clinical application.

Insulin-Induced Gene 1-Enhance Secretion of BMSC Exosome Enriched in miR-132-3p Promoting Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice

Chronic diabetic wounds represent a significant clinical challenge because of impaired healing processes, which require innovative therapeutic strategies. This study explores the therapeutic efficacy of insulin-induced gene 1-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (Insig1-exos) in promoting wound healing in diabetic mice. We demonstrated that Insig1 enhanced the secretion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, which are enriched with miR-132-3p. Through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, these exosomes significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of dermal fibroblasts under high-glucose conditions. They also regulated key wound-healing factors, including matrix metalloproteinase-9, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, thereby accelerating wound closure in diabetic mice. Histological analysis showed that Insig1-exos were more effective in promoting epithelialization, enhancing collagen deposition, and reducing inflammation. Additionally, inhibition of miR-132-3p notably diminished these therapeutic effects, underscoring its pivotal role in the wound-healing mechanism facilitated by Insig1-exos. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms through which Insig1-exos promotes diabetic wound healing, highlighting miR-132-3p as a key mediator. These findings provide new strategies and theoretical foundations for treating diabetes-related skin injuries.

Advances in tumor vascular growth inhibition

Tumor growth and metastasis require neovascularization, which is dependent on a complex array of factors, such as the production of various pro-angiogenic factors by tumor cells, intercellular signaling, and stromal remodeling. The hypoxic, acidic tumor microenvironment is not only conducive to tumor cell proliferation, but also disrupts the equilibrium of angiogenic factors, leading to vascular heterogeneity, which further promotes tumor development and metastasis. Anti-angiogenic strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis has, therefore, become an important focus for anti-tumor therapy. The traditional approach involves the use of anti-angiogenic drugs to inhibit tumor neovascularization by targeting upstream and downstream angiogenesis-related pathways or pro-angiogenic factors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. This review explores the mechanisms involved in tumor angiogenesis and summarizes currently used anti-angiogenic drugs, including monoclonal antibody, and small-molecule inhibitors, as well as the progress and challenges associated with their use in anti-tumor therapy. It also outlines the opportunities and challenges of treating tumors using more advanced anti-angiogenic strategies, such as immunotherapy and nanomaterials.

The natural compound sinometumine E derived from Corydalis decumbens promotes angiogenesis by regulating HIF-1/ VEGF pathway in vivo and in vitro

The rhizome of Corydalis decumbens is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly utilized in the clinical treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Numerous phytochemical and biological investigations have demonstrated that protoberberine alkaloids from C. decumbens exhibit diverse pharmaceutical activities against various diseases. Sinometumine E (SE), a protoberberine alkaloid isolated from C. decumbens for the first time, is characterized by a complex 6/6/6/6/6/6 hexacyclic skeleton. In the current study, we investigated the protective effects of SE on endothelial cell injury and its angiogenesis effects in zebrafish. The results suggested that SE showed significant anti-ischemic effects on OGD/R-induced HBEC-5i and HUVECs cell ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Furthermore, it promoted angiogenesis in PTK787-induced, MPTP-induced, and atorvastatin-induced vessel injury models of zebrafish, while also suppressing hypoxia-induced locomotor impairment in zebrafish. Transcriptome sequencing analysis provided a sign that SE likely to promotes angiogenesis through the HIF-1/VEGF signaling pathway to exert anti-ischemic effects. Consistently, SE modulated several genes related to HIF-1/VEGF signal pathway, such as hif-1, vegf, vegfr-2, pi3k, erk, akt and plcγ. Molecular docking analysis revealed that VEGFR-2 exhibited high binding affinity with SE, and western blot analysis confirmed that SE treatment enhanced the expression of VEGFR-2. In conclusion, our study profiled the angiogenic activities of SE in vitro and in vivo. The key targets and related pathways involved in anti-ischemic effects of SE, shedding light on the pharmacodynamic components and mechanisms of Corydalis decumbens, and provides valuable insights for identifying effective substances for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

The effects of Quercetin on wound healing in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells

An injury that affects the integrity of the skin, either inside or externally, is called a wound. Damaged tissue is repaired by a set of cellular and molecular mechanisms known as wound healing. Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, may hasten the healing of wounds. The study's objective was to investigate any potential impacts of quercetin on the wound-healing process. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated to varying dose ranges of quercetin (5-320 nM) for 24 and 48 h. Cultured cells were evaluated by using the MTT analysis, wound scratch assay and vascular tube formation. Furthermore the gene expression of VEGF and FGF were evaluated by qRT-PCR to determine the effects of quercetin on angiogenezis and wound repair. Positive effects of quercetin on cellular viability were demonstrated by the MTT experiment. In HUVECs quercetin promoted tube formation, migration, and proliferation while also averting wound breakage. Moreover, quercetin increased the expression of the FGF and VEGF genes, which aid in the healing of wounds in HUVECs. Quercetin may be bioactive molecule that successfully speeds up wound healing by regulating the vasculogenezis and healing cells.

Mechanistic Interrogation on Wound Healing and Scar Removing by the Mo4/3B2-x Nanoscaffold Revealed Regulated Amino Acid and Purine Metabolism

Wound rehabilitation is invariably time-consuming, scar formation further weakens therapeutic efficacy, and detailed mechanisms at the molecular level remain unclear. In this work, a Mo4/3B2-x nanoscaffold was fabricated and utilized for wound healing and scar removing in a mice model, while metabolomics was used to study the metabolic reprogramming of metabolome during therapy at the molecular level. The results showed that transition metal borides, called Mo4/3B2-x nanoscaffolds, could mimic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase to eliminate excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the wound microenvironment. During the therapeutic process, the Mo4/3B2-x nanoscaffold could facilitate the regeneration of wounds and removal of scars by regulating the biosynthesis of collagen, fibers, and blood vessels at the pathological, imaging, and molecular levels. Subsequent metabolomics study revealed that the Mo4/3B2-x nanoscaffold effectively ameliorated metabolic disorders in both wound and scar microenvironments through regulating ROS-related pathways including the amino acid metabolic process (including glycine and serine metabolism and glutamate metabolism) and the purine metabolic process. This study is anticipated to illuminate the potential clinical application of the Mo4/3B2-x nanoscaffold as an effective therapeutic agent in traumatic diseases and provide insights into the development of analytical methodology for interrogating wound healing and scar removal-related metabolic mechanisms.

Enhancing adipose tissue functionality in obesity: senotherapeutics, autophagy and cellular senescence as a target

Obesity, a global health crisis, disrupts multiple systemic processes, contributing to a cascade of metabolic dysfunctions by promoting the pathological expansion of visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This expansion is characterized by impaired differentiation of pre-adipocytes and an increase in senescent cells, leading to a pro-inflammatory state and exacerbated oxidative stress. Particularly, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and adipose tissue hypoxia further impair cellular function, promoting chronic disease development. This review delves into the potential of autophagy modulation and the therapeutic application of senolytics and senomorphics as novel strategies to mitigate adipose tissue senescence. By exploring the intricate mechanisms underlying adipocyte dysfunction and the emerging role of natural compounds in senescence modulation, we underscore the promising horizon of senotherapeutics in restoring adipose health. This approach not only offers a pathway to combat the metabolic complications of obesity, but also opens new avenues for enhancing life quality and managing the global burden of obesity-related conditions. Our analysis aims to bridge the gap between current scientific progress and clinical application, offering new perspectives on preventing and treating obesity-induced adipose dysfunction.

Thermodynamic consequences of stapling side-chains on a peptide ligand using a lactam-bridge: A theoretical study on anti-angiogenic peptides targeting VEGF

Peptides are promising therapeutic agents for various biological targets due to their high efficacy and low toxicity, and the design of peptide ligands with high binding affinity to the target of interest is of utmost importance in peptide-based drug design. Introducing a conformational constraint to a flexible peptide ligand using a side-chain lactam-bridge is a convenient and efficient method to improve its binding affinity to the target. However, in general, such a small structural modification to a flexible ligand made with the intent of lowering the configurational entropic penalty for binding may have unintended consequences in different components of the binding enthalpy and entropy, including the configurational entropy component, which are still not clearly understood. Toward probing this, we examine different components of the binding enthalpy and entropy as well as the underlying structure and dynamics, for a side-chain lactam-bridged peptide inhibitor and its flexible analog forming complexes with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that introducing a side-chain lactam-bridge constraint into the flexible peptide analog led to a gain in configurational entropy change but losses in solvation entropy, solute internal energy, and solvation energy changes upon binding, pinpointing the opportunities and challenges in drug design. The present study features an interplay between configurational and solvation entropy changes, as well as the one between binding enthalpy and entropy, in ligand-target binding upon imposing a conformational constraint into a flexible ligand.

Biliary fibrosis is an important but neglected pathological feature in hepatobiliary disorders: from molecular mechanisms to clinical implications

Fibrosis resulting from pathological repair secondary to recurrent or persistent tissue damage often leads to organ failure and mortality. Biliary fibrosis is a crucial but easily neglected pathological feature in hepatobiliary disorders, which may promote the development and progression of benign and malignant biliary diseases through pathological healing mechanisms secondary to biliary tract injuries. Elucidating the etiology and pathogenesis of biliary fibrosis is beneficial to the prevention and treatment of biliary diseases. In this review, we emphasized the importance of biliary fibrosis in cholangiopathies and summarized the clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and aberrant cellular composition involving the biliary ductules, cholangiocytes, immune system, fibroblasts, and the microbiome. We also focused on pivotal signaling pathways and offered insights into ongoing clinical trials and proposing a strategic approach for managing biliary fibrosis-related cholangiopathies. This review will offer a comprehensive perspective on biliary fibrosis and provide an important reference for future mechanism research and innovative therapy to prevent or reverse fibrosis.

Enhancing the Inhibition of Corneal Neovascularization Efficacy by Self-Assembled into Supramolecular Hydrogel of Anti-Angiogenic Peptide

Background

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is a common eye disease that leads to blindness. New treatment strategies are urgently needed due to the limitations of current treatment methods.

Methods

We report the synthesis of peptide Nap-FFEEPCAIWF ( Comp.3 ) via chemical conjugation of Nap-FFEE ( Comp.2 ) to antiangiogenic peptide PCAIWF (Comp.1). Comp.3 self-assembled into a hydrogel ( gel of 3 ) composed of nanofibers, which enhanced the antiangiogenic function of the epitope.

Results

We developed a novel peptide with an amphiphilic framework, Comp.3 , which could self-assemble into a supramolecular hydrogel with a well-ordered nanofiber structure. The nanofibers exhibited good biocompatibility with corneal epithelial cells, presenting a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of free peptide-based drugs in the treatment of ocular vascular diseases, such as CNV and other angiogenesis-related diseases.

Conclusion

Nap-FFEEPCAIWF nanofibers provide an alternative approach to enhancing the therapeutic efficiency of free peptide-based drugs against ocular vascular diseases.

A bilayer bioengineered patch with sequential dual-growth factor release to promote vascularization in bladder reconstruction

Bladder tissue engineering holds promise for addressing bladder defects resulting from congenital or acquired bladder diseases. However, inadequate vascularization significantly impacts the survival and function of engineered tissues after transplantation. Herein, a novel bilayer silk fibroin (BSF) scaffold was fabricated with the capability of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) sequential release. The outer layer of the scaffold was composed of compact SF film with waterproofness to mimic the serosa of the bladder. The inner layer was constructed of porous SF matrix incorporated with SF microspheres (MS) loaded with VEGF and PDGF-BB. We found that the 5% (w/v) MS-incorporated scaffold exhibited a rapid release of VEGF, whereas the 0.2% (w/v) MS-incorporated scaffold demonstrated a slow and sustained release of PDGF-BB. The BSF scaffold exhibited good biocompatibility and promoted endothelial cell migration, tube formation and enhanced endothelial differentiation of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro. The BSF patch was constructed by seeding ADSCs on the BSF scaffold. After in vivo transplantation, not only could the BSF patch facilitate the regeneration of urothelium and smooth muscle, but more importantly, stimulate the regeneration of blood vessels. This study demonstrated that the BSF patch exhibited excellent vascularization capability in bladder reconstruction and offered a viable functional bioengineered patch for future clinical studies.

Survival strategies: How tumor hypoxia microenvironment orchestrates angiogenesis

During tumor development, the tumor itself must continuously generate new blood vessels to meet their growth needs while also allowing for tumor invasion and metastasis. One of the most common features of tumors is hypoxia, which drives the process of tumor angiogenesis by regulating the tumor microenvironment, thus adversely affecting the prognosis of patients. In addition, to overcome unsuitable environments for growth, such as hypoxia, nutrient deficiency, hyperacidity, and immunosuppression, the tumor microenvironment (TME) coordinates angiogenesis in several ways to restore the supply of oxygen and nutrients and to remove metabolic wastes. A growing body of research suggests that tumor angiogenesis and hypoxia interact through a complex interplay of crosstalk, which is inextricably linked to the TME. Here, we review the TME's positive contribution to angiogenesis from an angiogenesis-centric perspective while considering the objective impact of hypoxic phenotypes and the status and limitations of current angiogenic therapies.

Potential mechanisms of cancer prevention and treatment by sulforaphane, a natural small molecule compound of plant-derived

Despite recent advances in tumor diagnosis and treatment technologies, the number of cancer cases and deaths worldwide continues to increase yearly, creating an urgent need to find new methods to prevent or treat cancer. Sulforaphane (SFN), as a member of the isothiocyanates (ITCs) family, which is the hydrolysis product of glucosinolates (GLs), has been shown to have significant preventive and therapeutic cancer effects in different human cancers. Early studies have shown that SFN scavenges oxygen radicals by increasing cellular defenses against oxidative damage, mainly through the induction of phase II detoxification enzymes by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). More and more studies have shown that the anticancer mechanism of SFN also includes induction of apoptotic pathway in tumor cells, inhibition of cell cycle progression, and suppression of tumor stem cells. Therefore, the application of SFN is expected to be a necessary new approach to treating cancer. In this paper, we review the multiple molecular mechanisms of SFN in cancer prevention and treatment in recent years, which can provide a new vision for cancer treatment.

Preliminary research on LncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 in neovascularization of diabetic retinopathy

OBJECTIVE

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes, and recent findings have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be involved in its pathogenesis. Through bioinformatics analysis, we found that lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 may be involved in this process. This study primarily investigated the expression of the lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) under high-glucose conditions and its effects on HRMEC proliferation, migration, and neovascularization.

METHODS

We used RT‒PCR to assess the expression levels of lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HRMECs under normal glucose (5.5 mmol/L) and high glucose (30 mmol/L) conditions. HRMECs were subsequently divided into four groups: the normal glucose (NG), high glucose (HG), high glucose with lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 silencing (HG + si-lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2), and high glucose with silencing control (HG + si-NC) groups. The expression levels of the lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 and VEGF in each group were determined using RT‒PCR. Thereafter, cell proliferation, migration, and neovascularization were assessed using CCK-8, Transwell, and tube formation assays, respectively.

RESULTS

RT‒PCR revealed that the expression levels of the lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 and VEGF were greater in the HG group than in the NG group (P < 0.05). After silencing of the lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2, the expression of VEGF decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Subsequent CCK-8, Transwell, and tube formation assays demonstrated that compared to those in the NG group, the HRMECs in the HG group exhibited significantly increased proliferation, migration, and neovascularization (P < 0.05). However, after silencing of the lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2, the proliferation, migration, and neovascularization of HRMECs were significantly decreased in the HG + si-lncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 group compared to those in the HG group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

LncRNA ATP2B2-IT2 may promote the proliferation, migration and neovascularization of HRMECs under high-glucose conditions.

Key Regulators of Angiogenesis and Inflammation Are Dysregulated in Patients with Varicose Veins

Varicose veins (VVs) are the most common manifestation of chronic venous disease (CVD) and appear as abnormally enlarged and tortuous superficial veins. VVs result from functional abnormalities in the venous circulation of the lower extremities, such as venous hypertension, venous valve incompetence, and venous reflux. Previous studies indicate that enhanced angiogenesis and inflammation contribute to the progression and onset of VVs; however, dysregulations in signaling pathways associated with these processes in VVs patients are poorly understood. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to identify key regulators of angiogenesis and inflammation that are dysregulated in patients with VVs. Expression levels of 18 genes were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using real-time PCR, as well as plasma levels of 6 proteins were investigated using ELISA. Higher levels of CCL5, PDGFA, VEGFC, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, and VEGF-A, as well as lower levels of VEGFB and VEGF-C, were found to be statistically significant in the VV group compared to the control subjects without VVs. None of the analyzed factors was associated with the venous localization of the varicosities. The presented study identified dysregulations in key angiogenesis- and inflammation-related factors in PBMC and plasma from VVs patients, providing new insight into molecular mechanisms that could contribute to the development of VVs and point out promising candidates for circulatory biomarkers of this disease.

Cell and molecular targeted therapies for diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) stands as a prevalent complication in the eye resulting from diabetes mellitus, predominantly associated with high blood sugar levels and hypertension as individuals age. DR is a severe microvascular complication of both type I and type II diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of vision impairment. The critical approach to combatting and halting the advancement of DR lies in effectively managing blood glucose and blood pressure levels in diabetic patients; however, this is seldom achieved. Both human and animal studies have revealed the intricate nature of this condition involving various cell types and molecules. Aside from photocoagulation, the sole therapy targeting VEGF molecules in the retina to prevent abnormal blood vessel growth is intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy. However, a substantial portion of cases, approximately 30-40%, do not respond to this treatment. This review explores distinctive pathophysiological phenomena of DR and identifiable cell types and molecules that could be targeted to mitigate the chronic changes occurring in the retina due to diabetes mellitus. Addressing the significant research gap in this domain is imperative to broaden the treatment options available for managing DR effectively.

Neuregulin-1, a member of the epidermal growth factor family, mitigates STING-mediated pyroptosis and necroptosis in ischaemic flaps

Background

Ensuring the survival of the distal end of a random flap during hypoperfusion (ischaemia) is difficult in clinical practice. Effective prevention of programmed cell death is a potential strategy for inhibiting ischaemic flap necrosis. The activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway promotes inflammation and leads to cell death. The epidermal growth factor family member neuregulin-1 (NRG1) reduces cell death by activating the protein kinase B (AKT) signalling pathway. Moreover, AKT signalling negatively regulates STING activity. We aimed to verify the efficacy of NRG1 injection in protecting against flap necrosis. Additionally, we investigated whether NRG1 effectively enhances ischemic flap survival by inhibiting pyroptosis and necroptosis through STING suppression.

Methods

A random-pattern skin flap model was generated on the backs of C57BL/6 mice. The skin flap survival area was determined. The blood supply and vascular network of the flap was assessed by laser Doppler blood flow analysis. Cluster of differentiation 34 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the flap sections revealed microvessels. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed the mechanism by which NRG1 promotes the survival of ischaemic flaps. The levels of angiogenesis, oxidative stress, necroptosis, pyroptosis and indicators associated with signalling pathways in flaps were examined by IHC, immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Packaging adeno-associated virus (AAV) was used to activate STING in flaps.

Results

NRG1 promoted the survival of ischaemic flaps. An increased subcutaneous vascular network and neovascularization were found in ischaemic flaps after the application of NRG1. Transcriptomic gene ontology enrichment analysis and protein level detection indicated that necroptosis, pyroptosis and STING activity were reduced in the NRG1 group. The phosphorylation of AKT and forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) were increased after NRG1 treatment. The increased expression of STING in flaps induced by AAV reversed the therapeutic effect of NRG1. The ability of NRG1 to phosphorylate AKT-FOXO3a, inhibit STING and promote flap survival was abolished after the application of the AKT inhibitor MK2206.

Conclusions

NRG1 inhibits pyroptosis and necroptosis by activating the AKT-FOXO3a signalling pathway to suppress STING activation and promote ischaemic flap survival.

Construction and efficacy test of a survival prediction model for locally advanced cervical cancer based on anti-angiogenesis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to develop and evaluate an anti-angiogenesis-based model for predicting the survival and the potential benefits of targeted therapy for patients with localized advanced cervical cancer.

METHODS

We collected clinical data from 163 patients with cervical cancer who received paclitaxel and cisplatin (TP) or TP plus bevacizumab during or after radiotherapy from June 2017 to February 2023. We analyzed the clinical measures of recent efficacy and overall survival (OS) using univariate and logistic multivariate and Cox regression methods, respectively. We constructed a nomogram model and evaluated its efficacy using the c-index, the area under the curve (AUC), a calibration curve, and the clinical decision curve (DCA).

RESULTS

We found that targeted agents and hemoglobin were independent determinants of near-term efficacy (P < 0.05), while targeted agents and stage were independent factors of OS (P < 0.05). We developed a predictive model for an OS prognostic nomogram and performed internal validation 1000 times using the Bootstrap re-sampling method. The c-index was 0.81, and the AUC was 0.84 (P < 0.01).The calibration curves showed a good agreement between the projected and actual values. The DCA curve indicated that the model had a high positive predictive accuracy.

CONCLUSION

We developed a novel anti-angiogenesis-based survival prediction model for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. This model could estimate the benefit of targeted therapy before treatment, and it had good validation.

Natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates: A review of their roles in phytotherapy

Heterocycle conjugates provide a fresh investigative scope to find novel molecules with enhanced phytotherapeutic characteristics. Coumarin-based products are widely used in the synthesis of several compounds with biological and medicinal properties since they are naturally occurring heterocycles with a broad dispersion. The investigation of coumarin-based phytochemicals with annulated heterocyclic rings is a promising approach to discovering novel conjugates with significant phytotherapeutic attributes. Due to the applicable coumarin extraction processes, a range of linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates were isolated from different natural resources and exhibited remarkable therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights the phytotherapeutic potential and origins of various natural linear coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates. We searched several databases, including Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer, Google Scholar, and PubMed. After sieving, we ultimately identified and included 118 pertinent studies published between 2000 and the middle of 2023. This will inspire medicinal chemists with extremely insightful ideas for designing and synthesizing therapeutically active lead compounds in the future that are built on the pharmacophores of coumarin-heterocyclic conjugates and have significant therapeutic attributes.

Understanding the Role of Endothelial Cells in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms and Novel Treatments

Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive neoplasm and the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Endothelial tissue plays a critical role in glioblastoma growth and progression, facilitating angiogenesis, cellular communication, and tumorigenesis. In this review, we present an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of the role of endothelial cells in glioblastomas, along with an overview of recent developments in glioblastoma therapies and tumor endothelial marker identification.

The protective effect of natural medicines in rheumatoid arthritis via inhibit angiogenesis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic immunological disease leading to the progressive bone and joint destruction. Angiogenesis, accompanied by synovial hyperplasia and inflammation underlies joint destruction. Delaying or even blocking synovial angiogenesis has emerged as an important target of RA treatment. Natural medicines has a long history of treating RA, and numerous reports have suggested that natural medicines have a strong inhibitory activity on synovial angiogenesis, thereby improving the progression of RA. Natural medicines could regulate the following signaling pathways: HIF/VEGF/ANG, PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, NF-κB pathway, PPARγ pathway, JAK2/STAT3 pathway, etc., thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (TwHF), sinomenine, and total glucoside of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Are currently the most representative of all natural products worthy of development and utilization. In this paper, the main factors affecting angiogenesis were discussed and different types of natural medicines that inhibit angiogenesis were systematically summarized. Their specific anti-angiogenesis mechanisms are also reviewed which aiming to provide new perspective and options for the management of RA by targeting angiogenesis.

Available Therapeutic Options for Corneal Neovascularization: A Review

Corneal neovascularization can impair vision and result in a poor quality of life. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of angiogenic factors, notably vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This review provides a comprehensive overview of potential therapies for corneal neovascularization, covering tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) inhibitors, interleukin-1L receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, galectin-3 inhibitors, retinal pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitors, and surgical treatments. Conventional treatments include anti-VEGF therapy and laser interventions, while emerging therapies such as immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporine and rapamycin) have been explored. Losartan and decorin are potential antifibrotic agents that mitigate TGF-β-induced fibrosis. Ocular nanosystems are innovative drug-delivery platforms that facilitate the targeted release of therapeutic agents. Gene therapies, such as small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides, are promising approaches for selectively inhibiting angiogenesis-related gene expression. Aganirsen is efficacious in reducing the corneal neovascularization area without significant adverse effects. These multifaceted approaches underscore the corneal neovascularization management complexity and highlight ideas for enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the importance of combination therapies and the need for further research to develop specific inhibitors while considering their therapeutic efficacy and potential adverse effects are discussed.

Management of corneal neovascularization: Current and emerging therapeutic approaches

Corneal neovascularization (CoNV) is a sight-threatening condition affecting an estimated 1.4 million people per year, and the incidence is expected to rise. It is a complication of corneal pathological diseases such as infective keratitis, chemical burn, corneal limbal stem cell deficiency, mechanical trauma, and immunological rejection after keratoplasties. CoNV occurs due to a disequilibrium in proangiogenic and antiangiogenic mediators, involving a complex system of molecular interactions. Treatment of CoNV is challenging, and no therapy thus far has been curative. Anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment due to their accessibility and well-studied safety profile. However, they have limited effectiveness and are unable to regress more mature neovascularization. With the advent of advanced imaging modalities and an expanding understanding of its pathogenesis, contemporary treatments targeting a wide array of molecular mechanisms and surgical options are gaining traction. This review aims to summarize evidence regarding conventional and emerging therapeutic options for CoNV.

Hydrogen Sulfide Exerted a Pro-Angiogenic Role by Promoting the Phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr797 and Ser799 Sites in Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury

The protective effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) against ischemic brain injury and its role in promoting angiogenesis have been established. However, the specific mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. This study is designed to investigate the regulatory impact and mechanism of H2S on VEGFR2 phosphorylation. Following expression and purification, the recombinant His-VEGFR2 protein was subjected to LC-PRM/MS analysis to identify the phosphorylation sites of VEGFR2 upon NaHS treatment. Adenovirus infection was used to transfect primary rat brain artery endothelial cells (BAECs) with the Ad-VEGFR2WT, Ad-VEGFR2Y797F, and Ad-VEGFR2S799A plasmids. The expression of VEGFR2 and recombinant Flag-VEGFR2, along with Akt phosphorylation, cell proliferation, and LDH levels, was assessed. The migratory capacity and tube-forming potential of BAECs were assessed using wound healing, transwell, and tube formation assays. NaHS notably enhanced the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr797 and Ser799 sites. These phosphorylation sites were identified as crucial for mediating the protective effects of NaHS against hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury. NaHS significantly enhanced the Akt phosphorylation, migratory capacity, and tube formation of BAECs and upregulated the expression of VEGFR2 and recombinant proteins. These findings suggest that Tyr797 and Ser799 sites of VEGFR2 serve as crucial mediators of H2S-induced pro-angiogenic effects and protection against H/R injury.

An Ensemble Docking Approach for Analyzing and Designing Aptamer Heterodimers Targeting VEGF165

Vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) is a prominent isoform of the VEGF-A protein that plays a crucial role in various angiogenesis-related diseases. It is homodimeric, and each of its monomers is composed of two domains connected by a flexible linker. DNA aptamers, which have emerged as potent therapeutic molecules for many proteins with high specificity and affinity, can also work for VEGF165. A DNA aptamer heterodimer composed of monomers of V7t1 and del5-1 connected by a flexible linker (V7t1:del5-1) exhibits a greater binding affinity with VEGF165 compared to either of the two monomers alone. Although the structure of the complex formed between the aptamer heterodimer and VEGF165 is unknown due to the highly flexible linkers, gaining structural information will still be valuable for future developments. Toward this end of accessing structural information, we adopt an ensemble docking approach here. We first obtain an ensemble of structures for both VEGF165 and the aptamer heterodimer by considering both small- and large-scale motions. We then proceed through an extraction process based on ensemble docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations to predict the structures of the VEGF165/V7t1:del5-1 complex. Through the same procedures, we reach a new aptamer heterodimer that bears a locked nucleic acid-modified counterpart of V7t1, namely RNV66:del5-1, which also binds well with VEGF165. We apply the same protocol to the monomeric units V7t1, RNV66, and del5-1 to target VEGF165. We observe that V7t1:del5-1 and RNV66:del5-1 show higher binding affinities with VEGF165 than any of the monomers, consistent with experiments that support the notion that aptamer heterodimers are more effective anti-VEGF165 aptamers than monomeric aptamers. Among the five different aptamers studied here, the newly designed RNV66:del5-1 shows the highest binding affinity with VEGF165. We expect that our ensemble docking approach can help in de novo designs of homo/heterodimeric anti-angiogenic drugs to target the homodimeric VEGF165.

Recent advances in nanomaterial-driven strategies for diagnosis and therapy of vascular anomalies

Nanotechnology has demonstrated immense potential in various fields, especially in biomedical field. Among these domains, the development of nanotechnology for diagnosing and treating vascular anomalies has garnered significant attention. Vascular anomalies refer to structural and functional anomalies within the vascular system, which can result in conditions such as vascular malformations and tumors. These anomalies can significantly impact the quality of life of patients and pose significant health concerns. Nanoscale contrast agents have been developed for targeted imaging of blood vessels, enabling more precise identification and characterization of vascular anomalies. These contrast agents can be designed to bind specifically to abnormal blood vessels, providing healthcare professionals with a clearer view of the affected areas. More importantly, nanotechnology also offers promising solutions for targeted therapeutic interventions. Nanoparticles can be engineered to deliver drugs directly to the site of vascular anomalies, maximizing therapeutic effects while minimizing side effects on healthy tissues. Meanwhile, by incorporating functional components into nanoparticles, such as photosensitizers, nanotechnology enables innovative treatment modalities such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy. This review focuses on the applications and potential of nanotechnology in the imaging and therapy of vascular anomalies, as well as discusses the present challenges and future directions.

VEGF signaling: Role in angiogenesis and beyond

Angiogenesis is a crucial process for tissue development, repair, and tumor survival. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key driver secreted by cancer cells, promoting neovascularization. While VEGF's role in angiogenesis is well-documented, its influence on the other aspects in tumor microenvironemt is less discussed. This review elaborates on VEGF's impact on intercellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment, including how VEGF affects pericyte proliferation and migration and mediates interactions between tumor-associated macrophages and cancer cells, resulting in PDL-1-mediated immunosuppression and Nrf2-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The review discusses VEGF's involvement in intra-organelle crosstalk, tumor metabolism, stemness, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. It also provides insights into current anti-VEGF therapies and their limitations in cancer treatment. Overall, this review aims to provide a thorough overview of the current state of knowledge concerning VEGF signaling and its impact, not only on angiogenesis but also on various other oncogenic processes.

IGF-PLGA microspheres promote angiogenesis and accelerate skin flap repair and healing by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating the Ang 1/Tie 2 signaling pathway

Random flaps are widely used in the treatment of injuries, tumors, congenital malformations, and other diseases. However, postoperative skin flaps are prone to ischemic necrosis, leading to surgical failure. Insulin-like growth factor- 1(IGF-1) belongs to the IGF family and exerts its growth-promoting effects in various tissues through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. Its application in skin flaps and other traumatic diseases is relatively limited. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a degradable high-molecular-weight organic compound commonly used in biomaterials. This study prepared IGF-PLGA sustained-release microspheres to explore their impact on the survival rate of flaps both in vitro and in vivo, as well as the mechanisms involved. The research results demonstrate that IGF-PLGA has a good sustained-release effect. At the cellular level, it can promote 3T3 cell proliferation by inhibiting oxidative stress, inhibit apoptosis, and enhance the tube formation ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) . At the animal level, it accelerates flap healing by promoting vascularization through the inhibition of oxidative stress. Furthermore, this study reveals the role of IGF-PLGA in activating the Angiopoietin-1(Ang1)/Tie2 signaling pathway in promoting flap vascularization, providing a strong theoretical basis and therapeutic target for the application of IGF-1 in flaps and other traumatic diseases.

Evaluations of the combined use of blood- and tissue-based protein biomarkers for pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a low 5-year survival rate. Biomarkers may be of value for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. This study assessed blood- and tumour tissue-based biomarkers associated with pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

We studied 61 patients who underwent pancreatic resection. Of these 61 patients, 46 patients had PDAC, and 15 patients had inflammatory tumours. Blood and tumour tissue levels of VEGF, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) were measured.

RESULTS

Blood concentrations of VEGF (p < 0.000001) and HIF-1α (p = 0.000002) were significantly higher in the PDAC group than in the inflammatory tumour group. Tumour tissue concentrations of VEGF (p < 0.000001), HIF-1α (p = 0.000005) and GLUT1 (0.000002) were also significantly higher in the PDAC group. Univariate analyses revealed that age, BMI, and blood levels of CA19-9, VEGF, and HIF-1α were potential predictors of PDAC. Potential predictors of PDAC in tumour tissue were VEGF, HIF-1α and GLUT1. Multivariate analyses found that VEGF was the most powerful independent predictor of PDAC in blood (OR = 1.016; 95% CI: 1.007-1.025; 0.001) and tumour tissue (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.008-1.032, p = 0.001). The cut-off point for blood VEGF was 134.56 pg/ml, with a sensitivity of 97.8%, specificity of 86.7%, PPV of 95.7%, and NPV of 92.9%. The cut-off point for tissue tumour VEGF in PDAC was 208.59 pg/mg, with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 97.7%, 92.9%, 97.7%, and 92.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

There are significant differences in blood-based biomarkers for differentiating between PDAC and inflammatory tumours of the pancreas. VEGF was an independent predictor of PDAC independent of its addition to the routinely used tumour marker CA19-9 antigen.

The role of kaempferol in gynaecological malignancies: progress and perspectives

Kaempferol, a flavonoid derived from various herbs such as cocoyam, propolis, and grapefruit, has garnered interest due to its numerous pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties. Kaempferol has been shown to possess notable anti-tumour bioactivity, indicating potential for treating gynaecological malignancies. To date, numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of kaempferol to induce tumour cell apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, and prevent metastasis and invasion in several gynaecological malignancies, including breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers. However, there is currently insufficient research investigating the efficacy of kaempferol for the treatment of gynaecological malignancies, and a lack of systematic review of its mechanism of action. Therefore, this review is founded on a literature analysis of the anticancer effects of kaempferol on gynaecological malignancies. The goal is to provide valuable reference material for scientific researchers and medical practitioners.

Contemporaneous Perioperative Inflammatory and Angiogenic Cytokine Profiles of Surgical Breast, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancer Patients: Clinical Implications

Surgery-induced tumor growth acceleration and synchronous metastatic growth promotion have been observed for decades. Surgery-induced wound healing, orchestrated through growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, can negatively impact patients harboring residual or metastatic disease. We provide detailed clinical evidence of this process in surgical breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer patients. Plasma samples were analyzed from 68 cancer patients who had not received treatment before surgery or adjuvant therapy until at least four weeks post-surgery. The levels of plasma cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were simultaneously quantified and profiled using multiplexed immunoassays for eight time points sampled per patient. The immunologic processes are induced immediately after surgery in patients, characterized by a drastic short-term shift in the expression levels of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic molecules and cytokines. A rapid and significant spike in circulating plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), placental growth factor (PLGF), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after surgery was noted. The rise in these molecules was concomitant with a significant drop in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AB/BB), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2). If not earlier, each plasma analyte was normalized to baseline levels within 1-2 weeks after surgery, suggesting that surgical intervention alone was responsible for these effects. The effects of surgical tumor removal on disrupting the pro-inflammatory and angiogenic plasma profiles of cancer patients provide evidence for potentiating malignant progression. Our findings indicate a narrow therapeutic window of opportunity after surgery to prevent disease recurrence.

Lysine demethylase 3A in hypoxic macrophages promotes ovarian cancer development through regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor A/Akt signaling

BACKGROUND

Hypoxia is a vital feature of the tumor microenvironment of OC. Previous evidence exposes that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are connected with the development of ovarian cancer (OC), whereas the accurate regulatory mechanism of hypoxic macrophages regulating tumor advancement remains unclear. Herein, we examined whether the lysine demethylase 3 A (KDM3A) in hypoxic macrophages expedited the development of OC cells.

METHODS

The contents of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), CD163, CD80, KDM3A, and p-Akt/Akt were detected by western blot. Genomic Spatial Event 4630, Molecular Signatures Database, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database were utilized for correlated gene prediction. The OC cells viability was scrutinized by cell counting kit-8 assay. The cell proliferation was inspected by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay. The vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) level was detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

M2 polarization of TAMs was associated with poor prognosis in sufferers with OC. The OC sufferers with high level of CD163 or low level of CD80 were linked with poor overall survival and disease specific survival. Hypoxia induced THP-1-derived macrophages M2 polarization. KDM3A was high-expressed in hypoxia induced macrophages. Upregulated KDM3A in hypoxic macrophages facilitated OC cell proliferation. KDM3A upregulation in hypoxic macrophages stimulated Akt signaling activation in OC cells. KDM3A in hypoxic macrophages promoted VEGF secretion to activate Akt signaling in OC cells. VEGF inhibition or Akt signaling inactivation reversed the effects of KDM3A in hypoxic macrophages on OC cells viability and proliferation.

CONCLUSION

The KDM3A content and M2 polarization were enhanced in hypoxic macrophages, and KDM3A in hypoxic macrophages promoted OC development through regulation of the VEGF/Akt signaling pathway.

Micro finite element analysis of continuously loaded mini-implants - A micro-CT study in the rat tail model

Implant migration has been described as a minor displacement of orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) when subjected to constant forces. Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of local stresses on implant migration and bone remodelling around constantly loaded OMIs. Two mini-implants were placed in one caudal vertebra of 61 rats, connected by a nickel‑titanium contraction spring, and loaded with different forces (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 N). In vivo micro-CT scans were taken immediately and 1, 2 (n = 61), 4, 6 and 8 (n = 31) weeks post-op. Nine volumes of interest (VOIs) around each implant were defined. To analyse stress values, micro-finite element models were created. Bone remodelling was analysed by calculating the bone volume change between scans performed at consecutive time points. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed model and likelihood-ratio-tests, followed by Tuckey post hoc tests when indicated. The highest stresses were observed in the proximal top VOI. In all VOIs, stress values tended to reach their maximum after two weeks and decreased thereafter. Bone remodelling analysis revealed initial bone loss within the first two weeks and bone gain up to week eight, which was noted especially in the highest loading group. The magnitude of local stresses influenced bone remodelling and it can be speculated that the stress related bone resorption favoured implant migration. After a first healing phase with a high degree of bone resorption, net bone gain representing consolidation was observed.

Impact Assessment of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Hemostatic Sponge on Vascular Anastomosis Regeneration in Rats

The proper regeneration of vessel anastomoses in microvascular surgery is crucial for surgical safety. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can aid healing by decreasing inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. In addition to hematological and hemorheological tests, we examined the biomechanical and histological features of vascular anastomoses with or without PACAP addition and/or using a hemostatic sponge (HS). End-to-end anastomoses were established on the right femoral arteries of rats. On the 21st postoperative day, femoral arteries were surgically removed for evaluation of tensile strength and for histological and molecular biological examination. Effects of PACAP were also investigated in tissue culture in vitro to avoid the effects of PACAP degrading enzymes. Surgical trauma and PACAP absorption altered laboratory parameters; most notably, the erythrocyte deformability decreased. Arterial wall thickness showed a reduction in the presence of HS, which was compensated by PACAP in both the tunica media and adventitia in vivo. The administration of PACAP elevated these parameters in vitro. In conclusion, the application of the neuropeptide augmented elastin expression while HS reduced it, but no significant alterations were detected in collagen type I expression. Elasticity and tensile strength increased in the PACAP group, while it decreased in the HS decreased. Their combined use was beneficial for vascular regeneration.

Construction of an Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnostic and Therapeutic Molecular Network Using Multi-Layer Network Analysis, a Fuzzy Logic Model, and Deep Learning Techniques: Are Retinal and Brain Neurodegenerative Disorders Related?

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly. The current management of nAMD is limited and involves regular intravitreal administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). However, the effectiveness of these treatments is limited by overlapping and compensatory pathways leading to unresponsiveness to anti-VEGF treatments in a significant portion of nAMD patients. Therefore, a system view of pathways involved in pathophysiology of nAMD will have significant clinical value. The aim of this study was to identify proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), various metabolites, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a significant role in the pathogenesis of nAMD. To accomplish this goal, we conducted a multi-layer network analysis, which identified 30 key genes, six miRNAs, and four lncRNAs. We also found three key metabolites that are common with AMD, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified nine key SNPs and their related genes that are common among AMD, AD, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, our findings suggest that there exists a connection between nAMD and the aforementioned neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, our study also demonstrates the effectiveness of using artificial intelligence, specifically the LSTM network, a fuzzy logic model, and genetic algorithms, to identify important metabolites in complex metabolic pathways to open new avenues for the design and/or repurposing of drugs for nAMD treatment.

Berberine: An inspiring resource for the treatment of colorectal diseases

Colorectal cancer is a prevalent malignant tumor with a complex and diverse pathogenesis. In recent years, natural products have shown promising application prospects as sources of anticancer drugs. BBR, a class of benzoquinoline alkaloids extracted from various plants, is widely used in disease treatments owing to its pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-angiogenesis properties. Research has demonstrated that BBR exerts an anti-Salmonella and -Escherichia coli infection effect, attenuating inflammatory reactions by inhibiting harmful bacteria. During the stage of colorectal precancerous lesions, BBR inhibits the activity of cell cyclin by regulating the PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and Wnt signaling pathways, thereby decelerating the cell cycle progression of polyp or adenoma cells. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of BBR on colorectal cancer primarily occurs through the regulation of the cancer cell cycle, anti-angiogenesis, gut microbiota, and antioxidant pathways. The specific involved pathways include the MPK/ERK, NF-kB, and EGFR signaling pathways, encompassing the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, vascular endothelial growth factor, and superoxide dismutase. This study reviews and summarizes, for the first time, the specific mechanisms of action of BBR in the carcinogenesis process of colorectal cancer, providing novel insights for its clinical application in intestinal diseases.

Topical Application of Baicalin Combined with Echinacoside Ameliorates Psoriatic Skin Lesions by Suppressing the Inflammation-Related TNF Signaling Pathway and the Angiogenesis-Related VEGF Signaling Pathway

Baicalin (BAI), the main active component of Scutellaria baicalensis, has significant anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Echinacoside (ECH), an active component from Echinacea purpurea, has significant antiangiogenesis and antioxidant effects. In previous studies, BAI or ECH has been used for some skin inflammation problems by topical treatment. Psoriasis (PSO) is a common inflammatory skin disease with typical features such as excessive inflammatory response and vascular proliferation in skin lesions. Because of the anti-inflammatory effect of BAI and the antiangiogenic activity of ECH, it is proposed that the combination of BAI and ECH can ameliorate psoriatic skin lesions better than a single component. This study aims to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of BAI combined with ECH on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic skin lesions by topical treatment. Transcriptome analysis first showed that the TNF signaling pathway and the VEGF signaling pathway were significantly enriched in IMQ-induced psoriatic skin lesions. Topical application of BAI combined with ECH could ameliorate IMQ-induced skin lesions in mice, especially the better effects of B2-E1 (BAI/ECH = 2:1). Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking indicated that BAI-treated PSO on the skin by regulating the TNF signaling pathway, and ECH treated PSO on the skin by regulating the VEGF signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the ELISA test and the qPCR assay showed that BAI combined with ECH could inhibit the expression of key cytokines and genes related to the TNF signaling pathway and the VEGF signaling pathway. Zebrafish experiments demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic effects of BAI combined with ECH and revealed the potential mechanisms associated with regulating the inflammation-related TNF signaling pathway and the angiogenesis-related VEGF signaling pathway. This suggested that BAI combined with ECH may be a promising topical agent to ameliorate psoriatic skin lesions in the future.

Quercetin and its derivatives for wound healing in rats/mice: Evidence from animal studies and insight into molecular mechanisms

Aimed to clarify the effect of quercetin and its derivatives on wound healing in animal experiments. PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Web of Science, SinoMed, Vip Journal Integration Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and WanFang databases were searched for animal experiments investigating the effect of quercetin and its derivatives on wound healing to April 2023. The Review Manager 5.4 software was used to conduct meta-analysis. Eighteen studies were enrolled in this article. According to the SYRCLE's RoB tool assessment, these studies exposed relatively low methodological quality. It was shown that animals with cutaneous wound receiving quercetin had faster wound healing in wound closure (%) than the control group. Moreover, the difference in efficacy gradually emerged after third day (WMD = 7.13 [5.52, 8.74]), with a peak reached on the tenth day after wounding (WMD = 19.78 [17.82, 21.74]). Subgroup analysis revealed that quercetin for wound closure (%) was independent of the types of rats and mice, wound area and with or without diabetes. Clear conclusion was also shown regarding the external application of quercetin for wound healing (WMD = 17.77 [11.11, 24.43]). A significant reduction in the distribution of inflammatory cells occurred in the quercetin group. Quercetin could increase blood vessel density (WMD = 1.85 [0.68, -3.02]), fibroblast distribution and collagen fraction. Biochemical indicators, including IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hydroxyproline and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), had the consistent results. Quercetin and its derivatives could promote the recovery of cutaneous wound in animals, through inhibiting inflammatory response and accelerating angiogenesis, proliferation of fibroblast and collagen deposition.

The benefits of rehabilitation exercise in improving chronic traumatic encephalopathy: recent advances and future perspectives

Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) is used to describe the clinical manifestations of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). However, effective treatment and prevention strategies are lacking. Increasing evidence has shown that rehabilitation training could prevent cognitive decline, enhance brain plasticity, and effectively improve neurological function in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the mechanisms involved in the effects of rehabilitation exercise therapy on the prognosis of CTE are worth exploring. The aim of this article is to review the pathogenesis of CTE and provide a potential clinical intervention strategy for CTE.

Dysregulations of Key Regulators of Angiogenesis and Inflammation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic vascular disease caused by localized weakening and broadening of the abdominal aorta. AAA is a clearly underdiagnosed disease and is burdened with a high mortality rate (65-85%) from AAA rupture. Studies indicate that abnormal regulation of angiogenesis and inflammation contributes to progression and onset of this disease; however, dysregulations in the molecular pathways associated with this disease are not yet fully explained. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to identify dysregulations in the key regulators of angiogenesis and inflammation in patients with AAA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (using qPCR) and plasma samples (using ELISA). Expression levels of ANGPT1, CXCL8, PDGFA, TGFB1, VEGFB, and VEGFC and plasma levels of TGF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C were found to be significantly altered in the AAA group compared to the control subjects without AAA. Associations between analyzed factors and risk factors or biochemical parameters were also explored. Any of the analyzed factors was associated with the size of the aneurysm. The presented study identified dysregulations in key angiogenesis- and inflammation-related factors potentially involved in AAA formation, giving new insight into the molecular pathways involved in the development of this disease and providing candidates for biomarkers that could serve as diagnostic or therapeutic targets.

Vascular endothelial growth factor protein and gene delivery by novel nanomaterials for promoting liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy

Partial hepatectomy (PH) can lead to severe complications, including liver failure, due to the low regenerative capacity of the remaining liver, especially after extensive hepatectomy. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), whose proliferation occurs more slowly and later than hepatocytes after PH, compose the lining of the hepatic sinusoids, which are the smallest blood vessels in the liver. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secreted by hepatocytes, promotes LSEC proliferation. Supplementation of exogenous VEGF after hepatectomy also increases the number of LSECs in the remaining liver, thus promoting the reestablishment of the hepatic sinusoids and accelerating liver regeneration. At present, some shortcomings exist in the methods of supplementing exogenous VEGF, such as a low drug concentration in the liver and the reaching of other organs. More-over, VEGF should be administered multiple times and in large doses because of its short half-life. This review summarized the most recent findings on liver regeneration and new strategies for the localized delivery VEGF in the liver.

MicroRNAs in Tumor Endothelial Cells: Regulation, Function and Therapeutic Applications

Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) are key stromal components of the tumor microenvironment, and are essential for tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that small single-stranded non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) act as powerful endogenous regulators of TEC function and blood vessel formation. This systematic review provides an up-to-date overview of these endothelial miRNAs. Their expression is mainly regulated by hypoxia, pro-angiogenic factors, gap junctions and extracellular vesicles, as well as long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs. In preclinical studies, they have been shown to modulate diverse fundamental angiogenesis-related signaling pathways and proteins, including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) pathway; the rat sarcoma virus (Ras)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway; the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway; and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/TGF-β receptor (TGFBR) pathway, as well as krüppel-like factors (KLFs), suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and metalloproteinases (MMPs). Accordingly, endothelial miRNAs represent promising targets for future anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. To achieve this, it will be necessary to further unravel the regulatory and functional networks of endothelial miRNAs and to develop safe and efficient TEC-specific miRNA delivery technologies.