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Aramouni K, Assaf R, Shaito A, Fardoun M, Al-Asmakh M, Sahebkar A, Eid AH. Biochemical and cellular basis of oxidative stress: Implications for disease onset. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1951-1963. [PMID: 37436042 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellular oxidation-reduction (redox) systems, which encompass pro- and antioxidant molecules, are integral components of a plethora of essential cellular processes. Any dysregulation of these systems can cause molecular imbalances between the pro- and antioxidant moieties, leading to a state of oxidative stress. Long-lasting oxidative stress can manifest clinically as a variety of chronic illnesses including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes. As such, this review investigates the impact of oxidative stress on the human body with emphasis on the underlying oxidants, mechanisms, and pathways. It also discusses the available antioxidant defense mechanisms. The cellular monitoring and regulatory systems that ensure a balanced oxidative cellular environment are detailed. We critically discuss the notion of oxidants as a double-edged sword, being signaling messengers at low physiological concentrations but causative agents of oxidative stress when overproduced. In this regard, the review also presents strategies employed by oxidants including redox signaling and activation of transcriptional programs such as those mediated by the Nrf2/Keap1 and NFk signaling. Likewise, redox molecular switches of peroxiredoxin and DJ-1 and the proteins they regulate are presented. The review concludes that a thorough comprehension of cellular redox systems is essential to develop the evolving field of redox medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Aramouni
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roland Assaf
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manal Fardoun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Silva-Pedrosa R, Campos J, Fernandes AM, Silva M, Calçada C, Marote A, Martinho O, Veiga MI, Rodrigues LR, Salgado AJ, Ferreira PE. Cerebral Malaria Model Applying Human Brain Organoids. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070984. [PMID: 37048057 PMCID: PMC10093648 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural injuries in cerebral malaria patients are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, a comprehensive research approach to study this issue is lacking, so herein we propose an in vitro system to study human cerebral malaria using cellular approaches. Our first goal was to establish a cellular system to identify the molecular alterations in human brain vasculature cells that resemble the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in cerebral malaria (CM). Through transcriptomic analysis, we characterized specific gene expression profiles in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) activated by the Plasmodium falciparum parasites. We also suggest potential new genes related to parasitic activation. Then, we studied its impact at brain level after Plasmodium falciparum endothelial activation to gain a deeper understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying CM. For that, the impact of HBMEC-P. falciparum-activated secretomes was evaluated in human brain organoids. Our results support the reliability of in vitro cellular models developed to mimic CM in several aspects. These systems can be of extreme importance to investigate the factors (parasitological and host) influencing CM, contributing to a molecular understanding of pathogenesis, brain injury, and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Aline Marie Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva
- Department of Experimental Biology, Section of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carla Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ligia R Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - António José Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Eduardo Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Qiu Z, Geng T, Wan Z, Lu Q, Guo J, Liu L, Pan A, Liu G. Serum selenium concentrations and risk of all-cause and heart disease mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:53-60. [PMID: 34664061 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of selenium status on the long-term health of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To prospectively examine the association of serum selenium concentrations with all-cause and heart disease mortality among individuals with T2D. METHODS This analysis included 3199 adults with T2D from the third NHANES (NHANES III) and NHANES (2003-2004, 2011-2014). Mortality from heart disease and all causes was linked to National Death Index mortality data. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs. RESULTS The median (IQR) concentration of serum selenium was 127.0 (115.0, 139.1) µg/L. During an average 12.6-y follow-up, 1693 deaths were documented, including 425 heart disease deaths. Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of selenium, the multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for participants in the highest quartile were 0.69 (0.54, 0.89) for all-cause mortality (P-trend = 0.002) and 0.66 (0.45, 0.99) for heart disease mortality (P-trend = 0.03). In addition, a linear dose-response relation between serum selenium (range: 89-182 µg/L) and mortality was observed. For per-unit increment in natural log-transformed serum selenium, there was a 64% lower risk of all-cause mortality and a 66% lower risk of heart disease mortality (both P < 0.05). Similar results were observed when stratifying by age, sex, race, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, diabetes duration, and HbA1c concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that higher selenium concentration was associated with lower all-cause and heart disease mortality among individuals with T2D. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Qiu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Sonzogni-Desautels K, Ndao M. Will Auranofin Become a Golden New Treatment Against COVID-19? Front Immunol 2021; 12:683694. [PMID: 34630379 PMCID: PMC8492993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Auranofin is an FDA-approved disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug that has been used for decades for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. This gold(I) compound has anti-inflammatory properties because it reduces IL-6 expression via inhibition of the NF-κB-IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway. Also, by inhibiting redox enzymes such as thioredoxin reductase, auranofin increases cellular oxidative stress and promotes apoptosis. Auranofin also possesses antiviral properties. Recently, it was reported that auranofin reduced by 95% SARS-CoV-2 RNA in infected human cells in vitro and decreased SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine expression, including IL-6. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, a cytokine storm involving IL-6 increases severity of illness and worsens prognosis. Therefore, auranofin could, in our point of view, reduce pathology due to SARS-CoV-2-induced IL-6. COVID-19 is a rapidly-evolving respiratory disease now distributed worldwide. Strikingly high numbers of new COVID-19 cases are reported daily. We have begun a race to vaccinate people, but due to the complex logistics of this effort, the virus will continue to spread before all humans can be immunized, and new variants that may be less well contained by current vaccines are of concern. The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed health care systems and new treatments to reduce mortality are urgently needed. We encourage to further evaluate the potential of auranofin in the treatment of COVID-19 in vitro and in animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and, if preliminary data are promising, in clinical trials with COVID-19 patients. In our opinion, auranofin has the potential to become a valuable addition to available therapies in this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Sonzogni-Desautels
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Korbecki J, Simińska D, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Listos J, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Chronic and Cycling Hypoxia: Drivers of Cancer Chronic Inflammation through HIF-1 and NF-κB Activation: A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910701. [PMID: 34639040 PMCID: PMC8509318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) hypoxia and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia are two types of hypoxia occurring in malignant tumors. They are both associated with the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which induce changes in gene expression. This paper discusses in detail the mechanisms of activation of these two transcription factors in chronic and cycling hypoxia and the crosstalk between both signaling pathways. In particular, it focuses on the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) together with nitric oxide synthase, acetylation of HIF-1, and the action of MAPK cascades. The paper also discusses the importance of hypoxia in the formation of chronic low-grade inflammation in cancerous tumors. Finally, we discuss the effects of cycling hypoxia on the tumor microenvironment, in particular on the expression of VEGF-A, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL1/GRO-α, CXCL8/IL-8, and COX-2 together with PGE2. These factors induce angiogenesis and recruit various cells into the tumor niche, including neutrophils and monocytes which, in the tumor, are transformed into tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) that participate in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(91)-466-1515
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Burn injury induces elevated inflammatory traffic: the role of NF-κB. Inflamm Res 2020; 70:51-65. [PMID: 33245371 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A burn insult generally sustains a hypovolemic shock due to a significant loss of plasma from the vessels. The burn injury triggers the release of various mediators, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), stemming from foreign microbial discharge and damaged tissue or necrotic cells from the burn-injured site, enter the systemic circulation, activate toll-like receptors (TLRs), and trigger the excessive secretion of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Inflammation plays a vital role in remodeling an injured tissue, detoxifying toxins, and helps in the healing process. A transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), contributes to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, including immune response, cell death, cell survival, and inflammatory processes. During the pathogenesis of a burn wound, upregulation of various cytokines and growth factors lead to undesirable tissue inflammation. Thus, NF-κB, a dominant moderator of inflammation, needs to be altered to prove beneficial to the treatment of burns or other inflammation-associated diseases. This review addresses the relationship between NF-κB and elevated inflammation in a burn condition that could potentially be altered to induce an early wound-healing mechanism of burn wounds.
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Saei AA, Gullberg H, Sabatier P, Beusch CM, Johansson K, Lundgren B, Arvidsson PI, Arnér ESJ, Zubarev RA. Comprehensive chemical proteomics for target deconvolution of the redox active drug auranofin. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101491. [PMID: 32199331 PMCID: PMC7082630 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical proteomics encompasses novel drug target deconvolution methods in which compound modification is not required. Herein we use Thermal Proteome Profiling, Functional Identification of Target by Expression Proteomics and multiplexed redox proteomics for deconvolution of auranofin targets to aid elucidation of its mechanisms of action. Auranofin (Ridaura®) was approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 1985. Because several clinical trials are currently ongoing to repurpose auranofin for cancer therapy, comprehensive characterization of its targets and effects in cancer cells is important. Together, our chemical proteomics tools confirmed thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1, EC:1.8.1.9) as a main auranofin target, with perturbation of oxidoreductase pathways as the top mechanism of drug action. Additional indirect targets included NFKB2 and CHORDC1. Our comprehensive data can be used as a proteomic signature resource for further analyses of the effects of auranofin. Here we also assessed the orthogonality and complementarity of different chemical proteomics methods that can furnish invaluable mechanistic information and thus the approach can facilitate drug discovery efforts in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ata Saei
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Biochemical and Cellular Assay Facility, Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Gullberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Biochemical and Cellular Assay Facility, Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Sabatier
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian M Beusch
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Johansson
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden; Pfizer Innovations AB, 191 90, Sollentuna, Sweden
| | - Bo Lundgren
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Biochemical and Cellular Assay Facility, Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per I Arvidsson
- Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform and Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Biochemical and Cellular Assay Facility, Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146, Moscow, Russia.
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Protein-protein interactions of ER-resident selenoproteins with their physiological partners. Biochimie 2020; 171-172:197-204. [PMID: 32188576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ER is a highly specialized complex of branched microtubules enclosed in a membrane and communicating with each other, its functions in the cell are important and very diverse: lipid and phospholipid synthesis, calcium storage, hormone synthesis, protein synthesis and maturation, membrane production, toxin neutralization, etc. The high concentration of calcium ions and the oxidizing properties of the contents of the ER cavities contribute to the proper synthesis and folding of proteins designed for secretion or exposure on the surface of the cell membrane. However, disturbance of redox regulation can lead to the accumulation of improperly folded proteins in the ER, disruption of calcium regulation, which can cause ER-stress. This review is devoted to the role of ER-resident selenoproteins in the processes occurring in this organelle of a cell. The main emphasis is placed on the study of protein-protein interactions of selenoproteins with their physiological partners; this will facilitate understanding of their functional purpose in this organelle. Currently, 7 selenoproteins are known that are localized in the ER, but the functions of most of them are not at all clear, for some, physiological partners have been identified. It is known that selenoproteins are oxidoreductases with antioxidant properties, this is extremely important for the normal functioning of ER. Therefore, this review can be very useful for understanding the full picture of the functions of ER-resident selenoproteins obtained on the basis of recent data.
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Fittipaldi S, Bimonte VM, Soricelli A, Aversa A, Lenzi A, Greco EA, Migliaccio S. Cadmium exposure alters steroid receptors and proinflammatory cytokine levels in endothelial cells in vitro: a potential mechanism of endocrine disruptor atherogenic effect. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:727-739. [PMID: 30478740 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant that causes alterations in human health acting as endocrine disruptor. Recent data suggest that cardiovascular system might be a contamination target tissue, since Cd is found in atheromatic plaques. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the consequence of Cd exposure of endothelial cells in vitro to evaluate detrimental effect in vascular system by a potential sex-steroid hormone receptor-dependent mechanism(s). METHODS To this aim, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) were cultured and exposed to several concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) for different interval times. RESULTS CdCl2 exposure of HUVECs induced a significant increase of ERβ and Cyp19a1 at both mRNA and protein levels, while a drastic dose-dependent decrease of AR expression level was observed after 24 h of exposure. On the contrary, an increase of PhARser308 as well as a reduction of PhGSK-3βser9 and PhAKTser473 was detected after 1 h treatment. This effect was consistently reduced by GSK inhibition. Furthermore, CdCl2 abolished DHT-induced cell proliferation in HUVECs suggesting an antagonist-like effect of Cd on AR-mediated signaling. Remarkable, after 6 h CdCl2-treatment, a relevant increase in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA was observed and this effect was blocked by the presence of an ERβ-selective antagonist. Moreover, Cd-induced TxR1 overexpression, likely, correlated with the activation of p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study demonstrates for the first time that Cd alters sex-steroid hormone receptors level and activity likely affecting intracellular signaling linked to a proinflammatory state in endothelial cells. This alteration might possibly lead to endothelial cell injury and vascular dysfunction and could be a mechanism of gender-specific atherogenic damages induced by endocrine disruptors and, thus, induce atherogenic events with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in individuals exposed to this endocrine disruptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V M Bimonte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, "Foro Italico" University of Rome, Largo Lauro De Bosis 6, 00195, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
- Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - A Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E A Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, "Foro Italico" University of Rome, Largo Lauro De Bosis 6, 00195, Rome, Italy.
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Bian M, Fan R, Zhao S, Liu W. Targeting the Thioredoxin System as a Strategy for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7309-7321. [PMID: 30963763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) participates in the regulation of redox reactions in organisms. It works mainly via its substrate molecule, thioredoxin, to maintain the redox balance and regulate signal transduction, which controls cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and other important physiological processes. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that the overactivation of TrxR is related to the development of tumors. The exploration of TrxR-targeted antitumor drugs has attracted wide attention and is expected to provide new therapies for cancer treatment. In this perspective, we highlight the specific relationship between TrxR and apoptotic signaling pathways. The cytoplasm and mitochondria both contain TrxR, resulting in the activation of apoptosis. TrxR activity influences reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further regulates the inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, we discuss representative TrxR inhibitors with anticancer activity and analyze the challenges in developing TrxR inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianli Bian
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Sai Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China.,Institute of New Medicine Research , Nanjing Hicin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. , Nanjing 210046 , P. R. China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , P. R. China
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11
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Zhu Z, Chen X, Sun J, Li Q, Lian X, Li S, Wang Y, Tian L. Inhibition of nuclear thioredoxin aggregation attenuates PM 2.5-induced NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory responses. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:206-214. [PMID: 30420332 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production, which are central for the induction of PM2.5-mediated adverse effects on public health. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling is essential for inflammation. The subcellular distribution of thioredoxin (Trx) is related to the activation of NF-κB, but the mechanism involved is unclear. In the current study, we focused on the relationship between the antioxidant Trx and NF-κB in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) after PM2.5 exposure. We inhibited the nuclear translocation of Trx by cHCEU (4-cyclohexyl-[3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido]benzene) and subsequently increased the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 to upregulate the expression of Trx by t-BHQ. Our data suggest that PM2.5 exposure induces the activation of NF-κB and the expression of the downstream proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in BEAS-2B cells. CHCEU alleviates inflammatory cytokines by blocking Trx nuclear translocation and inhibits the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. T-BHQ could promote the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 but failed to alleviate the production of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of t-BHQ and cHCEU on alleviating PM2.5-induced inflammation is more effective than the use of cHCEU alone. Our findings characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms of proinflammatory responses induced by PM2.5 and show that the nuclear translocation and accumulation of Trx in nuclei play important roles in PM2.5-induced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingping Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ximeng Lian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Siling Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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12
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Mayer K, Mundigl O, Kettenberger H, Birzele F, Stahl S, Pastan I, Brinkmann U. Diphthamide affects selenoprotein expression: Diphthamide deficiency reduces selenocysteine incorporation, decreases selenite sensitivity and pre-disposes to oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2019; 20:146-156. [PMID: 30312900 PMCID: PMC6180344 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The diphthamide modification of translation elongation factor 2 is highly conserved in eukaryotes and archaebacteria. Nevertheless, cells lacking diphthamide can carry out protein synthesis and are viable. We have analyzed the phenotypes of diphthamide deficient cells and found that diphthamide deficiency reduces selenocysteine incorporation into selenoproteins. Additional phenotypes resulting from diphthamide deficiency include altered tRNA-synthetase and selenoprotein transcript levels, hypersensitivity to oxidative stress and increased selenite tolerance. Diphthamide-eEF2 occupies the aminoacyl-tRNA translocation site at which UGA either stalls translation or decodes selenocysteine. Its position is in close proximity and mutually exclusive to the ribosomal binding site of release/recycling factor ABCE1, which harbors a redox-sensitive Fe-S cluster and, like diphthamide, is present in eukaryotes and archaea but not in eubacteria. Involvement of diphthamide in UGA-SECIS decoding may explain deregulated selenoprotein expression and as a consequence oxidative stress, NFkB activation and selenite tolerance in diphthamide deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Mayer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Mundigl
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Stahl
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany.
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13
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Addinsall AB, Martin SD, Collier F, Conlan XA, Foletta VC, Stupka N. Differential regulation of cellular stress responses by the endoplasmic reticulum-resident Selenoprotein S (Seps1) in proliferating myoblasts versus myotubes. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13926. [PMID: 30557449 PMCID: PMC6296459 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant Selenoprotein S (Seps1, Selenos) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein associated with metabolic and inflammatory disease. While Seps1 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, its mechanistic role as an antioxidant in skeletal muscle cells is not well characterized. In C2C12 myotubes treated with palmitate for 24 h, endogenous Seps1 protein expression was upregulated twofold. Two different siRNA constructs were used to investigate whether decreased levels of Seps1 exacerbated lipid-induced oxidative and ER stress in C2C12 myotubes and myoblasts, which differ with regards to cell cycle state and metabolic phenotype. In myoblasts, Seps1 protein knockdown of ~50% or ~75% exacerbated cellular stress responses in the presence of palmitate; as indicated by decreased cell viability and proliferation, higher H2 O2 levels, a lower reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) ratio, and enhanced gene expression of ER and oxidative stress markers. Even in the absence of palmitate, Seps1 knockdown increased oxidative stress in myoblasts. Whereas, in myotubes in the presence of palmitate, a ~50% knockdown of Seps1 was associated with a trend toward a marginal (3-5%) decrease in viability (P = 0.05), decreased cellular ROS levels, and a reduced mRNA transcript abundance of the cellular stress marker thioredoxin inhibitory binding protein (Txnip). Furthermore, no enhancement of gene markers of ER stress was observed in palmitate-treated myotubes in response to Seps1 knockdown. In conclusion, reduced Seps1 levels exacerbate nutrient-induced cellular stress responses to a greater extent in glycolytic, proliferating myoblasts than in oxidative, differentiated myotubes, thus demonstrating the importance of cell phenotype to Seps1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B. Addinsall
- Centre for Molecular and Medical ResearchSchool of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Sheree D. Martin
- Centre for Molecular and Medical ResearchSchool of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Fiona Collier
- GCEID, University HospitalBarwon HealthGeelongAustralia
- School of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Xavier A. Conlan
- Centre for Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life and Environmental SciencesFaculty of Science, Engineering and Built EnvironmentDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Victoria C. Foletta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN)School of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Nicole Stupka
- Centre for Molecular and Medical ResearchSchool of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
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14
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Yaghoubi N, Youssefi M, Hashemy SI, Rafat Panah H, Mashkani BA, Zahedi Avval F. Thioredoxin reductase gene expression and activity among human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-infected patients. J Med Virol 2018; 91:865-871. [PMID: 30489643 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thioredoxin (Trx) system is a reducing complex, consisting of Trx, Trx reductase (TrxR), and NADPH, that scavenges reactive oxygen species. The system is a natural protective mechanism to prevent apoptosis and progression of oxidative stress-related diseases. The present study was conducted to explore possible changes in TrxR activity and gene expression as a response to the oxidative stress during HTLV-1 infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from 40 HTLV-1-infected patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The patient group consisted of chronic asymptomatic carriers and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM-TSP) patients. A commercial kit was used to measure the TrxR enzyme activity, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate TrxR gene expression in extracted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS A decreasing pattern of TrxR enzyme activity was observed among control, carrier, and HAM-TSP groups (mean ± SD; controls, 0.1734 ± 0.056; carriers, 0.134 ± 0.065; and HAM-TSP, 0.0928 ± 0.047 µmol/min/mL). Cellular TrxR gene expression showed the same decreasing trend. The fold differences of gene expression in carriers and HAM-TSP groups compared with healthy controls were 0.8 and 0.7 vs 1, respectively. CONCLUSION We found a reduction in TrxR expression as well as serum enzyme activity in HTLV-1-infected individuals, particularly in HAM-TSP patients. The reduced TrxR activity during HTLV-1 infection may hamper the natural protective mechanisms, thereby contributes to virus-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Yaghoubi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Youssefi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafat Panah
- Inflamation and Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Barat Ali Mashkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedi Avval
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Addinsall AB, Wright CR, Shaw CS, McRae NL, Forgan LG, Weng CH, Conlan XA, Francis PS, Smith ZM, Andrikopoulos S, Stupka N. Deficiency of selenoprotein S, an endoplasmic reticulum resident oxidoreductase, impairs the contractile function of fast-twitch hindlimb muscles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R380-R396. [PMID: 29668323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00244.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein S (Seps1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident antioxidant implicated in ER stress and inflammation. In human vastus lateralis and mouse hindlimb muscles, Seps1 localization and expression were fiber-type specific. In male Seps1+/- heterozygous mice, spontaneous physical activity was reduced compared with wild-type littermates ( d = 1.10, P = 0.029). A similar trend was also observed in Seps1-/- knockout mice ( d = 1.12, P = 0.051). Whole body metabolism, body composition, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and soleus mass and myofiber diameter were unaffected by genotype. However, in isolated fast EDL muscles from Seps1-/- knockout mice, the force frequency curve (FFC; 1-120 Hz) was shifted downward versus EDL muscles from wild-type littermates ( d = 0.55, P = 0.002), suggestive of reduced strength. During 4 min of intermittent, submaximal (60 Hz) stimulation, the genetic deletion or reduction of Seps1 decreased EDL force production ( d = 0.52, P < 0.001). Furthermore, at the start of the intermittent stimulation protocol, when compared with the 60-Hz stimulation of the FFC, EDL muscles from Seps1-/- knockout or Seps1+/- heterozygous mice produced 10% less force than those from wild-type littermates ( d = 0.31, P < 0.001 and d = 0.39, P = 0.015). This functional impairment was associated with reduced mRNA transcript abundance of thioredoxin-1 ( Trx1), thioredoxin interacting protein ( Txnip), and the ER stress markers Chop and Grp94, whereas, in slow soleus muscles, Seps1 deletion did not compromise contractile function and Trx1 ( d = 1.38, P = 0.012) and Txnip ( d = 1.27, P = 0.025) gene expression was increased. Seps1 is a novel regulator of contractile function and cellular stress responses in fast-twitch muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Addinsall
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Craig R Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Chris S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Natasha L McRae
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Leonard G Forgan
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Chia-Heng Weng
- Department of Medicine-Austin Health, The University of Melbourne , Heidelberg, Victoria , Australia
| | - Xavier A Conlan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Zoe M Smith
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine-Austin Health, The University of Melbourne , Heidelberg, Victoria , Australia
| | - Nicole Stupka
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria , Australia
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16
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Emerging roles of endoplasmic reticulum-resident selenoproteins in the regulation of cellular stress responses and the implications for metabolic disease. Biochem J 2018; 475:1037-1057. [PMID: 29559580 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic metabolic stress leads to cellular dysfunction, characterized by excessive reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The ER is gaining recognition as a key organelle in integrating cellular stress responses. ER homeostasis is tightly regulated by a complex antioxidant system, which includes the seven ER-resident selenoproteins - 15 kDa selenoprotein, type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase and selenoproteins S, N, K, M and T. Here, the findings from biochemical, cell-based and mouse studies investigating the function of ER-resident selenoproteins are reviewed. Human experimental and genetic studies are drawn upon to highlight the relevance of these selenoproteins to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. ER-resident selenoproteins have discrete roles in the regulation of oxidative, ER and inflammatory stress responses, as well as intracellular calcium homeostasis. To date, only two of these ER-resident selenoproteins, selenoproteins S and N have been implicated in human disease. Nonetheless, the potential of all seven ER-resident selenoproteins to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction warrants further investigation.
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17
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Dagnell M, Schmidt EE, Arnér ESJ. The A to Z of modulated cell patterning by mammalian thioredoxin reductases. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:484-496. [PMID: 29278740 PMCID: PMC5771652 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins) that propel a large number of functions through reduction of several substrates including the active site disulfide of thioredoxins (Trxs). Well-known enzymatic systems that in turn are supported by Trxs and TrxRs include deoxyribonucleotide synthesis through ribonucleotide reductase, antioxidant defense through peroxiredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases, and redox modulation of a number of transcription factors. Although these functions may be essential for cells due to crucial roles in maintenance of cell viability and proliferation, findings during the last decade reveal that mammals have major redundancy in their cellular reductive systems. The synthesis of glutathione (GSH) and reductive functions of GSH-dependent pathways typically act in parallel with Trx-dependent pathways, with only one of these systems often being sufficient to support viability. Importantly, this does not imply that a modulation of the Trx system will remain without consequences, even when GSH-dependent pathways remain functional. As suggested by several recent findings, the Trx system in general and the TrxRs in particular, function as key regulators of signaling pathways. In this review article we will discuss findings that collectively suggest that modulation in mammalian systems of cytosolic TrxR1 (TXNRD1) or mitochondrial TrxR2 (TXNRD2) influence cell patterning and cellular stress responses. Effects of lower activities include increased adipogenesis, insulin responsiveness, glycogen accumulation, hyperproliferation, and distorted embryonic development, while increased activities correlate with decreased proliferation and extended lifespan, as well as worse cancer prognosis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these diverse effects, involving regulation of protein phosphorylation cascades and of key transcription factors that guide cellular differentiation pathways, will be discussed. We conclude that the selenium-dependent oxidoreductases TrxR1 and TrxR2 should be considered as key components of signaling pathways that control cell differentiation and cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dagnell
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Sadeghirizi A, Yazdanparast R, Aghazadeh S. Combating trastuzumab resistance by targeting thioredoxin-1/PTEN interaction. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6737-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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19
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Sequence analysis, expression profiles and function of thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 in resistance to nucleopolyhedrovirus in Helicoverpa armigera. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15531. [PMID: 26502992 PMCID: PMC4621414 DOI: 10.1038/srep15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thioredoxin system, including NADPH, thioredoxin (Trx), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), plays significant roles in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and protecting organisms against oxidative damage. In this study, the characteristics and functions of H. armigera HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 were identified. Sequence analysis showed that HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 were both highly conserved and shared high sequence identity with other insect counterparts. The mRNA of HaTrx2 was expressed the highest in 5th instar 96 h and was mainly detected in heads and epidermis. The expression of HaTrxR1 was highly concentrated in 5th instar 72 h and 96 h, and higher in malpighian tube, midgut and hemocyte than other examined tissues. HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 were markedly induced by various types of stress. HaTrx2- or HaTrxR1-knockdown increased ROS production in hemocytes and also increased the lipid damage in NPV infected H. armigera larvae. Furthermore, interference with expression of HaTrx2 or HaTrxR1 transcripts in H. armigera larvae resulted in increased sensitivity to NPV infection and shortened LT50 values. Our findings indicated that HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 contribute to the susceptibility of H. armigera to NPV and also provided the theoretical basis for the in-depth study of insect thioredoxin system.
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20
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Cebula M, Schmidt EE, Arnér ESJ. TrxR1 as a potent regulator of the Nrf2-Keap1 response system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:823-53. [PMID: 26058897 PMCID: PMC4589110 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE All cells must maintain a balance between oxidants and reductants, while allowing for fluctuations in redox states triggered by signaling, altered metabolic flow, or extracellular stimuli. Furthermore, they must be able to rapidly sense and react to various challenges that would disrupt the redox homeostasis. RECENT ADVANCES Many studies have identified Keap1 as a key sensor for oxidative or electrophilic stress, with modification of Keap1 by oxidation or electrophiles triggering Nrf2-mediated transcriptional induction of enzymes supporting reductive and detoxification pathways. However, additional mechanisms for Nrf2 regulation are likely to exist upstream of, or in parallel with, Keap1. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we propose that the mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a potent regulator of Nrf2. A high chemical reactivity of TrxR1 and its vital role for the thioredoxin (Trx) system distinguishes TrxR1 as a prime target for electrophilic challenges. Chemical modification of the selenocysteine (Sec) in TrxR1 by electrophiles leads to rapid inhibition of thioredoxin disulfide reductase activity, often combined with induction of NADPH oxidase activity of the derivatized enzyme, thereby affecting many downstream redox pathways. The notion of TrxR1 as a regulator of Nrf2 is supported by many publications on effects in human cells of selenium deficiency, oxidative stress or electrophile exposure, as well as the phenotypes of genetic mouse models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigation of the role of TrxR1 as a regulator of Nrf2 activation will facilitate further studies of redox control in diverse cells and tissues of mammals, and possibly also in animals of other classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Cebula
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- 2 Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Gender- and region-dependent changes of redox biomarkers in the brain of successfully aging LOU/C rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 149:19-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Chen X, Zhou HJ, Huang Q, Lu L, Min W. Novel action and mechanism of auranofin in inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3-dependent lymphangiogenesis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2015; 14:946-54. [PMID: 24913775 DOI: 10.2174/1871520614666140610102651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Auranofin is a gold compound initially developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Recent data suggest that auranofin has promise in the treatment of other inflammatory and proliferative diseases. However, the mechanisms of action of auranofin have not been well defined. In the present study, we identify vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR3), an endothelial cell (EC) surface receptor essential for angiogiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, as a novel target of auranofin. In both primary EC and EC cell lines, auranofin induces downregulation of VEGFR3 in a dose-dependent manner. Auranofin at high doses (≥1 µM) decreases cellular survival protein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR2), TrxR2-dependent Trx2 and transcription factor NF-κB whereas increases stress signaling p38MAPK, leading to EC apoptosis. However, auranofin at low doses (≤0.5 µM) specifically induces downregulation of VEGFR3 and VEGFR3-mediated EC proliferation and migration, two critical steps required for in vivo lymphangiogenesis. Mechanistically, we show that auranofin-induced VEGFR3 downregulation is blocked by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and lysosome inhibitor chloroquine, but is promoted by proteasomal inhibitor MG132. These results suggest that auranofin induces VEGFR3 degradation through a lysosome-dependent pathway. Auranofin may be a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of lymphangiogenesis-dependent diseases such as lymphedema and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad St., New Haven, CT 06520.
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23
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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Xiao J. Selenoproteins and selenium status in bone physiology and pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3246-3256. [PMID: 25116856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence supports the view that selenoproteins are essential for maintaining bone health. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current state of knowledge concerning selenoproteins and Se status in bone physiology and pathology is summarized. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Antioxidant selenoproteins including glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), as a whole, play a pivotal role in maintaining bone homeostasis and protecting against bone loss. GPx1, a major antioxidant enzyme in osteoclasts, is up-regulated by estrogen, an endogenous inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. TrxR1 is an immediate early gene in response to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an osteoblastic differentiation agent. The combination of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Se generates a synergistic elevation of TrxR activity in Se-deficient osteoblasts. Of particular concern, pleiotropic TrxR1 is implicated in promoting NFκB activation. Coincidentally, TrxR inhibitors such as curcumin and gold compounds exhibit potent osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activity. Studies in patients with the mutations of selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2, a key trans-acting factor for the co-translational insertion of selenocysteine into selenoproteins have clearly established a causal link of selenoproteins in bone development. Se transport to bone relies on selenoprotein P. Plasma selenoprotein P concentrations have been found to be positively correlated with bone mineral density in elderly women. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A full understanding of the role and function of selenoproteins and Se status on bone physiology and pathology may lead to effectively prevent against or modify bone diseases by using Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- School of Tea Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China.
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Structural and biochemical insights into the homotypic PB1-PB1 complex between PKCζ and p62. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 57:69-80. [PMID: 24369353 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The atypical PKC isoforms (ζ and ı) play essential roles in regulating various cellular processes. Both the hetero-interaction between PKCζ and p62 through their N-terminal PB1 domains and the homo-oligomerization of p62 via its PB1 domain are critical for the activation of NF-κB signaling; however, the molecular mechanisms concerning the formation and regulation of these homotypic complexes remain unclear. Here we determined the crystal structure of PKCζ-PB1 in complex with a monomeric p62-PB1 mutant, where the massive electrostatic interactions between the acidic OPCA motif of PKCζ-PB1 and the basic surface of p62-PB1, as well as additional hydrogen bonds, ensure the formation of a stable and specific complex. The PKCζ-p62 interaction is interfered with the modification of a specific Cys of PKCζ by the antiarthritis drug aurothiomalate, though all four cysteine residues in the PKCζ-PB1 domain can be modified in in vitro assay. In addition, detailed structural and biochemical analyses demonstrate that the PB1 domains of aPKCs belong to the type I group, which can depolymerize the high-molecular-weight p62 aggregates into homo-oligomers of lower order. These data together unravel the molecular mechanisms of the homo-or hetero-interactions between p62 and PKCζ and provide the basis for designing inhibitors of NF-κB signaling.
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Gaynor D, Griffith DM. The prevalence of metal-based drugs as therapeutic or diagnostic agents: beyond platinum. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:13239-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31601c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chiurchiù V, Maccarrone M. Chronic inflammatory disorders and their redox control: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2605-41. [PMID: 21391902 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A chronic inflammatory disease is a condition characterized by persistent inflammation. A number of human pathologies fall into this category, and a great deal of research has been conducted to learn more about their characteristics and underlying mechanisms. In many cases, a genetic component has been identified, but also external factors like food, smoke, or environmental pollutants can significantly contribute to worsen their symptoms. Accumulated evidence clearly shows that chronic inflammatory diseases are subjected to a redox control. Here, we shall review the identity, source, regulation, and biological activity of redox molecules, to put in a better perspective their key-role in cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, the impact of redox species on autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, and celiac disease) and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis) will be discussed, along with their potential therapeutic implications as novel drugs to combat chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Chiurchiù
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Alleviation of lung injury by glycyrrhizic acid in benzo(a)pyrene exposed rats: Probable role of soluble epoxide hydrolase and thioredoxin reductase. Toxicology 2011; 291:25-31. [PMID: 22051199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] is known to alter lung physiology by interfering in various intracellular pathways including alterations in NF-κB activities, cytokine release and cell survival. NF-κB suppression/activation plays a major role in cell survival status. Present investigation deals with such kind of effects of B(a)P on lungs in relation with soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activities. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), an active principle of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice), is known to modulate various molecular processes. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of GA against B(a)P induced debilities in lungs of Wistar rats. Intratracheal instillation of B(a)P significantly suppressed NF-κB translocation, sEH, TrxR and catalase activities in lung tissue. A marked induction of H(2)O(2) levels along with caspases activation (caspases-2, -3, -6, -8, and -9) in lung tissue after B(a)P exposure was observed. Lung injury was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cell count, total protein, neutrophil elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Reduction in phospholipid content further potentiated these parameters. GA oral administration (50 and 100mg/kg b.wt.) significantly showed protection of lung epithelium by suppression of caspases activities in lung tissue and reduction of total protein, total cells, elastase activity, LDH and ALP activities along with fortification of phospholipids in BALF. Histological observations also confirm the findings in above mentioned parameters. Results indicate a strong correlation between amelioration of sEH and TrxR activities, and NF-κB activation. The present investigation gives an insight into probable mechanisms of lung injuries induced by short term exposures of B(a)P and prevention by glycyrrhizic acid.
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Heilman JM, Burke TJ, McClain CJ, Watson WH. Transactivation of gene expression by NF-κB is dependent on thioredoxin reductase activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1533-42. [PMID: 21782934 PMCID: PMC3755477 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB mediates the expression of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival. Thioredoxin reductase-1 (TR1) and its substrate thioredoxin-1 act together to reduce oxidized cysteine residues within the DNA-binding domain of NF-κB and promote maximal DNA-binding activity in vitro. It is not clear, however, if NF-κB is regulated via this mechanism within living cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of NF-κB modulation by TR1 in cells stimulated with the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). In both control cells and cells depleted of TR1 activity through chemical inhibition or siRNA knockdown, TNF stimulation resulted in degradation of the cytoplasmic NF-κB inhibitor IκB-α and translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. Similarly, the DNA-binding activity and redox state of NF-κB were unaffected by TR1 depletion. In contrast, NF-κB-mediated gene expression was markedly inhibited in cells lacking TR1 activity, suggesting that the transactivation potential of NF-κB is sensitive to changes in TR1 activity. Consistent with this concept, phosphorylation of the transactivation domain of NF-κB was inhibited in the presence of curcumin. Surprisingly, another TR1 inhibitor, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, had no effect, and siRNA knockdown of TR1 actually increased phosphorylation at this site. These results demonstrate that TR1 activity controls the transactivation potential of NF-κB and that more than one mechanism may mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Heilman
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Tom J. Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Walter H. Watson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
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29
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Lu H, Cui W, Klaassen CD. Nrf2 protects against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced oxidative injury and steatohepatitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:122-35. [PMID: 21846477 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that Nrf2, a master regulator of antioxidative responses, is essential in mediating induction of many antioxidative enzymes by acute activation of the AhR. However, the role of Nrf2 in protecting against oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by sustained activation of the AhR remains unknown and was investigated herein. Tissue and blood samples were collected from wild-type (WT) and Nrf2-null mice 21 days after administration of a low-toxic dose (10 μg/kg ip) of TCDD. Only Nrf2-null mice lost body weight after TCDD treatment; however, blood levels of ALT were not markedly changed in either genotype, indicating a lack of extensive necrosis. Compared to livers of TCDD-treated WT mice, livers of TCDD-treated Nrf2-null mice had: 1) degenerated hepatocytes, lobular inflammation, marked fat accumulation, and higher mRNA expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes; 2) depletion of glutathione, elevation in lipid peroxidation and marker of DNA damage; 3) attenuated induction of phase-II enzymes Nqo1, Gsta1/2, and Ugt2b35 mRNAs, but higher induction of cytoprotective Ho-1, Prdx1, Trxr1, Gclc, and Epxh1 mRNAs; 4) higher mRNA expression of Fgf21 and triglyceride-synthesis genes, but down-regulation of bile-acid-synthesis genes and cholesterol-efflux transporters; and 5) trend of induction/activation of c-jun and NF-kB. Additionally, TCDD-treated Nrf2-null mice had impaired adipogenesis in white adipose tissue. In conclusion, Nrf2 protects livers of mice against oxidative stress, DNA damage, and steatohepatitis induced by TCDD-mediated sustained activation of the AhR. The aggravated hepatosteatosis in TCDD-treated Nrf2-null mice is due to increased lipogenesis in liver and impaired lipogenesis in white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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30
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Ito T, Yamakuchi M, Lowenstein CJ. Thioredoxin increases exocytosis by denitrosylating N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11179-84. [PMID: 21324905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.201780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis involves membrane fusion between granules and the plasma membrane. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits exocytosis by chemically modifying N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), a key component of the exocytic machinery. However, cells recover the ability to release messenger molecules within hours of exposure to NO through unknown mechanisms. We now identify thioredoxin (TRX1) as a denitrosylase that reverses NO inhibition of exocytosis. Endogenously synthesized NO increases S-nitrosylated NSF levels, but S-nitrosylated NSF levels decrease within 3 h after exposure to NO. We found that NO increases the interaction between TRX1 and NSF, and endogenous TRX1 removes NO from S-nitrosylated NSF. Knockdown of TRX1 increases the level of S-nitrosylated NSF, prolongs the inhibition of exocytosis, and suppresses leukocyte adhesion. Taken together, these data show that TRX1 promotes exocytosis by denitrosylating NSF. Our findings suggest that TRX1 might regulate exocytosis in a variety of physiological settings, such as vascular inflammation, thrombosis, and insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ito
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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31
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Berners-Price SJ, Filipovska A. Gold compounds as therapeutic agents for human diseases. Metallomics 2011; 3:863-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Liu ZB, Shen X. Thioredoxin reductase 1 upregulates MCP-1 release in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:703-8. [PMID: 19555664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To know if thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) plays a role in antioxidant defense mechanisms against atherosclerosis, effect of TrxR1 on expression/release of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) was investigated in activated human endothelial-like EAhy926 cells. The MCP-1 release and expression, cellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB subunit p65 were assayed in cells either overexpressing recombinant TrxR1 or having their endogenous TrxR1 knocked down. It was found that overexpression of TrxR1 enhanced, while knockdown of TrxR1 reduced MCP-1 release and expression. Upregulation of MCP-1 by TrxR1 was associated with increasing generation of intracellular ROS generation, enhanced nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB. Assay using NF-kappaB reporter revealed that TrxR1 upregulated transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB. This study suggests that TrxR1 enhances ROS generation, NF-kappaB activity and subsequent MCP-1 expression in endothelial cells, and may promote rather than prevent vascular endothelium from forming atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Bo Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lewis JB, Messer RLW, Pitts L, Hsu SD, Hansen JM, Wataha JC. Ni(II) ions dysregulate cytokine secretion from human monocytes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 88:358-65. [PMID: 18437699 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-containing alloys are used in dentistry because of their low cost, but poor corrosion behavior increases their risk of causing adverse biological responses. Intraorally, nickel-containing alloys accumulate bacterial plaque that triggers periodontal inflammation via toxins such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recent evidence suggests that in monocytes, Ni(II) amplifies LPS-induced secretion of several cytokines that mediate periodontal destruction. Thus, we investigated the effects of Ni(II), with or without LPS, on the secretion of a broader array of cytokines from monocytes. We then measured monocytic expression of two proteins, Nrf2 and thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), that influence the regulation of cytokine secretion. Cytokine arrays were used to measure the effects of 0-50 microM Ni(II) on cytokine secretion from human THP1 monocytes, with or without LPS activation. Immunoblots were used to estimate Nrf2 and Trx1 levels. Our results indicate that both Ni(II) alone and Ni(II) with LPS have broad-based effects on cytokine secretion. Ni(II) increased Nrf2 levels by threefold, and LPS amplified the effects of Ni(II) by 10-fold. Trx1 levels did not change under any condition tested. Our results suggest that Ni(II)-induced changes in cytokine secretion by monocytes are diverse and may be influenced by Nrf2 but are not likely influenced by changes in whole-cell Trx1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B Lewis
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Arnér ESJ. Focus on mammalian thioredoxin reductases--important selenoproteins with versatile functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:495-526. [PMID: 19364476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin systems, involving redox active thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductases, sustain a number of important thioredoxin-dependent pathways. These redox active proteins support several processes crucial for cell function, cell proliferation, antioxidant defense and redox-regulated signaling cascades. Mammalian thioredoxin reductases are selenium-containing flavoprotein oxidoreductases, dependent upon a selenocysteine residue for reduction of the active site disulfide in thioredoxins. Their activity is required for normal thioredoxin function. The mammalian thioredoxin reductases also display surprisingly multifaceted properties and functions beyond thioredoxin reduction. Expressed from three separate genes (in human named TXNRD1, TXNRD2 and TXNRD3), the thioredoxin reductases can each reduce a number of different types of substrates in different cellular compartments. Their expression patterns involve intriguingly complex transcriptional mechanisms resulting in several splice variants, encoding a number of protein variants likely to have specialized functions in a cell- and tissue-type restricted manner. The thioredoxin reductases are also targeted by a number of drugs and compounds having an impact on cell function and promoting oxidative stress, some of which are used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, cancer or other diseases. However, potential specific or essential roles for different forms of human or mouse thioredoxin reductases in health or disease are still rather unclear, although it is known that at least the murine Txnrd1 and Txnrd2 genes are essential for normal development during embryogenesis. This review is a survey of current knowledge of mammalian thioredoxin reductase function and expression, with a focus on human and mouse and a discussion of the striking complexity of these proteins. Several yet open questions regarding their regulation and roles in different cells or tissues are emphasized. It is concluded that the intriguingly complex regulation and function of mammalian thioredoxin reductases within the cellular context and in intact mammals strongly suggests that their functions are highly fi ne-tuned with the many pathways involving thioredoxins and thioredoxin-related proteins. These selenoproteins furthermore propagate many functions beyond a reduction of thioredoxins. Aberrant regulation of thioredoxin reductases, or a particular dependence upon these enzymes in diseased cells, may underlie their presumed therapeutic importance as enzymatic targets using electrophilic drugs. These reductases are also likely to mediate several of the effects on health and disease that are linked to different levels of nutritional selenium intake. The thioredoxin reductases and their splice variants may be pivotal components of diverse cellular signaling pathways, having importance in several redox-related aspects of health and disease. Clearly, a detailed understanding of mammalian thioredoxin reductases is necessary for a full comprehension of the thioredoxin system and of selenium dependent processes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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Pacitto SR, Uetrecht JP, Boutros PC, Popovic M. Changes In Gene Expression Induced by Tienilic Acid and Sulfamethoxazole: Testing the Danger Hypothesis. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 4:253-66. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910701680020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Zou K, Liu J, Zhu N, Lin J, Liang Q, Brown WT, Shen Y, Zhong N. Identification of FMRP-associated mRNAs using yeast three-hybrid system. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:769-77. [PMID: 18163424 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome, one of the most common forms of inherited mental retardation, results from the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is encoded by the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1). FMRP is an RNA-binding protein involved in translational regulation of targeted mRNAs. Identification of targeted mRNAs associated with FMRP is important to understand the function of FMRP and the pathogenic basis of the fragile X syndrome. Employing a yeast three-hybrid system and a human fetal hippocampus cDNA library, we identified 22 candidate target mRNAs, and 18 of them were confirmed to be associated with FMRP in vitro by gel retardation. Some of these mRNAs code for structural proteins, enzymes or proteins involved in cellular processes, especially in the development and function of neural system. To further investigate the role of FMRP in regulating targeted gene expression, we analyzed the expression profile of TXNRD1, one of the candidate mRNAs, after knocking down the expression of endogenous FMRP by siRNA. The results showed that endogenous TXNRD1 translation increased along with depletion of FMRP, which suggested FMRP negatively regulates TXNRD1 translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zou
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Regala RP, Thompson EA, Fields AP. Atypical protein kinase C iota expression and aurothiomalate sensitivity in human lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5888-95. [PMID: 18632643 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antirheumatoid agent aurothiomalate (ATM) is a potent inhibitor of oncogenic PKC iota. ATM inhibits non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) growth by binding PKC iota and blocking activation of a PKC iota-Par6-Rac1-Pak-Mek 1,2-Erk 1,2 signaling pathway. Here, we assessed the growth inhibitory activity of ATM in a panel of human cell lines representing major lung cancer subtypes. ATM inhibited anchorage-independent growth in all lines tested with IC(50)s ranging from approximately 300 nmol/L to >100 micromol/L. ATM sensitivity correlates positively with expression of PKC iota and Par6, but not with the PKC iota binding protein p62, or the proposed targets of ATM in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), thioredoxin reductase 1 or 2. PKC iota expression profiling revealed that a significant subset of primary NSCLC tumors express PKC iota at or above the level associated with ATM sensitivity. ATM sensitivity is not associated with general sensitivity to the cytotoxic agents cis-platin, placitaxel, and gemcitabine. ATM inhibits tumorigenicity of both sensitive and insensitive lung cell tumors in vivo at plasma drug concentrations achieved in RA patients undergoing ATM therapy. ATM inhibits Mek/Erk signaling and decreases proliferative index without effecting tumor apoptosis or vascularization in vivo. We conclude that ATM exhibits potent antitumor activity against major lung cancer subtypes, particularly tumor cells that express high levels of the ATM target PKC iota and Par6. Our results indicate that PKC iota expression profiling will be useful in identifying lung cancer patients most likely to respond to ATM therapy in an ongoing clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick P Regala
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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Abstract
The thioredoxin (TRX) system consists of TRX, TRX reductase, and NAD(P)H, and is able to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) through interactions with the redox-active center of TRX, which in turn can be reduced by TRX reductase in the presence of NAD(P)H. Among the TRX superfamily is peroxiredoxin (PRX), a family of non-heme peroxidases that catalyzes the reduction of hydroperoxides into water and alcohol. The TRX system is active in the vessel wall and functions either as an important endogenous antioxidant or interacts directly with signaling molecules to influence cell growth, apoptosis, and inflammation. Recent evidence implicates TRX in cardiovascular disease associated with oxidative stress, such as cardiac failure, arrhythmia, ischemia reperfusion injury, and hypertension. Thioredoxin activity is influenced by many mechanisms, including transcription, protein-protein interaction, and post-translational modification. Regulation of TRX in hypertensive models seems to be related to oxidative stress and is tissue- and cell-specific. Depending on the models of hypertension, TRX system could be upregulated or downregulated. The present review focuses on the role of TRX in vascular biology, describing its redox activities and biological properties in the media and endothelium of the vessel wall. In addition, the pathopysiological role of TRX in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talin Ebrahimian
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Ueno H, Hasegawa G, Ido R, Okuno T, Nakamuro K. Effects of selenium status and supplementary seleno-chemical sources on mouse T-cell mitogenesis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2008; 22:9-16. [PMID: 18319135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although selenium is thought to be essential for various immune responses, the excess supplementation may have an adverse effect on certain immunological functions. The present study was designed to determine the effective chemical forms of selenium and their optimal levels on T-cell mitogenesis with splenic cells from mice given a selenium-deficient diet for 8 weeks to avoid effects of cellular selenium sources. Although selenium in tissues, except for spleen and thymus, was almost depleted by feeding selenium-deficient diet, the lymphoid organs still contained low levels of selenium. Both activities of cellular glutathione peroxidase (cGPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TR) in liver and splenic cells showed a tendency to decrease by selenium deficiency. However, splenic cells were tolerant against decrease of the selenoenzyme activities, and TR was also more tolerant than cGPx. T-cell proliferation of the selenium-insufficient splenic cells induced by concanavalin A was increased by addition of Na2SeO3, Na2SeO4, Na2Se, seleno-DL-cystine, seleno-L-methionine and selenocystamine. Their promoting action was observed at levels lower than 0.1 micromol/L and was completely suppressed at the highest concentration (1 micromol/L), except for selenocystamine. Na2SeO3 was one of the efficient selenocompounds for the mitogenesis, which was concomitant with the significant induction of cGPx and TR. However, recovery of cGPx activity in the selenium-insufficient cells by supplementary Na2SeO3 was only partial,while TR activity was readily recovered from selenium deficiency. These results therefore indicate that only low levels of selenium is essential for T-cell mitogenesis even in selenium-insufficient splenic cells, and TR, which is readily recovered by Na2SeO3, may be the critical enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ueno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1, Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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Cunning factor: macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a redox‐regulated target. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 86:232-8. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Jimenez-Lopez JM, Wu D, Cederbaum AI. Synergistic toxicity induced by prolonged glutathione depletion and inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling in liver cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:106-15. [PMID: 17920235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TNF-alpha, GSH depletion and CYP2E1 are factors that play an important role in alcoholic liver disease. Activation of NF-kappaB prevents hepatocyte damage caused by TNF-alpha. This work describes the effect of NF-kappaB inhibition on toxicities caused by GSH depletion or arachidonic acid (AA) treatment in liver cells, and evaluates the possible influence of CYP2E1 overexpression. Cells were exposed to the NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY11-7082, in the absence or presence of l-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to block GSH synthesis. BSO toxicity was higher in CYP2E1-expressing E47 HepG2 cells compared to control cells; the incubation with BAY11-7082 potentiated BSO toxicity in both cell lines comparably. Several other agents which suppress activation of NF-kappaB increased BSO toxicity in E47 cells. NF-kappaB inhibition, however, did not sensitize E47 cells to AA toxicity. Suppressing activity of NF-kappaB also potentiated BSO, but not AA toxicity, in isolated rat hepatocytes. BAY11-7082 plus BSO induced a greater p38 MAPK activation as compared to BAY11-7082 or BSO alone, and a p38 MAPK inhibitor protected against the synergistic toxicity. In summary, inhibition of NF-kappaB sensitizes liver cells to toxicity linked to GSH depletion, probably accelerating the processes of thiol homeostasis deregulation and induction of apoptosis through a mechanism mediated by p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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42
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Ueno H, Kajihara H, Nakamura H, Yodoi J, Nakamuro K. Contribution of thioredoxin reductase to T-cell mitogenesis and NF-kappaB DNA-binding promoted by selenite. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:115-21. [PMID: 17115890 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.9.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the essential role of selenium for cellular immune responses is obvious, delineation of the functions is lacking because selenium can either promote or inhibit cell growth, cytokine production, and activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Studies with human thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1)-transgenic (Tg) mice were conducted to evaluate the relationship between stimulation of T-cell mitogenic response by sodium selenite and the intracellular Trx-1 levels, and the activities of selenoenzymes and NF-kappaB-DNA binding. Concanavalin A-induced mitogenesis of wild-type mouse splenic cells was stimulated by exposure to low levels of selenite (0.02-0.1 microM), with augmentation of NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity. Treatment with NF-kappaB nuclear translocation inhibitor SN50 or thioredoxin reductase (TR) inhibitor aurothioglucose depressed this stimulatory action. The mitogenic response of Trx-1-Tg mouse splenic cells was enhanced by exposure to relatively high levels of selenite (> or = 0.05 microM), compared with the wild-type mouse. Selenite also augmented TR activity but not cellular glutathione peroxidase activity in the Trx-1-overexpressed cells. These results suggest that the stimulation of T-cell mitogenic response by the physiological levels of selenite is predominantly caused by increased TR activity, which may lead to reduction of Trx-1 dependent on the intracellular expression level and promotion of DNA binding of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ueno
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan.
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43
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Forbus J, Spratt H, Wiktorowicz J, Wu Z, Boldogh I, Denner L, Kurosky A, Brasier RC, Luxon B, Brasier AR. Functional analysis of the nuclear proteome of human A549 alveolar epithelial cells by HPLC-high resolution 2-D gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 2006; 6:2656-72. [PMID: 16586437 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelial cell plays a central role in coordinating airway inflammatory responses, where significant changes in the proteome occur in response to infectious stimuli. To further understand the spectrum of proteins and the biological processes they control, we have initially determined the nuclear proteome of human type II-like alveolar epithelial cells (A549) using a sequential method of organellar enrichment followed by HPLC prefractionation prior to 2-DE-based protein identification using MALDI-TOF MS. This approach yielded 719 high-confidence identifications, 433 mapping to unique gene identifiers. Expert classification showed that these proteins controlled chromatin remodeling, protein refolding, cytoskeletal structure, membrane function, metabolic processes, mitochondrial function, RNA binding, protein synthesis, signaling, and transcription factor activities. The proteins were mapped to gene ontology classifications, where metabolism and catalytic activity functions were significantly enriched, representing 43 and 32% of the protein set, respectively. Pathways analysis indicated a protein network affecting tumor necrosis factor-nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway interacting with intermediate cytoskeletal filaments. Forty-five proteins of unknown function were subjected to domain analysis and inferred to have additional nuclear functions controlling purine nucleotide metabolism and protein-protein interactions. This database represents the most comprehensive data set of mammalian nuclear proteins and will serve as a foundation for further discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Forbus
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA
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44
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Na HK, Surh YJ. Transcriptional regulation via cysteine thiol modification: a novel molecular strategy for chemoprevention and cytoprotection. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:368-80. [PMID: 16673384 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention refers to the use of defined nontoxic chemical regimens to inhibit, reverse, or retard the process of multistage carcinogenesis that involves multiple signal transduction events. Identification of signaling molecules associated with carcinogenesis as prime targets of chemopreventive agents has become an area of great interest. Recent studies have implicated cysteine thiols present in various transcription factors, such as NF-kappaB, AP-1, and p53 as redox sensors in transcriptional regulation of many genes essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Some chemopreventive and cytoprotective agents have been found to target cysteine thiols present in key transcription factors or their regulators, thereby suppressing aberrant over-activation of carcinogenic signal transduction or restoring/normalizing or even potentiating cellular defense signaling. The focus of this review is the oxidation or covalent modification of thiol groups present in key representative redox-sensitive transcription factors and their regulating molecules as a unique strategy for molecular target-based chemoprevention and cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Na
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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45
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Erdogan E, Lamark T, Stallings-Mann M, Pellecchia M, Pellechia M, Thompson EA, Johansen T, Fields AP. Aurothiomalate inhibits transformed growth by targeting the PB1 domain of protein kinase Ciota. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:28450-9. [PMID: 16861740 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606054200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified the gold compound aurothiomalate (ATM) as a potent inhibitor of the Phox and Bem1p (PB1)-PB1 domain interaction between protein kinase C (PKC) iota and the adaptor molecule Par6. ATM also blocks oncogenic PKCiota signaling and the transformed growth of human lung cancer cells. Here we demonstrate that ATM is a highly selective inhibitor of PB1-PB1 domain interactions between PKCiota and the two adaptors Par6 and p62. ATM has no appreciable inhibitory effect on other PB1-PB1 domain interactions, including p62-p62, p62-NBR1, and MEKK3-MEK5 interactions. ATM can form thio-gold adducts with cysteine residues on target proteins. Interestingly, PKCiota (and PKCzeta) contains a unique cysteine residue, Cys-69, within its PB1 domain that is not present in other PB1 domain containing proteins. Cys-69 resides within the OPR, PC, and AID motif of PKCiota at the binding interface between PKCiota and Par6 where it interacts with Arg-28 on Par6. Molecular modeling predicts formation of a cysteinyl-aurothiomalate adduct at Cys-69 that protrudes into the binding cleft normally occupied by Par6, providing a plausible structural explanation for ATM inhibition. Mutation of Cys-69 of PKCiota to isoleucine or valine, residues frequently found at this position in other PB1 domains, has little or no effect on the affinity of PKCiota for Par6 but confers resistance to ATM-mediated inhibition of Par6 binding. Expression of the PKCiota C69I mutant in human non-small cell lung cancer cells confers resistance to the inhibitory effects of ATM on transformed growth. We conclude that ATM inhibits cellular transformation by selectively targeting Cys-69 within the PB1 domain of PKCiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Erdogan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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46
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Abstract
Multifocal angiostatic therapy (MAT) is a strategy that seeks to impede cancer-induced angiogenesis by addressing multiple targets that regulate the angiogenic capacity of a cancer and/or the angiogenic responsiveness of endothelial cells, using measures that are preferentially, but not exclusively, nutraceutical. A prototype of such a regimen has been proposed previously, composed of green tea polyphenols, fish oil, selenium, and high-dose glycine, complementing a low-fat vegan diet, exercise training, and the copper-sequestering drug tetrathiomolybdate (TM). A review of more recent evidence suggests additional agents that could appropriately be included in this regimen and clarifies to some extent the mechanisms of action of its constituents. Diindolylmethane, a widely available crucifera-derived nutraceutical, has inhibited cancer growth in several mouse xenograft models; this effect may be largely attributable to an angiostatic action, as concentrations as low as 5 to 10 muM inhibit proliferation, migration, and tube-forming capacity of human endothelial cells in vitro, and a parenteral dose of 5 mg/kg markedly impairs matrigel angiogenesis in mice. Silymarin/silbinin, which has slowed the growth of human xenografts in a number of studies, suppresses the proliferation, migration, and tube-forming capacity of endothelial cells and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion by a range of human cancer cell lines, in concentrations that should be clinically feasible. The angiostatic activity of orally administered green tea now appears likely to reflect inhibition of the kinase activity of VEGFR-2. Glycine's angiostatic activity may be attributable to a hyperpolarizing effect on endothelial cells that decreases the activity of NADPH oxidase, now known to promote tyrosine kinase signaling in endothelial cells. The ability of TM to suppress cancer cell production of a range of angiogenic factors results at least in part from a down regulation of NF-kappaB activation. Dual-purpose molecular targets, whose inhibition could be expected to decrease the aggressiveness and chemoresistance of cancer cells while simultaneously impeding angiogenesis, include NF-kappaB, cox-2, c-Src, Stat3, and hsp90; drugs that can address these targets are now in development, and salicylates are notable for the fact that they can simultaneously inhibit NF-kappaB and cox-2. The potential complementary of the components of MAT should be assessed in nude mouse xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Block Center for Integrative Cancer Care, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA.
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Liu GH, Qu J, Shen X. Thioredoxin-mediated negative autoregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha transcriptional activity. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:1822-33. [PMID: 16492688 PMCID: PMC1415327 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-10-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARalpha, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and thioredoxin, a critical redox-regulator in cells, were found to form a negative feedback loop, which autoregulates transcriptional activity of PPARalpha. Thioredoxin was identified as a target gene of PPARalpha. Activation of PPARalpha leads to increase of thioredoxin expression as well as its translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, whereas ectopic overexpression of thioredoxin in the nucleus dramatically inhibited both constitutive and ligand-dependent PPARalpha activation. As PPARalpha-target genes, the expression of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, and apolipoprotein A-I were significantly down-regulated by nucleus-targeted thioredoxin at transcriptional or protein level. The suppression of PPARalpha transcriptional activity by Trx could be enhanced by overexpression of thioredoxin reductase or knockdown of thioredoxin-interacting protein, but abrogated by mutating the redox-active sites of thioredoxin. Mammalian one-hybrid assays showed that thioredoxin inhibited PPARalpha activity by modulating its AF-1 transactivation domain. It was also demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay that thioredoxin inhibited the binding of PPARalpha to the PPAR-response element. Together, it is speculated that the reported negative-feedback loop may be essential for maintaining the homeostasis of PPARalpha activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics and Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Rahman I, Biswas SK, Kode A. Oxidant and antioxidant balance in the airways and airway diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:222-39. [PMID: 16500642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although oxygen is a prerequisite to life, at concentrations beyond the physiological limits it may be hazardous to the cells. Since the lungs are directly exposed to very high amounts of oxygen, it is imperative for the organ to possess defences against possible oxidative challenge. The lungs are therefore endowed with an armamentarium of a battery of endogenous agents called antioxidants. The antioxidant species help the lungs ward off the deleterious consequences of a wide variety of oxidants/reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hypohalite radical, hydrogen peroxide and reactive nitrogen species such as nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, nitrite produced endogenously and sometimes accessed through exposure to the environment. The major non-enzymatic antioxidants of the lungs are glutathione, vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, uric acid and the enzymatic antioxidants are superoxide dismutases, catalase and peroxidases. These antioxidants are the first lines of defence against the oxidants and usually act at a gross level. Recent insights into cellular redox chemistry have revealed the presence of certain specialized proteins such as peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, heme oxygenases and reductases, which are involved in cellular adaptation and protection against an oxidative assault. These molecules usually exert their action at a more subtle level of cellular signaling processes. Aberrations in oxidant: antioxidant balance can lead to a variety of airway diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis which is the topic of discussion in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Division of Lung Biology and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 850, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Nishimoto M, Sakaue M, Hara S. Short-Interfering RNA-Mediated Silencing of Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Alters the Sensitivity of HeLa Cells toward Cadmium. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:543-6. [PMID: 16508163 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenocysteine-containing flavoprotein that regulates the thioredoxin system, one of the major systems that maintain the intracellular redox balance. We previously reported that cytosolic TrxR (TrxR1), one of three mammalian TrxR isozymes, was induced by treatment with cadmium. In the present study, to study the role of cadmium-induced TrxR1 in cellular defense, we silenced the expression of TrxR1 in HeLa cells by using small interfering RNA and examined the effect of TrxR1 silencing on the sensitivity of the cells toward cadmium. We found that the gene silencing of TrxR1 had a dual effect on cadmium-induced cell death, depending on the concentration of cadmium. The TrxR1 silencing increased the sensitivity toward a low dose (less than 10 microM) of cadmium but decreased the sensitivity toward a high dose of cadmium. These results suggested that TrxR1 might play an important role in the cellular defense system against cadmium in two ways. TrxR1 might rescue the cells from a low dose of cadmium-induced moderate injury, while it might promote the death of cells severely injured by a high dose of cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michie Nishimoto
- Department of Public Health and Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Heiss E, Gerhäuser C. Time-dependent modulation of thioredoxin reductase activity might contribute to sulforaphane-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB binding to DNA. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1601-11. [PMID: 16356123 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemopreventive agent sulforaphane (SFN) exerts anti-inflammatory activity by thiol-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) DNA binding. To further analyze the underlying mechanisms, we focused on the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) system as a key redox mechanism regulating NF-kappaB DNA binding. Using cultured Raw 264.7 mouse macrophages as a model, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), a known inhibitor of TrxR, was identified as an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production and of NF-kappaB DNA binding. CDNB and SFN acted synergistically with respect to inhibition of LPS-induced NO release, and we consequently identified SFN as a novel inhibitor of TrxR enzymatic activity in vitro. Short-term treatment of Raw macrophages with SFN or CDNB resulted in the inhibition of TrxR activity in vivo with half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 25.0 +/- 3.5 microM and 9.4 +/- 3.7 microM, respectively, whereas after a 24-h treatment with 25 microM SFN, TrxR activity was >1.5-fold elevated. In additional experiments, we could exclude that inhibition of trans-activating activity of NF-kappaB contributed to the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory proteins by SFN, based on transient transfection experiments with a (kappaB)(2)- chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct and a lack of inhibition of protein kinase A activity. These findings further emphasize the importance of redox modulation or thiol reactivity for the regulation of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription by SFN. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 7, 1601-1611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Heiss
- Division C010, Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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