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Xue S, Yang L, Xu M, Zhang Y, Liu H. The screening of α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides from β-conglycinin and hypoglycemic mechanism in HepG2 cells and zebrafish larvae. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134678. [PMID: 39137852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of carbohydrate digestive enzymes is a key focus across diverse fields, given the prominence of α-glucosidase inhibitors as preferred oral hypoglycaemic drugs for diabetes treatment. β-conglycinin is the most abundant functional protein in soy; however, it is unclear whether the peptides produced after its gastrointestinal digestion exhibit α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. Therefore, we examined the α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of soy peptides. Specifically, β-conglycinin was subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion by enzymatically cleaving it into 95 peptides with gastric, pancreatic and chymotrypsin enzymes. Eight soybean peptides were selected based on their predicted activity; absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity score; and molecular docking analysis. The results indicated that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions play important roles in inhibiting α-glucosidase, with the tripeptide SGR exhibiting the greatest inhibitory effect (IC50 = 10.57 μg/mL). In vitro studies revealed that SGR markedly improved glucose metabolism disorders in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells without affecting cell viability. Animal experiments revealed that SGR significantly improved blood glucose and decreased maltase activity in type 2 diabetic zebrafish larvae, but it did not result in the death of zebrafish larvae. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that SGR exerts its anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects by attenuating the expression of several genes, including Slc2a1, Hsp70, Cpt2, Serpinf1, Sfrp2 and Ggt1a. These results suggest that SGR is a potential food-borne bioactive peptide for managing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Grain and Cereal Food Bio-efficient Transformation Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Lina Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Grain and Cereal Food Bio-efficient Transformation Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou 121013, China.
| | - Mengnan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Grain and Cereal Food Bio-efficient Transformation Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Grain and Cereal Food Bio-efficient Transformation Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - He Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Grain and Cereal Food Bio-efficient Transformation Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou 121013, China
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2
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Park SS, Ward R, Geraghty P, Garcia-Arcos I. Extracellular glucose triggers metabolic reprogramming of cultured human bronchial epithelial cells and indirect fibroblast activation. FEBS Open Bio 2024. [PMID: 38952051 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose is essential for energy metabolism, and its usage can determine other cellular functions, depending on the cell type. In some pathological conditions, cells are exposed to high concentrations of glucose for extended periods. In this study, we investigated metabolic, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence pathways in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) cultured in media with physiologically low (5 mm) and high (12.5 mm) glucose concentrations. HBECs exposed to 12.5 mm glucose showed increased glucose routing toward the pentose phosphate pathway, lactate synthesis, and glycogen, but not triglyceride synthesis. These metabolic shifts were not associated with changes in cell proliferation rates, oxidative stress, or cellular senescence pathways. Since hyperglycemia is associated with fibrosis in the lung, we asked whether HBECS could activate fibroblasts. Primary human lung fibroblasts cultured in media conditioned by 12.5 mm glucose-exposed HBECs showed a 1.3-fold increase in the gene expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2, along with twofold increased protein levels of smooth muscle cell actin and 2.4-fold of COL1A1. Consistently, HBECs cultured with 12.5 mm glucose secreted proteins associated with inflammation and fibrosis, such as interleukins IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-13, CC chemokine ligands CCL2 and CCL24, and with extracellular matrix remodeling, such as metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP)-1 and -2. This study shows that HBECs undergo metabolic reprogramming and increase the secretion of profibrotic mediators following exposure to high concentrations of glucose, and it contributes to the understanding of the metabolic crosstalk of neighboring cells in diabetes-associated pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi S Park
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Rafael Ward
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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3
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Cai L, Xia M, Zhang F. Redox Regulation of Immunometabolism in Microglia Underpinning Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38671871 PMCID: PMC11047590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among the working-age population. Microglia, resident immune cells in the retina, are recognized as crucial drivers in the DR process. Microglia activation is a tightly regulated immunometabolic process. In the early stages of DR, the M1 phenotype commonly shifts from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis for energy production. Emerging evidence suggests that microglia in DR not only engage specific metabolic pathways but also rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system. This redox adaptation supports metabolic reprogramming and offers potential therapeutic strategies using antioxidants. Here, we provide an overview of recent insights into the involvement of reactive oxygen species and the distinct roles played by key cellular antioxidant pathways, including the NADPH oxidase 2 system, which promotes glycolysis via enhanced glucose transporter 4 translocation to the cell membrane through the AKT/mTOR pathway, as well as the involvement of the thioredoxin and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 antioxidant systems, which maintain microglia in an anti-inflammatory state. Therefore, we highlight the potential for targeting the modulation of microglial redox metabolism to offer new concepts for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Cai
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mengxue Xia
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
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4
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Yu MG, Gordin D, Fu J, Park K, Li Q, King GL. Protective Factors and the Pathogenesis of Complications in Diabetes. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:227-252. [PMID: 37638875 PMCID: PMC10911956 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic complications of diabetes are due to myriad disorders of numerous metabolic pathways that are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Traditionally, diabetes complications are divided into those of microvascular and macrovascular origin. We suggest revising this antiquated classification into diabetes complications of vascular, parenchymal, and hybrid (both vascular and parenchymal) tissue origin, since the profile of diabetes complications ranges from those involving only vascular tissues to those involving mostly parenchymal organs. A major paradigm shift has occurred in recent years regarding the pathogenesis of diabetes complications, in which the focus has shifted from studies on risks to those on the interplay between risk and protective factors. While risk factors are clearly important for the development of chronic complications in diabetes, recent studies have established that protective factors are equally significant in modulating the development and severity of diabetes complications. These protective responses may help explain the differential severity of complications, and even the lack of pathologies, in some tissues. Nevertheless, despite the growing number of studies on this field, comprehensive reviews on protective factors and their mechanisms of action are not available. This review thus focused on the clinical, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms that support the idea of endogenous protective factors, and their roles in the initiation and progression of chronic complications in diabetes. In addition, this review also aimed to identify the main needs of this field for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gregory Yu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jialin Fu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - George Liang King
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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5
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Chiu CC, Cheng KC, Lin YH, He CX, Bow YD, Li CY, Wu CY, Wang HMD, Sheu SJ. Prolonged Exposure to High Glucose Induces Premature Senescence Through Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:21. [PMID: 37638991 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia involves persistent high-glucose exposure and correlates with retinal degeneration. It causes various diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of adult vision loss. Most in vitro studies have investigated the damaging short-term effects of high glucose exposure on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. DR is also a severe complication of diabetes. In this study, we established a model with prolonged high-glucose exposure (15 and 75 mM exogenous glucose for two months) to mimic RPE tissue pathophysiology in patients with hyperglycemia. Prolonged high-glucose exposure attenuated glucose uptake and clonogenicity in ARPE-19 cells. It also significantly increased reactive oxygen species levels and decreased antioxidant protein (superoxide dismutase 2) levels in RPE cells, possibly causing oxidative stress and DNA damage and impairing proliferation. Western blotting showed that autophagic stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and genotoxic stress were induced by prolonged high-glucose exposure in RPE cells. Despite a moderate apoptotic cell population detected using the Annexin V-staining assay, the increases in the senescence-associated proteins p53 and p21 and SA-β-gal-positive cells suggest that prolonged high-glucose exposure dominantly sensitized RPE cells to premature senescence. Comprehensive next-generation sequencing suggested that upregulation of oxidative stress and DNA damage-associated pathways contributed to stress-induced premature senescence of ARPE-19 cells. Our findings elucidate the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia-associated retinal diseases and should benefit the future development of preventive drugs. Prolonged high-glucose exposure downregulates glucose uptake and oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through regulation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression. Autophagic stress, ER stress, and DNA damage stress (genotoxic stress) are also induced by prolonged high-glucose exposure in RPE cells. Consequently, multiple stresses induce the upregulation of the senescence-associated proteins p53 and p21. Although both apoptosis and premature senescence contribute to high glucose exposure-induced anti-proliferation of RPE cells, the present work shows that premature senescence rather than apoptosis is the dominant cause of RPE degeneration, eventually leading to the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Xi He
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ding Bow
- Ph.D. Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Jiuan Sheu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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6
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Sawaya AP, Vecin NM, Burgess JL, Ojeh N, DiBartolomeo G, Stone RC, Pastar I, Tomic-Canic M. Calreticulin: a multifunctional protein with potential therapeutic applications for chronic wounds. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1207538. [PMID: 37692787 PMCID: PMC10484228 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1207538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is recognized as a multifunctional protein that serves an essential role in diverse biological processes that include wound healing, modification and folding of proteins, regulation of the secretory pathway, cell motility, cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, regulation of gene expression, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Although the role of calreticulin as an endoplasmic reticulum-chaperone protein has been well described, several studies have demonstrated calreticulin to be a highly versatile protein with an essential role during wound healing. These features make it an ideal molecule for treating a complex, multifactorial diseases that require fine tuning, such as chronic wounds. Indeed, topical application of recombinant calreticulin to wounds in multiple models of wound healing has demonstrated remarkable pro-healing effects. Among them include enhanced keratinocyte and fibroblast migration and proliferation, induction of extracellular matrix proteins, recruitment of macrophages along with increased granulation tissue formation, all of which are important functions in promoting wound healing that are deregulated in chronic wounds. Given the high degree of diverse functions and pro-healing effects, application of exogenous calreticulin warrants further investigation as a potential novel therapeutic option for chronic wound patients. Here, we review and highlight the significant effects of topical application of calreticulin on enhancing wound healing and its potential as a novel therapeutic option to shift chronic wounds into healing, acute-like wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nicole M. Vecin
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jamie L. Burgess
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Gabrielle DiBartolomeo
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rivka C. Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Aiello JJ, Bogart MC, Chan WT, Holoman NC, Trobenter TD, Relf CE, Kleinman DM, De Vivo DC, Samuels IS. Systemic Reduction of Glut1 Normalizes Retinal Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in the Retina of Spontaneous Type 2 Diabetic Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:927-938. [PMID: 37062410 PMCID: PMC10294444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Defects in the light-evoked responses of the retina occur early in the sequalae of diabetic retinopathy (DR). These defects, identified through the electroretinogram (ERG), represent dysfunction of retinal neurons and the retinal pigment epithelium and are commonly identifiable at the timing of, or almost immediately following, diabetes diagnosis. Recently, systemic reduction of the facilitated glucose transporter type 1, Glut1, in type 1 diabetic mice was shown to reduce retinal sorbitol accumulation, mitigate ERG defects, and prevent retinal oxidative stress and inflammation. Herein, the study investigated whether systemic reduction of Glut1 also diminished hallmarks of DR in type 2 diabetic mice. Transgenic nondiabetic Leprdb/+ and spontaneously diabetic Leprdb/db mice that expressed wild-type (Glut1+/+) or systemically reduced levels of Glut1 (Glut1+/-) were aged and subjected to standard strobe flash electroretinography and c-wave analysis before evaluation of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress molecules. Although Leprdb/dbGlut1+/- mice still displayed overt obesity and diabetes, no scotopic, photopic, or c-wave ERG defects were present through 16 weeks of age, and expression of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress molecules was also normalized. These findings suggest that systemic reduction of Glut1 is sufficient to prevent functional retinal pathophysiology in type 2 diabetes. Targeted, moderate reductions of Glut1 or inhibition of Glut1 activity in the retina of diabetic patients should be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent development and progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Aiello
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maislin C Bogart
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wai-Ting Chan
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nicholas C Holoman
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Timothy D Trobenter
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chloe E Relf
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dana M Kleinman
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ivy S Samuels
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.
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8
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Starace V, Battista M, Brambati M, Cavalleri M, Bertuzzi F, Amato A, Lattanzio R, Bandello F, Cicinelli MV. The role of inflammation and neurodegeneration in diabetic macular edema. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211055963. [PMID: 34901746 PMCID: PMC8652911 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211055963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema (DME) is complex. Persistently high blood glucose activates multiple cellular pathways and induces inflammation, oxidation stress, and vascular dysfunction. Retinal ganglion cells, macroglial and microglial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and retinal pigment epithelium cells are involved. Neurodegeneration, characterized by dysfunction or apoptotic loss of retinal neurons, occurs early and independently from the vascular alterations. Despite the increasing knowledge on the pathways involved in DME, only limited therapeutic strategies are available. Besides antiangiogenic drugs and intravitreal corticosteroids, alternative therapeutic options tackling inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration have been considered, but none of them has been currently approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Starace
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Battista
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Brambati
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Cavalleri
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Bertuzzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosangela Lattanzio
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, ItalySchool of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, ItalySchool of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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9
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Schmitner N, Recheis C, Thönig J, Kimmel RA. Differential Responses of Neural Retina Progenitor Populations to Chronic Hyperglycemia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113265. [PMID: 34831487 PMCID: PMC8622914 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a frequent complication of longstanding diabetes, which comprises a complex interplay of microvascular abnormalities and neurodegeneration. Zebrafish harboring a homozygous mutation in the pancreatic transcription factor pdx1 display a diabetic phenotype with survival into adulthood, and are therefore uniquely suitable among zebrafish models for studying pathologies associated with persistent diabetic conditions. We have previously shown that, starting at three months of age, pdx1 mutants exhibit not only vascular but also neuro-retinal pathologies manifesting as photoreceptor dysfunction and loss, similar to human diabetic retinopathy. Here, we further characterize injury and regenerative responses and examine the effects on progenitor cell populations. Consistent with a negative impact of hyperglycemia on neurogenesis, stem cells of the ciliary marginal zone show an exacerbation of aging-related proliferative decline. In contrast to the robust Müller glial cell proliferation seen following acute retinal injury, the pdx1 mutant shows replenishment of both rod and cone photoreceptors from slow-cycling, neurod-expressing progenitors which first accumulate in the inner nuclear layer. Overall, we demonstrate a diabetic retinopathy model which shows pathological features of the human disease evolving alongside an ongoing restorative process that replaces lost photoreceptors, at the same time suggesting an unappreciated phenotypic continuum between multipotent and photoreceptor-committed progenitors.
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10
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Sajadimajd S, Khosravifar M, Bahrami G. Anti-Diabetic Effects of Isolated Lipids from Natural Sources through Modulation of Angiogenesis. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:589-606. [PMID: 34473620 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210902121337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant angiogenesis plays a fateful role in the development of diabetes and diabetic complications. Lipids, as a diverse group of biomacromolecules, are able to relieve diabetes through the modulation of angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE Owing to the present remarkable anti-diabetic effects with no or few side effects of lipids, the aim of this study was to assess the state-of-the-art research on anti-diabetic effects of lipids via the modulation of angiogenesis. METHODS To study the effects of lipids in diabetes via modulation of angiogenesis, we have searched the electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane. RESULTS The promising anti-diabetic effects of lipids were reported in several studies. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil (FO) were reported to significantly induce neovasculogenesis in high glucose (HG)-mediated endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) neovasculogenic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. Linoleic acid, mono-epoxy-tocotrienol-α (MeT3α), and ginsenoside Rg1 facilitate wound closure and vessel formation. N-Palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), omega-3 (ω3) lipids from flaxseed (FS) oil, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), lipoic acid, taurine, and zeaxanthin (Zx) are effective in diabetic retinopathy via suppression of angiogenesis. Lysophosphatidic acid, alkyl-glycerophosphate, crocin, arjunolic acid, α-lipoic acid, and FS oil are involved in the management of diabetes and its cardiac complications. Furthermore, in two clinical trials, R-(+)-lipoic acid (RLA) in combination with hyperbaric oxygenation therapy (HBOT) for treatment of chronic wound healing in DM patients, as well as supplementation with DHA plus antioxidants along with intravitreal ranibizumab were investigated for its effects on diabetic macular edema. CONCLUSION Proof-of-concept studies presented here seem to well shed light on the anti-diabetic effects of lipids via modulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Sajadimajd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mina Khosravifar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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11
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Wu H, Wang M, Li X, Shao Y. The Metaflammatory and Immunometabolic Role of Macrophages and Microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1617-1628. [PMID: 34324139 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emergent studies reveal the roles of inflammatory cells and cytokines in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is gradually portrayed as a chronic inflammatory disease accompanied by metabolic disorder. Through the pathogenesis of DR, macrophages or microglia play a critical role in the inflammation, neovascularization, and neurodegeneration of the retina. Conventionally, macrophages are generally divided into M1 and M2 phenotypes which mainly rely on glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, respectively. Recently, studies have found that nutrients (including glucose and lipids) and metabolites (such as lactate), can not only provide energy for cells, but also act as signaling molecules to regulate the function and fate of cells. In this review, we discussed the intrinsic correlations among the metabolic status, polarization, and function of macrophage/microglia in DR. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia could induce M1-like and M2-like macrophages polarization in different phases of DR. Targeting the regulation of microglial metabolic profile might be a promising therapeutic strategy to modulate the polarization and function of macrophages/microglia, thus attenuating the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.,Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China. .,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China. .,Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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12
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Olawale F, Olofinsan K, Iwaloye O, Ologuntere TE. Phytochemicals from Nigerian medicinal plants modulate therapeutically-relevant diabetes targets: insight from computational direction. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Chang GR, Liu HY, Yang WC, Wang CM, Wu CF, Lin JW, Lin WL, Wang YC, Lin TC, Liao HJ, Hou PH, Chan CH, Lin CF. Clozapine Worsens Glucose Intolerance, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Kidney Damage, and Retinal Injury and Increases Renal Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Chromium Loss in Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136680. [PMID: 34206460 PMCID: PMC8268139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is widely employed in the treatment of schizophrenia. Compared with that of atypical first-generation antipsychotics, atypical second-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine have less severe side effects and may positively affect obesity and blood glucose level. However, no systematic study of clozapine’s adverse metabolic effects—such as changes in kidney and liver function, body weight, glucose and triglyceride levels, and retinopathy—was conducted. This research investigated how clozapine affects weight, the bodily distribution of chromium, liver damage, fatty liver scores, glucose homeostasis, renal impairment, and retinopathy in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). We discovered that obese mice treated with clozapine gained more weight and had greater kidney, liver, and retroperitoneal and epididymal fat pad masses; higher daily food efficiency; higher serum or hepatic triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels; and higher hepatic lipid regulation marker expression than did the HFD-fed control mice. Furthermore, the clozapine group mice exhibited insulin resistance, poorer insulin sensitivity, greater glucose intolerance, and less Akt phosphorylation; their GLUT4 expression was lower, they had renal damage, more reactive oxygen species, and IL-1 expression, and, finally, their levels of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) were lower. Moreover, clozapine reduced the thickness of retinal cell layers and increased iNOS and NF-κB expression; a net negative chromium balance occurred because more chromium was excreted through urine, and this influenced chromium mobilization, which did not help overcome the hyperglycemia. Our clozapine group had considerably higher fatty liver scores, which was supported by the findings of lowered adiponectin protein levels and increased FASN protein, PNPLA3 protein, FABP4 mRNA, and SREBP1 mRNA levels. We conclude that clozapine can worsen nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and kidney and retinal injury. Therefore, long-term administration of clozapine warrants higher attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Ruei Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 600023, Taiwan; (G.-R.C.); (C.-M.W.); (C.-F.W.); (T.-C.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hsien-Yueh Liu
- Bachelor Degree Program in Animal Healthcare, Hungkuang University, 6 Section, 1018 Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 433304, Taiwan; (H.-Y.L.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-L.L.)
| | - Wei-Cheng Yang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 4 Section, 1 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 100046, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Min Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 600023, Taiwan; (G.-R.C.); (C.-M.W.); (C.-F.W.); (T.-C.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 600023, Taiwan; (G.-R.C.); (C.-M.W.); (C.-F.W.); (T.-C.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Bachelor Degree Program in Animal Healthcare, Hungkuang University, 6 Section, 1018 Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 433304, Taiwan; (H.-Y.L.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-L.L.)
| | - Wei-Li Lin
- Bachelor Degree Program in Animal Healthcare, Hungkuang University, 6 Section, 1018 Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 433304, Taiwan; (H.-Y.L.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-L.L.)
- General Education Center, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng Eastern Road, Taichung 413310, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Asia University Hospital, 222 Fuxin Road, Wufeng District, Taichung 413505, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Road, Wufeng District, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, North District, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, North District, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chun Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 600023, Taiwan; (G.-R.C.); (C.-M.W.); (C.-F.W.); (T.-C.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Huei-Jyuan Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 600023, Taiwan; (G.-R.C.); (C.-M.W.); (C.-F.W.); (T.-C.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Po-Hsun Hou
- Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 4 Section, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 407219, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 2 Section, 155 Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-H.H.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-F.L.); Tel.: +886-4-23592525 (P.-H.H.); +886-975-617071 (C.-H.C.); +886-8-7703202 (C.-F.L.)
| | - Chee-Hong Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, 6 Lugong Road, Lukang Township, Changhua 505029, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-H.H.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-F.L.); Tel.: +886-4-23592525 (P.-H.H.); +886-975-617071 (C.-H.C.); +886-8-7703202 (C.-F.L.)
| | - Chuen-Fu Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-H.H.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-F.L.); Tel.: +886-4-23592525 (P.-H.H.); +886-975-617071 (C.-H.C.); +886-8-7703202 (C.-F.L.)
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Abstract
Microglia, the main immune cell of the central nervous system (CNS), categorized into M1-like phenotype and M2-like phenotype, play important roles in phagocytosis, cell migration, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. As a part of CNS, retinal microglial cells (RMC) play an important role in retinal diseases. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Recent studies have demonstrated that DR is not only a microvascular disease but also retinal neurodegeneration. RMC was regarded as a central role in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss RMC polarization and its possible regulatory factors in early DR, which will provide new targets and insights for early intervention of DR.
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15
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Reduction of Glut1 in the Neural Retina But Not the RPE Alleviates Polyol Accumulation and Normalizes Early Characteristics of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3275-3299. [PMID: 33622781 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2010-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a key determinant for development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Inadequate glycemic control exacerbates retinopathy, while normalization of glucose levels delays its progression. In hyperglycemia, hexokinase is saturated and excess glucose is metabolized to sorbitol by aldose reductase via the polyol pathway. Therapies to reduce retinal polyol accumulation for the prevention of DR have been elusive because of low sorbitol dehydrogenase levels in the retina and inadequate inhibition of aldose reductase. Using systemic and conditional genetic inactivation, we targeted the primary facilitative glucose transporter in the retina, Glut1, as a preventative therapeutic in diabetic male and female mice. Unlike WT diabetics, diabetic Glut1 +/- mice did not display elevated Glut1 levels in the retina. Furthermore, diabetic Glut1 +/- mice exhibited ameliorated ERG defects, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which was correlated with a significant reduction in retinal sorbitol accumulation. Retinal pigment epithelium-specific reduction of Glut1 did not prevent an increase in retinal sorbitol content or early hallmarks of DR. However, like diabetic Glut1 +/- mice, reduction of Glut1 specifically in the retina mitigated polyol accumulation and diminished retinal dysfunction and the elevation of markers for oxidative stress and inflammation associated with diabetes. These results suggest that modulation of retinal polyol accumulation via Glut1 in photoreceptors can circumvent the difficulties in regulating systemic glucose metabolism and be exploited to prevent DR.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Diabetic retinopathy affects one-third of diabetic patients and is the primary cause of vision loss in adults 20-74 years of age. While anti-VEGF and photocoagulation treatments for the late-stage vision threatening complications can prevent vision loss, a significant proportion of patients do not respond to anti-VEGF therapies, and mechanisms to stop progression of early-stage symptoms remain elusive. Glut1 is the primary facilitative glucose transporter for the retina. We determined that a moderate reduction in Glut1 levels, specifically in the retina, but not the retinal pigment epithelium, was sufficient to prevent retinal polyol accumulation and the earliest functional defects to be identified in the diabetic retina. Our study defines modulation of Glut1 in retinal neurons as a targetable molecule for prevention of diabetic retinopathy.
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16
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Actis Dato V, Sánchez MC, Chiabrando GA. LRP1 mediates the IGF-1-induced GLUT1 expression on the cell surface and glucose uptake in Müller glial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4742. [PMID: 33637845 PMCID: PMC7910306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in the normal development and survival of retinal cells. Low-density lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1) plays a key role on the regulation of several membrane proteins, such as the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). In brain astrocytes, LRP1 interact with IGF-1R and the glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), regulating the glucose uptake in these cells. Although GLUT1 is expressed in retinal Müller Glial Cells (MGCs), its regulation is not clear yet. Here, we investigated whether IGF-1 modulates GLUT1 traffic to plasma membrane (PM) and glucose uptake, as well as the involvement of LRP1 in this process in the human Müller glial-derived cell line (MIO-M1). We found that IGF-1 produced GLUT1 translocation to the PM, in a time-dependent manner involving the intracellular signaling activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways, and generated a significant glucose uptake. Moreover, we found a molecular association between LRP1 and GLUT1, which was significantly reduced by IGF-1. Finally, cells treated with specific siRNA for LRP1 showed an impaired GLUT1 expression on PM and decreased glucose uptake induced by IGF-1. We conclude that IGF-1 regulates glucose homeostasis in MGCs involving the expression of LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Actis Dato
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Alberto Chiabrando
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.
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17
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Madrakhimov SB, Yang JY, Kim JH, Han JW, Park TK. mTOR-dependent dysregulation of autophagy contributes to the retinal ganglion cell loss in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:29. [PMID: 33637094 PMCID: PMC7913405 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration, an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), precedes clinically detectable microvascular damage. Autophagy dysregulation is considered a potential cause of neuronal cell loss, however underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates diverse environmental signals to coordinate biological processes, including autophagy. Here, we investigated the role of mTOR signaling in neuronal cell death in DR. METHODS Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and tissue samples were harvested at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months of diabetes. Early-stage of DR was investigated in 1-month-diabetic mice treated with phlorizin (two daily subcutaneous injections at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight during the last 7 full days of the experiment and the morning of the 8th day, 3 h before sacrifice) or rapamycin (daily intraperitoneal injections, at a dose of 3 mg/kg for the same period as for phlorizin treatment). The effect of autophagy modulation on retinal ganglion cells was investigated in 3-months-diabetic mice treated with phlorizin (two daily subcutaneous injections during the last 10 full days of the experiment and the morning of the 11th day, 3 h before sacrifice) or MHY1485 (daily i.p. injections, at a dose of 10 mg/kg for the same period as for phlorizin treatment). Tissue samples obtained from treated/untreated diabetic mice and age-matched controls were used for Western blot and histologic analysis. RESULTS mTOR-related proteins and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) was upregulated at 1 month and downregulated in the following period up to 6 months. Diabetes-induced neurodegeneration was characterized by an increase of apoptotic marker-cleaved caspase 3, a decrease of the total number of cells, and NeuN immunoreactivity in the ganglion cell layer, as well as an increase of autophagic protein. Insulin-independent glycemic control restored the mTOR pathway activity and GLUT1 expression, along with a decrease of autophagic and apoptotic proteins in 3-months-diabetic mice neuroretina. However, blockade of autophagy using MHY1485 resulted in a more protective effect on ganglion cells compared with phlorizin treatment. CONCLUSION Collectively, our study describes the mechanisms of neurodegeneration through the hyperglycemia/ mTOR/ autophagy/ apoptosis pathway. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjar Batirovich Madrakhimov
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
- Laboratory for Translational Research On Retinal and Macular Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Yang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
- Laboratory for Translational Research On Retinal and Macular Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Jin Ha Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
- Laboratory for Translational Research On Retinal and Macular Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Choongchungnam-do, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
- Ex Lumina Therapeutics and Technologies. Co., Ltd., Bucheon, South Korea
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18
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Mishra K, Nath M, Halder N, Velpandian T. Evaluation of the possibility of selective modulation of retinal glucose transporters in diabetic complications: An experimental study. Indian J Pharmacol 2020; 52:495-504. [PMID: 33666191 PMCID: PMC8092170 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_403_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To identify the possibility of modulating retinal glucose transporters in diabetic conditions to prevent retinal complications of diabetic retinopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In silico and in vitro binding assays were performed to assess the effect of genistein and positive controls (pioglitazone and estradiol) on nuclear receptor estrogen receptor beta and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). In vivo effects of compounds were tested on diabetic rats. Structural and functional analysis of retina was performed at 28th day followed by gene expression analysis of glucose transporters and nuclear receptors. Pioglitazone and genistein levels were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Genistein showed equi-affinity toward PPARγ in In silico experiments contrary to in vitro findings. In multidose study, their therapeutic effects were observed by analyzing the retinal function. Retinal gene expression studies revealed that both test agents significantly up regulated PPARγ, GLUT4, and down regulated GLUT1. Genistein showed significant up regulation of GLUT4 and down regulation of GLUT1 as compared to PGZ which has been well correlated with the Electroretinography (ERG) outcome. CONCLUSION: This study showed the possibility of selective upregulation of GLUT4 (independent of PPARγ activation) in the retina of diabetic rats using genistein. Selective modulation of retinal glucose transporters as therapeutic target in ocular diabetic complications can be possibly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanuj Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhu Nath
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nabanita Halder
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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19
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Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1273-1298. [PMID: 32591906 PMCID: PMC7462924 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) is involved in regulating tissue-specific glucose uptake and metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue to ensure homeostatic control of blood glucose levels. Reduced glucose transport activity results in aberrant use of energy substrates and is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. It is well established that GLUT2, the main regulator of hepatic hexose flux, and GLUT4, the workhorse in insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, are critical contributors in the control of whole-body glycemia. However, the molecular mechanism how insulin controls glucose transport across membranes and its relation to impaired glycemic control in type 2 diabetes remains not sufficiently understood. An array of circulating metabolites and hormone-like molecules and potential supplementary glucose transporters play roles in fine-tuning glucose flux between the different organs in response to an altered energy demand.
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20
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Cartland SP, Lin RCY, Genner S, Patil MS, Martínez GJ, Barraclough JY, Gloss B, Misra A, Patel S, Kavurma MM. Vascular transcriptome landscape of Trail -/- mice: Implications and therapeutic strategies for diabetic vascular disease. FASEB J 2020; 34:9547-9562. [PMID: 32501591 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902785r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circulating plasma TRAIL levels are suppressed in patients with cardiovascular and diabetic diseases. To identify novel targets in vascular metabolic diseases, genome-wide transcriptome of aortic tissue from Trail-/- versus Trail+/+ mice were interrogated. We found 861 genes differentially expressed with TRAIL deletion. Gene enrichment analyses showed many of these genes were related to inflammation, cell-to-cell cytoskeletal interactions, and transcriptional modulation. We identified vascular protective and pathological gene clusters, with Ifi205 as the most significantly reduced vascular protective gene, whereas Glut1, the most significantly increased pathological gene with TRAIL deletion. We hypothesized that therapeutic targets could be devised from such integrated analysis and validated our findings from vascular tissues of diabetic mice. From the differentially expressed gene targets, enriched transcription factor (TF) and microRNA binding motifs were identified. The top two TFs were Elk1 and Sp1, with enrichment to eight gene targets common to both. miR-520d-3p and miR-377-3p were the top enriched microRNAs with TRAIL deletion; with four overlapping genes enriched for both microRNAs. Our findings offer an alternate in silico approach for therapeutic target identification and present a deeper understanding of gene signatures and pathways altered with TRAIL suppression in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân P Cartland
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruby C Y Lin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Genner
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Manisha S Patil
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gonzalo J Martínez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,División de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Y Barraclough
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Gloss
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashish Misra
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mary M Kavurma
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Soares CD, Carlos R, Mota MVB, de Carvalho MGF, de Lima Morais TM, de Almeida OP, Altemani A. Bilateral multiple oncocytic cysts of the parotid gland in type 2 diabetes patients. Histopathology 2019; 76:613-624. [PMID: 31677302 DOI: 10.1111/his.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. These factors, at the cellular level, are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased glucose uptake. Such events are poorly explored in the context of the salivary glands. In this study, we present a series of eight cases of a distinct salivary gland lesion characterised by multiple oncocytic cysts, and we provide new pathological insights regarding its pathogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven patients (87.5%) had confirmed T2D, and obesity was identified in five (62.5%) patients. Clinically, the patients showed bilateral parotid gland swelling with recurrent episodes of pain and enlargement. Imaging examination revealed multiple cystic lesions in both parotid glands. Microscopically, the parotid glands showed multiple cysts of different sizes, lined by oncocytic epithelial cells. Intraluminally, strongly eosinophilic glass-like crystalloid material was observed. Immunohistochemical studies were performed, and the most notable finding was glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) overexpression in the oncocytic cysts which is not observed in any other oncocytic lesion of patients without T2D. In addition, high expressions of mitochondrial antigen, fission 1 protein and mitofusin-2 were observed in the oncocytic epithelium of the cysts. Furthermore, most of the oncocytic cysts showed a pattern of cytokeratin expression consistent with striated ducts. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that T2D is associated with alterations in GLUT1 expression in the cells of striated ducts with mitochondrial dysfunction, causing a hyperplastic process characterised by multiple oncocytic cysts. For this lesion, the designation of 'diabetes-associated-bilateral multiple oncocytic cysts of the parotid gland' is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro D Soares
- Oral Pathology Department, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Roman Carlos
- Pathology Division, Centro Clínico de Cabeza y Cuello/Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Marcelo V B Mota
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria G F de Carvalho
- Oral Pathology Department, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thayná M de Lima Morais
- Oral Pathology Department, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Oslei P de Almeida
- Oral Pathology Department, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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22
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Malekshahi H, Bahrami G, Miraghaee S, Ahmadi SA, Sajadimajd S, Hatami R, Mohammadi B, Keshavarzi S. Momordica charantia reverses type II diabetes in rat. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13021. [PMID: 31441956 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, a disease with abnormal production or use of insulin, is a growing concern that affects many individuals globally. Although many attempts have been made, there is no satisfactory treatment for diabetes. Recently, scientists have been exploring a promising treatment of diabetes involving herbal medicine. In this line, we show that Momordica charantia, a tendril-bearing vine belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, permanently normalizes blood glucose levels comparable to healthy rats. Most importantly, M. charantia increases the expression of Insulin and Pdx1 genes while lowers the expression Glut2. Moreover, the number and size of the pancreatic islets have remarkably increased in treated animals. Liver ALT, AST, and ALP enzyme activities fell into normal range in treated animals suggesting the protective effect of M. charantia. These data indicate that M. Charantia improves the pancreas function by activating pancreatic beta cells and protecting liver tissue. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Owing to the effectiveness of Momordica Charantia extracts in management of diabetes in STZ-induced diabetic rats, we have intention to evaluate the powder of Charantia to discover novel drug for treating diabetes. It is expected that the results could be translated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Malekshahi
- School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahram Miraghaee
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Soraya Sajadimajd
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Razieh Hatami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samira Keshavarzi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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23
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Mohammad HMF, Sami MM, Makary S, Toraih EA, Mohamed AO, El-Ghaiesh SH. Neuroprotective effect of levetiracetam in mouse diabetic retinopathy: Effect on glucose transporter-1 and GAP43 expression. Life Sci 2019; 232:116588. [PMID: 31226418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Retinopathy is a neurodegenerative complication associating diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the primary reason of visual loss during early adulthood. DR has a complicated multifactorial pathophysiology initiated by hyperglycaemia-induced ischaemic neurodegenerative retinal changes, followed by vision-threatening consequences. The main therapeutic modalities for DR involve invasive delivery of intravitreal antiangiogenic agents as well as surgical interventions. The current work aimed to explore the potential anti-inflammatory and retinal neuroprotective effects of levetiracetam. MAIN METHODS This study was performed on alloxan-induced diabetes in mice (n: 21). After 10 weeks, a group of diabetic animals (n: 7) was treated with levetiracetam (25 mg/kg) for six weeks. Retinal tissues were dissected and paraffin-fixed for examination using (1) morphometric analysis with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), (2) immunohistochemistry (GLUT1, GFAP and GAP43), and (3) RT-PCR-detected expression of retinal inflammatory and apoptotic mediators (TNF-α, IL6, iNOS, NF-κB and Tp53). KEY FINDINGS Diabetic mice developed disorganized and debilitated retinal layers with upregulation of the gliosis marker GFAP and downregulation of the neuronal plasticity marker GAP43. Additionally, diabetic retinae showed increased transcription of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL6, iNOS and Tp53. Levetiracetam-treated mice showed downregulation of retinal GLUT1 with relief and regression of retinal inflammation and improved retinal structural organization. SIGNIFICANCE Levetiracetam may represent a potential neuroprotective agent in DR. The data presented herein supported an anti-inflammatory role of levetiracetam. However, further clinical studies may be warranted to confirm the effectiveness and safety of levetiracetam in DR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala M F Mohammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Central Lab., Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine (CEMCM), Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Manal M Sami
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samy Makary
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Eman A Toraih
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Molecular Lab, Center of Excellence of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amany O Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sabah H El-Ghaiesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
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24
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Weng L, Zhang F, Wang R, Ma W, Song Y. A review on protective role of genistein against oxidative stress in diabetes and related complications. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108665. [PMID: 31125535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is metabolism related problems that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia, which is triggered by a complicated interaction of hereditary and environmental elements. It is the main reason for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), amputations of the traumatic lower extremity, and grown-up visual impairment. It additionally inclines to neurodegenerative and cardiovascular sicknesses. With an expanding rate around the world, DM may be the main motive of morbidity and mortality within the foreseeable future. The objective of treatment for DM is to inhibit mortality and difficulties through normalizing blood glucose stage. Genistein, a naturally available soy isoflavone, is accounted for to have various medical advantages credited to numerous natural capacities. In the course of recent years, various examinations have shown that genistein has hostile to diabetic impacts, specifically, direct consequences for β-cell expansion, glucose-triggered insulin discharge, and safety towards apoptosis, unbiased of its functions as an estrogen receptor agonist, cancer prevention agent, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The present evaluation emphases on the promising molecular and biochemical paths associated with DM complications and, specifically, the multi-target method of genistein in diminishing diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Weng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Fengying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Yingshi Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China.
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25
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Sharma A, Valle ML, Beveridge C, Liu Y, Sharma S. Unraveling the role of genetics in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:534-541. [PMID: 30679875 PMCID: PMC6461978 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disease of the retina and the leading cause of visual disability in diabetic patients. Genetic factors have shown to play a pivotal role in DR onset, and several candidate genes have been associated with its progression. A literature search was performed to identify the genes known to be associated with DR through linkage analysis, candidate gene association, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A further literature search was performed to discover their potential connection with various biological pathways. A total of 65 genes were found and several of these genes belong to major signaling pathways known to play a significant role in DR, including systemic inflammation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. A comprehensive analysis presented in this review will be helpful in unraveling the role of genetics in the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, Georgia
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, Georgia
| | - Maria L Valle
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, Georgia
| | - Connor Beveridge
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, Georgia
| | - Yutao Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, Georgia
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, Georgia
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, Georgia.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, Georgia.
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26
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Rom S, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Gajghate S, Seliga A, Winfield M, Heldt NA, Kolpakov MA, Bashkirova YV, Sabri AK, Persidsky Y. Hyperglycemia-Driven Neuroinflammation Compromises BBB Leading to Memory Loss in Both Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 1 and Type 2 Mouse Models. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:1883-1896. [PMID: 29974394 PMCID: PMC6320739 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
End organ injury in diabetes mellitus (DM) is driven by microvascular compromise (including diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy). Cognitive impairment is a well-known complication of DM types 1 and 2; however, its mechanism(s) is(are) not known. We hypothesized that blood-brain barrier (BBB) compromise plays a key role in cognitive decline in DM. Using a DM type 1 model (streptozotocin injected C57BL/6 mice) and type 2 model (leptin knockout obese db/db mice), we showed enhanced BBB permeability and memory loss (Y maze, water maze) that are associated with hyperglycemia. Gene profiling in isolated microvessels from DM type 1 animals demonstrated deregulated expression of 54 genes related to angiogenesis, inflammation, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and platelet activation pathways by at least 2-fold (including eNOS, TNFα, TGFβ1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, several chemokines, and MMP9). Further, the magnitude of gene expression was linked to degree of cognitive decline in DM type 1 animals. Gene analysis in brain microvessels of DM type 2 db/db animals showed alterations of similar genes as in DM 1 model, some to an even greater extent. Neuropathologic analyses of brain tissue derived from DM mice showed microglial activation, expression of ICAM-1, and attenuated coverage of pericytes compared to controls. There was a significant upregulation of inflammatory genes in brain tissue in both DM models. Taken together, our findings indicate that BBB compromise in DM in vivo models and its association with memory deficits, gene alterations in brain endothelium, and neuroinflammation. Prevention of BBB injury may be a new therapeutic approach to prevent cognitive demise in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Alecia Seliga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yulia V Bashkirova
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Abdel Karim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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27
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Dátilo MN, Sant'Ana MR, Formigari GP, Rodrigues PB, de Moura LP, da Silva ASR, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Cintra DE. Omega-3 from Flaxseed Oil Protects Obese Mice Against Diabetic Retinopathy Through GPR120 Receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14318. [PMID: 30254287 PMCID: PMC6156233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic and low-grade inflammation induced by obesity seem to be the “first hit” to retinopathy associated to diabetes type 2. Herein, we hypothesized that omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil enriched diet disrupt the pro-inflammatory status in the retina, protecting against retinopathy development. For eight weeks under a high-fat diet (HF), several physiological parameters were monitored to follow the metabolic homeostasis disruption. After this period, mice were treated with a HF substituted in part of lard by flaxseed oil (FS) for another eight weeks. Food behavior, weight gain, glucose and insulin sensitivity, electroretinography, RT-qPCR and western blots were carried out. The HF was able to induce a pro-inflammatory background in the retina, changing IL1β and TNFα. VEGF, a master piece of retinopathy, had early onset increased also induced by HF. The FS-diet was able to decrease inflammation and retinopathy and improved retinal electro stimuli compared to HF group. GPR120 and GPR40 (G Protein-Coupled Receptors 120 and 40), an omega-3 fatty acid receptors, were detected in the retina for the first time. FS-diet modulated the gene expression and protein content of these receptors. Thus, unsaturated fatty acids protect the retina from diabetes type 2 mice model from disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Neves Dátilo
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, LabGeN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nutrigenomics and Lipids Research Center, CELN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcella Ramos Sant'Ana
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, LabGeN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nutrigenomics and Lipids Research Center, CELN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Brito Rodrigues
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, LabGeN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nutrigenomics and Lipids Research Center, CELN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, LabMEx, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, LabMEx, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, LabMEx, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, LabGeN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Nutrigenomics and Lipids Research Center, CELN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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28
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Zhang J, Weng W, Wang K, Lu X, Cai L, Sun J. The role of FGF21 in type 1 diabetes and its complications. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1000-1011. [PMID: 29989062 PMCID: PMC6036735 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from the International Diabetes Federation show that 347 million people worldwide have diabetes, and the incidence is still rising. Although the treatment of diabetes has been advanced, the current therapeutic options and outcomes, e.g. complications, are yet far from ideal. Therefore, an urgent need exists for the development of more effective therapies. Numerous studies have been conducted to establish and confirm whether FGF21 exerts beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes along with its complications. However, most of the studies associated with FGF21 were conducted in the patients with type 2 diabetes. Subsequently, the effect of FGF21 in the prevention or treatment of type 1 diabetes and its complications were also increasingly reported. In this review, we summarize the findings available on the function of FGF21 and the status of FGF21's treatment for type 1 diabetes. Based on the available information, we found that FGF21 exerts a hypoglycemic effect, restores the function of brown fat, and inhibits various complications in type 1 diabetes patients. Although these features are predominantly similar to those observed in the studies that showed the beneficial impact of FGF21 on type 2 diabetes and its complications, there are also certain distinct features and findings that may be of provide important and instructive for us to understand mechanistic insights and further promote the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- The Center of Cardiovascular Disorders, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Wenya Weng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Ruian, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuemian Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Ruian, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- The Center of Cardiovascular Disorders, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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29
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Cui Z, Zeng Q, Guo Y, Liu S, Chen J. Integrated bioinformatic changes and analysis of retina with time in diabetic rats. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4762. [PMID: 29785346 PMCID: PMC5960260 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common chronic complication of diabetes. It can cause impaired vision and even blindness. However, the pathological mechanism of DR is still unknown. In the present study, we use bioinformatic analysis to reveal the pathological changes of early DR in a streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes rat model. The dataset GSE28831 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. To clarify the pathological mechanism of early DR, genes which were up-regulated (UP group) or down-regulated (DOWN group) over time were identified. One hundred eighty six genes in the UP group and 85 genes in the DOWN group were defined. There were in total 28 Gene ontology (GO) terms with a P value lower than 0.05 in UP group, including astrocyte development, neutrophil chemotaxis, neutrophil aggregation, mesenchymal cell proliferation and so on. In the DOWN group, there were totally 14 GO terms with a P value lower than 0.05, including visual perception, lens development in camera-type eye, camera-type eye development, bicellular tight junction and so on. Signaling pathways were analyzed with all genes in the UP and DOWN groups, and leukocyte transendothelial migration and tight junction were selected. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and six hub genes Diras3, Actn1, Tssk6, Cnot6l, Tek and Fgf4 were selected with connection degree ≥5. S100a8, S100a9 and Tek may be potential targets for DR diagnosis and treatment. This study provides the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of DR in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Cui
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaolang Zeng
- The Department of Ophthalmology, The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- The Department of Ophthalmology, The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,The Department of Ophthalmology, The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
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30
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Kelly K, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. The unfolded protein response signaling and retinal Müller cell metabolism. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1861-1870. [PMID: 30233053 PMCID: PMC6183030 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.239431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is one of the most energy demanding tissues in the body. Like most neurons in the central nervous system, retinal neurons consume high amounts of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) to generate visual signal and transmit the information to the brain. Disruptions in retinal metabolism can cause neuronal dysfunction and degeneration resulting in severe visual impairment and even blindness. The homeostasis of retinal metabolism is tightly controlled by multiple signaling pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), and the close interactions between retinal neurons and other retinal cell types including vascular cells and Müller glia. The UPR is a highly conserved adaptive cellular response and can be triggered by many physiological stressors and pathophysiological conditions. Activation of the UPR leads to changes in glycolytic rate, ATP production, de novo serine synthesis, and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which are considered critical components of Müller glia metabolism and provide metabolic support to surrounding neurons. When these pathways are disrupted, neurodegeneration occurs rapidly. In this review, we summarize recent advance in studies of the UPR in Müller glia and highlight the potential role of the UPR in retinal degeneration through regulation of Müller glia metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo; SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo; SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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31
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Herat LY, Matthews VB, Rakoczy PE, Carnagarin R, Schlaich M. Focusing on Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 and the Sympathetic Nervous System: Potential Impact in Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:9254126. [PMID: 30123269 PMCID: PMC6079487 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9254126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is at pandemic levels in today's society. Microvascular complications in organs including the eye are commonly observed in human diabetic subjects. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a prominent microvascular complication observed in many diabetics and is particularly debilitating as it may result in impaired or complete vision loss. In addition, DR is extremely costly for the patient and financially impacts the economy as a range of drug-related therapies and laser treatment may be essential. Prevention of microvascular complications is the major treatment goal of current therapeutic approaches; however, these therapies appear insufficient. Presently, sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may offer a novel therapy beyond simple glucose lowering. Excitingly, the EMPA-REG clinical trial, which focuses on the clinically used SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin, has been extremely fruitful and has highlighted beneficial cardiovascular and renal outcomes. The effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on DR are currently a topic of much research as outlined in the current review, but future studies are urgently needed to fully gain mechanistic insights. Here, we summarize current evidence and identify gaps that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshini Y. Herat
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Vance B. Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Markus Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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You ZP, Xiong B, Zhang YL, Shi L, Shi K. Forskolin attenuates retinal inflammation in diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2321-2326. [PMID: 29207063 PMCID: PMC5783468 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of forskolin on retinal inflammation under diabetic conditions. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control, diabetic control and forskolin treatment groups. The diabetic model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The forskolin treatment group received intragastrical administration of forskolin for 12 weeks, the other two groups received an equal amount of PBS. At 21 weeks following diabetic induction, an immunoblotting test was conducted to investigate the expression of two inflammatory factors: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM‑1) and tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α). Glucose concentration was additionally calculated. A leukostasis assay was utilized to compare microvasculature pathological alterations. It was demonstrated that retinal glucose concentration of diabetic control and forskolin treatment were both increased compared with normal control, however the forskolin treatment group was only ~68.06% of the diabetic control due to downregulated glucose transporter 1 expression. The expression of ICAM‑1 and TNF‑α were upregulated in the forskolin treatment and diabetic control groups compared with the normal control, however these two inflammatory factor expression levels in the forskolin treatment group were ~68.75 and 75.37% of diabetic control. It was additionally observed that there were less adherent leukocytes in retinal microvasculature in the forskolin treatment group compared with diabetic control. All the differences observed were significant. Overall, by means of limiting glucose transport into the retina via forskolin, the retinal environment with lower glucose concentration alleviates the inflammatory response under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng You
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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You ZP, Zhang YL, Shi K, Shi L, Zhang YZ, Zhou Y, Wang CY. Suppression of diabetic retinopathy with GLUT1 siRNA. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7437. [PMID: 28785055 PMCID: PMC5547104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) inhibition on diabetic retinopathy, we divided forty-eight mice into scrambled siRNA, diabetic scrambled siRNA, and GLUT1 siRNA (intravitreally injected) groups. Twenty-one weeks after diabetes induction, we calculated retinal glucose concentrations, used electroretinography (ERG) and histochemical methods to assess photoreceptor degeneration, and conducted immunoblotting, leukostasis and vascular leakage assays to estimate microangiopathy. The diabetic scrambled siRNA and GLUT1 siRNA exhibited higher glucose concentrations than scrambled siRNA, but GLUT1 siRNA group concentrations were only 50.05% of diabetic scrambled siRNA due to downregulated GLUT1 expression. The diabetic scrambled siRNA and GLUT1 siRNA had lower ERG amplitudes and ONL thicknesses than scrambled siRNA. However, compared with diabetic scrambled siRNA, GLUT1 siRNA group amplitudes and thicknesses were higher. Diabetic scrambled siRNA cones were more loosely arranged and had shorter outer segments than GLUT1 siRNA cones. ICAM-1 and TNF-α expression levels, adherent leukocyte numbers, fluorescence leakage areas and extravasated Evans blue in diabetic scrambled siRNA were higher than those in scrambled siRNA. However, these parameters in the GLUT1 siRNA were lower than diabetic scrambled siRNA. Together, these results demonstrate that GLUT1 siRNA restricted glucose transport by inhibiting GLUT1 expression, which decreased retinal glucose concentrations and ameliorated diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng You
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yue-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
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Cheng L, Yu H, Yan N, Lai K, Xiang M. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Target Genes Contribute to Retinal Neuroprotection. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:20. [PMID: 28289375 PMCID: PMC5326762 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that facilitates cellular adaptation to hypoxia and ischemia. Long-standing evidence suggests that one isotype of HIF, HIF-1α, is involved in the pathogenesis of various solid tumors and cardiac diseases. However, the role of HIF-1α in retina remains poorly understood. HIF-1α has been recognized as neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia in the past two decades. Additionally, an increasing number of studies has shown that HIF-1α and its target genes contribute to retinal neuroprotection. This review will focus on recent advances in the studies of HIF-1α and its target genes that contribute to retinal neuroprotection. A thorough understanding of the function of HIF-1α and its target genes may lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets for treating degenerative retinal diseases including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLAGuangzhou, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Laboratories, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscataway, NJ, USA
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35
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Efficacy of a combination of high and low dosage of PEGylated FGF-21 in treatment of diabetes in db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Narayan DS, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Casson RJ. A review of the mechanisms of cone degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:748-754. [PMID: 27350263 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited condition that features degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors. In all forms of RP, the genetic mutation is expressed exclusively in rods; however, cones die too. The secondary death of cones in RP remains somewhat mysterious. A better understanding of the mechanisms that cause cone degeneration in RP could lead to novel treatments that preserve cones. There are a number of prevailing theories that attempt to explain cone degeneration in RP. One concept is that cone survival is dependent on trophic factors produced by rods. Another hypothesis is that cones suffer from a nutrient shortage after rods have been lost. Additionally, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory microglial activation have also been suggested to play a role in cone death. The present review evaluates the evidence supporting these theories and provides an update on the mechanisms of cone degeneration in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Narayan
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories; Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - John P. M. Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories; Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories; Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Robert J. Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories; Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Keshari AK, Kumar G, Kushwaha PS, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Rawat A, Kumar D, Prakash A, Ghosh B, Saha S. Isolated flavonoids from Ficus racemosa stem bark possess antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and protective effects in albino Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 181:252-262. [PMID: 26869543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ficus racemosa (FR) has been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic system of medicine in India and is closely associated with prevention, treatment and cure of various human ailments like obesity and diabetes. It is popularly known as gular. A vast and wide range of chemical compounds like polyphenols, friedelane-type triterpenes, norfriedelane type triterpene, eudesmane-type sesquiterpene including various glycosides had been isolated from this plant. However, no detail studies related to isolation of flavonoids has been reported previously with their antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and toxicological consequences. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was undertaken to evaluate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and toxicological assessments of flavonoids isolated from Ficus racemosa (FR) stem bark. MATERIALS AND METHODS We isolated four flavonoids from stem bark of FR and structures were confirmed by Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (both 1D and 2D), mass spectroscopy (MS). Later, these flavonoids were administered to streptozotocin (STZ) rats once in a day for a period of seven days at 100mg/kg dose. We measured blood glucose level and body weight changes at different days (1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days). Serum lipid profiles were also estimated to investigate the hypolipidemic potential of flavonoids in the similar experiment. Various oxidative stress parameters in pancreas and liver and hepatic biomarker enzymes in plasma were also determined to investigate the toxicity potential of isolated flavonoids. Finally, we performed docking studies to find out the mechanism of action. RESULTS Our results collectively suggested that four flavonoids reduced blood glucose level and restored body weight, signifying antidiabetic action. There were reduction of other lipid profile parameters and increase of high density lipoprotein (HDL) during administration of flavonoids, also signifying hypolipidemic action. Various oxidative stress biomarkers and hepatic enzymes levels were also normalized with respect to diabetic control at the same time. Docking studies revealed that isolated flavonoids showed their antidiabetic potential via binding to PPARγ and GLUT1 receptors. CONCLUSION The isolated four flavonoids demonstrated good antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties in STZ diabetic rats which supported the use of FR stem bark as useful supplementary drug for future antidiabetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Keshari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
| | - Ghanendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
| | - Priya S Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
| | - Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
| | - Pranesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
| | - Atul Rawat
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Sanjay Gandhi P ost-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Sanjay Gandhi P ost-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani at Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India.
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
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Szabadfi K, Reglodi D, Szabo A, Szalontai B, Valasek A, Setalo G, Kiss P, Tamas A, Wilhelm M, Gabriel R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide, A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats: Focus on the Vertical Information Processing Pathway. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:432-46. [PMID: 26739825 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurotrophic and neuroprotective peptide that has been shown to exert protective effects in different neuronal injuries, such as retinal degenerations. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes, affects the microvasculature and neuronal architecture of the retina. We have proven earlier that PACAP is also protective in a rat model of DR. In this study, streptozotocin-induced DR was treated with intravitreal PACAP administration in order to further analyze the synaptic structure and proteins of PACAP-treated diabetic retinas, primarily in the vertical information processing pathway. Streptozotocin-treated Wistar rats received intravitreal PACAP injection three times into the right eye 2 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Morphological and molecular biological (qRT-PCR; Western blot) methods were used to analyze retinal synapses (ribbons, conventional) and related structures. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that retinal pigment epithelium, the ribbon synapses and other synaptic profiles suffered alterations in diabetes. However, in PACAP-treated diabetic retinas more bipolar ribbon synapses were found intact in the inner plexiform layer than in DR animals. The ribbon synapse was marked with C-terminal binding protein 2/Bassoon and formed horseshoe-shape ribbons, which were more retained in PACAP-treated diabetic retinas than in DR rats. These results are supported by molecular biological data. The selective degeneration of related structures such as bipolar and ganglion cells could be ameliorated by PACAP treatment. In summary, intravitreal administration of PACAP may have therapeutic potential in streptozotocin-induced DR through maintaining synapse integrity in the vertical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Szabadfi
- Departments of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Group, University of Pecs, Szigeti u. 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - A Szabo
- Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - B Szalontai
- Departments of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Valasek
- Departments of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gy Setalo
- Medical Biology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Group, University of Pecs, Szigeti u. 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Group, University of Pecs, Szigeti u. 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - M Wilhelm
- Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - R Gabriel
- Departments of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Sokolovska J, Isajevs S, Rostoka E, Sjakste T, Trapiņa I, Ošiņa K, Paramonova N, Sjakste N. Changes in glucose transporter expression and nitric oxide production are associated with liver injury in diabetes. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:367-74. [PMID: 26347179 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes mellitus (DM), both hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia can initiate accumulation of fat in the liver, which might be further mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase. We have studied changes in GLUT1, nitric oxide (NO(·)) concentration and liver damage in two rat DM models. STZ model was induced by strepozotocin 50 mg/kg. HS model was induced by high-fat diet and 30 mg/kg streptozotocin. GLUT1 expression was studied by means of real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Production of NO(·) was monitored by means of erythrocyte sedimentation rate spectroscopy of Fe-DETC-NO complex. Liver damage was assessed using histological activity index (HAI). NO(·) concentration was increased in the liver of STZ rats, but it did not change in HS rats (control 36.8 ± 10.3; STZ 142.1 ± 31.1; HS 35.4 ± 9.8 ng/g). Liver HAI was higher in STZ group, 8.6 ± 0.17 versus HS 4.7 ± 0.31, p < 0.05. GLUT1 protein expression was elevated only in STZ group, 16 ± 3 cells/mm(2) versus Control 5 ± 2 cells/mm(2), p = 0.007. Hyperglycaemia sooner causes severe liver damage in rat models of DM, compared with hyperlipidaemia, and is associated with increased NO(·) production. GLUT1 transporter expression might be involved in toxic effects of glucose in the liver. We have obtained novel data about association of GLUT1 expression and NO(·) metabolism in the pathogenesis of liver injury in DM. Increased GLUT1 expression was observed together with overproduction of NO(·) and pronounced liver injury in severely hyperglycaemic rats. On the contrary, moderately hyperglycaemic hyperlipidaemic rats developed only moderate liver steatosis and no increase in GLUT1 and NO(·). GLUT1 overexpression might be implicated in the toxic effects of glucose in the liver. Glycotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress and NO(·) hyperproduction. GLUT1 and NO(·) metabolism might become novel therapeutic targets in liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergejs Isajevs
- Biochemistry Team, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Evita Rostoka
- Biochemistry Team, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tatjana Sjakste
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Ilva Trapiņa
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Kristīne Ošiņa
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Natalia Paramonova
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Nikolajs Sjakste
- Biochemistry Team, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
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Ye X, Qi J, Ren G, Xu P, Wu Y, Zhu S, Yu D, Li S, Wu Q, Muhi RL, Li D. Long-lasting anti-diabetic efficacy of PEGylated FGF-21 and liraglutide in treatment of type 2 diabetic mice. Endocrine 2015; 49:683-92. [PMID: 25557015 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) is a new member of the FGF family and potential drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, FGF-21 protein has short half-life in vivo, which severely affects its clinical application. In the present study, PEGylated FGF-21 was prepared by modifying the N-terminus of hFGF-21 with 20 kDa mPEG-ALD. The long-acting hypoglycemic effect of PEGylated FGF-21 and liraglutide was compared on type 2 diabetic db/db mice. The pharmacological efficacy of the compounds was evaluated by blood glucose levels, body weight, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, insulin levels, oral glucose tolerance test, lipid levels, and liver function parameters. We noticed that both PEGylated FGF-21 and liraglutide could significantly decrease plasma glucose in db/db mice. However, comparing to liraglutide treatments, PEGylated FGF-21 therapy resulted in more significant effect in lowering blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, alleviating insulin resistance, improving lipid profile, liver function, and glucose control of the experimental mice. Our results suggest that PEGylated FGF-21 appears more beneficial anti-diabetic effect in type 2 diabetic mice than liraglutide, which holds significant promise as an ideal candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Ye
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Xu P, Ye X, Zhang Y, Yuan Q, Liu M, Wu Q, Ren G, Li D. Long-acting hypoglycemic effects of PEGylated FGF21 and insulin glargine in mice with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:5-12. [PMID: 25456819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we compared the long-acting hypoglycemic effect of PEGylated FGF21 (PEG-FGF21) with insulin glargine in mice with STZ-induced type 1 diabetes. METHODS PEG-FGF21 and insulin glargine were administered once daily for two months, and blood glucose was measured prior to the next administration. Real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA expression of glucokinase (GK), glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). RESULTS During long-term treatment, the blood glucose of untreated mice remained at 25.0 to 28.0mmol/L for the whole experiment, and the blood glucose of mice treated with insulin glargine remained at 16.5 to 18.0mmol/L. However, mice treated with PEG-FGF21 had lower blood glucose levels of 8.0 to 9.0mmol/L on day 10 and maintained this level until the end of the experiment. qRT-PCR showed that PEG-FGF21 up-regulated mRNA expression of GK and GLUT1, and down-regulated mRNA expression of G6Pase and PEPCK. Insulin glargine up-regulated mRNA expression of GLUT4, but had no effect on GK, G6Pase, PEPCK or GLUT1. CONCLUSIONS PEG-FGF21 has a better long-acting efficacy than insulin glargine. PEG-FGF21 achieves glucose clearance by accelerating glycolysis by up-regulating expression of GK and GLUT1 and inhibiting gluconeogenesis via down-regulation of G6Pase and PEPCK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyan Yuan
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Deshan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China.
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Samuels IS, Bell BA, Pereira A, Saxon J, Peachey NS. Early retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction is concomitant with hyperglycemia in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1085-99. [PMID: 25429122 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00761.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the diabetic retina, cellular changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neurons occur before vision loss or diabetic retinopathy can be identified clinically. The precise etiologies of retinal pathology are poorly defined, and it remains unclear if the onset and progression of cellular dysfunction differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Three mouse models were used to compare the time course of RPE involvement in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. C57BL/6J mice injected with streptozotocin (STZ mice) modeled type 1 diabetes, whereas Lepr(db/db) mice on both BKS and B6.BKS background strains modeled type 2 diabetes. Electroretinogram (ERG)-based techniques were used to measure light-evoked responses of the RPE (direct current-coupled ERG, dc-ERG) and the neural retina (a-wave, b-wave). Following onset of hyperglycemia, a-wave and b-wave amplitudes of STZ mice declined progressively and by equivalent degrees. Components of the dc-ERG were also altered, with the largest reduction seen in the c-wave. Lepr(db/db) mice on the BKS strain (BKS.Lepr) displayed sustained hyperglycemia and a small increase in insulin, whereas Lepr(db/db) mice on the B6.BKS background (B6.BKS.Lepr) were transiently hyperglycemic and displayed severe hyperinsulinemia. BKS.Lepr mice exhibited sustained reductions in the dc-ERG c-wave, fast oscillation, and off response that were not attributable to reduced photoreceptor activity; B6.BKS.Lepr mice displayed transient reductions in the c-wave and fast oscillation that correlated with hyperglycemia and magnitude of photoreceptor activity. In summary, all mouse models displayed altered RPE function concomitant with the onset of hyperglycemia. These results suggest that RPE function is directly reduced by elevated blood glucose levels. That RPE dysfunction was reversible and mitigated in hyperinsulinemic B6.BKS.Lepr mice provides insight into the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy S Samuels
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Brent A Bell
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Ariane Pereira
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joseph Saxon
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Ye X, Qi J, Wu Y, Yu D, Xu P, Li S, Zhu S, Wu Q, Ren G, Li D. Comparison of PEGylated FGF-21 with insulin glargine for long-lasting hypoglycaemic effect in db/db mice. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2014; 41:82-90. [PMID: 25451186 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the long-acting antidiabetic efficacy of PEGylated fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. METHODS PEGylated FGF-21 was prepared by modifying the N-terminus of human FGF-21 (hFGF-21) using mPEG-ALD. To compare the long-lasting hypoglycaemic effects of PEGylated FGF-21 and insulin glargine in diabetic db/db mice, their pharmacological efficacy was evaluated by changes in blood glucose levels, body weight, insulin levels, glycosylated haemoglobin levels, lipid profile and liver function parameters, and by oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). RESULTS Both PEGylated FGF-21 and insulin glargine decreased plasma glucose in db/db mice. However, compared with insulin glargine treatment, PEGylated FGF-21 therapy had more significant effects in lowering blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels, improving lipid profile and liver function parameters, alleviating insulin resistance and reducing the glucose area under the curve in OGTTs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PEGylated FGF-21 is an ideal candidate as a long-acting antidiabetes drug, and holds significant promise as an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ye
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - J Qi
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Y Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - D Yu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - P Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - S Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - S Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Wuxi, China
| | - Q Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - G Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - D Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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Thanos S, Böhm MR, Meyer zu Hörste M, Prokosch-Willing V, Hennig M, Bauer D, Heiligenhaus A. Role of crystallins in ocular neuroprotection and axonal regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 42:145-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has assumed epidemic proportions and as a consequence, diabetic retinopathy is expected to be a major societal problem across the world. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects the vision by way of proliferative disease that results in vitreous hemorrhage and traction retinal detachment or by way of diabetic maculopathy (DME). The present-day management of diabetic retinopathy revolves around screening the diabetics for evidence of retinopathy and treating the retinopathy with laser photocoagulation. DME is treated with laser photocoagulation and/or intra- vitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents or steroids. Laser remains the mainstay of treatment and is potentially destructive. Systemic management aims at preventing or delaying the onset of retinopathy; reversing the early retinopathy; or delaying the progression of established retinopathy. Evidence from multiple studies has confirmed the protective role of rigid control of blood glucose and blood pressure. The evidence for lipid control versus maculopathy was less definitive. However, the use of fenofibrates (originally used for lowering serum lipids) has shown a benefit on both proliferative disease and maculopathy outside their lipid-lowering effect. Other drugs being tried are the Protein Kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, other peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) agonists, Forsoklin (which binds GLUT 1 receptor), minocycline (for its anti inflammatory effect), and Celecoxib (Cox-2 inhibitor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Lingam
- Department of ophthalmology, National University Health System, Singapore ; National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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Semba RD, Huang H, Lutty GA, Van Eyk JE, Hart GW. The role of O-GlcNAc signaling in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:218-31. [PMID: 24550151 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Despite laser and surgical treatments, antiangiogenic and other therapies, and strict metabolic control, many patients progress to visual impairment and blindness. New insights are needed into the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy in order to develop new methods to improve the detection and treatment of disease and the prevention of blindness. Hyperglycemia and diabetes result in increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which, in turn, results in increased PTM of Ser/Thr residues of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). O-GlcNAcylation is involved in regulation of many nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in a manner similar to protein phosphorylation. Altered O-GlcNAc signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The goal of this review is to summarize the biology of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and O-GlcNAc signaling, to present the current evidence for the role of O-GlcNAc signaling in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, and to discuss future directions for research on O-GlcNAc in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Szabadfi K, Pinter E, Reglodi D, Gabriel R. Neuropeptides, trophic factors, and other substances providing morphofunctional and metabolic protection in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:1-121. [PMID: 24952915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vision is the most important sensory modality for many species, including humans. Damage to the retina results in vision loss or even blindness. One of the most serious complications of diabetes, a disease that has seen a worldwide increase in prevalence, is diabetic retinopathy. This condition stems from consequences of pathological metabolism and develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% with type 2 diabetes. The development of novel protective drugs is essential. In this review we provide a description of the disease and conclude that type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes lead to the same retinopathy. We evaluate existing experimental models and recent developments in finding effective compounds against this disorder. In our opinion, the best models are the long-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty and spontaneously diabetic Torii rats, while the most promising substances are topically administered somatostatin and pigment epithelium-derived factor analogs, antivasculogenic substances, and systemic antioxidants. Future drug development should focus on these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Erika Pinter
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE MTA Lendulet-PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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