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Baduini IR, Castro Vildosola JE, Kavehmoghaddam S, Kiliç F, Nadeem SA, Nizama JJ, Rowand MA, Annapureddy D, Bryan CA, Do LH, Hsiao S, Jonnalagadda SA, Kasturi A, Mandava N, Muppavaram S, Ramirez B, Siner A, Suoto CN, Tamajal N, Scoma ER, Da Costa RT, Solesio ME. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disorders: The mitochondrial connection. Pharmacol Res 2024; 209:107439. [PMID: 39357690 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased in our society in recent decades as the population ages, and this trend is not expected to revert. This is the same for the incidence of the main neurodegenerative disorders, including the two most common ones, which are, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Currently, no pharmacological therapies have been developed to revert or cure any of these pathologies. Interestingly, in recent years, an increased number of studies have shown a high co-morbidity between T2DM and neurodegeneration, as well as some common molecular pathways that are affected in both types of diseases. For example, while the etiopathology of T2DM and neurodegenerative disorders is highly complex, mitochondrial dysfunction has been broadly described in the early steps of both diseases; accordingly, this dysfunction has emerged as a plausible molecular link between them. In fact, the prominent role played by mitochondria in the mammalian metabolism of glucose places the physiology of the organelle in a central position to regulate many cellular processes that are affected in both T2DM and neurodegenerative disorders. In this collaborative review, we critically describe the relationship between T2DM and neurodegeneration; making a special emphasis on the mitochondrial mechanisms that could link these diseases. A better understanding of the role of mitochondria on the etiopathology of T2DM and neurodegeneration could pave the way for the development of new pharmacological therapies focused on the regulation of the physiology of the organelle. These therapies could, ultimately, contribute to increase healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella R Baduini
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Jose E Castro Vildosola
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sheida Kavehmoghaddam
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Fatmanur Kiliç
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - S Aiman Nadeem
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Juan J Nizama
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Marietta A Rowand
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Dileep Annapureddy
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Chris-Ann Bryan
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Lisa H Do
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel Hsiao
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sai A Jonnalagadda
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Akhila Kasturi
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nikhila Mandava
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sachin Muppavaram
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Bryan Ramirez
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Aleece Siner
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Christina N Suoto
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nasira Tamajal
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Ernest R Scoma
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Renata T Da Costa
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Maria E Solesio
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA.
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2
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Penna F, Rubini G, Costelli P. Immunomodulation: A new approach to cancer cachexia, potentially suitable for aging. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 100:101318. [PMID: 39260232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is the prototypical example of comorbidity, occurring in most of cancer patients. It is a direct consequence of tumor growth and of the associated inflammatory/immune response. Cachexia can be exacerbated by anti-cancer therapies, frequently resulting in dose limitation and/or treatment delay or discontinuation. The pathogenesis of cancer cachexia is still unclear and includes nutritional, metabolic, hormonal and immunological components. Tumor ability to shape the immune response to its own advantage is now well accepted, while the possibility that such an altered immune response could play a role in the onset of cachexia is still an undefined issue. Indeed, most of the immune-related research on cachexia mainly focused on pro-inflammatory mediators, almost totally disregarding the interactions among immune cells and the homeostasis of peripheral tissues. The present review provides an overview of the immune system dysregulations occurring in cancer cachexia, focusing on the possibility that immunomodulating strategies, mainly developed to stimulate the anti-cancer immune response, could be useful to counteract cachexia as well. Cancer and cachexia are frequent comorbidities of aging. Along this line, cancer- and aging-associated muscle wasting likely coexist in the same patients. Since both conditions share some of the underlying mechanisms, the potential effectiveness of immunomodulation on sarcopenia of aging is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rubini
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.
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3
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Mandic M, Paunovic V, Vucicevic L, Kosic M, Mijatovic S, Trajkovic V, Harhaji-Trajkovic L. No energy, no autophagy-Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of autophagic response energy requirements. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31366. [PMID: 38958520 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated self-degradation process of central importance for cellular quality control. It also provides macromolecule building blocks and substrates for energy metabolism during nutrient or energy deficiency, which are the main stimuli for autophagy induction. However, like most biological processes, autophagy itself requires ATP, and there is an energy threshold for its initiation and execution. We here present the first comprehensive review of this often-overlooked aspect of autophagy research. The studies in which ATP deficiency suppressed autophagy in vitro and in vivo were classified according to the energy pathway involved (oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis). A mechanistic insight was provided by pinpointing the critical ATP-consuming autophagic events, including transcription/translation/interaction of autophagy-related molecules, autophagosome formation/elongation, autophagosome fusion with the lysosome, and lysosome acidification. The significance of energy-dependent fine-tuning of autophagic response for preserving the cell homeostasis, and potential implications for the therapy of cancer, autoimmunity, metabolic disorders, and neurodegeneration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mandic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Paunovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Vucicevic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Kosic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Mijatovic
- Clinic for Emergency Surgery, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Cui P, Li X, Huang C, Lin D. Metabolomics-driven discovery of therapeutic targets for cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:781-793. [PMID: 38644205 PMCID: PMC11154780 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a devastating metabolic syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and body weight loss, posing a significant burden on the health and survival of cancer patients. Despite ongoing efforts, effective treatments for CC are still lacking. Metabolomics, an advanced omics technique, offers a comprehensive analysis of small-molecule metabolites involved in cellular metabolism. In CC research, metabolomics has emerged as a valuable tool for identifying diagnostic biomarkers, unravelling molecular mechanisms and discovering potential therapeutic targets. A comprehensive search strategy was implemented to retrieve relevant articles from primary databases, including Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed, for CC and metabolomics. Recent advancements in metabolomics have deepened our understanding of CC by uncovering key metabolic signatures and elucidating underlying mechanisms. By targeting crucial metabolic pathways including glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, ketone body metabolism, steroid metabolism and mitochondrial energy metabolism, it becomes possible to restore metabolic balance and alleviate CC symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive summary of metabolomics studies in CC, focusing on the discovery of potential therapeutic targets and the evaluation of modulating specific metabolic pathways for CC treatment. By harnessing the insights derived from metabolomics, novel interventions for CC can be developed, leading to improved patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cui
- College of Food and PharmacyXuchang UniversityXuchangChina
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Xuchang Central HospitalXuchangChina
| | - Caihua Huang
- Research and Communication Center of Exercise and HealthXiamen University of TechnologyXiamenChina
| | - Donghai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
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5
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Pușcaș A, Ștefănescu R, Vari CE, Ősz BE, Filip C, Bitzan JK, Buț MG, Tero-Vescan A. Biochemical Aspects That Lead to Abusive Use of Trimetazidine in Performance Athletes: A Mini-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1605. [PMID: 38338885 PMCID: PMC10855343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trimetazidine (TMZ), used for treating stable angina pectoris, has garnered attention in the realm of sports due to its potential performance-enhancing properties, and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has classified TMZ on the S4 list of prohibited substances since 2014. The purpose of this narrative mini-review is to emphasize the biochemical aspects underlying the abusive use of TMZ among athletes as a metabolic modulator of cardiac energy metabolism. The myocardium's ability to adapt its energy substrate utilization between glucose and fatty acids is crucial for maintaining cardiac function under various conditions, such as rest, moderate exercise, and intense effort. TMZ acts as a partial inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation by inhibiting 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT), shifting energy production from long-chain fatty acids to glucose, reducing oxygen consumption, improving cardiac function, and enhancing exercise capacity. Furthermore, TMZ modulates pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, promoting glucose oxidation while lowering lactate production, and ultimately stabilizing myocardial function. TMZs role in reducing oxidative stress is notable, as it activates antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In conclusion, TMZs biochemical mechanisms make it an attractive but controversial option for athletes seeking a competitive edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Pușcaș
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of the Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Ruxandra Ștefănescu
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Camil-Eugen Vari
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-E.V.); (B.-E.Ő.)
| | - Bianca-Eugenia Ősz
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-E.V.); (B.-E.Ő.)
| | - Cristina Filip
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of the Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Jana Karlina Bitzan
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Campus Hamburg—UMCH, 22761 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Mădălina-Georgiana Buț
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (A.T.-V.)
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (A.T.-V.)
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6
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Romo-Perez A, Domínguez-Gómez G, Chávez-Blanco AD, González-Fierro A, Correa-Basurto J, Dueñas-González A. PaSTe. Blockade of the Lipid Phenotype of Prostate Cancer as Metabolic Therapy: A Theoretical Proposal. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3265-3285. [PMID: 37287286 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230607104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in 112 countries and is the leading cause of death in eighteen. In addition to continuing research on prevention and early diagnosis, improving treatments and making them more affordable is imperative. In this sense, the therapeutic repurposing of low-cost and widely available drugs could reduce global mortality from this disease. The malignant metabolic phenotype is becoming increasingly important due to its therapeutic implications. Cancer generally is characterized by hyperactivation of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis. However, prostate cancer is particularly lipidic; it exhibits increased activity in the pathways for synthesizing fatty acids, cholesterol, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). OBJECTIVE Based on a literature review, we propose the PaSTe regimen (Pantoprazole, Simvastatin, Trimetazidine) as a metabolic therapy for prostate cancer. Pantoprazole and simvastatin inhibit the enzymes fatty acid synthase (FASN) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), therefore, blocking the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, respectively. In contrast, trimetazidine inhibits the enzyme 3-β-Ketoacyl- CoA thiolase (3-KAT), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of fatty acids (FAO). It is known that the pharmacological or genetic depletion of any of these enzymes has antitumor effects in prostatic cancer. RESULTS Based on this information, we hypothesize that the PaSTe regimen will have increased antitumor effects and may impede the metabolic reprogramming shift. Existing knowledge shows that enzyme inhibition occurs at molar concentrations achieved in plasma at standard doses of these drugs. CONCLUSION We conclude that this regimen deserves to be preclinically evaluated because of its clinical potential for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Romo-Perez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alma D Chávez-Blanco
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aurora González-Fierro
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Piano I, Votta A, Colucci P, Corsi F, Vitolo S, Cerri C, Puppi D, Lai M, Maya-Vetencourt JF, Leigheb M, Gabellini C, Ferraro E. Anti-inflammatory reprogramming of microglia cells by metabolic modulators to counteract neurodegeneration; a new role for Ranolazine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20138. [PMID: 37978212 PMCID: PMC10656419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia chronic activation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including the retinal ones, possibly contributing to their etiopathogenesis. However, some microglia sub-populations have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions, thus making arduous deciphering the role of these cells in neurodegeneration. Since it has been proposed that functionally different microglia subsets also rely on different metabolic routes, we hypothesized that modulating microglia metabolism might be a tool to enhance their anti-inflammatory features. This would have a preventive and therapeutic potential in counteracting neurodegenerative diseases. For this purpose, we tested various molecules known to act on cell metabolism, and we revealed the anti-inflammatory effect of the FDA-approved piperazine derivative Ranolazine on microglia cells, while confirming the one of the flavonoids Quercetin and Naringenin, both in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated the synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of Quercetin and Idebenone, and the ability of Ranolazine, Quercetin and Naringenin to counteract the neurotoxic effect of LPS-activated microglia on 661W neuronal cells. Overall, these data suggest that using the selected molecules -also in combination therapies- might represent a valuable approach to reduce inflammation and neurodegeneration while avoiding long term side effects of corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Piano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Votta
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Vitolo
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Puppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Lai
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - José Fernando Maya-Vetencourt
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Synaptic Neuroscience, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Leigheb
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Unit, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
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8
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Abdeljalil SM, Wahdan SA, Elghazaly H, Tolba MF. Insights into the therapeutic outcomes of trimetazidine/doxorubicin combination in Ehrlich solid-phase carcinoma mouse tumor model. Life Sci 2023; 328:121874. [PMID: 37352914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the key features of cancer is metabolic reprogramming that can be exploited to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a metabolic anti-ischemic drug that blocks the activity of long-chain 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase leading to the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. AIMS The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the idea that TMZ could synergize the antitumor activity of doxorubicin (DOX). MAIN METHODS The hypothesis was examined in vitro using the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB231. In addition, the in vivo experiments were conducted using the Ehrlich solid phase carcinoma model. KEY FINDINGS In vitro cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that TMZ improved the potency of DOX in MCF-7 cell lines in a synergistic manner. In vivo testing confirmed that DOX/TMZ combination exhibits synergistic effect at both DOX/TMZ 1:10 and 1:5 ratios, where DOX was administered at one tenth and one fifth of its original dose, respectively. The co-treatment (1:5 ratio) significantly reduced tumor Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+/NADH ratio (6.1-fold) and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels (61 %) with concurrent activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (2.2-fold) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)1-α (5.5-fold) protein expression versus control. The same treatment decreased the nuclear levels of NF-κB (p65) (57.5 %) and induced tumor apoptosis as evidenced by elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (6.8-fold) along with active caspase-3 levels (6.6-fold) against control. SIGNIFICANCE The current investigation constitutes a proof-of-concept study that provided preclinical evidence for the anticancer activity of DOX/TMZ combination and warrants further investigation for repurposing TMZ in DOX protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaya M Abdeljalil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham Elghazaly
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Research Center (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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9
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Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ, Stemmler B, Busquets S. Cancer-associated cachexia - understanding the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment to improve management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:250-264. [PMID: 36806788 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a devastating, multifactorial and often irreversible systemic syndrome characterized by substantial weight loss (mainly of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue) that occurs in around 50-80% of patients with cancer. Although this condition mainly affects skeletal muscle (which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight), cachexia is a multi-organ syndrome that also involves white and brown adipose tissue, and organs including the bones, brain, liver, gut and heart. Notably, cachexia accounts for up to 20% of cancer-related deaths. Cancer-associated cachexia is invariably associated with systemic inflammation, anorexia and increased energy expenditure. Understanding these mechanisms is essential, and the progress achieved in this area over the past decade could help to develop new therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we examine the currently available evidence on the roles of both the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment in cancer-associated cachexia, and provide an overview of the novel therapeutic strategies developed to manage this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Hammad ASA, Sayed-Ahmed MM, Abdel Hafez SMN, Ibrahim ARN, Khalifa MMA, El-Daly M. Trimetazidine alleviates paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy through modulation of TLR4/p38/NFκB and klotho protein expression. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 376:110446. [PMID: 36898573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a common adverse effect associated with a number of chemotherapeutic agents including paclitaxel (PTX) which is commonly used in a wide range of solid tumors. Development of PTX-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) during cancer treatment requires dose reduction which limits its clinical benefits. This study is conducted to investigate the role of toll like receptor-4 (TLR4) and p38 signaling and Klotho protein expression in PIPN and the role of Trimetazidine (TMZ) in this pathway. Sixty-four male Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups (n = 16); Group (1) injected intraperitoneally (IP) with ethanol/tween 80/saline for 8 successive days. Group (2) received TMZ (5 mg/kg, IP, day) for 8 successive days. Group (3) treated with 4 doses of PTX (4.5 mg/kg, IP) every other day over a period of 8 days. Group (4) received a combination of TMZ as group 2 and PTX as group 3. The Effect of TMZ on the antitumor activity of PTX was studied in another set of mice-bearing Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma (SEC) that was similarly divided as the above-mentioned set. TMZ mitigated tactile allodynia, thermal hypoalgesia, numbness and fine motor dyscoordination associated with PTX in Swiss mice. The results of the current study show that the neuroprotective effect of TMZ can be attributed to inhibition of TLR4/p38 signaling which also includes a reduction in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) protein levels as well as the proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and preserving the levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-10. Moreover, the current study is the first to demonstrate that PTX reduces the neuronal levels of klotho protein and showed its modulation via cotreatment with TMZ. In addition, this study showed that TMZ neither alter the growth of SEC nor the antitumor activity of PTX. In conclusion, we suggest that (1) Inhibition of Klotho protein and upregulation of TLR4/p38 signals in nerve tissues may contribute to PIPN. (2) TMZ attenuates PIPN by modulating TLR4/p38 and Klotho protein expression in without interfering with its antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S A Hammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Sayed-Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
| | - Sara M N Abdel Hafez
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R N Ibrahim
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 61441, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Daly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
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11
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Emerging Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis and Cachexia: The SUMO Perspective. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040644. [PMID: 36831310 PMCID: PMC9953977 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobility is an intrinsic feature of the animal kingdom that stimulates evolutionary processes and determines the biological success of animals. Skeletal muscle is the primary driver of voluntary movements. Besides, skeletal muscles have an immense impact on regulating glucose, amino acid, and lipid homeostasis. Muscle atrophy/wasting conditions are accompanied by a drastic effect on muscle function and disrupt steady-state muscle physiology. Cachexia is a complex multifactorial muscle wasting syndrome characterized by extreme loss of skeletal muscle mass, resulting in a dramatic decrease in life quality and reported mortality in more than 30% of patients with advanced cancers. The lack of directed treatments to prevent or relieve muscle loss indicates our inadequate knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in muscle cell organization and the molecular etiology of cancer-induced cachexia (CIC). This review highlights the latest knowledge of regulatory mechanisms involved in maintaining muscle function and their deregulation in wasting syndromes, particularly in cachexia. Recently, protein posttranslational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism of protein function with implications for different aspects of cell physiology and diseases. We also review an atypical association of SUMO-mediated pathways in this context and deliberate on potential treatment strategies to alleviate muscle atrophy.
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12
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Huot JR, Baumfalk D, Resendiz A, Bonetto A, Smuder AJ, Penna F. Targeting Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Induced Muscle Wasting. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:352-370. [PMID: 36310444 PMCID: PMC10081727 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cancer is frequently associated with the early appearance of cachexia, a multifactorial wasting syndrome. If not present at diagnosis, cachexia develops either as a result of tumor progression or as a side effect of anticancer treatments, especially of standard chemotherapy, eventually representing the direct cause of death in up to one-third of all cancer patients. Cachexia, within its multiorgan affection, is characterized by severe loss of muscle mass and function, representing the most relevant subject of preclinical and clinical investigation. Recent Advances: The pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cancer- and chemotherapy-induced cachexia is complex, and encompasses heightened protein catabolism and reduced anabolism, disrupted mitochondria and energy metabolism, and even neuromuscular junction dismantling. The mechanisms underlying these alterations are still controversial, especially concerning the molecular drivers that could be targeted for anticachexia therapies. Inflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress are among the principal candidates; the latter being extensively discussed in the present review. Critical Issues: Several approaches have been tested to modulate the redox homeostasis in tumor hosts, and to counteract cancer- and chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting, from exercise training to distinct classes of direct or indirect antioxidants. We herein report the most relevant results obtained from both preclinical and clinical trials. Future Directions: Including the assessment and the treatment of altered redox balance in the clinical management of cancer patients is still a big challenge. The available evidence suggests that fortifying the antioxidant defenses by either pharmacological or nonpharmacological strategies will likely improve cachexia and eventually the outcome of a broad cancer patient population. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 352-370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Huot
- Department of Surgery and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dryden Baumfalk
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aridai Resendiz
- Department of Oncology, Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery Unit, S Luigi University Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashley J. Smuder
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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13
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VanderVeen BN, Cardaci TD, Cunningham P, McDonald SJ, Bullard BM, Fan D, Murphy EA, Velázquez KT. Quercetin Improved Muscle Mass and Mitochondrial Content in a Murine Model of Cancer and Chemotherapy-Induced Cachexia. Nutrients 2022; 15:102. [PMID: 36615760 PMCID: PMC9823918 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A cachexia diagnosis is associated with a doubling in hospital stay and increased healthcare cost for cancer patients and most cachectic patients do not survive treatment. Unfortunately, complexity in treating cachexia is amplified by both the underlying malignancy and the anti-cancer therapy which can independently promote cachexia. Quercetin, an organic polyphenolic flavonoid, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with promise in protecting against cancer and chemotherapy-induced dysfunction; however, whether quercetin is efficacious in maintaining muscle mass in tumor-bearing animals receiving chemotherapy has not been investigated. C26 tumor-bearing mice were given 5-fluorouracil (5FU; 30 mg/kg of lean mass i.p.) concomitant with quercetin (Quer; 50 mg/kg of body weight via oral gavage) or vehicle. Both C26 + 5FU and C26 + 5FU + Quer had similar body weight loss; however, muscle mass and cross-sectional area was greater in C26 + 5FU + Quer compared to C26 + 5FU. Additionally, C26 + 5FU + Quer had a greater number and larger intermyofibrillar mitochondria with increased relative protein expression of mitochondrial complexes V, III, and II as well as cytochrome c expression. C26 + 5FU + Quer also had increased MFN1 and reduced FIS1 relative protein expression without apparent benefits to muscle inflammatory signaling. Our data suggest that quercetin protected against cancer and chemotherapy-induced muscle mass loss through improving mitochondrial homeostatic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N. VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Thomas D. Cardaci
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Patrice Cunningham
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Sierra J. McDonald
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Brooke M. Bullard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Kandy T. Velázquez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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14
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Uddin MH, Mohammad RM, Philip PA, Azmi AS, Muqbil I. Role of noncoding RNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma associated cachexia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1624-C1632. [PMID: 36280389 PMCID: PMC9722253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00424.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cachexia is an acute syndrome that is very commonly observed in patients with cancer. Cachexia is the number one cause of death in patients with metastatic disease and is also the major factor for physical toxicity and financial burden. More importantly, the majority of patients with advanced-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cancer undergo cachexia. Pancreatic cancer causes deaths of ∼50,000 Americans and about 400,000 people worldwide every year. The high mortality rates in metastatic PDAC are due to systemic pathologies and cachexia, which quickens death in these patients. About 90% of all patients with PDAC undergo wasting of muscle causing mobility loss and leading to a number of additional pathological conditions. PDAC-associated cancer cachexia emanates from complex signaling cues involving both mechanical and biological signals. Tumor invasion is associated with the loss of pancreatic function-induced digestive disorders and malabsorption, which causes subsequent weight loss and eventually promotes cachexia. Besides, systemic inflammation of patients with PDAC could release chemical cues (e.g., cytokine-mediated Atrogin-1/MAFbx expression) that participate in muscle wasting. Our understanding of genes, proteins, and cytokines involved in promoting cancer cachexia has evolved considerably. However, the role of epigenetic factors, particularly the role of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating PDAC-associated cachexia is less studied. In this review article, the most updated knowledge on the various ncRNAs including microRNAs (miRs), long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs), piwi interacting RNAs (PiwiRNAs), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNA) and their roles in cancer cachexia are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
- Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Tech University, Southfield, Michigan
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15
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van de Haterd B, Verboven K, Vandenabeele F, Agten A. The Role of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Colorectal Cancer Related Cachexia: Friends or Foes? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14833. [PMID: 36499157 PMCID: PMC9737299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 60% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients develop cachexia. The presence of CRC related cachexia is associated with more adverse events during systemic therapy, leading to a high mortality rate. The main manifestation in CRC related cachexia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass, resulting from an imbalance between skeletal muscle protein synthesis and protein degradation. In CRC related cachexia, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and proteolytic systems lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in an imbalanced skeletal muscle metabolism. Mitochondria fulfill an important function in muscle maintenance. Thus, preservation of the skeletal muscle mitochondrial homeostasis may contribute to prevent the loss of muscle mass. However, it remains elusive whether mitochondria play a benign or malignant role in the development of cancer cachexia. This review summarizes current (mostly preclinical) evidence about the role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in the development of CRC related cachexia. Future human research is necessary to determine the physiological role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in the development of human CRC related cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt van de Haterd
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verboven
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- BIOMED—Biomedical Research Center, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frank Vandenabeele
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Anouk Agten
- REVAL—Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- U-RISE—Uhasselt Research Group on Innovative and Society-Engaged Education, School for Educational Studies, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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16
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Chen TH, Koh KY, Lin KMC, Chou CK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as an Underlying Cause of Skeletal Muscle Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12926. [PMID: 36361713 PMCID: PMC9653750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are an important energy source in skeletal muscle. A main function of mitochondria is the generation of ATP for energy through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial defects or abnormalities can lead to muscle disease or multisystem disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by defective mitochondrial OXPHOS, mtDNA mutations, Ca2+ imbalances, mitochondrial-related proteins, mitochondrial chaperone proteins, and ultrastructural defects. In addition, an imbalance between mitochondrial fusion and fission, lysosomal dysfunction due to insufficient biosynthesis, and/or defects in mitophagy can result in mitochondrial damage. In this review, we explore the association between impaired mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle disorders. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for more research to determine the specific clinical benefits of mitochondrial therapy in the treatment of skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Yean Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Kurt Ming-Chao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Kuang Chou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
- Obesity Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
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17
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Huot JR, Pin F, Chatterjee R, Bonetto A. PGC1α overexpression preserves muscle mass and function in cisplatin-induced cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2480-2491. [PMID: 35903870 PMCID: PMC9530502 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy induces a cachectic-like phenotype, accompanied by skeletal muscle wasting, weakness and mitochondrial dysfunction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC1α), a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, is often reduced in cachectic skeletal muscle. Overexpression of PGC1α has yielded mixed beneficial results in cancer cachexia, yet investigations using such approach in a chemotherapy setting are limited. Utilizing transgenic mice, we assessed whether overexpression of PGC1α could combat the skeletal muscle consequences of cisplatin. METHODS Young (2 month) and old (18 month) wild-type (WT) and PGC1α transgenic male and female mice (Tg) were injected with cisplatin (C; 2.5 mg/kg) for 2 weeks, while control animals received saline (n = 5-9/group). Animals were assessed for muscle mass and force, motor unit connectivity, and expression of mitochondrial proteins. RESULTS Young WT + C mice displayed reduced gastrocnemius mass (male: -16%, P < 0.0001; female: -11%, P < 0.001), muscle force (-6%, P < 0.05, both sexes), and motor unit number estimation (MUNE; male: -53%, P < 0.01; female: -51%, P < 0.01). Old WT + C male and female mice exhibited gastrocnemius wasting (male: -22%, P < 0.05; female: -27%, P < 0.05), muscle weakness (male: -20%, P < 0.0001; female: -17%, P < 0.01), and loss of MUNE (male: -82%, P < 0.01; female: -62%, P < 0.05), suggesting exacerbated cachexia compared with younger animals. Overexpression of PGC1α had mild protective effects on muscle mass in young Tg + C male only (gastrocnemius: +10%, P < 0.05); however, force and MUNE were unchanged in both young Tg + C male and female, suggesting preservation of neuromuscular function. In older male, protective effects associated with PGC1α overexpression were heighted with Tg + C demonstrating preserved muscle mass (gastrocnemius: +34%, P < 0.001), muscle force (+13%, P < 0.01), and MUNE (+3-fold, P < 0.05). Similarly, old female Tg + C did not exhibit muscle wasting or reductions in MUNE, and had preserved muscle force (+11%, P < 0.05) compared with female WT + C. Follow-up molecular analysis demonstrated that aged WT animals were more susceptible to cisplatin-induced loss of mitochondrial proteins, including PGC1α, OPA1, cytochrome-C, and Cox IV. CONCLUSIONS In our study, the negative effects of cisplatin were heighted in aged animals, whereas overexpression of PGC1α was sufficient to combat the neuromuscular dysfunction caused by cisplatin, especially in older animals. Hence, our observations indicate that aged animals may be more susceptible to develop chemotherapy side toxicities and that mitochondria-targeted strategies may serve as a tool to prevent chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting and weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Huot
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Rohit Chatterjee
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
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18
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Yedigaryan L, Gatti M, Marini V, Maraldi T, Sampaolesi M. Shared and Divergent Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cachexia and Sarcopenia. Cells 2022; 11:2293. [PMID: 35892590 PMCID: PMC9332174 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant loss of muscle mass may occur in cachexia and sarcopenia, which are major causes of mortality and disability. Cachexia represents a complex multi-organ syndrome associated with cancer and chronic diseases. It is often characterized by body weight loss, inflammation, and muscle and adipose wasting. Progressive muscle loss is also a hallmark of healthy aging, which is emerging worldwide as a main demographic trend. A great challenge for the health care systems is the age-related decline in functionality which threatens the independence and quality of life of elderly people. This biological decline can also be associated with functional muscle loss, known as sarcopenia. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in the development and progression of muscle wasting in both cachexia and sarcopenia. These small non-coding RNAs, often carried in extracellular vesicles, inhibit translation by targeting messenger RNAs, therefore representing potent epigenetic modulators. The molecular mechanisms behind cachexia and sarcopenia, including the expression of specific miRNAs, share common and distinctive trends. The aim of the present review is to compile recent evidence about shared and divergent epigenetic mechanisms, particularly focusing on miRNAs, between cachexia and sarcopenia to understand a facet in the underlying muscle wasting associated with these morbidities and disclose potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Yedigaryan
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.Y.); (V.M.)
| | - Martina Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Vittoria Marini
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.Y.); (V.M.)
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.Y.); (V.M.)
- Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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19
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Torcinaro A, Cappetta D, De Santa F, Telesca M, Leigheb M, Berrino L, Urbanek K, De Angelis A, Ferraro E. Ranolazine Counteracts Strength Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Aged Sarcopenic Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:663. [PMID: 35888787 PMCID: PMC9316887 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass associated with reduced strength leading to poor quality of life in elderly people. The decline of skeletal muscle performance is characterized by bioenergetic impairment and severe oxidative stress, and does not always strictly correlate with muscle mass loss. We chose to investigate the ability of the metabolic modulator Ranolazine to counteract skeletal muscle dysfunctions that occur with aging. For this purpose, we treated aged C57BL/6 mice with Ranolazine/vehicle for 14 days and collected the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles for histological and gene expression analyses, respectively. We found that Ranolazine treatment significantly increased the muscle strength of aged mice. At the histological level, we found an increase in centrally nucleated fibers associated with an up-regulation of genes encoding MyoD, Periostin and Osteopontin, thus suggesting a remodeling of the muscle even in the absence of physical exercise. Notably, these beneficial effects of Ranolazine were also accompanied by an up-regulation of antioxidant and mitochondrial genes as well as of NADH-dehydrogenase activity, together with a more efficient protection from oxidative damage in the skeletal muscle. These data indicate that the protection of muscle from oxidative stress by Ranolazine might represent a valuable approach to increase skeletal muscle strength in elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Torcinaro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Ercole Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (A.T.); (F.D.S.)
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (M.T.); (L.B.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Francesca De Santa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Ercole Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (A.T.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Marialucia Telesca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (M.T.); (L.B.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Massimiliano Leigheb
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Unit, “Maggiore della Carità” Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (M.T.); (L.B.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (M.T.); (L.B.); (A.D.A.)
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20
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Zhang W, Dun Y, You B, Qiu L, Ripley-Gonzalez JW, Cheng J, Fu S, Li C, Liu S. Trimetazidine and exercise offer analogous improvements to the skeletal muscle insulin resistance of mice through Nrf2 signaling. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2022; 10:10/2/e002699. [PMID: 35365489 PMCID: PMC8977813 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance (IR) plays a key role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of patients with multiple metabolic diseases and diabetes. This study aimed to explore the effect of trimetazidine (TMZ) on skeletal muscle IR in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and explore the possible underlying mechanism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In vivo, a HFD mouse IR model was adopted and TMZ and exercise were used to intervene. Postintervention the following were determined: blood levels of glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment of IR index, expression of skeletal muscle insulin signaling-related proteins phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (p-IRS1/IRS1) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT/AKT), nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, and oxidative stress. In vitro, a palmitate-treated C2C12 myotube IR model was constructed. Cellular glucose uptake, p-IRS1/IRS1, and p-AKT/AKT were determined, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was analyzed based on treatments with specific small interfering RNA of Nrf2 with or without TMZ. Western blot was used to obtain the protein expression level and ROS production by functional analysis kits. RESULTS In vivo, TMZ and exercise decreased the blood glucose and insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment of IR index, increased skeletal muscle insulin signaling-related protein ratios of p-IRS1/IRS1 and p-AKT/AKT, and both interventions activated Nrf2 signaling and reduced oxidative stress production in HFD mice. In vitro, TMZ reduced the oxidative stress reaction, increased the ratios of p-AKT/AKT and p-IRS1/IRS1, and attenuated the insulin stimulation of PA-induced glucose uptake. However, in the absence of Nrf2, TMZ failed to resist the effects of IR. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that TMZ, like exercise, brought about marked improvements to HFD-induced skeletal muscle IR through TMZ, a common pathway with exercise in the form of Nrf2, regulating oxidative stress. We provide new evidence to support the use of TMZ for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhang
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaoshan Dun
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Baiyang You
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jeffrey W Ripley-Gonzalez
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Yantian People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Siqian Fu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cui Li
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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21
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Feng L, Zhang W, Shen Q, Miao C, Chen L, Li Y, Gu X, Fan M, Ma Y, Wang H, Liu X, Zhang X. Bile acid metabolism dysregulation associates with cancer cachexia: roles of liver and gut microbiome. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1553-1569. [PMID: 34585527 PMCID: PMC8718071 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial metabolic syndrome in which bile acid (BA) metabolism might be involved. The aim of the present study was to clarify the contribution of liver and gut microbiota to BA metabolism disturbance in cancer cachexia and to check the possibility of targeting BA metabolism using agents such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) for cancer cachexia therapy. METHODS The BA profiles in liver, intestine, and serum of mice with cancer cachexia induced by inoculation of colon C26 tumour cells were analysed using metabolomics methods and compared with that of control mice. Proteomic analysis of liver protein expression profile and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of gut microbiota composition in cancer cachexia mice were conducted. Expression levels of genes related to farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling pathway in the intestine and liver tissues were analysed using RT-PCR analysis. The BA profiles in serum of clinical colon cancer patients with or without cachexia were also analysed and compared with that of healthy volunteers. The effects of TUDCA in treating cancer cachexia mice were observed. RESULTS In the liver of cancer cachexia mice, expression of BA synthesis enzymes was inhibited while the amount of total BAs increased (P < 0.05). The ratios of conjugated BAs/un-conjugated BAs significantly increased in cancer cachexia mice liver (P < 0.01). Gut microbiota dysbiosis such as decrease in Lachnospiraceae and increase in Enterobacteriaceae was observed in the intestine of cancer cachexia mice, and microbial metabolism of BAs was reduced. Increase in expression of FGF15 in intestine (P < 0.01) suggested the activation of FXR signalling pathway which might contribute to the regulation of BA synthesis enzymes, transporters, and metabolic enzymes. Increase in the BA conjugation was observed in the serum of cancer cachexia mice. Results of clinical patients showed changes in BA metabolism, especially the increase in BA conjugation, and also suggested compensatory mechanism in BA metabolism regulation. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg TUDCA could significantly ameliorate the decrease in body weight (P < 0.001), muscle loss (P < 0.001), and atrophy of heart and liver (P < 0.05) in cancer cachexia mice without influence on tumour growth. CONCLUSIONS Bile acid metabolism dysregulation such as decrease in BA synthesis, increase in BA conjugation, and decrease in BA microbial metabolism was involved in development of cancer cachexia in mice. Targeting BA metabolism using agents such as TUDCA might be helpful for cancer cachexia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Feng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Miao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofan Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushui Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongwen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Scaricamazza S, Salvatori I, Amadio S, Nesci V, Torcinaro A, Giacovazzo G, Primiano A, Gloriani M, Candelise N, Pieroni L, Loeffler JP, Renè F, Quessada C, Tefera TW, Wang H, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST, Dobrowolny G, Lepore E, Urbani A, Musarò A, Volonté C, Ferraro E, Coccurello R, Valle C, Ferri A. Repurposing of Trimetazidine for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a study in SOD1 G93A mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1732-1752. [PMID: 34783031 PMCID: PMC9305494 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscles and is currently incurable. Although considered to be a pure motor neuron disease, increasing evidence indicates that the sole protection of motor neurons by a single targeted drug is not sufficient to improve the pathological phenotype. We therefore evaluated the therapeutic potential of the multi‐target drug used to treatment of coronary artery disease, trimetazidine, in SOD1G93A mice. Experimental Approach As a metabolic modulator, trimetazidine improves glucose metabolism. Furthermore, trimetazidine enhances mitochondrial metabolism and promotes nerve regeneration, exerting an anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effect. We orally treated SOD1G93A mice with trimetazidine, solubilized in drinking water at a dose of 20 mg kg−1, from disease onset. We assessed the impact of trimetazidine on disease progression by studying metabolic parameters, grip strength and histological alterations in skeletal muscle, peripheral nerves and the spinal cord. Key Results Trimetazidine administration delays motor function decline, improves muscle performance and metabolism, and significantly extends overall survival of SOD1G93A mice (increased median survival of 16 days and 12.5 days for male and female respectively). Moreover, trimetazidine prevents the degeneration of neuromuscular junctions, attenuates motor neuron loss and reduces neuroinflammation in the spinal cord and in peripheral nerves. Conclusion and Implications In SOD1G93A mice, therapeutic effect of trimetazidine is underpinned by its action on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scaricamazza
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Illari Salvatori
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Torcinaro
- National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurology (IBCN), Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Aniello Primiano
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Niccolò Candelise
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Central and Peripheral Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frederique Renè
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Central and Peripheral Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyril Quessada
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Central and Peripheral Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tesfaye W Tefera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriella Dobrowolny
- University of Roma "La Sapienza", DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Lepore
- University of Roma "La Sapienza", DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- University of Roma "La Sapienza", DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science (IASI), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Coccurello
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Complex System (ISC), Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
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23
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Cachexia: Impact on Muscle Health and Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113150. [PMID: 34831373 PMCID: PMC8621344 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a frequently neglected debilitating syndrome that, beyond representing a primary cause of death and cancer therapy failure, negatively impacts on patients' quality of life. Given the complexity of its multisystemic pathogenesis, affecting several organs beyond the skeletal muscle, defining an effective therapeutic approach has failed so far. Revamped attention of the scientific community working on cancer cachexia has focused on mitochondrial alterations occurring in the skeletal muscle as potential triggers of the complex metabolic derangements, eventually leading to hypercatabolism and tissue wasting. Mitochondrial dysfunction may be simplistically viewed as a cause of energy failure, thus inducing protein catabolism as a compensatory mechanism; however, other peculiar cachexia features may depend on mitochondria. On the one side, chemotherapy also impacts on muscle mitochondrial function while, on the other side, muscle-impaired regeneration may result from insufficient energy production from damaged mitochondria. Boosting mitochondrial function could thus improve the energetic status and chemotherapy tolerance, and relieve the myogenic process in cancer cachexia. In the present work, a focused review of the available literature on mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cachexia is presented along with preliminary data dissecting the potential role of stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α overexpression in distinct aspects of cancer-induced muscle wasting.
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24
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Romo-Perez A, Dominguez-Gomez G, Chavez-Blanco A, Taja-Chayeb L, Gonzalez-Fierro A, Martinez EG, Correa-Basurto J, Duenas-Gonzalez A. BAPST. A Combo of Common use drugs as metabolic therapy of cancer-a theoretical proposal. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:815-831. [PMID: 34620071 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666211006123728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cancer therapy have yet to impact worldwide cancer mortality. Poor cancer drug affordability is one of the factors limiting mortality burden strikes. Up to now, cancer drug repurposing had no meet expectations concerning drug affordability. The three FDA-approved cancer drugs developed under repurposing -all-trans-retinoic acid, arsenic trioxide, and thalidomide- do not differ in price from other drugs developed under the classical model. Though additional factors affect the whole process from inception to commercialization, the repurposing of widely used, commercially available, and cheap drugs may help. This work reviews the concept of the malignant metabolic phenotype and its exploitation by simultaneously blocking key metabolic processes altered in cancer. We elaborate on a combination called BAPST, which stands for the following drugs and pathways they inhibit: Benserazide (glycolysis), Apomorphine (glutaminolysis), Pantoprazole (Fatty-acid synthesis), Simvastatin (mevalonate pathway), and Trimetazidine (Fatty-acid oxidation). Their respective primary indications are: • Parkinson's disease (benserazide and apomorphine). • Peptic ulcer disease (pantoprazole). • Hypercholesterolemia (simvastatin). • Ischemic heart disease (trimetazidine). When used for their primary indication, the literature review on each of these drugs shows they have a good safety profile and lack predicted pharmacokinetic interaction among them. Most importantly, the inhibitory enzymatic concentrations required for inhibiting their cancer targets enzymes are below the plasma concentrations observed when these drugs are used for their primary indication. Based on that, we propose that the regimen BAPTS merits preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Romo-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City. Mexico
| | | | - Alma Chavez-Blanco
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Aurora Gonzalez-Fierro
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City. Mexico
| | | | - Jose Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City. Mexico
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25
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Shu H, Hang W, Peng Y, Nie J, Wu L, Zhang W, Wang DW, Zhou N. Trimetazidine Attenuates Heart Failure by Improving Myocardial Metabolism via AMPK. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:707399. [PMID: 34603021 PMCID: PMC8479198 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Energic deficiency of cardiomyocytes is a dominant cause of heart failure. An antianginal agent, trimetazidine improves the myocardial energetic supply. We presumed that trimetazidine protects the cardiomyocytes from the pressure overload-induced heart failure through improving the myocardial metabolism. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). After 4 weeks of TAC, heart failure was observed in mice manifested by an increased left ventricular (LV) chamber dimension, an impaired LV ejection fraction evaluated by echocardiography analysis, which were significantly restrained by the treatment of trimetazidine. Trimetazidine restored the mitochondrial morphology and function tested by cardiac transmission electron microscope and mitochondrial dynamic proteins analysis. Positron emission tomography showed that trimetazidine significantly elevated the glucose uptake in TAC mouse heart. Trimetazidine restrained the impairments of the insulin signaling in TAC mice and promoted the translocation of glucose transporter type IV (GLUT4) from the storage vesicle to membrane. However, these cardioprotective effects of trimetazidine in TAC mice were notably abolished by compound C (C.C), a specific AMPK inhibitor. The enlargement of neonatal rat cardiomyocyte induced by mechanical stretch, together with the increased expression of hypertrophy-associated proteins, mitochondria deformation and dysfunction were significantly ameliorated by trimetazidine. Trimetazidine enhanced the isolated cardiomyocyte glucose uptake in vitro. These benefits brought by trimetazidine were also removed with the presence of C.C. In conclusion, trimetazidine attenuated pressure overload-induced heart failure through improving myocardial mitochondrial function and glucose uptake via AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Shu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijian Hang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yizhong Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Nie
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lujin Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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26
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Trimetazidine and exercise provide comparable improvements to high fat diet-induced muscle dysfunction through enhancement of mitochondrial quality control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19116. [PMID: 34580406 PMCID: PMC8476493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces skeletal muscle dysfunction. The pathogenesis of which appears to substantially involve mitochondrial dysfunction, arising from impaired quality control. Exercise is a major therapeutic strategy against muscle dysfunction. Trimetazidine, a partial inhibitor of lipid oxidation, has been proposed as a metabolic modulator for several cardiovascular pathologies. However, the effects of Trimetazidine on regulating skeletal muscle function are largely unknown. Our present study used cell culture and obese mice models to test a novel hypothesis that Trimetazidine could improve muscle atrophy with similar results to exercise. In C2C12 cells, high palmitic acid-induced atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction, which could be reversed by the treatment of Trimetazidine. In our animal models, with high-fat diet-induced obesity associated with skeletal muscle atrophy, Trimetazidine prevented muscle dysfunction, corrected metabolic abnormalities, and improved mitochondrial quality control and mitochondrial functions similarly to exercise. Thus, our study suggests that Trimetazidine successfully mimics exercise to enhance mitochondrial quality control leading to improved high-fat diet-induced muscle dysfunction.
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27
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Wang L, Jiao XF, Wu C, Li XQ, Sun HX, Shen XY, Zhang KZ, Zhao C, Liu L, Wang M, Bu YL, Li JW, Xu F, Chang CL, Lu X, Gao W. Trimetazidine attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy via inhibiting NLRP3/GSDMD pathway-mediated pyroptosis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:251. [PMID: 34537816 PMCID: PMC8449784 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is one of the major side effects of high dose or sustained usage of glucocorticoids. Pyroptosis is a novel form of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death that may contribute to skeletal muscle injury. Trimetazidine, a well-known anti-anginal agent, can improve skeletal muscle performance both in humans and mice. We here showed that dexamethasone-induced atrophy, as evidenced by the increase of muscle atrophy F-box (Atrogin-1) and muscle ring finger 1 (MuRF1) expression, and the decrease of myotube diameter in C2C12 myotubes. Dexamethasone also induced pyroptosis, indicated by upregulated pyroptosis-related protein NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, and gasdermin-D (GSDMD). Knockdown of NLRP3 or GSDMD attenuated dexamethasone-induced myotube pyroptosis and atrophy. Trimetazidine treatment ameliorated dexamethasone-induced muscle pyroptosis and atrophy both in vivo and in vitro. Activation of NLRP3 using LPS and ATP not only increased the cleavage and activation of Caspase-1 and GSDMD, but also increased the expression levels of atrophy markers MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 in trimetazidine-treated C2C12 myotubes. Mechanically, dexamethasone inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a, which could be attenuated by trimetazidine. Conversely, co-treatment with a PI3K/AKT inhibitor, picropodophyllin, remarkably increased the expression of NLRP3 and reversed the protective effects of trimetazidine against dexamethasone-induced C2C12 myotube pyroptosis and atrophy. Taken together, our study suggests that NLRP3/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis might be a novel mechanism for dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Trimetazidine might be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Feng Jiao
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Xian Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Yu Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kang-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Can Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Ling Bu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Lu Chang
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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28
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Kitaoka Y, Miyazaki M, Kikuchi S. Voluntary exercise prevents abnormal muscle mitochondrial morphology in cancer cachexia mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15016. [PMID: 34427401 PMCID: PMC8383714 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of voluntary wheel running on cancer cachexia-induced mitochondrial alterations in mouse skeletal muscle. Mice bearing colon 26 adenocarcinoma (C26) were used as a model of cancer cachexia. C26 mice showed a lower gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle weight, but 4 weeks of voluntary exercise rescued these changes. Further, voluntary exercise attenuated observed declines in the levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins and activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice. Among mitochondrial morphology regulatory proteins, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) were decreased in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice, but exercise resulted in similar improvements as seen in markers of mitochondrial content. In isolated mitochondria, 4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyls were elevated in C26 mice, but exercise blunted the increases in these markers of oxidative stress. In addition, electron microscopy revealed that exercise alleviated the observed increase in the percentage of damaged mitochondria in C26 mice. These results suggest that voluntary exercise effectively counteracts mitochondrial dysfunction to mitigate muscle loss in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Mitsunori Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Department of Physical TherapySchool of Rehabilitation SciencesHealth Sciences University of HokkaidoIshikari‐TobetsuJapan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy 1Sapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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29
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Booth DM, Várnai P, Joseph SK, Hajnóczky G. Oxidative bursts of single mitochondria mediate retrograde signaling toward the ER. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3866-3876.e2. [PMID: 34352204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The emerging role of mitochondria as signaling organelles raises the question of whether individual mitochondria can initiate heterotypic communication with neighboring organelles. Using fluorescent probes targeted to the endoplasmic-reticulum-mitochondrial interface, we demonstrate that single mitochondria generate oxidative bursts, rapid redox oscillations, confined to the nanoscale environment of the interorganellar contact sites. Using probes fused to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), we show that Ca2+ channels directly sense oxidative bursts and respond with Ca2+ transients adjacent to active mitochondria. Application of specific mitochondrial stressors or apoptotic stimuli dramatically increases the frequency and amplitude of the oxidative bursts by enhancing transient permeability transition pore openings. Conversely, blocking interface Ca2+ transport via elimination of IP3Rs or mitochondrial calcium uniporter channels suppresses ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ feedback and cell death. Thus, single mitochondria initiate local retrograde signaling by miniature oxidative bursts and, upon metabolic or apoptotic stress, may also amplify signals to the rest of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Booth
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Péter Várnai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, 1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Suresh K Joseph
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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Kottorou A, Dimitrakopoulos FI, Tsezou A. Non-coding RNAs in cancer-associated cachexia: clinical implications and future perspectives. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101101. [PMID: 33915516 PMCID: PMC8100623 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle loss, with or without adipose atrophy, irreversible through nutritional support, in the context of systemic inflammation and metabolic disorders. It is mediated by inflammatory reaction and affects almost 50% of all cancer patients, due to prominent systemic inflammation associated with the disease. The comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that are implicated in cancer cachexia sheds light on its pathogenesis and lays the foundations for the discovery of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Recently, ncRNAs, like microRNAs as well as lncRNAs and circRNAs seem to regulate pathways that are implicated in cancer cachexia pathogenesis, as it has been observed in animal models and in cancer cachexia patients, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Moreover, increasing evidence highlights the involvement of circulating and exosomal ncRNAs in the activation and maintenance of systemic inflammation in cancer and cancer-associated cachexia. In that context, the present review focuses on the clinical significance of ncRNAs in cancer-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kottorou
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
| | | | - Aspasia Tsezou
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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31
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Kim HJ, Lee JH, Kim SW, Lee SH, Jung DW, Williams DR. Investigation of niclosamide as a repurposing agent for skeletal muscle atrophy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252135. [PMID: 34038481 PMCID: PMC8153455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a feature of aging (termed sarcopenia) and various diseases, such as cancer and kidney failure. Effective drug treatment options for muscle atrophy are lacking. The tapeworm medication, niclosamide is being assessed for repurposing to treat numerous diseases, including end-stage cancer metastasis and hepatic steatosis. In this study, we investigated the potential of niclosamide as a repurposing drug for muscle atrophy. In a myotube atrophy model using the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, niclosamide did not prevent the reduction in myotube diameter or the decreased expression of phosphorylated FOXO3a, which upregulates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of muscle catabolism. Treatment of normal myotubes with niclosamide did not activate mTOR, a major regulator of muscle protein synthesis, and increased the expression of atrogin-1, which is induced in catabolic states. Niclosamide treatment also inhibited myogenesis in muscle precursor cells, enhanced the expression of myoblast markers Pax7 and Myf5, and downregulated the expression of differentiation markers MyoD, MyoG and Myh2. In an animal model of muscle atrophy, niclosamide did not improve muscle mass, grip strength or muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Muscle atrophy is also feature of cancer cachexia. IC50 analyses indicated that niclosamide was more cytotoxic for myoblasts than cancer cells. In addition, niclosamide did not suppress the induction of iNOS, a key mediator of atrophy, in an in vitro model of cancer cachexia and did not rescue myotube diameter. Overall, these results suggest that niclosamide may not be a suitable repurposing drug for glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy or cancer cachexia. Nevertheless, niclosamide may be employed as a compound to study mechanisms regulating myogenesis and catabolic pathways in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Lee
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Wook Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (D-WJ); (DRW)
| | - Darren R. Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (D-WJ); (DRW)
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32
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Broadfield LA, Pane AA, Talebi A, Swinnen JV, Fendt SM. Lipid metabolism in cancer: New perspectives and emerging mechanisms. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1363-1393. [PMID: 33945792 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumors undergo metabolic transformations to sustain uncontrolled proliferation, avoid cell death, and seed in secondary organs. An increased focus on cancer lipid metabolism has unveiled a number of mechanisms that promote tumor growth and survival, many of which are independent of classical cellular bioenergetics. These mechanisms include modulation of ferroptotic-mediated cell death, support during tumor metastasis, and interactions with the cells of the tumor microenvironment. As such, targeting lipid metabolism for anti-cancer therapies is attractive, with recent work on small-molecule inhibitors identifying compounds to target lipid metabolism. Here, we discuss these topics and identify open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Broadfield
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonino Alejandro Pane
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Talebi
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium.
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33
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Martin A, Freyssenet D. Phenotypic features of cancer cachexia-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: lessons from human and animal studies. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:252-273. [PMID: 33783983 PMCID: PMC8061402 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex multi-organ catabolic syndrome that reduces mobility, increases fatigue, decreases the efficiency of therapeutic strategies, diminishes the quality of life, and increases the mortality of cancer patients. This review provides an exhaustive and comprehensive analysis of cancer cachexia-related phenotypic changes in skeletal muscle at both the cellular and subcellular levels in human cancer patients, as well as in animal models of cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia is characterized by a major decrease in skeletal muscle mass in human and animals that depends on the severity of the disease/model and the localization of the tumour. It affects both type 1 and type 2 muscle fibres, even if some animal studies suggest that type 2 muscle fibres would be more prone to atrophy. Animal studies indicate an impairment in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism resulting from a decrease in mitochondrial content, an alteration in mitochondria morphology, and a reduction in mitochondrial metabolic fluxes. Immuno-histological analyses in human and animal models also suggest that a faulty mechanism of skeletal muscle repair would contribute to muscle mass loss. An increase in collagen deposit, an accumulation of fat depot outside and inside the muscle fibre, and a disrupted contractile machinery structure are also phenotypic features that have been consistently reported in cachectic skeletal muscle. Muscle function is also profoundly altered during cancer cachexia with a strong reduction in skeletal muscle force. Even though the loss of skeletal muscle mass largely contributes to the loss of muscle function, other factors such as muscle-nerve interaction and calcium handling are probably involved in the decrease in muscle force. Longitudinal analyses of skeletal muscle mass by imaging technics and skeletal muscle force in cancer patients, but also in animal models of cancer cachexia, are necessary to determine the respective kinetics and functional involvements of these factors. Our analysis also emphasizes that measuring skeletal muscle force through standardized tests could provide a simple and robust mean to early diagnose cachexia in cancer patients. That would be of great benefit to cancer patient's quality of life and health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Martin
- Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement BiologyUniversité de Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐ÉtienneFrance
| | - Damien Freyssenet
- Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement BiologyUniversité de Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐ÉtienneFrance
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34
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Morinaga M, Sako N, Isobe M, Lee-Hotta S, Sugiura H, Kametaka S. Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting through Adiponectin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3110. [PMID: 33803685 PMCID: PMC8002946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by muscle loss that cannot be reversed by conventional nutritional support. To uncover the molecular basis underlying the onset of cancer cachectic muscle wasting and establish an effective intervention against muscle loss, we used a cancer cachectic mouse model and examined the effects of aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise successfully suppressed muscle atrophy and activated adiponectin signaling. Next, a cellular model for cancer cachectic muscle atrophy using C2C12 myotubes was prepared by treating myotubes with a conditioned medium from a culture of colon-26 cancer cells. Treatment of the atrophic myotubes with recombinant adiponectin was protective against the thinning of cells through the increased production of p-mTOR and suppression of LC3-II. Altogether, these findings suggest that the activation of adiponectin signaling could be part of the molecular mechanisms by which aerobic exercise ameliorates cancer cachexia-induced muscle wasting.
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MESH Headings
- Adiponectin/genetics
- Adiponectin/metabolism
- Animals
- Cachexia/complications
- Cachexia/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy/complications
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Morinaga
- Division of Biofunctional Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-0047, Japan
| | - Naoki Sako
- Division of Biofunctional Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-0047, Japan
| | - Mari Isobe
- Division of Morphological Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Sachiko Lee-Hotta
- Division of Creative Physical Therapy, Field of Prevention and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-0047, Japan
| | - Hideshi Sugiura
- Division of Biofunctional Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kametaka
- Division of Biofunctional Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-0047, Japan
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35
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Lee SB, Lee JS, Moon SO, Lee HD, Yoon YS, Son CG. A standardized herbal combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia japonica, protects against muscle atrophy in a C26 colon cancer cachexia mouse model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113470. [PMID: 33068652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) and Bunge and Paeonia japonica (Makino)Miyabe & H.Takeda have been traditionally used to improve the poor quality of life such as weakness, lack of appetite, fatigue, and malaise which is considered with cachexia condition. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated anti-cachectic effects of a herbal formula composed of Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia japonica (APX) and the molecular mechanisms of APX in C26 cancer-induced cachexia mice and TNF-a-treated C2C12 myotubes. Additionally synergistic anti-cachectic effects of APX were compared to those of individual herbal extracts and megestrol acetate. METHODS AND MATERIALS The forty-two BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal (nontreatment), control (C26 injection), AM (C26 injection with Astragalus membranaceus), PJ (C26 injection with Paeonia japonica), APX (C26 injection with combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia japonica and MA (C26 injection with megestrol acetate). All mice were orally administered DW (normal and control groups) or 100 mg/kg AM, PJ, APX or MA for 10 days. In the animal model, several tissues were weighed, and muscle tissue and blood were used to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines. C2C12 myotubes were exposed to 100 ng/mL TNF- α with or without 10 μg/mL of AM, PJ, APX or MA for 48 h. The cells were used to immunofluorescence staining and western blot analyses. RESULTS C26 injection induced notable body and muscle weight loss while APX administration significantly attenuated these alterations and the decrease of muscle weights and strength. APX also significantly attenuated the abnormal elevations in the concentration of three muscle atrophy-inducible cytokines; serum and muscle TNF-α,muscle TWEAK and IL-6 in C26 tumor-bearing mice. In the TNF-α-treated C2C12 myotube model, TNF-α treatment notably decreased MyH but activated atrophic proteins (MuRF and Fbx32) along with p38 and NFκB while these molecular alterations were significantly ameliorated by APX treatment. These pharmacological actions of APX were supported by the results of immunofluorescence staining to MyH expression and the translocation of NFκB into the nucleus in C2C12 myotubes. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate the potential of an herbal formula, APX as an anti-cachexia agent; the effect of APX was superior to that of megestrol acetate overall especially for muscle atrophy. The underlying mechanisms of this herbal formula may involve the modulation of muscle atrophy-promoting molecules including p38, NFκB, TNF-α and TWEAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bae Lee
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Lee
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ok Moon
- National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan-si, 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Dong Lee
- National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan-si, 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sik Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, ChungAng University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 35235, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Understanding the common mechanisms of heart and skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:1. [PMID: 33419963 PMCID: PMC7794402 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a severe complication of cancer that adversely affects the course of the disease, with currently no effective treatments. It is characterized by a progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in weight loss, a reduced quality of life, and a shortened life expectancy. Although the cachectic condition primarily affects the skeletal muscle, a tissue that accounts for ~40% of total body weight, cachexia is considered a multi-organ disease that involves different tissues and organs, among which the cardiac muscle stands out for its relevance. Patients with cancer often experience severe cardiac abnormalities and manifest symptoms that are indicative of chronic heart failure, including fatigue, shortness of breath, and impaired exercise tolerance. Furthermore, cardiovascular complications are among the major causes of death in cancer patients who experienced cachexia. The lack of effective treatments for cancer cachexia underscores the need to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Increasing evidence links the wasting of the cardiac and skeletal muscles to metabolic alterations, primarily increased energy expenditure, and to increased proteolysis, ensuing from activation of the major proteolytic machineries of the cell, including ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis and autophagy. This review aims at providing an overview of the key mechanisms of cancer cachexia, with a major focus on those that are shared by the skeletal and cardiac muscles.
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37
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Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Vendemiale G. Mitochondrial Impairment in Sarcopenia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010031. [PMID: 33418869 PMCID: PMC7825073 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined by the age-related loss of skeletal muscle quality, which relies on mitochondrial homeostasis. During aging, several mitochondrial features such as bioenergetics, dynamics, biogenesis, and selective autophagy (mitophagy) are altered and impinge on protein homeostasis, resulting in loss of muscle mass and function. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction contributes significantly to the complex pathogenesis of sarcopenia, and mitochondria are indicated as potential targets to prevent and treat this age-related condition. After a concise presentation of the age-related modifications in skeletal muscle quality and mitochondrial homeostasis, the present review summarizes the most relevant findings related to mitochondrial alterations in sarcopenia.
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Huot JR, Pin F, Narasimhan A, Novinger LJ, Keith AS, Zimmers TA, Willis MS, Bonetto A. ACVR2B antagonism as a countermeasure to multi-organ perturbations in metastatic colorectal cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1779-1798. [PMID: 33200567 PMCID: PMC7749603 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) is often accompanied by the development of liver metastases, as well as cachexia, a multi-organ co-morbidity primarily affecting skeletal (SKM) and cardiac muscles. Activin receptor type 2B (ACVR2B) signalling is known to cause SKM wasting, and its inhibition restores SKM mass and prolongs survival in cancer. Using a recently generated mouse model, here we tested whether ACVR2B blockade could preserve multiple organs, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, in the presence of metastatic CRC. METHODS NSG male mice (8 weeks old) were injected intrasplenically with HCT116 human CRC cells (mHCT116), while sham-operated animals received saline (n = 5-10 per group). Sham and tumour-bearing mice received weekly injections of ACVR2B/Fc, a synthetic peptide inhibitor of ACVR2B. RESULTS mHCT116 hosts displayed losses in fat mass ( - 79%, P < 0.0001), bone mass ( - 39%, P < 0.05), and SKM mass (quadriceps: - 22%, P < 0.001), in line with reduced muscle cross-sectional area ( - 24%, P < 0.01) and plantarflexion force ( - 28%, P < 0.05). Further, despite only moderately affected heart size, cardiac function was significantly impaired (ejection fraction %: - 16%, P < 0.0001; fractional shortening %: - 25%, P < 0.0001) in the mHCT116 hosts. Conversely, ACVR2B/Fc preserved fat mass ( + 238%, P < 0.001), bone mass ( + 124%, P < 0.0001), SKM mass (quadriceps: + 31%, P < 0.0001), size (cross-sectional area: + 43%, P < 0.0001) and plantarflexion force ( + 28%, P < 0.05) in tumour hosts. Cardiac function was also completely preserved in tumour hosts receiving ACVR2B/Fc (ejection fraction %: + 19%, P < 0.0001), despite no effect on heart size. RNA sequencing analysis of heart muscle revealed rescue of genes related to cardiac development and contraction in tumour hosts treated with ACVR2B/Fc. CONCLUSIONS Our metastatic CRC model recapitulates the multi-systemic derangements of cachexia by displaying loss of fat, bone, and SKM along with decreased muscle strength in mHCT116 hosts. Additionally, with evidence of severe cardiac dysfunction, our data support the development of cardiac cachexia in the occurrence of metastatic CRC. Notably, ACVR2B antagonism preserved adipose tissue, bone, and SKM, whereas muscle and cardiac functions were completely maintained upon treatment. Altogether, our observations implicate ACVR2B signalling in the development of multi-organ perturbations in metastatic CRC and further dictate that ACVR2B represents a promising therapeutic target to preserve body composition and functionality in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Huot
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ashok Narasimhan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leah J Novinger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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39
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Aquila G, Re Cecconi AD, Brault JJ, Corli O, Piccirillo R. Nutraceuticals and Exercise against Muscle Wasting during Cancer Cachexia. Cells 2020; 9:E2536. [PMID: 33255345 PMCID: PMC7760926 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a debilitating multifactorial syndrome, involving progressive deterioration and functional impairment of skeletal muscles. It affects about 80% of patients with advanced cancer and causes premature death. No causal therapy is available against CC. In the last few decades, our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to muscle wasting during cancer has markedly increased. Both inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) alter anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways mostly culminating with muscle depletion. Several preclinical studies have emphasized the beneficial roles of several classes of nutraceuticals and modes of physical exercise, but their efficacy in CC patients remains scant. The route of nutraceutical administration is critical to increase its bioavailability and achieve the desired anti-cachexia effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that a single therapy may not be enough, and a bimodal intervention (nutraceuticals plus exercise) may be a more effective treatment for CC. This review focuses on the current state of the field on the role of inflammation and OS in the pathogenesis of muscle atrophy during CC, and how nutraceuticals and physical activity may act synergistically to limit muscle wasting and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Aquila
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrea David Re Cecconi
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Jeffrey J. Brault
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Oscar Corli
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
- Oncology Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
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Belosludtseva NV, Starinets VS, Pavlik LL, Mikheeva IB, Dubinin MV, Belosludtsev KN. The Effect of S-15176 Difumarate Salt on Ultrastructure and Functions of Liver Mitochondria of C57BL/6 Mice with Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100309. [PMID: 32987717 PMCID: PMC7598715 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common diseases, which currently represents a major medical and social problem due to the chronic course, high rates of disability and mortality among patients. Mitochondria of the liver and other vital organs are one of the main targets of T2DM at the intracellular level. The pathological changes in the structure of mitochondria, hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species by the organelles, disorders in mitochondrial transport systems and ATP synthesis are now widely recognized as important factors in the development of diabetes. Therefore, treatment strategies to attenuate mitochondrial injury may result in cellular reprogramming and alleviation of the diabetes-related pathological complications. The aim of present work was to investigate the possible protective effect of S-15176, a potent derivative of the anti-ischemic agent trimetazidine, against mitochondrial damage in the liver of mice with experimental T2DM. The data indicate that S-15176 attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction and ultrastructural abnormalities in the liver of T2DM mice. The mechanisms underlying the protective effect of S-15176 are related to the stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the organelles. One may assume that the compound acts as a mitochondria-targeted metabolic reprogramming agent in T2DM. Abstract S-15176, a potent derivative of the anti-ischemic agent trimetazidine, was reported to have multiple effects on the metabolism of mitochondria. In the present work, the effect of S-15176 (1.5 mg/kg/day i.p.) on the ultrastructure and functions of liver mitochondria of C57BL/6 mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by a high-fat diet combined with a low-dose streptozotocin injection was examined. An electron microscopy study showed that T2DM induced mitochondrial swelling and a reduction in the number of liver mitochondria. The number of mtDNA copies in the liver in T2DM decreased. The expression of Drp1 slightly increased, and that of Mfn2 and Opa1 somewhat decreased. The treatment of diabetic animals with S-15176 prevented the mitochondrial swelling, normalized the average mitochondrial size, and significantly decreased the content of the key marker of lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde in liver mitochondria. In S-15176-treated T2DM mice, a two-fold increase in the expression of the PGC-1α and a slight decrease in Drp 1 expression in the liver were observed. The respiratory control ratio, the level of mtDNA, and the number of liver mitochondria of S-15176-treated diabetic mice tended to restore. S-15176 did not affect the decrease in expression of Parkin and Opa1 in the liver of diabetic animals, but slightly suppressed the expression of these proteins in the control. The modulatory effect of S-15176 on dysfunction of liver mitochondria in T2DM can be related to the stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Belosludtseva
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Transport, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.S.); (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (K.N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vlada S. Starinets
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Transport, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.S.); (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (K.N.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, 424001 Mari El, Russia;
| | - Lyubov L. Pavlik
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Transport, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.S.); (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Irina B. Mikheeva
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Transport, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.S.); (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Mikhail V. Dubinin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, 424001 Mari El, Russia;
| | - Konstantin N. Belosludtsev
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Transport, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.S.); (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (K.N.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, 424001 Mari El, Russia;
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Penna F, Ballarò R, Costelli P. The Redox Balance: A Target for Interventions Against Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia? Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:542-558. [PMID: 32037856 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of a complex syndrome known as cachexia. It is mainly characterized by muscle wasting, a condition that associates with enhanced protein breakdown and with negative energy balance. While the mechanisms underlying cachexia have been only partially elucidated, understanding the pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cancer hosts is mandatory to design new targeted therapeutic strategies. Indeed, most of cancer patients will experience cachexia during the course of their disease, and about 25% of cancer-related deaths are due to this syndrome, rather than to the tumor itself. Recent Advances: Compelling evidence suggests that an altered redox homeostasis likely contributes to cancer-induced muscle protein depletion, directly or indirectly activating the intracellular degradative pathways. In addition, oxidative stress impinges on both mitochondrial number and function; the other way round, altered mitochondria lead to enhanced redox imbalance, creating a vicious loop that eventually results in negative energy metabolism. Critical Issues: The present review focuses on the possibility that pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies able to restore a physiologic redox balance could be useful components of treatment schedules aimed at counteracting cancer-induced muscle wasting. Future Directions: Exercise and the use of exercise mimetic drugs represent the most promising approaches capable of reinforcing the muscle antioxidant defenses of cancer patients. The results from ongoing and new clinical trials are needed to validate the preclinical studies and provide effective therapies for cancer cachexia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 33, 542-558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Hardee JP, Fix DK, Koh HJ, Wang X, Goldsmith EC, Carson JA. Repeated eccentric contractions positively regulate muscle oxidative metabolism and protein synthesis during cancer cachexia in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1666-1676. [PMID: 32407241 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00908.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced wasting is accompanied by disruptions to muscle oxidative metabolism and protein turnover that have been associated with systemic inflammation, whereas exercise and stimulated muscle contractions can positively regulate muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial homeostasis. In preclinical cancer cachexia models, a single bout of eccentric contractions (ECCs) can induce protein synthesis and repeated ECC bouts prevent myofiber atrophy. The cellular mechanisms providing this protection from atrophy have not been resolved. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether repeated stimulated ECC bouts affect basal muscle oxidative metabolism and protein synthesis during cancer cachexia, and if these changes were associated with plasma IL-6 levels. Male ApcMin/+ (MIN; n = 10) mice initiating cachexia and healthy C57BL/6 (B6; n = 11) control mice performed repeated ECC bouts over 2 wk. MIN mice exhibited body weight loss and elevated plasma IL-6 before and during repeated ECC bouts. Control MIN muscle demonstrated disrupted signaling related to inflammation, oxidative capacity, and protein synthesis regulation, which were all improved by repeated ECC bouts. With cachexia, plasma IL-6 levels were negatively correlated with myofiber cross-sectional area, oxidative capacity, and protein synthesis. Interestingly, ECC improvements in these outcomes were positively correlated with plasma IL-6 levels in MIN mice. There was also a positive relationship between muscle oxidative capacity and protein synthesis after repeated ECC bouts in MIN mice. Collectively, repeated ECC bouts altered the cachectic muscle phenotype independent of systemic wasting, and there was a strong association between muscle oxidative capacity and protein synthesis in this adaptive response.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cancer-induced muscle wasting is accompanied by disruptions to muscle oxidative metabolism and protein turnover regulation, whereas exercise is a potent stimulator of muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial homeostasis. In a preclinical model of cancer cachexia, we report that cachectic muscle retains anabolic and metabolic plasticity to repeated eccentric contraction bouts despite an overall systemic wasting environment. The attenuation of muscle atrophy is linked to improved oxidative capacity and protein synthesis during cancer cachexia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Hardee
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Edie C Goldsmith
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - James A Carson
- Center for Muscle Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Protective effects of trimetazidine and coenzyme Q10 on cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity by alleviating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Anatol J Cardiol 2020; 22:232-239. [PMID: 31674935 PMCID: PMC6955063 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2019.83710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of trimetazidine (TMZ) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity in rat cardiomyocytes. Methods: Rat cardiomyocytes were isolated and subjected to cisplatin (200 µM) treatment with and without TMZ (200 µM) and CoQ10 (200 mg/L) pretreatment. The cell viability, apoptosis, oxidant and antioxidant indicators, and mitochondrial dysfunction were examined. Results: TMZ or CoQ10 significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced cell viability inhibition (p<0.01) and apoptosis (p<0.001), and the combined use of TMZ and CoQ10 pretreatment exerted a pronounced effect compared to the effects of using each of these agents individually (p<0.05). TMZ or CoQ10 inhibited the levels of reactive oxidative species (ROS, p<0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA, p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively), elevated the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, p<0.01) and catalase (CAT, p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), evidently enhanced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, p<0.05), alleviated mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss (p<0.05), and down-regulated the release of cytochrome c (cyto-c) into the cytosol (p<0.01) in cisplatin-treated cells. The combined use of TMZ and CoQ10 treatment was more effective than using either agent alone (p<0.01 for ROS, MDA, CAT, and cytosolic cyto-c; p<0.05 for SOD, nuclear Nrf2, and ΔΨm loss). Conclusion: TMZ and CoQ10 showed protective effects against cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity via attenuating oxidative stress.
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da Fonseca GWP, Farkas J, Dora E, von Haehling S, Lainscak M. Cancer Cachexia and Related Metabolic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072321. [PMID: 32230855 PMCID: PMC7177950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome marked by a continuous depletion of skeletal muscle mass associated, in some cases, with a reduction in fat mass. It is irreversible by nutritional support alone and affects up to 74% of patients with cancer-dependent on the underlying type of cancer-and is associated with physical function impairment, reduced response to cancer-related therapy, and higher mortality. Organs, like muscle, adipose tissue, and liver, play an important role in the progression of cancer cachexia by exacerbating the pro- and anti-inflammatory response initially activated by the tumor and the immune system of the host. Moreover, this metabolic dysfunction is produced by alterations in glucose, lipids, and protein metabolism that, when maintained chronically, may lead to the loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Although a couple of drugs have yielded positive results in increasing lean body mass with limited impact on physical function, a single therapy has not lead to effective treatment of this condition. Therefore, a multimodal intervention, including pharmacological agents, nutritional support, and physical exercise, may be a reasonable approach for future studies to better understand and prevent the wasting of body compartments in patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da Fonseca
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo SP 05403-900, Brazil or
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), DE-37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jerneja Farkas
- Research Unit, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia;
- National Institute of Public Health, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Dora
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia;
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), DE-37075 Goettingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Goettingen, DE-37099 Goettingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.v.H.); (M.L.); Tel.: +49-551-3920-911 (S.v.H.); +386-251-23-733 (M.L.); Fax: +49-551-3920-918 (S.v.H.); Fax: +386-252-11-007 (M.L.)
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (S.v.H.); (M.L.); Tel.: +49-551-3920-911 (S.v.H.); +386-251-23-733 (M.L.); Fax: +49-551-3920-918 (S.v.H.); Fax: +386-252-11-007 (M.L.)
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Suzuki T, Von Haehling S, Springer J. Promising models for cancer-induced cachexia drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:627-637. [PMID: 32050816 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1724954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cachexia is a frequent, multifactorial syndrome associated with cancer afflicting patients' quality of life, their ability to tolerate anti-neoplastic therapies and the therapies efficacy, as well as survival. Currently, there are no approved cancer cachexia treatments other than those for the treatment of the underlying cancer. Cancer cachexia (CC) is poorly understood and hence makes clinical trial design difficult at best. This underlines the importance of well-characterized animal models to further elucidate the pathophysiology of CC and drug discovery/development.Areas covered: This review gives an overview of the available animal models and their value and limitations in translational studies.Expert opinion: Using more than one CC model to test research questions or novel compounds/treatment strategies is strongly advisable. The main reason is that models have unique signaling modalities driving cachexia that may only relate to subgroups of cancer patients. Human xenograph CC models require the use of mice with a compromised immune system, limiting their value for translational experiments. It may prove beneficial to include standard care chemotherapy in the experimental design, as many chemotherapeutic agents can induce cachexia themselves and alter the metabolic and signaling derangements of CC and thus the response to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang WL, Li N, Shen Q, Fan M, Guo XD, Zhang XW, Zhang Z, Liu X. Establishment of a mouse model of cancer cachexia with spleen deficiency syndrome and the effects of atractylenolide I. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:237-248. [PMID: 31341256 PMCID: PMC7470874 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial metabolic syndrome that affects ∼50%-80% of cancer patients, and no effective therapy for cancer cachexia is presently available. In traditional Chinese medicine, a large portion of patients with cancer cachexia was diagnosed as spleen deficiency syndrome and treated with tonifying TCMs that produce clinic benefits. In this study we established a new animal model of spleen deficiency and cancer cachexia in mice and evaluated the therapeutic effects of atractylenolide I, an active component of tonifying TCM BaiZhu, in the mouse model. Cancer cachexia was induced in male BALB/c mice by inoculation of mouse C26 colon adenocarcinoma cells, whereas spleen deficiency syndrome was induced by treating the mice with spleen deficiency-inducing factors, including limited feeding, fatigue, and purging. The mouse model was characterized by both cachexia and spleen deficiency characteristics, including significant body weight loss, cancer growth, muscle atrophy, fat lipolysis, spleen, and thymus atrophy as compared with healthy control mice, cancer cachexia mice, and spleen deficiency mice. Oral administration of atractylenolide I (20 mg· kg-1per day, for 30 days) significantly ameliorated the reduction in body weight and atrophy of muscle, fat, spleen, and thymus in mice with spleen deficiency and cachexia. The established model of spleen deficiency and cancer cachexia might be useful in the future for screening possible anticachexia TCMs and clarifying their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Na Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Men Fan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Guo
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial disease characterized by a pathologic shift of metabolism towards a more catabolic state. It frequently occurs in patients with chronic diseases such as chronic heart failure and is especially common in the elderly. In patients at risk, cardiac cachexia is found in about 10% of heart failure patients. The negative impact of cardiac cachexia on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life demonstrates the urgent need to find new effective therapies against cardiac cachexia. Furthermore, exercise training and nutritional support can help patients with cardiac cachexia. Despite ongoing efforts to find new therapies for cachexia treatment, also new preventive strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lena
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Charité-Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Föhrer Str. 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Ebner
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus S Anker
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Charité-Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Föhrer Str. 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Yang Y, Li N, Chen T, Zhang C, Liu L, Qi Y, Bu P. Trimetazidine ameliorates sunitinib-induced cardiotoxicity in mice via the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:625-631. [PMID: 31545912 PMCID: PMC6764339 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1657905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Context: Sunitinib (SU) is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor anticancer agent whose clinical use is often limited by cardiovascular complications. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is an anti-angina agent that has been demonstrated cardioprotective effects in numerous cardiovascular conditions, but its potential effects in SU-induced cardiotoxicity have not been investigated. Objective: This study investigates the effect of TMZ in sunitinib-induced cardiotoxicity in vivo and in vitro and molecular mechanisms. Materials and methods: Male 129S1/SvImJ mice were treated with vehicle, SU (40 mg/kg/d) or SU and TMZ (20 mg/kg/d) via oral gavage for 28 days, and cardiovascular functions and cardiac protein expressions were examined. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were treated with vehicle, SU (2-10 μM) or SU and TMZ (40-120 μM) for 48 h, and cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy, and protein expression was tested. Results: SU induces hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] + 28.33 ± 5.00 mmHg) and left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] - 11.16 ± 2.53%) in mice. In H9c2 cardiomyocytes, SU reduces cell viability (IC50 4.07 μM) and inhibits the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway (p < 0.05). TMZ co-administration with SU reverses SU-induced cardiotoxicity in mice (SBP - 23.75 ± 4.69 mmHg, LVEF + 10.95 ± 3.317%), alleviates cell viability loss in H9c2 cardiomyocytes (p < 0.01) and activates the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway in vivo (p < 0.001) and in vitro (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusions: Our results suggest TMZ as a potential cardioprotective approach for cardiovascular complications during SU regimen, and potentially for cardiotoxicity of other anticancer chemotherapies associated with cardiomyocyte autophagic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Cardiology, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tongshuai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lingxin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peili Bu
- Department of Cardiology, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- CONTACT Peili Bu Department of Cardiology, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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Ucci S, Renzini A, Russi V, Mangialardo C, Cammarata I, Cavioli G, Santaguida MG, Virili C, Centanni M, Adamo S, Moresi V, Verga-Falzacappa C. Thyroid Hormone Protects from Fasting-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Promoting Metabolic Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225754. [PMID: 31731814 PMCID: PMC6888244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate a wide range of cellular responses, via non-genomic and genomic actions, depending on cell-specific thyroid hormone transporters, co-repressors, or co-activators. Skeletal muscle has been identified as a direct target of thyroid hormone T3, where it regulates stem cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as myofiber metabolism. However, the effects of T3 in muscle-wasting conditions have not been yet addressed. Being T3 primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolism, we challenged mice with fasting and found that T3 counteracted starvation-induced muscle atrophy. Interestingly, T3 did not prevent the activation of the main catabolic pathways, i.e., the ubiquitin-proteasome or the autophagy-lysosomal systems, nor did it stimulate de novo muscle synthesis in starved muscles. Transcriptome analyses revealed that T3 mainly affected the metabolic processes in starved muscle. Further analyses of myofiber metabolism revealed that T3 prevented the starvation-mediated metabolic shift, thus preserving skeletal muscle mass. Our study elucidated new T3 functions in regulating skeletal muscle homeostasis and metabolism in pathological conditions, opening to new potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarassunta Ucci
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
| | - Alessandra Renzini
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Valentina Russi
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
| | - Claudia Mangialardo
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
| | - Giorgia Cavioli
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Maria Giulia Santaguida
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (M.G.S.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Camilla Virili
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (M.G.S.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Centanni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (M.G.S.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Sergio Adamo
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Viviana Moresi
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cecilia Verga-Falzacappa
- Pasteur Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.U.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (I.C.); (C.V.-F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (M.G.S.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
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de Castro GS, Simoes E, Lima JDCC, Ortiz-Silva M, Festuccia WT, Tokeshi F, Alcântara PS, Otoch JP, Coletti D, Seelaender M. Human Cachexia Induces Changes in Mitochondria, Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Skeletal Muscle. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1264. [PMID: 31466311 PMCID: PMC6770124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting syndrome characterized by the continuous loss of skeletal muscle mass due to imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, which is related with poor prognosis and compromised quality of life. Dysfunctional mitochondria are associated with lower muscle strength and muscle atrophy in cancer patients, yet poorly described in human cachexia. We herein investigated mitochondrial morphology, autophagy and apoptosis in the skeletal muscle of patients with gastrointestinal cancer-associated cachexia (CC), as compared with a weight-stable cancer group (WSC). CC showed prominent weight loss and increased circulating levels of serum C-reactive protein, lower body mass index and decreased circulating hemoglobin, when compared to WSC. Electron microscopy analysis revealed an increase in intermyofibrillar mitochondrial area in CC, as compared to WSC. Relative gene expression of Fission 1, a protein related to mitochondrial fission, was increased in CC, as compared to WSC. LC3 II, autophagy-related (ATG) 5 and 7 essential proteins for autophagosome formation, presented higher content in the cachectic group. Protein levels of phosphorylated p53 (Ser46), activated caspase 8 (Asp384) and 9 (Asp315) were also increased in the skeletal muscle of CC. Overall, our results demonstrate that human cancer-associated cachexia leads to exacerbated muscle-stress response that may culminate in muscle loss, which is in part due to disruption of mitochondrial morphology, dysfunctional autophagy and increased apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing quantitative morphological alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondria in cachectic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S de Castro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Estefania Simoes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanna D C C Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Tokeshi
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Alcântara
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José P Otoch
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario Coletti
- Department of Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A (CNRS UMR 8256-INSERM ERL U1164-UPMC P6), Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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