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Siasios A, Delis G, Tsingotjidou A, Pourlis A, Grivas I. Adrenal glands of mice and rats: A comparative morphometric study. Lab Anim 2021; 56:247-258. [PMID: 34541948 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211044352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mice and rats are among the most used laboratory animals. They share numerous similarities along with differences, some yet unexplored. One of them is the morphometry of their adrenal glands, whose characteristics may be related to differences in energy management, immune response, drug metabolism, behaviour and temperament. The present study tries to fill this knowledge gap with the evaluation and comparison of adrenal gland anatomical/morphometric parameters of mice and rats. In groups of 10 (n = 10) adult, male and female BALB/c mice and Wistar rats, one in every 20 sections transverse to the longitudinal axis of the gland was used for measuring entire gland area, capsule, entire cortex, cortex zones and medulla with the aid of an image analysis system and subjected to statistical analysis. Quotients of the individual areas were calculated and comparison between the resulting ratios was performed. Gland length and volume were also calculated. Statistically significant differences were revealed between the rat female and male cortex area, rat and mouse medulla/cortex, medulla/gland, zona glomerulosa/cortex and cortex/gland ratios, male and female rats' medulla/cortex, medulla/gland, capsule/gland, zona glomerulosa/cortex, zona reticularis/cortex and zona glomerulosa/zona fasciculata ratios, length and volume. The correlation evaluation revealed that in male rats and in female mice the larger medulla area was accompanied by a larger cortex area and vice versa. In general, a larger cortex area was accompanied by larger areas of cortex zones. The collected data and the revealed differences can possibly contribute to the understanding of the physiology of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Siasios
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Delis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aris Pourlis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Hasenmajer V, Bonaventura I, Minnetti M, Sada V, Sbardella E, Isidori AM. Non-Canonical Effects of ACTH: Insights Into Adrenal Insufficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:701263. [PMID: 34489864 PMCID: PMC8416901 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.701263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced from proopiomelanocortin, which is predominantly synthetized in the corticotroph and melanotroph cells of the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Although ACTH clearly has an effect on adrenal homeostasis and maintenance of steroid hormone production, it also has extra-adrenal effects that require further elucidation. Methods We comprehensively reviewed English language articles, regardless of whether they reported the presence or absence of adrenal and extra-adrenal ACTH effects. Results In the present review, we provide an overview on the current knowledge on adrenal and extra-adrenal effects of ACTH. In the section on adrenal ACTH effects, we focused on corticosteroid rhythmicity and effects on steroidogenesis, mineralocorticoids and adrenal growth. In the section on extra-adrenal effects, we have analyzed the effects of ACTH on the osteoarticular and reproductive systems, adipocytes, immune system, brain and skin. Finally, we focused on adrenal insufficiency. Conclusions The role of ACTH in maintaining the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is well known. Conversely, if we broaden our vision and analyze its role as a potential treatment strategy in other conditions, it will be evident in the literature that researchers seem to have abandoned this aspect in studies conducted several years ago. We believe it is worth re-evaluating the role of ACTH considering its noncanonical effects on the adrenal gland itself and on extra-adrenal organs and tissues; however, this would not have been possible without the recent advances in the pertinent technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea M. Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome - Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
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3
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Ajdžanović V, Miler M, Živanović J, Filipović B, Šošić-Jurjević B, Popovska-Perčinić F, Milošević V. The adrenal cortex after estradiol or daidzein application in a rat model of the andropause: Structural and hormonal study. Ann Anat 2020; 230:151487. [PMID: 32120001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Daidzein application may represent an effective and less harmful alternative to indicated, classical estrogenization of ageing men. The aim of this study was to perform structural and hormonal analysis of the adrenal cortex, after estradiol or daidzein supplementation in a rat model of the andropause. MATERIAL AND METHODS Middle-aged Wistar rats were divided into sham operated (SO; n = 8), orchidectomized (Orx; n = 8), estradiol treated orchidectomized (Orx + E; n = 8) and daidzein treated orchidectomized (Orx + D; n = 8) groups. Estradiol (0.625 mg/kg b.m./day) or daidzein (30 mg/kg b.m./day) were administered subcutaneously for three weeks, while the SO and Orx groups received the vehicle alone. Set objectives were achieved using stereology, histochemistry/immunohistochemistry, immunoassays and ultrastructural analysis. RESULTS Both estradiol and daidzein treatment significantly increased volumes of the zona glomerulosa cell and nuclei, but decreased circulating aldosterone levels. Estradiol markedly increased volumes of the zona fasciculata cell and nuclei in parallel with significant decrease of the adrenal tissue level of corticosterone, while daidzein significantly decreased both the adrenal and circulating levels of corticosterone. Serum DHEA level and volumes of the zona reticularis cell and nuclei significantly increased upon estradiol treatment, whereas daidzein even stronger increased the circulating level of DHEA. Shunting of the corticosteroidogenesis pathways towards adrenal androgens production, after the treatments, corresponded to the ultrastructural findings and zonal capillary network rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS Given the coherence of its effects and relative safety, daidzein could be the remedy of choice for the treatment of ageing-caused androgen deprivation and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperfunction/related metabolic issues in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ajdžanović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Miler
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Živanović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Filipović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Šošić-Jurjević
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Verica Milošević
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Rege J, Turcu AF, Else T, Auchus RJ, Rainey WE. Steroid biomarkers in human adrenal disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:273-280. [PMID: 30707926 PMCID: PMC6707065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal steroidogenesis is a robust process, involving a series of enzymatic reactions that facilitate conversion of cholesterol into biologically active steroid hormones under the stimulation of angiotensin II, adrenocorticotropic hormone and other regulators. The biosynthesis of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal-derived androgens occur in separate adrenocortical zones as a result of the segregated expression of steroidogenic enzymes and cofactors. This mini review provides the principles of adrenal steroidogenesis, including the classic and under-appreciated 11-oxygenated androgen pathways. Several adrenal diseases result from dysregulated adrenal steroid synthesis. Herein, we review growing evidence that adrenal diseases exhibit characteristic modifications from normal adrenal steroid pathways that provide opportunities for the discovery of biomarker steroids that would improve diagnosis and monitoring of adrenal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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5
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Pittaway JFH, Guasti L. Pathobiology and genetics of adrenocortical carcinoma. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R105-R119. [PMID: 30072419 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with an incidence worldwide of 0.7-2.0 cases/million/year. Initial staging is the most important factor in determining prognosis. If diagnosed early, complete surgical resection +/- adjuvant treatment can lead to 5-year survival of up to 80%. However, often it is diagnosed late and in advanced disease, 5-year survival is <15% with a high recurrence rate even after radical surgery. The mainstay of adjuvant treatment is with the drug mitotane. Mitotane has a specific cytotoxic effect on steroidogenic cells of the adrenal cortex, but despite this, progression through treatment is common. Developments in genetic analysis in the form of next-generation sequencing, aided by bioinformatics, have enabled high-throughput molecular characterisation of these tumours. This, in addition to a better appreciation of the processes of physiological, homeostatic self-renewal of the adrenal cortex, has furthered our understanding of the pathogenesis of this malignancy. In this review, we have detailed the pathobiology and genetic alterations in adrenocortical carcinoma by integrating current understanding of homeostasis and self-renewal in the normal adrenal cortex with molecular profiling of tumours from recent genetic analyses. Improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in self-renewal and stem cell hierarchy in normal human adrenal cortices, together with the identification of cell populations likely to be co-opted by oncogenic mutations, will enable further progress in the definition of the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ACC. The combination of these advances eventually will lead to the development of novel, effective and personalised strategies to eradicate molecularly annotated ACCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F H Pittaway
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Meimaridou E, Goldsworthy M, Chortis V, Fragouli E, Foster PA, Arlt W, Cox R, Metherell LA. NNT is a key regulator of adrenal redox homeostasis and steroidogenesis in male mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:13-28. [PMID: 29046340 PMCID: PMC5744559 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, NNT, is a ubiquitous protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane with a key role in mitochondrial redox balance. NNT produces high concentrations of NADPH for detoxification of reactive oxygen species by glutathione and thioredoxin pathways. In humans, NNT dysfunction leads to an adrenal-specific disorder, glucocorticoid deficiency. Certain substrains of C57BL/6 mice contain a spontaneously occurring inactivating Nnt mutation and display glucocorticoid deficiency along with glucose intolerance and reduced insulin secretion. To understand the underlying mechanism(s) behind the glucocorticoid deficiency, we performed comprehensive RNA-seq on adrenals from wild-type (C57BL/6N), mutant (C57BL/6J) and BAC transgenic mice overexpressing Nnt (C57BL/6JBAC). The following results were obtained. Our data suggest that Nnt deletion (or overexpression) reduces adrenal steroidogenic output by decreasing the expression of crucial, mitochondrial antioxidant (Prdx3 and Txnrd2) and steroidogenic (Cyp11a1) enzymes. Pathway analysis also revealed upregulation of heat shock protein machinery and haemoglobins possibly in response to the oxidative stress initiated by NNT ablation. In conclusion, using transcriptomic profiling in adrenals from three mouse models, we showed that disturbances in adrenal redox homeostasis are mediated not only by under expression of NNT but also by its overexpression. Further, we demonstrated that both under expression or overexpression of NNT reduced corticosterone output implying a central role for it in the control of steroidogenesis. This is likely due to a reduction in the expression of a key steroidogenic enzyme, Cyp11a1, which mirrored the reduction in corticosterone output.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meimaridou
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - M Goldsworthy
- MRC Harwell InstituteGenetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - V Chortis
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - E Fragouli
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - P A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - W Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Cox
- MRC Harwell InstituteGenetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - L A Metherell
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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7
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Penny MK, Finco I, Hammer GD. Cell signaling pathways in the adrenal cortex: Links to stem/progenitor biology and neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:42-54. [PMID: 27940298 PMCID: PMC5508551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is a dynamic tissue responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens in humans. Advances have been made in understanding the role of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cell populations in cortex homeostasis and self-renewal. Recently, large molecular profiling studies of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) have given insights into proteins and signaling pathways involved in normal tissue homeostasis that become dysregulated in cancer. These data provide an impetus to examine the cellular pathways implicated in adrenocortical disease and study connections, or lack thereof, between adrenal homeostasis and tumorigenesis, with a particular focus on stem and progenitor cell pathways. In this review, we discuss evidence for stem/progenitor cells in the adrenal cortex, proteins and signaling pathways that may regulate these cells, and the role these proteins play in pathologic and neoplastic conditions. In turn, we also examine common perturbations in adrenocortical tumors (ACT) and how these proteins and pathways may be involved in adrenal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K Penny
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Isabella Finco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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8
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Ajdžanović V, Jarić I, Miler M, Filipović B, Šošić-Jurjević B, Ristić N, Milenkovic D, Milošević V. Diosgenin-caused changes of the adrenal gland histological parameters in a rat model of the menopause. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:48-56. [PMID: 27889068 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin of natural origin, has demonstrated benefits when it comes to the treatment of malignancies, cardiovascular issues and menopausal symptoms. In this study, we investigated the histological changes of the adrenal gland after diosgenin application in a rat model of the menopause. Middle-aged, acyclic female Wistar rats were divided into control (C; n=6) and diosgenin treated (D; n=6) groups. Diosgenin (100mg/kg b.w./day) was orally administered for four weeks, while C group received the vehicle alone. A histological approach included design-based stereology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The adrenal cortex volume decreased in D females by 15% (p<0.05) while the volume of adrenal medulla increased (p<0.05) by 64%, compared to the same parameters in C group. Volume density of the zona glomerulosa (expressed per absolute adrenal gland volume) in D rats increased (p<0.05) by 22% in comparison with C animals. Diosgenin treatment decreased (p<0.05) the volume density of the zona fasciculata (expressed per volume of adrenal cortex) by 15% when compared to C females. Absolute volume of the zona reticularis in D group decreased (p<0.05) by 38% in comparison with the same parameter in C rats. Also, after diosgenin application, the volume density of the zona reticularis (expressed per volume of adrenal cortex) and the zona reticularis cell volume were decreased by 51% and 20% (p<0.05) respectively, compared to C animals. Our results, reflecting a decrease in many stereological parameters of the adrenal cortex, indicate that diosgenin took over the role of corticosteroid precursors and became incorporated into steroidogenesis.
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Vinson GP. Functional Zonation of the Adult Mammalian Adrenal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:238. [PMID: 27378832 PMCID: PMC4908136 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard model of adrenocortical zonation holds that the three main zones, glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis each have a distinct function, producing mineralocorticoids (in fact just aldosterone), glucocorticoids, and androgens respectively. Moreover, each zone has its specific mechanism of regulation, though ACTH has actions throughout. Finally, the cells of the cortex originate from a stem cell population in the outer cortex or capsule, and migrate centripetally, changing their phenotype as they progress through the zones. Recent progress in understanding the development of the gland and the distribution of steroidogenic enzymes, trophic hormone receptors, and other factors suggests that this model needs refinement. Firstly, proliferation can take place throughout the gland, and although the stem cells are certainly located in the periphery, zonal replenishment can take place within zones. Perhaps more importantly, neither the distribution of enzymes nor receptors suggest that the individual zones are necessarily autonomous in their production of steroid. This is particularly true of the glomerulosa, which does not seem to have the full suite of enzymes required for aldosterone biosynthesis. Nor, in the rat anyway, does it express MC2R to account for the response of aldosterone to ACTH. It is known that in development, recruitment of stem cells is stimulated by signals from within the glomerulosa. Furthermore, throughout the cortex local regulatory factors, including cytokines, catecholamines and the tissue renin-angiotensin system, modify and refine the effects of the systemic trophic factors. In these and other ways it more and more appears that the functions of the gland should be viewed as an integrated whole, greater than the sum of its component parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Vinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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10
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Gallo-Payet N. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T135-56. [PMID: 26793988 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a pivotal role in homeostasis and stress response and is thus the major component of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. After a brief summary of ACTH production from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and on ACTH receptor properties, the first part of the review covers the role of ACTH in steroidogenesis and steroid secretion. We highlight the mechanisms explaining the differential acute vs chronic effects of ACTH on aldosterone and glucocorticoid secretion. The second part summarizes the effects of ACTH on adrenal growth, addressing its role as either a mitogenic or a differentiating factor. We then review the mechanisms involved in steroid secretion, from the classical Cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger system to various signaling cascades. We also consider how the interaction between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton may trigger activation of signaling platforms potentially stimulating or repressing the steroidogenic potency of ACTH. Finally, we consider the extra-adrenal actions of ACTH, in particular its role in differentiation in a variety of cell types, in addition to its known lipolytic effects on adipocytes. In each section, we endeavor to correlate basic mechanisms of ACTH function with the pathological consequences of ACTH signaling deficiency and of overproduction of ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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11
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França MM, Abreu NP, Vrechi TAM, Lotfi CF. POD-1/Tcf21 overexpression reduces endogenous SF-1 and StAR expression in rat adrenal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:1087-94. [PMID: 26421867 PMCID: PMC4661024 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During gonad and adrenal development, the POD-1/capsulin/TCF21transcription factor negatively regulates SF-1/NR5A1expression, with higher SF-1 levels being associated with increased adrenal cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. In adrenocortical tumor cells, POD-1 binds to the SF-1 E-box promoter region, decreasing SF-1 expression. However, the modulation of SF-1 expression by POD-1 has not previously been described in normal adrenal cells. Here, we analyzed the basal expression of Pod-1 and Sf-1 in primary cultures of glomerulosa (G) and fasciculata/reticularis (F/R) cells isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats, and investigated whether POD-1 overexpression modulates the expression of endogenous Sf-1 and its target genes in these cells. POD-1 overexpression, following the transfection of pCMVMycPod-1, significantly decreased the endogenous levels of Sf-1 mRNA and protein in F/R cells, but not in G cells, and also decreased the expression of the SF-1 target StAR in F/R cells. In G cells overexpressing POD-1, no modulation of the expression of SF-1 targets, StAR and CYP11B2, was observed. Our data showing that G and F/R cells respond differently to ectopic POD-1 expression emphasize the functional differences between the outer and inner zones of the adrenal cortex, and support the hypothesis that SF-1 is regulated by POD-1/Tcf21 in normal adrenocortical cells lacking the alterations in cellular physiology found in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M França
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N P Abreu
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T A M Vrechi
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C F Lotfi
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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12
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Rege J, Nishimoto HK, Nishimoto K, Rodgers RJ, Auchus RJ, Rainey WE. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 (BMP4): A Paracrine Regulator of Human Adrenal C19 Steroid Synthesis. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2530-40. [PMID: 25868050 PMCID: PMC4475723 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) comprise one of the largest subgroups in the TGF-β ligand superfamily. We have identified a functional BMP system equipped with the ligand (BMP4), receptors (BMP type II receptor, BMP type IA receptor, also called ALK3) and the signaling proteins, namely the mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 1, 4, and 5 in the human adrenal gland and the human adrenocortical cell line H295R. Microarray, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry confirmed that BMP4 expression was highest in the adrenal zona glomerulosa followed by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Treatment of H295R cells with BMP4 caused phosphorylation of the mothers against decapentaplegic and a profound decrease in synthesis of the C19 steroids dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and androstenedione. Administration of BMP4 to cultures of H295R cells also caused a profound decrease in the mRNA and protein levels of 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1 and P450c17, respectively) but no significant effect on the mRNA levels of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (CYP11A1) or type 2 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2). Furthermore, Noggin (a BMP inhibitor) was able to reverse the negative effects of BMP4 with respect to both CYP17A1 transcription and DHEA secretion in the H295R cell line. Collectively the present data suggest that BMP4 is an autocrine/paracrine negative regulator of C19 steroid synthesis in the human adrenal and works by suppressing P450c17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Hiromi Koso Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Raymond J Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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13
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Zhou J, Shaikh LH, Neogi SG, McFarlane I, Zhao W, Figg N, Brighton CA, Maniero C, Teo AED, Azizan EAB, Brown MJ. DACH1, a zona glomerulosa selective gene in the human adrenal, activates transforming growth factor-β signaling and suppresses aldosterone secretion. Hypertension 2015; 65:1103-10. [PMID: 25776071 PMCID: PMC4387203 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Common somatic mutations in CACNAID and ATP1A1 may define a subgroup of smaller, zona glomerulosa (ZG)-like aldosterone-producing adenomas. We have therefore sought signature ZG genes, which may provide insight into the frequency and pathogenesis of ZG-like aldosterone-producing adenomas. Twenty-one pairs of zona fasciculata and ZG and 14 paired aldosterone-producing adenomas from 14 patients with Conn's syndrome and 7 patients with pheochromocytoma were assayed by the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Validation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on genes >10-fold upregulated in ZG (compared with zona fasciculata) and >10-fold upregulated in aldosterone-producing adenomas (compared with ZG). DACH1, a gene associated with tumor progression, was further analyzed. The role of DACH1 on steroidogenesis, transforming growth factor-β, and Wnt signaling activity was assessed in the human adrenocortical cell line, H295R. Immunohistochemistry confirmed selective expression of DACH1 in human ZG. Silencing of DACH1 in H295R cells increased CYP11B2 mRNA levels and aldosterone production, whereas overexpression of DACH1 decreased aldosterone production. Overexpression of DACH1 in H295R cells activated the transforming growth factor-β and canonical Wnt signaling pathways but inhibited the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway. Stimulation of primary human adrenal cells with angiotensin II decreased DACH1 mRNA expression. Interestingly, there was little overlap between our top ZG genes and those in rodent ZG. In conclusion, (1) the transcriptome profile of human ZG differs from rodent ZG, (2) DACH1 inhibits aldosterone secretion in human adrenals, and (3) transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway is activated in DACH1 overexpressed cells and may mediate inhibition of aldosterone secretion in human adrenals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhou
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Lalarukh Haris Shaikh
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Sudeshna G Neogi
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Ian McFarlane
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Wanfeng Zhao
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Nichola Figg
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Cheryl A Brighton
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Carmela Maniero
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Ada E D Teo
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Elena A B Azizan
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Morris J Brown
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (J.Z., L.H.S., C.A.B., C.M., A.E.D.T, E.A.B.A., M.J.B.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.F.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, GenomicsCoreLab, Cambridge NIHR BRC, Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.G.N., I.M.), and Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (W.Z.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E.A.B.A.).
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review fundamentals in adrenal gland histophysiology. Key findings regarding the important signaling pathways involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis and adrenal growth are summarized. We illustrate how adrenal gland morphology and function are deeply interconnected in which novel signaling pathways (Wnt, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, β-catenin) or ionic channels are required for their integrity. Emphasis is given to exploring the mechanisms and challenges underlying the regulation of proliferation, growth, and functionality. Also addressed is the fact that while it is now well-accepted that steroidogenesis results from an enzymatic shuttle between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, key questions still remain on the various aspects related to cellular uptake and delivery of free cholesterol. The significant progress achieved over the past decade regarding the precise molecular mechanisms by which the two main regulators of adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II act on their receptors is reviewed, including structure-activity relationships and their potential applications. Particular attention has been given to crucial second messengers and how various kinases, phosphatases, and cytoskeleton-associated proteins interact to ensure homeostasis and/or meet physiological demands. References to animal studies are also made in an attempt to unravel associated clinical conditions. Many of the aspects addressed in this article still represent a challenge for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence that the adrenal gland, through its steroid hormones, occupies a central position in many situations where homeostasis is disrupted, thus highlighting the relevance of exploring and understanding how this key organ is regulated. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:889-964, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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15
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de Mendonca POR, Costa IC, Lotfi CFP. The involvement of Nek2 and Notch in the proliferation of rat adrenal cortex triggered by POMC-derived peptides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108657. [PMID: 25279464 PMCID: PMC4184836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland is a dynamic organ that undergoes constant cell turnover. This allows for rapid organ remodeling in response to the physiological demands of the HPA axis, which is controlled by proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and N-Terminal peptides (N-POMC). In the rat adrenal cortex, POMC-derived peptides trigger a mitogenic effect, and this process increases cyclins D and E, while inhibiting p27Kip1. The goal of the present study was to further explore the mitogenic effect of ACTH and synthetic N-POMC1–28 peptides by investigating the differences in the expression of key genes involved in the cell cycle of the rat adrenal cortex, following inhibition of the HPA axis. Moreover, we evaluated the differences between the inner and outer fractions of the adrenal cortex (ZF-fraction and ZG-fraction) in terms of their response patterns to different stimuli. In the current study, the inhibition of the HPA axis repressed the expression of Ccnb2, Camk2a, and Nek2 genes throughout the adrenal cortex, while treatments with POMC-derived peptides stimulated Nek2, gene and protein expression, and Notch2 gene expression. Furthermore, Notch1 protein expression was restricted to the subcapsular region of the cortex, an area of the adrenal cortex that is well-known for proliferation. We also showed that different regions of the adrenal cortex respond to HPA-axis inhibition and to induction with POMC-derived peptides at different times. These results suggest that cells in the ZG and ZF fractions could be at different phases of the cell cycle. Our results contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell cycle regulation in adrenocortical cells triggered by N-POMC peptides and ACTH, and highlight the involvement of genes such as Nek2 and Notch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismael Cabral Costa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Rege J, Nakamura Y, Wang T, Merchen TD, Sasano H, Rainey WE. Transcriptome profiling reveals differentially expressed transcripts between the human adrenal zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E518-27. [PMID: 24423296 PMCID: PMC3942232 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The human adrenal zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona reticularis (ZR) are responsible for the production of cortisol and 19-carbon steroids (often called adrenal androgens), respectively. However, the gene profiles and exact molecular mechanisms leading to the functional phenotype of the ZF and ZR are still not clearly defined. In the present study, we identified the transcripts that are differentially expressed in the ZF and ZR. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare the transcriptome profiles of ZF and ZR. DESIGN AND METHODS ZF and ZR were microdissected from 10 human adrenals. Total RNA was extracted from 10 ZF/ZR pairs and hybridized to Illumina microarray chips. The 10 most differentially expressed transcripts were studied with quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). Immunohistochemistry was also performed on four zone-specific genes. RESULTS Microarray results demonstrated that only 347 transcripts of the 47 231 were significantly different by 2-fold or greater in the ZF and ZR. ZF had 195 transcripts with 2-fold or greater increase compared with its paired ZR, whereas ZR was found to have 152 transcripts with 2-fold or greater higher expression than in ZF. Microarray and qPCR analysis of transcripts encoding steroidogenic enzymes (n = 10) demonstrated that only 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, steroid sulfotransferase, type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and cytochrome b5 were significantly different. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR studies confirmed that the ZF had an increased expression of lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 and nephroblastoma overexpressed, whereas ZR showed an increased expression of solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter) (SLC27A2), member 2 and TSPAN12 (tetraspanin 12) CONCLUSION: Microarray revealed several novel candidate genes for elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing the ZF and ZR, thereby increasing our understanding of the functional zonation of these two adrenocortical zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (J.R., W.E.R.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Departments of Physiology (J.R., T.W., W.E.R.) and Surgery (T.D.M.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; and Department of Pathology (Y.N., H.S.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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17
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Chang SP, Morrison HD, Nilsson F, Kenyon CJ, West JD, Morley SD. Cell proliferation, movement and differentiation during maintenance of the adult mouse adrenal cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81865. [PMID: 24324726 PMCID: PMC3852665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate maintenance and regeneration of adult endocrine organs is important in both normal physiology and disease. We investigated cell proliferation, movement and differentiation in the adult mouse adrenal cortex, using different 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling regimens and immunostaining for phenotypic steroidogenic cell markers. Pulse-labelling showed that cell division was largely confined to the outer cortex, with most cells moving inwards towards the medulla at around 13-20 µm per day, though a distinct labelled cell population remained in the outer 10% of the cortex. Pulse-chase-labelling coupled with phenotypic immunostaining showed that, unlike cells in the inner cortex, most BrdU-positive outer cortical cells did not express steroidogenic markers, while co-staining for BrdU and Ki67 revealed that some outer cortical BrdU-positive cells were induced to proliferate following acute adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment. Extended pulse-chase-labelling identified cells in the outer cortex which retained BrdU label for up to 18-23 weeks. Together, these observations are consistent with the location of both slow-cycling stem/progenitor and transiently amplifying cell populations in the outer cortex. Understanding the relationships between these distinct adrenocortical cell populations will be crucial to clarify mechanisms underpinning adrenocortical maintenance and long-term adaptation to pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ping Chang
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish D. Morrison
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Nilsson
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Kenyon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John D. West
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Morley
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *
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18
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Guasti L, Cavlan D, Cogger K, Banu Z, Shakur A, Latif S, King PJ. Dlk1 up-regulates Gli1 expression in male rat adrenal capsule cells through the activation of β1 integrin and ERK1/2. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4675-84. [PMID: 24064361 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of the zones of the adrenal cortex and their steroidal output are extremely important in the control of gluconeogenesis, the stress response, and blood volume. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the adrenal cortex and signals to capsular cells, which can respond by migrating into the cortex and converting into a steroidogenic phenotype. Delta-like homologue 1 (Dlk1), a member of the Notch/Delta/Serrate family of epidermal growth factor-like repeat-containing proteins, has a well-established role in inhibiting adipocyte differentiation. We demonstrate that Shh and Dlk1 are coexpressed in the outer undifferentiated zone of the male rat adrenal and that Dlk1 signals to the adrenal capsule, activating glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 transcription in a β1 integrin- and Erk1/2-dependent fashion. Moreover, Shh and Dlk1 expression inversely correlates with the size of the zona glomerulosa in rats after manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system, suggesting a role in the homeostatic maintenance of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
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19
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Bozzo AA, Soñez CA, Monedero Cobeta I, Rolando A, Romanini MC, Cots D, Lazarte MA, Gauna HF, Mugnaini MT. Chronic stress and its effects on adrenal cortex apoptosis in pregnant rats. Biotech Histochem 2013; 89:296-303. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.846478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Epimedium flavonoids counteract the side effects of glucocorticoids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:938425. [PMID: 24174984 PMCID: PMC3794657 DOI: 10.1155/2013/938425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that the epimedium herb, when simultaneously used with GCs, counteracted suppressive effects of GCs on the HPA axis without adverse influence on the therapeutic action of GCs. Here, total flavones were extracted from the epimedium flavonoids (EFs) and then used to investigate whether EFs provide protective effects on the HPA axis. We found that GCs induced a significant decrease in body weight gain, adrenal gland weight gain, and plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone levels. After treatment with EFs, body weight gain, adrenal gland weight gain, and plasma corticosterone level were significantly restored, whilst plasma ACTH level was partially elevated. EFs were also shown to promote cell proliferation in the outer layer of adrenal cortex and to enhance the migration of newly divided cells toward the inner layer. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) was measured, and EFs significantly upregulated IGF-II expression. Our results indicated that EFs counteract the suppression of the HPA axis induced by GCs. This may involve both the ACTH and IGF-II pathways and thereby promote regeneration of the adrenal cortex suggesting a potential clinical application of EFs against the suppressive effects of GCs on the HPA axis.
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21
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Nishimoto K, Rainey WE, Bollag WB, Seki T. Lessons from the gene expression pattern of the rat zona glomerulosa. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371:107-13. [PMID: 23287491 PMCID: PMC3625490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified hundreds of transcripts with differential expression in rat zona glomerulosa (zG) and zona fasciculata. Although the genes up-regulated in the zG may be playing important roles in aldosterone production, the relationship between most of these genes and aldosterone production has not been uncovered. Because aldosterone, in the presence of a high sodium diet, is now considered a significant cardiovascular risk factor, in this review we performed gene ontology and pathway analyses on the same microarray data to better define the genes that may influence zG function. Overall, we identified a number of genes that may be involved in aldosterone production through transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), WNT, calcium, potassium, and ACTH signaling pathways. The list of genes we present in the current report may become an important tool for researchers working on primary aldosteronism and aldosterone-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Department of Urology, Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo 190-8531, Japan
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - Tsugio Seki
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Corresponding author: Tsugio Seki, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, CA3064, Augusta, GA 30912; Tel., +1-706-721-1321; Fax., +1-706-721-7299
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22
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Yates R, Katugampola H, Cavlan D, Cogger K, Meimaridou E, Hughes C, Metherell L, Guasti L, King P. Adrenocortical Development, Maintenance, and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:239-312. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The main function of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is to degrade cAMP, a ubiquitous second messenger. Therefore, PDEs can function as prime regulators of cAMP/PKA-dependent processes such as steroidogenesis. Until recently, the roles of the PDE8 family have been largely unexplored, presumably due to the lack of a selective inhibitor. This review focuses on recent reports about the regulatory roles of the PDE8 family in adrenal steroidogenesis, as well as the inhibitory properties and specificity of a new PDE8-selective inhibitor, PF-04957325. We also describe a method of measuring urinary corticosterone levels in vivo as a minimally invasive way of monitoring the stress level in a mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-C L Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280, USA
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Donner NC, Montoya CD, Lukkes JL, Lowry CA. Chronic non-invasive corticosterone administration abolishes the diurnal pattern of tph2 expression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:645-61. [PMID: 21924839 PMCID: PMC3249349 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and serotonergic systems are commonly dysregulated in stress-related psychiatric disorders. We describe here a non-invasive rat model for hypercortisolism, as observed in major depression, and its effects on physiology, behavior, and the expression of tph2, the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 2, the rate-limiting enzyme for brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) synthesis. We delivered corticosterone (40 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml or 400 μg/ml) or vehicle to adrenal-intact adult, male rats via the drinking water for 3 weeks. On days 15, 16, 17 and 18, respectively, the rats' emotionality was assessed in the open-field (OF), social interaction (SI), elevated plus-maze (EPM), and forced swim tests (FST). On day 21, half of the rats in each group were killed 2h into the dark phase of a 12/12 h reversed light/dark cycle; the other half were killed 2h into the light phase. We then measured indices of HPA axis activity, plasma glucose and interleukin-6 (IL-6) availability, and neuronal tph2 expression at each time point. Chronic corticosterone intake was sufficient to cause increased anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in a dose-dependent manner. It also disrupted the diurnal pattern of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), corticosterone, and glucose concentrations, caused adrenal atrophy, and prevented regular weight gain. No diurnal or treatment-dependent changes were found for plasma concentrations of IL-6. Remarkably, all doses of corticosterone treatment abolished the diurnal variation of tph2 mRNA expression in the brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) by elevating the gene's expression during the animals' inactive (light) phase. Our data demonstrate that chronic elevation of corticosterone creates a vulnerability to a depression-like syndrome that is associated with increased tph2 expression, similar to that observed in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Donner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
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Nishimoto K, Rigsby CS, Wang T, Mukai K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rainey WE, Seki T. Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed transcripts in rat adrenal zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1755-63. [PMID: 22374966 PMCID: PMC3320243 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, aldosterone is produced in the zona glomerulosa (zG), the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, whereas glucocorticoids are produced in adjacent zona fasciculata (zF). However, the cellular mechanisms controlling the zonal development and the differential hormone production (i.e. functional zonation) are poorly understood. To explore the mechanisms, we defined zone-specific transcripts in this study. Eleven-week-old male rats were used and adrenal tissues were collected from zG and zF using laser-capture microdissection. RNA was isolated, biotin labeled, amplified, and hybridized to Illumina microarray chips. The microarray data were compared by fold change calculations. In zG, 235 transcripts showed more than a 2-fold up-regulation compared to zF with statistical significance. Similarly, 231 transcripts showed up-regulation in zF. The microarray findings were validated using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining on selected transcripts, including Cyp11b2 (zG/zF: 214.2x), Rgs4 (68.4x), Smoc2 (49.3x), and Mia1 (43.1x) in zG as well as Ddah1 (zF/zG 16.2x), Cidea (15.5x), Frzb (9.5x), and Hsd11b2 (8.3x) in zF. The lists of transcripts obtained in the current study will be an invaluable tool for the elucidation of cellular mechanisms leading to zG and zF functional zonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Abstract
The human adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens. These steroids are produced from unique cell types located within the three distinct zones of the adrenal cortex. Disruption of adrenal steroid production results in a variety of diseases that can lead to hypertension, metabolic syndrome, infertility and androgen excess. The adrenal cortex is also a common site for the development of adenomas, and rarely the site for the development of carcinomas. The adenomas can lead to diseases associated with adrenal steroid excess, while the carcinomas are particularly aggressive and have a poor prognosis. In vitro cell culture models provide important tools to examine molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling both the normal and pathologic function of the adrenal cortex. Herein, we discuss currently available human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines and their use as model systems for adrenal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Tsai LCL, Beavo JA. The roles of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in steroidogenesis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:670-5. [PMID: 21962440 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger, cAMP, is one of the most important regulatory signals for control of steroidogenesis. This review focuses on current knowledge about regulation of cyclic nucleotides by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in steroidogenic tissues. The first PDE known to directly regulate steroidogenesis was PDE2, the cGMP-stimulated PDE. PDE2 mediates ANP/cGMP-induced decreases in aldosterone production. Recently, the PDE8 family has been shown to control steroidogenesis in two tissues. Specifically, PDE8A regulates testosterone production by itself and in concert with additional IBMX-sensitive PDEs. PDE8B modulates basal corticosterone synthesis via acute and chronic mechanisms. In addition to cAMP-dependent pathways, cGMP signaling also can promote steroidogenesis, and PDE5 modulates this process. Finally, PDE mutations may lead to several human diseases characterized by abnormal steroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Lisa Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Guasti L, Paul A, Laufer E, King P. Localization of Sonic hedgehog secreting and receiving cells in the developing and adult rat adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:117-22. [PMID: 21094676 PMCID: PMC3063526 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog signaling was recently demonstrated to play an important role in murine adrenal cortex development. The organization of the rat adrenal differs from that of the mouse, with the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata separated by an undifferentiated zone in the rat, but not in the mouse. In the present study we aimed to determine the mRNA expression patterns of Sonic hedgehog and the hedgehog signaling pathway components Patched-1 and Gli1 in the developing and adult rat adrenal. Sonic hedgehog expression was detected at the periphery of the cortex in cells lacking CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 expression, while signal-receiving cells were localized in the overlying capsule mesenchyme. Using combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we found that the cells expressing Sonic hedgehog lie between the CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 layers, and thus Sonic hedgehog expression defines one cell population of the undifferentiated zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Aiba M, Fujibayashi M. Alteration of subcapsular adrenocortical zonation in humans with aging: the progenitor zone predominates over the previously well-developed zona glomerulosa after 40 years of age. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:557-64. [PMID: 21411711 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411404071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined functional adrenal zonation throughout human life. Adrenals from 61 surgical/autopsy patients from 1 day old to 92 years old who had no clinical endocrinological/mineralocorticoid abnormalities were assessed for immunohistochemically defined adrenal zonation. The zona glomerulosa (zG) was well developed in all 11 patients ranging in age from newborn to the 30s. After 40 years of age, however, the zG occupied less than one-quarter of the adrenal circumference, suggestive of zG involution. The other subcapsular areas were occupied by the progenitor zone (zP), which expressed neither cytochrome P450(aldo) nor P450(11β) but 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and P450scc, although some autopsy cases had adrenals with zG zonation because of secondary aldosteronism, and others who had experienced severe stresses showed subcapsular zona fasciculata (zF). In conclusion, the adrenal cortex consists of homogeneous zG-topped columns from birth to adolescence. Subsequently, in the fifth decade of life, the cortex is reconstituted by integration of three types of cortical columns: scattered zG-topped columns and zonal zP-topped columns, the latter having the ability for bidirectional differentiation into either zG-topped columns or zF-topped columns, according to secondary aldosteronism or the presence of severe stresses. Such adrenocortical remodeling is ascribed to high-sodium/low-potassium diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiko Aiba
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Tsai LCL, Shimizu-Albergine M, Beavo JA. The high-affinity cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 8B controls steroidogenesis in the mouse adrenal gland. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:639-48. [PMID: 21187369 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.069104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the phosphodiesterase 8B (PDE8) family of phosphodiesterases have been largely unexplored because of the unavailability of selective pharmacological inhibitors. Here, we report a novel function of PDE8B as a major regulator of adrenal steroidogenesis using a genetically ablated PDE8B mouse model as well as cell lines treated with either a new PDE8-selective inhibitor or a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) construct against PDE8B. We demonstrate that PDE8B is highly enriched in mouse adrenal fasciculata cells, and show that PDE8B knockout mice have elevated urinary corticosterone as a result of adrenal hypersensitivity toward adrenocorticotropin. Likewise, ablation of PDE8B mRNA transcripts by an shRNA construct potentiates steroidogenesis in the commonly used Y-1 adrenal cell line. We also observed that the PDE8-selective inhibitor (PF-04957325) potentiates adrenocorticotropin stimulation of steroidogenesis by increasing cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in both primary isolated adrenocortical cells and Y-1 cells. It is noteworthy that PDE8s have their greatest control under low adrenocorticotropin-stimulated conditions, whereas other higher K(m) PDE(s) modulate steroidogenesis more effectively when cells are fully stimulated. Finally, both genetic ablation of PDE8B and long-term pharmacological inhibition of PDE8s cause increased expression of steroidogenic enzymes. We conclude that PDE8B is a major regulator of one or more pools of cAMP that promote steroidogenesis via both short- and long-term mechanisms. These findings further suggest PDE8B as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several different adrenal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Lisa Tsai
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
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31
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Baptiste CG, Battista MC, Trottier A, Baillargeon JP. Insulin and hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:42-52. [PMID: 20036327 PMCID: PMC3846536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a very common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic anovulation, clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovaries. But most experts consider that hyperandrogenism is the main characteristic of PCOS. Several theories propose different mechanisms to explain PCOS manifestations: (1) a primary enzymatic default in the ovarian and/or adrenal steroidogenesis; (2) an impairment in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion that promotes luteal hormone (LH) secretion; or (3) alterations in insulin actions that lead to insulin resistance with compensatory hyperinsulinemia. However, in the past 20 years there has been growing evidence supporting that defects in insulin actions or in the insulin signalling pathways are central in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Indeed, most women with PCOS are metabolically insulin resistant, in part due to genetic predisposition and in part secondary to obesity. But some women with typical PCOS do not display insulin resistance, which supports the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition specific to PCOS that would be revealed by the development of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia in most, but not all, women with PCOS. However, these hypotheses are not yet appropriately confirmed, and more research is still needed to unravel the true pathogenesis underlying this syndrome. The present review thus aims at discussing new concepts and findings regarding insulin actions in PCOS women and how it is related to hyperandrogenemia.
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Torres TEP, de Mendonça POR, Lotfi CFP. Synthetic modified N-POMC1–28 controls in vivo proliferation and blocks apoptosis in rat adrenal cortex. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 341:239-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-0998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shh signaling regulates adrenocortical development and identifies progenitors of steroidogenic lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21185-90. [PMID: 19955443 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909471106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is a critical steroidogenic endocrine tissue, generated at least in part from the coelomic epithelium of the urogenital ridge. Neither the intercellular signals that regulate cortical development and maintenance nor the lineage relationships within the adrenal are well defined. We have explored adrenal Shh activity and found that Shh is expressed in relatively undifferentiated steroidogenic cells, which signal to the overlying capsule and subjacent nonsteroidogenic mesenchyme cells that we also find are progenitors of steroidogenic lineages. Shh-expressing cells also generate all steroidogenic cell types, but not nonsteroidogenic ones. Shh mutant adrenals have a thin capsule and small cortex. Our findings both support a novel dual lineage, Shh-independent and Shh-dependent, model of adrenocortical development, and identify distinct populations of adrenocortical progenitor and candidate stem cells.
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Battista MC, Roberge C, Martinez A, Gallo-Payet N. 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase/seladin-1: a key protein differentially involved in adrenocorticotropin effects observed in human and rat adrenal cortex. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4180-90. [PMID: 19520779 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DHCR24 (24-dehydrocholesterol reductase), or seladin-1, is one of the most expressed genes in the adrenal gland. Because the rat and human adult adrenal cortex differ in their respective functional properties, the aim of the present study was to verify whether seladin-1 may be differentially involved in basal and ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis and oxidative stress management. Seladin-1 expression was predominantly observed in both human and rat zona fasciculata, with a predominant cytoplasmic localization in human cells and a nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution in rat cells. In human fasciculata cells, localization of the protein was primarily associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Although its expression was increased by ACTH, its intracellular localization was not altered by ACTH treatment (10 nm) or by the seladin-1 inhibitor U18666A (75 nm). Preincubation with U18666A did not modify the ACTH-induced increase in cortisol secretion but abolished the ACTH-induced increase in dehydroepiandrosterone secretion. In rat fasciculata cells, ACTH induced a massive redistribution of seladin-1 from the cytoplasm (cis-Golgi apparatus) to the nucleus, which was inhibited by preincubation with U18666A. Preincubation with U18666A also decreased ACTH-induced seladin-1 and 11beta-hydroxylase protein expression as well as corticosterone production, increased ACTH-induced ROS production but decreased ACTH-induced expression of the detoxifying protein aldo-ketoreductase 1b7. Thus, protection against acutely elevated ACTH-induced oxidative stress in rat fasciculata cells is correlated with nuclear relocalization of seladin-1 and its effects on cellular detoxifying machinery. Altogether, these results indicate that seladin-1 expression and intracellular localization are correlated with both the intensity and nature of ACTH-induced steroidogenesis and resultant oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Battista
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Otis M, Campbell S, Payet MD, Gallo-Payet N. In adrenal glomerulosa cells, angiotensin II inhibits proliferation by interfering with fibronectin-integrin signaling. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3435-45. [PMID: 18388189 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), through the Ang II type 1 receptor subtype, inhibits basal proliferation of adrenal glomerulosa cells by inducing the disruption of actin stress fiber organization. This effect is observed in cells cultured on plastic or on fibronectin. The aim of the present study was to investigate how Ang II may interfere with extracellular matrix/integrin signaling. In cells treated for 3 d with echistatin (EC) (a snake-venom RGD-containing protein that abolishes fibronectin binding to alpha(5)beta(1) or alpha(v)beta(3) integrins), basal proliferation decreased by 38%, whereas Ang II was unable to abolish basal proliferation. In cells grown on fibronectin, Ang II decreased binding of paxillin to focal adhesions and, similarly to EC, induced a rapid dephosphorylation of paxillin (1 min), followed by an increase after 15 min. Fibronectin enhanced RhoA/B and Rac activation induced by Ang II, an effect abolished by EC. Under basal conditions, paxillin was more readily associated with RhoA/B than with Rac. Stimulation with Ang II induced a transient decrease in RhoA/B-associated paxillin (after 5 min), with a return to basal levels after 10 min, while increasing Rac-associated paxillin. Finally, results reveal that glomerulosa cells are able to synthesize and secrete fibronectin, a process by which cells can stimulate their own proliferative activity when cultured on plastic. Together, these results suggest that Ang II acts at the level of integrin-paxillin complexes to disrupt the well- developed microfilament network, a condition necessary for the inhibition of cell proliferation and initiation of steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Otis
- Service of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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36
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Otis M, Battista MC, Provencher M, Campbell S, Roberge C, Payet MD, Gallo-Payet N. From integrative signalling to metabolic disorders. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 109:224-9. [PMID: 18468884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex undergoes constant dynamic structural changes, a key element in ensuring integrative functionality of the gland. Studies have shown that the cellular environment can modulate cell functions such as proliferation and steroid secretion. For example, 3-day treatment with angiotensin II promotes protein synthesis with a concomitant decrease in proliferation of glomerulosa cells, when cultured on fibronectin, but not on collagen IV or laminin. These effects involve close interaction between cytoskeleton-associated proteins and activation of p42/p44mapk and p38 MAPK pathways. On the other hand, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), which is clearly the most potent stimulus of fasciculata cells, induces specific modulation of targeted proteins, when cells are cultured on collagen IV, but not on fibronectin or laminin. In particular, ACTH treatment leads to increased expression of Seladin-1 and induces the relocalization of Seladin-1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, both in vivo and in culture conditions, in adult rats and in human fetal adrenal glands. As a whole, these results indicate that Seladin-1, together with collagen IV, is able to modulate ACTH responsiveness. Hence, Seladin-1 may participate in the regulation of steroidogenesis when localized in the cytoplasm, while conversely protecting cells against oxidative stress generated by intense ACTH stimulation when massively localized in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Otis
- Service of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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37
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Connell JMC, MacKenzie SM, Freel EM, Fraser R, Davies E. A lifetime of aldosterone excess: long-term consequences of altered regulation of aldosterone production for cardiovascular function. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:133-54. [PMID: 18292466 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Up to 15% of patients with essential hypertension have inappropriate regulation of aldosterone; although only a minority have distinct adrenal tumors, recent evidence shows that mineralocorticoid receptor activation contributes to the age-related blood pressure rise and illustrates the importance of aldosterone in determining cardiovascular risk. Aldosterone also has a major role in progression and outcome of ischemic heart disease. These data highlight the need to understand better the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and its action. Aldosterone effects are mediated mainly through classical nuclear receptors that alter gene transcription. In classic epithelial target tissues, signaling mechanisms are relatively well defined. However, aldosterone has major effects in nonepithelial tissues that include increased synthesis of proinflammatory molecules and reactive oxygen species; it remains unclear how these effects are controlled and how receptor specificity is maintained. Variation in aldosterone production reflects interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Although the environmental factors are well understood, the genetic control of aldosterone synthesis is still the subject of debate. Aldosterone synthase (encoded by the CYP11B2 gene) controls conversion of deoxycorticosterone to aldosterone. Polymorphic variation in CYP11B2 is associated with increased risk of hypertension, but the molecular mechanism that accounts for this is not known. Altered 11beta-hydroxylase efficiency (conversion of deoxycortisol to cortisol) as a consequence of variation in the neighboring gene (CYP11B1) may be important in contributing to altered control of aldosterone synthesis, so that the risk of hypertension may reflect a digenic effect, a concept that is discussed further. There is evidence that a long-term increase in aldosterone production from early life is determined by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors, leading to the eventual phenotypes of aldosterone-associated hypertension and cardiovascular damage in middle age and beyond. The importance of aldosterone has generated interest in its therapeutic modulation. Disadvantages associated with spironolactone (altered libido, gynecomastia) have led to a search for alternative mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Of these, eplerenone has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk after myocardial infarction. The benefits and disadvantages of this therapeutic approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M C Connell
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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38
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Fahrenkrug J, Hannibal J, Georg B. Diurnal rhythmicity of the canonical clock genes Per1, Per2 and Bmal1 in the rat adrenal gland is unaltered after hypophysectomy. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20:323-9. [PMID: 18208549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are generated by endogenous clocks in the central brain oscillator, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and peripheral tissues. The molecular basis for the circadian clock consists of a number of genes and proteins that form transcriptional/translational feedback loops. Rhythmic expression of clock genes in the adrenal glands has previously been reported. Since the central clock in the SCN communicates with the adrenal glands via circadian release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, we quantified the mRNAs for the canonical clock genes, Per1, Per2 and Bmal1 in the adrenal glands by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction during a 24-h-cycle in normal and hypophysectomised rats. The mRNAs for all the three clock genes disclosed rhythmic oscillations with a period of 24 h and the phase did not differ between the hypophysectomised and intact rats. The expression pattern of Per1 and Bmal1 was in antiphase in both groups of animals. In situ hybridisation histochemistry using antisense RNA probes demonstrated that, at times of peak expression, mRNAs for all the three clock genes were expressed in the adrenal cortex with a particularly strong labelling in the zona reticularis. In accordance with the mRNA localisation, immunostaining for PER1 protein was visualised in cells of the adrenal cortex, being most intense in the inner zone. The immunostaining also demonstrated a translocation of PER1 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during the daily cycle, supporting the existence of a core oscillator in the individual adrenal gland cells. Our findings support the existence of a circadian core oscillator in cells of the rat adrenal cortex and indicate that the activity of the oscillator is independent of SCN signalling via the pituitary gland. The adrenal cortical clock could be involved in rhythmic transcriptional activation of genes associated with hormonal biosynthesis, involved in gating of the response of the adrenal cortex to external cues or involved in apoptosis of adrenal cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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39
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Sewer MB, Dammer EB, Jagarlapudi S. Transcriptional regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenic gene expression. Drug Metab Rev 2007; 39:371-88. [PMID: 17786627 DOI: 10.1080/03602530701498828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By serving as ligands for nuclear and plasma membrane receptors, steroid hormones are key regulators of a diverse array of physiological processes. These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol in tissues such as the adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, and placenta. Because steroid hormones control the expression of numerous genes, steroidogenic cells utilize multiple mechanisms that ensure tight control of the synthesis of these molecules. This review will give an overview of the molecular mechanisms by which the expression of steroidogenic genes is regulated in the human adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion B Sewer
- School of Biology and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA.
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40
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Otis M, Campbell S, Payet MD, Gallo-Payet N. The growth-promoting effects of angiotensin II in adrenal glomerulosa cells: an interactive tale. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 273:1-5. [PMID: 17587492 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is well-known for its high level of proliferation, compared to the adjacent zona fasciculata, both in in vivo and in vitro conditions. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a potent growth factor for glomerulosa cells, appearing as a proliferative factor in vivo, under sodium-deficient diet conditions, as well as in vitro, in studies conducted with whole zona glomerulosa. However, in cells maintained in primary culture for 3 days, Ang II rather promotes cellular hypertrophy with a concomitant arrest in basal cell proliferation. The present essay aims at providing experimental arguments supporting such unexpected observations, with particular focus on the modulatory impact of the extracellular environment on Ang II action, namely AT(1) receptor-induced signaling pathways and cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Otis
- Service of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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41
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Bielohuby M, Herbach N, Wanke R, Maser-Gluth C, Beuschlein F, Wolf E, Hoeflich A. Growth analysis of the mouse adrenal gland from weaning to adulthood: time- and gender-dependent alterations of cell size and number in the cortical compartment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E139-46. [PMID: 17374700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00705.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is of critical importance for a plethora of biological processes. We performed the first systematic analysis of adrenal gland growth using unbiased stereological methods in male and female mice from weaning to adulthood (weeks 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) at the organ, compartment, and cellular levels. Adrenal weights increased from week 3 to week 7 in male and female mice, remained at this level in females, but decreased by 25% between week 7 and week 9 in males. Female adrenal glands displayed a higher weight at any stage investigated. The volume of the zona fasciculata was consistently higher in female vs. male mice. In both genders, the number of zona fasciculata cells reached a maximum at the age of 7 wk and decreased significantly until week 9. Serum corticosterone concentrations decreased from 3 to 11 wk of age both in male and female mice. However, the estimated total amounts of corticosterone in the circulation were similar in 3- and 11-wk-old mice. Furthermore, total circulating corticosterone was higher in females than in males at an age of 5 and 11 wk. In the zona glomerulosa and in the X-zone, time- and gender-dependent growth effects were observed. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that growth and function of the adrenal glands are markedly influenced by gender and age. These factors require careful consideration in studies aiming at the functional dissection of genetic and environmental factors affecting adrenal growth and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Bielohuby
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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42
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Torres TEP, Lotfi CFP. Distribution of cells expressing Jun and Fos proteins and synthesizing DNA in the adrenal cortex of hypophysectomized rats: regulation by ACTH and FGF2. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 329:443-55. [PMID: 17551755 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein expression of the early response genes, jun and fos, has been suggested to play an important role in the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of adrenal cells. To elucidate the immunolocalization of proliferative cells and the patterns of adrenal gland expression of members of the activating protein-1 (AP-1) family of oncogenes, we used hypophysectomized rats. The effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on Fos and Jun protein expression were investigated, and DNA synthesis was assessed by using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. No change was detectable in the adrenal cortex at 2 days after hypophysectomy, although a reduction occurred in the number of BrdU-positive cells in the zona fasciculata. This hypophysectomy-induced early phase of adrenal cortex atrophy in the zona fasciculata was correlated with JunB protein induction, suggesting the formation of an inhibitory AP-1 complex. Accumulation of c-Jun/JunD and c-Fos/FosB, but not of JunB, in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis implied that, after ACTH stimulation, these proteins were the principal AP-1 components in these zones. In these same zones, ACTH increased BrdU-positive cell counts, indicating that the composition of the AP-1 complex in these zones was proliferation-related. However, FGF2 induced an antagonistic modulation of the response to ACTH, by reducing the numbers of Jun-/Fos-positive cells and inhibiting DNA synthesis. Our results implicate the AP-1 family of transcription factors (in particular, the dynamics within the Jun protein family) in the regulation of cell control during ACTH-induced proliferation of the adrenal cortex.
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43
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Romero DG, Yanes LL, de Rodriguez AF, Plonczynski MW, Welsh BL, Reckelhoff JF, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Disabled-2 is expressed in adrenal zona glomerulosa and is involved in aldosterone secretion. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2644-52. [PMID: 17303656 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of the adrenal cortex into functionally specific zones is probably due to differential temporal gene expression during fetal growth, development, and adulthood. In our search for adrenal zona glomerulosa-specific genes, we found that Disabled-2 (Dab2) is expressed in the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland using a combination of laser capture microdissection, mRNA amplification, cDNA microarray hybridization, and real-time RT-PCR. Dab2 is an alternative spliced mitogen-regulated phosphoprotein with features of an adaptor protein and functions in signal transduction, endocytosis, and tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development. We performed further studies to analyze adrenal Dab2 localization, regulation, and role in aldosterone secretion. We found that Dab2 is expressed in the zona glomerulosa and zona intermedia of the rat adrenal cortex. Low-salt diet treatment increased Dab2-long isoform expression at the mRNA and protein level in the rat adrenal gland, whereas high-salt diet treatment did not cause any significant modification. Angiotensin II infusion caused a transient increase in both Dab2 isoform mRNAs in the rat adrenal gland. Dab2 overexpression in H295R human adrenocortical cells caused an increase in aldosterone synthase expression and up-regulated aldosterone secretion under angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. In conclusion, Dab2 is an adrenal gland zona glomerulosa- and intermedia-expressed gene that is regulated by aldosterone secretagogues such as low-salt diet or angiotensin II and is involved in aldosterone synthase expression and aldosterone secretion. Dab2 may therefore be a modulator of aldosterone secretion and be involved in mineralocorticoid secretion abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Romero
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Montgomery VA Medical Center and The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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44
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Otis M, Gallo-Payet N. Role of MAPKs in angiotensin II-induced steroidogenesis in rat glomerulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 265-266:126-30. [PMID: 17215073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II is one of the most important stimuli of rat adrenal glomerulosa cells, stimulating both steroid secretion and growth. In a previous report, we had shown that Ang II promotes cellular hypertrophy, but not proliferation, in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells maintained in primary culture for 3 days. The inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of hypertrophy induced by Ang II involves both p42/p44(mapk) and p38 MAPK activation. The increase in cell protein content induced by Ang II entails formation of a cortical actin ring and Rac-dependent activation of p42/p44(mapk) and p38 MAPK. The present study summarizes these results and provides evidences that Ang II-induced activation of p42/p44(mapk) and p38 MAPK are implicated in aldosterone secretion by enhancing expression of specific steroidogenic proteins such as StAR and 3beta-HSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Otis
- Service of Endocrinology and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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45
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Parviainen H, Kiiveri S, Bielinska M, Rahman N, Huhtaniemi IT, Wilson DB, Heikinheimo M. GATA transcription factors in adrenal development and tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 265-266:17-22. [PMID: 17207921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Of the six GATA transcription factors, GATA-4 and GATA-6 are expressed in the mouse and human adrenal with distinct developmental profiles. GATA-4 is confined to the fetal cortex, i.e. to the less differentiated proliferating cells, while GATA-6 is expressed both in the fetal and adult adrenal. In vitro, GATA-4 regulates inhibin-alpha and steroidogenic factor-1 implicated in normal adrenal function. GATA-6 probably has roles in the development and differentiation of adrenocortical cells, and in the regulation of steroidogenesis. GATA-4 expression is dramatically upregulated and GATA-6 downregulated in gonadotropin dependent mouse adrenocortical tumors. This is accompanied by the appearance of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR). In vitro, GATA-4 transactivates LHR promoter, and gonadotropins upregulate GATA-4 levels. Human adrenal tumors occasionally express GATA-4, whereas GATA-6 levels are usually lower than normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helka Parviainen
- Children's Hospital and Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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46
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Baccaro RBF, Mendonça POR, Torres TEP, Lotfi CFP. Immunohistochemical Jun/Fos protein localization and DNA synthesis in rat adrenal cortex after treatment with ACTH or FGF2. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 328:7-18. [PMID: 17216194 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that the expression of the early response genes for Jun and Fos proteins plays an important role in adrenal cell proliferation. In order to study the expression pattern of the activating protein-1 (AP-1) family of oncogenes in the adrenal gland, we have used immunohistochemistry to localize Jun and Fos protein expression in rat adrenal cortex infused in situ with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), or both. The expression of AP-1 factors has been found to be correlated with in vivo ACTH and FGF2 proliferation in rats treated with dexamethasone and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Induction of c-Jun and c-Fos in the zona fasciculata and of FosB in the zona reticularis suggests that, after ACTH stimulation, these proteins are the main AP-1 components in these zones. In vivo, ACTH increases BrdU-positive cells in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis suggesting that the composition of AP-1 complexes in these zones is correlated with proliferation. Patterns of Fos and Jun induction by FGF2 do not resemble those after ACTH induction. However, in isolation, neither affects the zona glomerulosa. In the zona fasciculata, and more so in the zona reticularis, FGF2 modulates responses to ACTH, reducing the numbers of Jun-positive cells, Fos-positive cells, and DNA synthesis. This indicates that FGF2 antagonizes ACTH, and that ACTH thus controls the trophic effect independently of exogenous FGF2. Our results implicate the AP-1 family of transcription factors in the regulation of cell progression and the control of ACTH-induced proliferation in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozana B F Baccaro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Min L, Strushkevich NV, Harnastai IN, Iwamoto H, Gilep AA, Takemori H, Usanov SA, Nonaka Y, Hori H, Vinson GP, Okamoto M. Molecular identification of adrenal inner zone antigen as a heme-binding protein. FEBS J 2005; 272:5832-43. [PMID: 16279947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal inner zone antigen (IZA), which reacts specifically with a monoclonal antibody raised against the fasciculata and reticularis zones of the rat adrenal, was previously found to be identical with a protein variously named 25-Dx and membrane-associated progesterone receptor. IZA was purified as a glutathione S-transferase-fused or His(6)-fused protein, and its molecular properties were studied. The UV-visible absorption and EPR spectra of the purified protein showed that IZA bound a heme chromophore in high-spin type. Analysis of the heme indicated that it is of the b type. Site-directed mutagenesis studies were performed to identify the amino-acid residues that bind the heme to the protein. The results suggest that two Tyr residues, Tyr107 and Tyr113, and a peptide stretch, D99-K102, were important for anchoring the heme into a hydrophobic pocket. The effect of IZA on the steroid 21-hydroxylation reaction was investigated in COS-7 cell expression systems. The results suggest that the coexistence of IZA with CYP21 enhances 21-hydroxylase activity.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex/cytology
- Adrenal Cortex/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens/metabolism
- COS Cells
- Carrier Proteins/analysis
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cold Temperature
- Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Heme-Binding Proteins
- Hemeproteins/analysis
- Hemeproteins/chemistry
- Hemeproteins/metabolism
- Histidine/chemistry
- Humans
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Receptors, Progesterone/chemistry
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Zona Fasciculata/cytology
- Zona Fasciculata/metabolism
- Zona Reticularis/cytology
- Zona Reticularis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Min
- Department of Molecular Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
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48
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Mattos GE, Lotfi CFP. Differences between the growth regulatory pathways in primary rat adrenal cells and mouse tumor cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 245:31-42. [PMID: 16289304 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, DNA synthesis, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB proteins, as well as induction of c-Fos protein, were examined in rat adrenocortical, glomerulosa and fasciculata/reticularis cells, as well as in the Y1 cell line. We found that FGF2 was mitogenic only in glomerulosa cells and although ACTH did not activate ERK1/2, it did activate CREB protein, indicating efficient transduction of signals initiated in the ACTH receptors of rat adrenocortical cells. The FGF2 activated ERK1/2 in rat adrenal cells by a mechanism that might be modulated by upstream PKA pathway phosphorylation of MEK and despite the nonmitogenic effect of ACTH on rat adrenal cells it effectively induces c-Fos protein. The results presented herein describe distinct differences between the ACTH and FGF2 signal transduction mechanisms seen in adrenocortical cells and those observed in the Y1 cell line, indicating that, in vitro, ACTH blockage of the mitogenic effect occurs in normal adrenal cells after induction of c-Fos protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele E Mattos
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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Lee G, Makhanova N, Caron K, Lopez MLS, Gomez RA, Smithies O, Kim HS. Homeostatic responses in the adrenal cortex to the absence of aldosterone in mice. Endocrinology 2005; 146:2650-6. [PMID: 15731365 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To study the effects of decreased amounts or absence of aldosterone on development and endocrine function, we have disrupted the mouse gene, Cyp11b2, coding for aldosterone synthase (AS) by replacing its first two exons with sequences coding for enhanced green fluorescent protein. The null pups fail to thrive postnatally, and about 30% die between d 7 and 28. Aldosterone in plasma and AS mRNA in adrenal glands are undetectable in the null mice. Adult AS-null mice are small, weigh 75% of wild type, are hypotensive, have increased concentrations of plasma K(+) and corticosterone, and a decreased concentration of plasma Cl(-). Their plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations are 45x and 4x wild type. The adrenal cortex is disorganized and has cells that contain marked accumulations of lipid. The zona glomerulosa is widened and includes easily detectable renin-containing cells, not seen in the wild-type adrenal gland. In the AS-/- adrenals, the level of mRNA for Cyp11b1, coding for 11beta-hydroxylase, is 150% wild type. The adrenal glands of the null mice consequently show evidence of a greatly activated renin-angiotensin system and up-regulation of glucocorticoid production. In the AS-null mice enhanced green fluorescent protein fluorescence is mainly at the boundary between the cortex and medulla, where apoptotic cells are numerous. These data are consistent with the absence of aldosterone in the AS-null mice inducing an increased cell-turnover of cells in the adrenals that normally become AS expressing and their migration to the medullary boundary where they apoptose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 703 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
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50
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Abstract
Defective production of adrenal steroids due to either primary adrenal failure or hypothalamic-pituitary impairment of the corticotrophic axis causes adrenal insufficiency. Depending on the etiologies of adrenal insufficiency, clinical manifestations may be severe or mild, have gradual or sudden onset, begin in infancy or childhood/adolescence. Adrenal crisis represents an endocrine emergency, and thus the rapid recognition and prompt therapy for adrenal crisis are critical for survival even before the diagnosis is made. The recognition of various disorders that cause adrenal insufficiency, either at a clinical or molecular level, often has implications for the management of the patient. Recent molecular-genetic analysis for the disorder that causes adrenal insufficiency gives valuable insights into the adrenal organogenesis, the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis, and the developmental and reproductive endocrinology. In this review we present the latest information on the molecular basis of adrenal insufficiency, with special emphasis on congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, P450-oxidoreductase deficiency, and adrenal hypoplasia congenita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fujieda
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
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