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Moschopoulos CD, Alford K, Antoniadou A, Vera JH. Cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: mechanisms, controversies, and future perspectives. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00163-1. [PMID: 38955654 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the dramatic decrease in HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in the combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) era, subtler neuropsychological complications remain prevalent. In this review, we discuss the changing pathophysiology of HIV-associated NCI, considering recent evidence of HIV neuropathogenesis, and the pivotal role of cART. Furthermore, we address the multifactorial nature of NCI in people living with HIV, including legacy and ongoing insults to the brain, as well as host-specific factors. We also summarize the ongoing debate about the refinement of diagnostic criteria, exploring the strengths and limitations of these recent approaches. Finally, we present current research in NCI management in people living with HIV and highlight the need for using both pharmacological and nonpharmacological pathways toward a holistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos D Moschopoulos
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Kate Alford
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Anastasia Antoniadou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Jaime H Vera
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Department of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
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2
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Gumbs SBH, Stam AJ, Mudrikova T, Schipper PJ, Hoepelman AIM, van Ham PM, Borst AL, Hofstra LM, Gharu L, van Wyk S, Wilkinson E, de Witte LD, Wensing AMJ, Nijhuis M. Characterization of HIV variants from paired Cerebrospinal fluid and Plasma samples in primary microglia and CD4 + T-cells. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01207-w. [PMID: 38713307 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persistence in the central nervous system (CNS) continues to cause a range of cognitive impairments in people living with HIV (PLWH). Upon disease progression, transmigrating CCR5-using T-cell tropic viruses are hypothesized to evolve into macrophage-tropic viruses in the CNS that can efficiently infect low CD4-expressing cells, such as microglia. We examined HIV-1 RNA concentration, co-receptor usage, and CSF compartmentalization in paired CSF and blood samples from 19 adults not on treatment. Full-length envelope CSF- and plasma-derived reporter viruses were generated from 3 subjects and phenotypically characterized in human primary CD4+ T-cells and primary microglia. Median HIV RNA levels were higher in plasma than in CSF (5.01 vs. 4.12 log10 cp/mL; p = 0.004), and coreceptor usage was mostly concordant for CCR5 across the paired samples (n = 17). Genetically compartmentalized CSF viral populations were detected in 2 subjects, one with and one without neurological symptoms. All viral clones could replicate in T-cells (R5 T cell-tropic). In addition, 3 CSF and 1 plasma patient-derived viral clones also had the capacity to replicate in microglia/macrophages and, therefore have an intermediate macrophage tropic phenotype. Overall, with this study, we demonstrate that in a subset of PLWH, plasma-derived viruses undergo genetic and phenotypic evolution within the CNS, indicating viral infection and replication in CNS cells. It remains to be studied whether the intermediate macrophage-tropic phenotype observed in primary microglia represents a midpoint in the evolution towards a macrophage-tropic phenotype that can efficiently replicate in microglial cells and propagate viral infection in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B H Gumbs
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen J Stam
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tania Mudrikova
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline J Schipper
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M van Ham
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Borst
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - LMarije Hofstra
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie van Wyk
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Bonner X, Sondgeroth A, McCue A, Nicely N, Tripathy A, Spielvogel E, Moeser M, Ke R, Leiderman K, Joseph SB, Swanstrom R. Stoichiometry for entry and binding properties of the Env protein of R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1 and its evolutionary variant of macrophage-tropic HIV-1. mBio 2024; 15:e0032124. [PMID: 38426750 PMCID: PMC11210212 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00321-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 typically requires a high density of CD4 for efficient entry as a mechanism to target CD4+ T cells (T-tropic), with CCR5 being used most often as the coreceptor. When target T cells are limiting, the virus can evolve to infect cells with a low density of CD4 such as macrophages (M-tropic). The entry phenotype is known to be encoded in the viral Env protein on the surface of the virus particle. Using data showing a dose response for infectivity based on CD4 surface density, we built a model consistent with T-tropic viruses requiring multiple CD4 molecules to mediate infection, whereas M-tropic viruses can infect cells using a single CD4 receptor molecule interaction. We also found that T-tropic viruses bound to the surface of cells with a low density of CD4 are released more slowly than M-tropic viruses which we modeled to be due to multiple interactions of the T-tropic virus with multiple CD4 molecules to allow the initial stable binding. Finally, we found that some M-tropic Env proteins, as the gp120 subunit, possess an enhanced affinity for CD4 compared with their T-tropic pair, indicating that the evolution of macrophage tropism can be reflected both in the closed Env trimer conformation on the virion surface and, in some cases, also in the open confirmation of gp120 Env. Collectively, these studies reveal differences in the stoichiometry of interaction of T-tropic and M-tropic viruses with CD4 and start to identify the basis of binding differences at the biochemical level. IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 normally targets CD4+ T cells for viral replication. When T cells are limiting, the virus can evolve to infect myeloid cells. The evolutionary step involves a change from requiring a high surface density of CD4 for entry to being able to infect cells with a low density of CD4, as is found on myeloid lineage cells such as macrophage and microglia. Viruses able to infect macrophages efficiently are most often found in the CNS late in the disease course, and such viruses may contribute to neurocognitive impairment. Here, we examine the CD4 binding properties of the viral Env protein to explore these two different entry phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bonner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Sondgeroth
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amelia McCue
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Nicely
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ean Spielvogel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Moeser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruian Ke
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Woottum M, Yan S, Sayettat S, Grinberg S, Cathelin D, Bekaddour N, Herbeuval JP, Benichou S. Macrophages: Key Cellular Players in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38400063 PMCID: PMC10893316 DOI: 10.3390/v16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cells of the myeloid lineages, including tissue macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, were rapidly recognized, in addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, as target cells of HIV-1, their specific roles in the pathophysiology of infection were initially largely neglected. However, numerous studies performed over the past decade, both in vitro in cell culture systems and in vivo in monkey and humanized mouse animal models, led to growing evidence that macrophages play important direct and indirect roles as HIV-1 target cells and in pathogenesis. It has been recently proposed that macrophages are likely involved in all stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis, including virus transmission and dissemination, but above all, in viral persistence through the establishment, together with latently infected CD4+ T cells, of virus reservoirs in many host tissues, the major obstacle to virus eradication in people living with HIV. Infected macrophages are indeed found, very often as multinucleated giant cells expressing viral antigens, in almost all lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, where they can probably persist for long period of time. In addition, macrophages also likely participate, directly as HIV-1 targets or indirectly as key regulators of innate immunity and inflammation, in the chronic inflammation and associated clinical disorders observed in people living with HIV, even in patients receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. The main objective of this review is therefore to summarize the recent findings, and also to revisit older data, regarding the critical functions of tissue macrophages in the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection, both as major HIV-1-infected target cells likely found in almost all tissues, as well as regulators of innate immunity and inflammation during the different stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sen Yan
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sophie Sayettat
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Séverine Grinberg
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Dominique Cathelin
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
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5
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Joseph SB, Abrahams MR, Moeser M, Tyers L, Archin NM, Council OD, Sondgeroth A, Spielvogel E, Emery A, Zhou S, Doolabh D, Ismail SD, Karim SA, Margolis DM, Pond SK, Garrett N, Swanstrom R, Williamson C. The timing of HIV-1 infection of cells that persist on therapy is not strongly influenced by replication competency or cellular tropism of the provirus. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011974. [PMID: 38422171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
People with HIV-1 (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) can maintain undetectable virus levels, but a small pool of infected cells persists. This pool is largely comprised of defective proviruses that may produce HIV-1 proteins but are incapable of making infectious virus, with only a fraction (~10%) of these cells harboring intact viral genomes, some of which produce infectious virus following ex vivo stimulation (i.e. inducible intact proviruses). A majority of the inducible proviruses that persist on ART are formed near the time of therapy initiation. Here we compared proviral DNA (assessed here as 3' half genomes amplified from total cellular DNA) and inducible replication competent viruses in the pool of infected cells that persists during ART to determine if the original infection of these cells occurred at comparable times prior to therapy initiation. Overall, the average percent of proviruses that formed late (i.e. around the time of ART initiation, 60%) did not differ from the average percent of replication competent inducible viruses that formed late (69%), and this was also true for proviral DNA that was hypermutated (57%). Further, there was no evidence that entry into the long-lived infected cell pool was impeded by the ability to use the CXCR4 coreceptor, nor was the formation of long-lived infected cells enhanced during primary infection, when viral loads are exceptionally high. We observed that infection of cells that transitioned to be long-lived was enhanced among people with a lower nadir CD4+ T cell count. Together these data suggest that the timing of infection of cells that become long-lived is impacted more by biological processes associated with immunodeficiency before ART than the replication competency and/or cellular tropism of the infecting virus or the intactness of the provirus. Further research is needed to determine the mechanistic link between immunodeficiency and the timing of infected cells transitioning to the long-lived pool, particularly whether this is due to differences in infected cell clearance, turnover rates and/or homeostatic proliferation before and after ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melissa-Rose Abrahams
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew Moeser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lynn Tyers
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nancie M Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olivia D Council
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amy Sondgeroth
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ean Spielvogel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ann Emery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Deelan Doolabh
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sherazaan D Ismail
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sergei Kosakovsky Pond
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
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6
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Faivre N, Verollet C, Dumas F. The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1. Retrovirology 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38263120 PMCID: PMC10807162 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis or organogenesis. They contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of lymphocytes and coordinate the function of the immune system. However, chemokines and their receptors are sometimes hijacked by some pathogens to infect the host organism. For a given chemokine receptor, there is a wide structural, organizational and conformational diversity. In this review, we describe the evidence for structural variety reported for the chemokine receptor CCR5, how this variability can be exploited by HIV-1 to infect its target cells and what therapeutic solutions are currently being developed to overcome this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Faivre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
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7
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Tang Y, Chaillon A, Gianella S, Wong LM, Li D, Simermeyer TL, Porrachia M, Ignacio C, Woodworth B, Zhong D, Du J, de la Parra Polina E, Kirchherr J, Allard B, Clohosey ML, Moeser M, Sondgeroth AL, Whitehill GD, Singh V, Dashti A, Smith DM, Eron JJ, Bar KJ, Chahroudi A, Joseph SB, Archin NM, Margolis DM, Jiang G. Brain microglia serve as a persistent HIV reservoir despite durable antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167417. [PMID: 37317962 PMCID: PMC10266791 DOI: 10.1172/jci167417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain microglia (MG) may serve as a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV) reservoir and ignite rebound viremia following cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), but they have yet to be proven to harbor replication-competent HIV. Here, we isolated brain myeloid cells (BrMCs) from nonhuman primates and rapid autopsy of people with HIV (PWH) on ART and sought evidence of persistent viral infection. BrMCs predominantly displayed microglial markers, in which up to 99.9% of the BrMCs were TMEM119+ MG. Total and integrated SIV or HIV DNA was detectable in the MG, with low levels of cell-associated viral RNA. Provirus in MG was highly sensitive to epigenetic inhibition. Outgrowth virus from parietal cortex MG in an individual with HIV productively infected both MG and PBMCs. This inducible, replication-competent virus and virus from basal ganglia proviral DNA were closely related but highly divergent from variants in peripheral compartments. Phenotyping studies characterized brain-derived virus as macrophage tropic based on the ability of the virus to infect cells expressing low levels of CD4. The lack of genetic diversity in virus from the brain suggests that this macrophage-tropic lineage quickly colonized brain regions. These data demonstrate that MG harbor replication-competent HIV and serve as a persistent reservoir in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Tang
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lilly M. Wong
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
| | - Dajiang Li
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Zhong
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
| | - Jiayi Du
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Matt Moeser
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy L. Sondgeroth
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory D. Whitehill
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vidisha Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amir Dashti
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Joseph J. Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine J. Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guochun Jiang
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Mascarau R, Woottum M, Fromont L, Gence R, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Vahlas Z, Lévêque K, Bertrand F, Beunon T, Métais A, El Costa H, Jabrane-Ferrat N, Gallois Y, Guibert N, Davignon JL, Favre G, Maridonneau-Parini I, Poincloux R, Lagane B, Bénichou S, Raynaud-Messina B, Vérollet C. Productive HIV-1 infection of tissue macrophages by fusion with infected CD4+ T cells. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213978. [PMID: 36988579 PMCID: PMC10067447 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for HIV-1 pathogenesis and represent major viral reservoirs. Therefore, it is critical to understand macrophage infection, especially in tissue macrophages, which are widely infected in vivo, but poorly permissive to cell-free infection. Although cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 is a determinant mode of macrophage infection in vivo, how HIV-1 transfers toward macrophages remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that fusion of infected CD4+ T lymphocytes with human macrophages leads to their efficient and productive infection. Importantly, several tissue macrophage populations undergo this heterotypic cell fusion, including synovial, placental, lung alveolar, and tonsil macrophages. We also find that this mode of infection is modulated by the macrophage polarization state. This fusion process engages a specific short-lived adhesion structure and is controlled by the CD81 tetraspanin, which activates RhoA/ROCK-dependent actomyosin contractility in macrophages. Our study provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying infection of tissue-resident macrophages, and establishment of persistent cellular reservoirs in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Léa Fromont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Gence
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037 and Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopôle , Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Cantaloube-Ferrieu
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin Lévêque
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Florent Bertrand
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Beunon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Métais
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Hicham El Costa
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Jabrane-Ferrat
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Yohan Gallois
- ENT, Otoneurology and Pediatric ENT Department, University Hospital of Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Guibert
- Thoracic Endoscopy Unit, Pulmonology Department, Larrey University Hospital , Toulouse, France
| | | | - Gilles Favre
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037 and Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopôle , Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Bénichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Raynaud-Messina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
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9
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Kincer LP, Joseph SB, Gilleece MM, Hauser BM, Sizemore S, Zhou S, Di Germanio C, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Deeks SG, Spudich S, Gisslen M, Price RW, Swanstrom R. Rebound HIV-1 in cerebrospinal fluid after antiviral therapy interruption is mainly clonally amplified R5 T cell-tropic virus. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:260-271. [PMID: 36717718 PMCID: PMC10201410 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 persists as a latent reservoir in people receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). When ART is interrupted (treatment interruption/TI), rebound virus re-initiates systemic infection in the lymphoid system. During TI, HIV-1 is also detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), although the source of this rebound virus is unknown. To investigate whether there is a distinct HIV-1 reservoir in the central nervous system (CNS), we compared rebound virus after TI in the blood and CSF of 11 participants. Peak rebound CSF viral loads vary and we show that high viral loads and the appearance of clonally amplified viral lineages in the CSF are correlated with the transient influx of white blood cells. We found no evidence of rebound macrophage-tropic virus in the CSF, even in one individual who had macrophage-tropic HIV-1 in the CSF pre-therapy. We propose a model in which R5 T cell-tropic virus is released from infected T cells that enter the CNS from the blood (or are resident in the CNS during therapy), with clonal amplification of infected T cells and virus replication occurring in the CNS during TI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Kincer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Beth Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria M Gilleece
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biogen, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Sizemore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clara Di Germanio
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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10
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Rebound virus in the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a possible HIV-1 reservoir. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:195-196. [PMID: 36717720 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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11
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Perkins MV, Joseph S, Dittmer DP, Mackman N. Cardiovascular Disease and Thrombosis in HIV Infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:175-191. [PMID: 36453273 PMCID: PMC10165851 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection has transitioned from an acute, fatal disease to a chronic one managed by antiretroviral therapy. Thus, the aging population of people living with HIV (PLWH) continues to expand. HIV infection results in a dysregulated immune system, wherein CD4+ T cells are depleted, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, disrupting the gut epithelial barrier. Long-term HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation through potentially direct mechanisms caused by viral replication or exposure to viral proteins and indirect mechanisms resulting from increased translocation of microbial products from the intestine or exposure to antiretroviral therapy. Chronic inflammation (as marked by IL [interleukin]-6 and CRP [C-reactive protein]) in PLWH promotes endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. PLWH show significantly increased rates of cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction (risk ratio, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.54-2.08]) and stroke (risk ratio, 2.56 [95% CI, 1.43-4.61]). In addition, PLWH have increased levels of the coagulation biomarker D-dimer and have a two to ten-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism compared with the general population. Several small clinical trials analyzed the effect of different antithrombotic agents on platelet activation, coagulation, inflammation, and immune cell activation. Although some markers for coagulation were reduced, most agents failed to reduce inflammatory markers in PLWH. More studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms driving inflammation in PLWH to create better therapies for lowering chronic inflammation in PLWH. Such therapies can potentially reduce atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and thrombosis rates in PLWH and thus overall mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan V. Perkins
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Joseph
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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13
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Johnson MM, Jones CE, Clark DN. The Effect of Treatment-Associated Mutations on HIV Replication and Transmission Cycles. Viruses 2022; 15:107. [PMID: 36680147 PMCID: PMC9861436 DOI: 10.3390/v15010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS mortality has been decreasing over the last decade. While promising, this decrease correlated directly with increased use of antiretroviral drugs. As a natural consequence of its high mutation rate, treatments provide selection pressure that promotes the natural selection of escape mutants. Individuals may acquire drug-naive strains, or those that have already mutated due to treatment. Even within a host, mutation affects HIV tropism, where initial infection begins with R5-tropic virus, but the clinical transition to AIDS correlates with mutations that lead to an X4-tropic switch. Furthermore, the high mutation rate of HIV has spelled failure for all attempts at an effective vaccine. Pre-exposure drugs are currently the most effective drug-based preventatives, but their effectiveness is also threatened by viral mutation. From attachment and entry to assembly and release, the steps in the replication cycle are also discussed to describe the drug mechanisms and mutations that arise due to those drugs. Revealing the patterns of HIV-1 mutations, their effects, and the coordinated attempt to understand and control them will lead to effective use of current preventative measures and treatment options, as well as the development of new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Weber State University, Ogden, UT 84408, USA
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14
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Riggs PK, Chaillon A, Jiang G, Letendre SL, Tang Y, Taylor J, Kaytes A, Smith DM, Dubé K, Gianella S. Lessons for Understanding Central Nervous System HIV Reservoirs from the Last Gift Program. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:566-579. [PMID: 36260191 PMCID: PMC9580451 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deep tissue HIV reservoirs, especially within the central nervous system (CNS), are understudied due to the challenges of sampling brain, spinal cord, and other tissues. Understanding the cellular characteristics and viral dynamics in CNS reservoirs is critical so that HIV cure trials can address them and monitor the direct and indirect effects of interventions. The Last Gift program was developed to address these needs by enrolling altruistic people with HIV (PWH) at the end of life who agree to rapid research autopsy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings from the Last Gift emphasize significant heterogeneity across CNS reservoirs, CNS compartmentalization including differential sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies, and bidirectional migration of HIV across the blood-brain barrier. Our findings add support for the potential of CNS reservoirs to be a source of rebounding viruses and reseeding of systemic sites if they are not targeted by cure strategies. This review highlights important scientific, practical, and ethical lessons learned from the Last Gift program in the context of recent advances in understanding the CNS reservoirs and key knowledge gaps in current research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guochun Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Yuyang Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeff Taylor
- AntiViral Research Center (AVRC) Community Advisory Board, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- HIV + Aging Research Project - Palm Springs (HARP-PS), Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kaytes
- AntiViral Research Center (AVRC) Community Advisory Board, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Karine Dubé
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
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15
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Han M, Woottum M, Mascarau R, Vahlas Z, Verollet C, Benichou S. Mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer to myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1261-1271. [PMID: 35355323 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0322-737r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and osteoclasts (OCs) are emerging as important target cells for HIV-1, as they likely participate in all steps of pathogenesis, including sexual transmission and early virus dissemination in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues where they can constitute persistent virus reservoirs. At least in vitro, these myeloid cells are poorly infected by cell-free viral particles. In contrast, intercellular virus transmission through direct cell-to-cell contacts may be a predominant mode of virus propagation in vivo leading to productive infection of these myeloid target cells. HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer between CD4+ T cells mainly through the formation of the virologic synapse, or from infected macrophages or dendritic cells to CD4+ T cell targets, have been extensively described in vitro. Recent reports demonstrate that myeloid cells can be also productively infected through virus homotypic or heterotypic cell-to-cell transfer between macrophages or from virus-donor-infected CD4+ T cells, respectively. These modes of infection of myeloid target cells lead to very efficient spreading in these poorly susceptible cell types. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different mechanisms reported in the literature for cell-to-cell transfer and spreading of HIV-1 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
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16
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Ulfhammer G, Edén A, Antinori A, Brew BJ, Calcagno A, Cinque P, De Zan V, Hagberg L, Lin A, Nilsson S, Oprea C, Pinnetti C, Spudich S, Trunfio M, Winston A, Price RW, Gisslén M. Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral Load Across the Spectrum of Untreated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:493-502. [PMID: 34747481 PMCID: PMC9427147 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this large multicenter study was to determine variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-RNA in different phases of untreated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and its associations with plasma HIV-RNA and other biomarkers. METHODS Treatment naive adults with available CSF HIV-RNA quantification were included and divided into groups representing significant disease phases. Plasma HIV-RNA, CSF white blood cell count (WBC), neopterin, and albumin ratio were included when available. RESULTS In total, 1018 patients were included. CSF HIV-RNA was in median (interquartile range [IQR]) 1.03 log10 (0.37-1.86) copies/mL lower than in plasma, and correlated with plasma HIV-RNA (r = 0.44, P < .01), neopterin concentration in CSF (r = 0.49, P < .01) and in serum (r = 0.29, P < .01), CSF WBC (r = 0.34, P < .01) and albumin ratio (r = 0.25, P < .01). CSF HIV-RNA paralleled plasma HIV-RNA in all groups except neuroasymptomatic patients with advanced immunodeficiency (CD4 < 200) and patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or opportunistic central nervous system (CNS) infections. Patients with HAD had the highest CSF HIV-RNA (in median [IQR] 4.73 (3.84-5.35) log10 copies/mL). CSF > plasma discordance was found in 126 of 972 individuals (13%) and varied between groups, from 1% in primary HIV, 11% in neuroasymptomatic groups, up to 30% of patients with HAD. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms previous smaller observations of variations in CSF HIV-RNA in different stages of HIV disease. Overall, CSF HIV-RNA was approximately 1 log10 copies/mL lower in CSF than in plasma, but CSF discordance was found in a substantial minority of subjects, most commonly in patients with HAD, indicating increasing CNS compartmentalization paralleling disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Ulfhammer
- Correspondence: G. Ulfhammer, Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden ()
| | - Arvid Edén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Bruce J Brew
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of New South Wales and University of Notre Dame, Australia
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Lars Hagberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amy Lin
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristiana Oprea
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmela Pinnetti
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Trunfio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Richard W Price
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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HIV drug resistance in various body compartments. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:205-212. [PMID: 35762375 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV drug resistance testing using blood plasma or dried blood spots forms part of international guidelines. However, as the clinical utility of assessing drug resistance in other body compartments is less well established, we review this for blood cells and samples from other body compartments. RECENT EVIDENCE Although clinical benefit is not clear, drug resistance testing in blood cells is often performed when patients with suppressed plasma viral loads require a treatment substitution. In patients with HIV neurocognitive disease, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drug resistance is rarely discordant with plasma but has nevertheless been used to guide antiretroviral drug substitutions. Cases with HIV drug resistance in genital fluids have been documented but this does not appear to indicate transmission risk when blood plasma viral loads are suppressed. SUMMARY Drug-resistant variants, which may be selected in tissues under conditions of variable adherence and drug penetration, appear to disseminate quickly, and become detectable in blood. This may explain why drug resistance discordance between plasma and these compartments is rarely found. Partial compartmentalization of HIV populations is well established for the CSF and the genital tract but other than blood plasma, evidence is lacking to support drug resistance testing in body compartments.
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18
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Evolution of Multiple Domains of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein during Coreceptor Switch with CCR5 Antagonist Therapy. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0072522. [PMID: 35727047 PMCID: PMC9431240 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00725-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 uses CD4 as a receptor and chemokine receptors CCR5 and/or CXCR4 as coreceptors. CCR5 antagonists are a class of antiretrovirals used to inhibit viral entry. Phenotypic prediction algorithms such as Geno2Pheno are used to assess CCR5 antagonist eligibility, for which the V3 region is screened. However, there exist scenarios where the algorithm cannot give an accurate prediction of tropism. The current study examined coreceptor shift of HIV-1 from CCR5-tropic strains to CXCR4-tropic or dual-tropic strains among five subjects in a clinical trial of the CCR5 antagonist vicriviroc. Envelope gene amplicon libraries were constructed and subjected to next-generation sequencing, as well as single-clone sequencing and functional analyses. Approximately half of the amplified full-length single envelope-encoding clones had no significant activity for infection of cells expressing high levels of CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. Functional analysis of 9 to 21 individual infectious clones at baseline and at the time of VF were used to construct phylogenetic trees and sequence alignments. These studies confirmed that specific residues and the overall charge of the V3 loop were the major determinants of coreceptor use, in addition to specific residues in other domains of the envelope protein in V1/V2, V4, C3, and C4 domains that may be important for coreceptor shift. These results provide greater insight into the viral genetic determinants of coreceptor shift. IMPORTANCE This study is novel in combining single-genome sequence analysis and next-generation sequencing to characterize HIV-1 quasispecies. The work highlights the importance of mutants present at frequencies of 1% or less in development of drug resistance. This study highlights a critical role of specific amino acid substitutions outside V3 that contribute to coreceptor shift as well as important roles of the V1/V2, V4, C3, and C4 domain residues.
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Han M, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Xie M, Armani-Tourret M, Woottum M, Pagès JC, Colin P, Lagane B, Benichou S. HIV-1 cell-to-cell spread overcomes the virus entry block of non-macrophage-tropic strains in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010335. [PMID: 35622876 PMCID: PMC9182568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) are increasingly recognized as HIV-1 target cells involved in the pathogenesis and persistence of infection. Paradoxically, in vitro infection assays suggest that virus isolates are mostly T-cell-tropic and rarely MΦ-tropic. The latter are assumed to emerge under CD4+ T-cell paucity in tissues such as the brain or at late stage when the CD4 T-cell count declines. However, assays to qualify HIV-1 tropism use cell-free viral particles and may not fully reflect the conditions of in vivo MΦ infection through cell-to-cell viral transfer. Here, we investigated the capacity of viruses expressing primary envelope glycoproteins (Envs) with CCR5 and/or CXCR4 usage from different stages of infection, including transmitted/founder Envs, to infect MΦ by a cell-free mode and through cell-to-cell transfer from infected CD4+ T cells. The results show that most viruses were unable to enter MΦ as cell-free particles, in agreement with the current view that non-M-tropic viruses inefficiently use CD4 and/or CCR5 or CXCR4 entry receptors on MΦ. In contrast, all viruses could be effectively cell-to-cell transferred to MΦ from infected CD4+ T cells. We further showed that viral transfer proceeded through Env-dependent cell-cell fusion of infected T cells with MΦ targets, leading to the formation of productively infected multinucleated giant cells. Compared to cell-free infection, infected T-cell/MΦ contacts showed enhanced interactions of R5 M- and non-M-tropic Envs with CD4 and CCR5, resulting in a reduced dependence on receptor expression levels on MΦ for viral entry. Altogether, our results show that virus cell-to-cell transfer overcomes the entry block of isolates initially defined as non-macrophage-tropic, indicating that HIV-1 has a more prevalent tropism for MΦ than initially suggested. This sheds light into the role of this route of virus cell-to-cell transfer to MΦ in CD4+ T cell rich tissues for HIV-1 transmission, dissemination and formation of tissue viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Maorong Xie
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Pagès
- Institut RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS U-5070, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1301, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Colin
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (BL); (SB)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BL); (SB)
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20
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Day CJ, Hardison RL, Spillings BL, Poole J, Jurcisek JA, Mak J, Jennings MP, Edwards JL. Complement Receptor 3 Mediates HIV-1 Transcytosis across an Intact Cervical Epithelial Cell Barrier: New Insight into HIV Transmission in Women. mBio 2022; 13:e0217721. [PMID: 35012346 PMCID: PMC8749410 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02177-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of HIV across the mucosal surface of the female reproductive tract to engage subepithelial CD4-positive T cells is not fully understood. Cervical epithelial cells express complement receptor 3 (CR3) (integrin αMβ2 or CD11b/CD18). In women, the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae uses CR3 to invade the cervical epithelia to cause cervicitis. We hypothesized that HIV may also use CR3 to transcytose across the cervical epithelia. Here, we show that HIV-1 strains bound with high affinity to recombinant CR3 in biophysical assays. HIV-1 bound CR3 via the I-domain region of the CR3 alpha subunit, CD11b, and binding was dependent on HIV-1 N-linked glycans. Mannosylated glycans on the HIV surface were a high-affinity ligand for the I-domain. Man5 pentasaccharide, representative of HIV N-glycans, could compete with HIV-1 for CR3 binding. Using cellular assays, we show that HIV bound to CHO cells by a CR3-dependent mechanism. Antibodies to the CR3 I-domain or to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein blocked the binding of HIV-1 to primary human cervical epithelial (Pex) cells, indicating that CR3 was necessary and sufficient for HIV-1 adherence to Pex cells. Using Pex cells in a Transwell model system, we show that, following transcytosis across an intact Pex cell monolayer, HIV-1 is able to infect TZM-bl reporter cells. Targeting the HIV-CR3 interaction using antibodies, mannose-binding lectins, or CR3-binding small-molecule drugs blocked HIV transcytosis. These studies indicate that CR3/Pex may constitute an efficient pathway for HIV-1 transmission in women and also demonstrate strategies that may prevent transmission via this pathway. IMPORTANCE In women, the lower female reproductive tract is the primary site for HIV infection. How HIV traverses the epithelium to infect CD4 T cells in the submucosa is ill-defined. Cervical epithelial cells have a protein called CR3 on their surface. We show that HIV-1 binds to CR3 with high affinity and that this interaction is necessary and sufficient for HIV adherence to, and transcytosis across, polarized, human primary cervical epithelial cells. This suggests a unique role for CR3 on epithelial cells in dually facilitating HIV-1 attachment and entry. The HIV-CR3 interaction may constitute an efficient pathway for HIV delivery to subepithelial lymphocytes following virus transmission across an intact cervical epithelial barrier. Strategies with potential to prevent transmission via this pathway are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachael L. Hardison
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jessica Poole
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Jurcisek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Johnson Mak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Gumbs SBH, Kübler R, Gharu L, Schipper PJ, Borst AL, Snijders GJLJ, Ormel PR, van Berlekom AB, Wensing AMJ, de Witte LD, Nijhuis M. Human microglial models to study HIV infection and neuropathogenesis: a literature overview and comparative analyses. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:64-91. [PMID: 35138593 PMCID: PMC9076745 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HIV persistence in the CNS despite antiretroviral therapy may cause neurological disorders and poses a critical challenge for HIV cure. Understanding the pathobiology of HIV-infected microglia, the main viral CNS reservoir, is imperative. Here, we provide a comprehensive comparison of human microglial culture models: cultured primary microglia (pMG), microglial cell lines, monocyte-derived microglia (MDMi), stem cell-derived microglia (iPSC-MG), and microglia grown in 3D cerebral organoids (oMG) as potential model systems to advance HIV research on microglia. Functional characterization revealed phagocytic capabilities and responsiveness to LPS across all models. Microglial transcriptome profiles of uncultured pMG showed the highest similarity to cultured pMG and oMG, followed by iPSC-MG and then MDMi. Direct comparison of HIV infection showed a striking difference, with high levels of viral replication in cultured pMG and MDMi and relatively low levels in oMG resembling HIV infection observed in post-mortem biopsies, while the SV40 and HMC3 cell lines did not support HIV infection. Altogether, based on transcriptional similarities to uncultured pMG and susceptibility to HIV infection, MDMi may serve as a first screening tool, whereas oMG, cultured pMG, and iPSC-MG provide more representative microglial culture models for HIV research. The use of current human microglial cell lines (SV40, HMC3) is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B H Gumbs
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Kübler
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline J Schipper
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Borst
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816515. [PMID: 35126374 PMCID: PMC8811197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major health burden for which successful therapeutic options are still being investigated. Challenges facing current drugs that are part of the established life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) include toxicity, development of drug resistant HIV-1 strains, the cost of treatment, and the inability to eradicate the provirus from infected cells. For these reasons, novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics that can prevent or eliminate disease progression including the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed. While development of HIV-1 vaccination has also been challenging, recent advancements demonstrate that infection of HIV-1-susceptible cells can be prevented in individuals living with HIV-1, by targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). CCR5 serves many functions in the human immune response and is a co-receptor utilized by HIV-1 for entry into immune cells. Therapeutics targeting CCR5 generally involve gene editing techniques including CRISPR, CCR5 blockade using antibodies or antagonists, or combinations of both. Here we review the efficacy of these approaches and discuss the potential of their use in the clinic as novel ART-independent therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl,
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23
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HIV-1 entry: Duels between Env and host antiviral transmembrane proteins on the surface of virus particles. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:59-68. [PMID: 34390925 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS. Its entry step is mediated by the envelope glycoprotein (Env). During the entry process, Env vastly changes its conformation. While non-liganded Env tends to have a closed structure, receptor-binding of Env opens its conformation, which leads to virus-cell membrane fusion. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging allows observation of these conformational changes on the virion surface. Nascent HIV-1 particles incorporate multiple host transmembrane proteins, some of which inhibit the entry process. The Env structure or its dynamics may determine the effectiveness of these antiviral mechanisms. Here, we review recent findings about the Env conformation changes on virus particles and inhibition of Env activities by virion-incorporated host transmembrane proteins.
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24
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Yandrapally S, Mohareer K, Arekuti G, Vadankula GR, Banerjee S. HIV co-receptor-tropism: cellular and molecular events behind the enigmatic co-receptor switching. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:499-516. [PMID: 33900141 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1902941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of cell-surface receptors and co-receptors is a crucial molecular event towards the establishment of HIV infection. HIV exists as several variants that differentially recognize the principal co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, in different cell types, known as HIV co-receptor-tropism. The relative levels of these variants dynamically adjust to the changing host selection pressures to infect a vast repertoire of cells in a stage-specific manner. HIV infection sets in through immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes in the acute stage, while a wide range of other cells, including astrocytes, glial cells, B-lymphocytes, and epithelial cells, are infected during chronic stages. A change in tropism occurs during the transition from acute to a chronic phase, termed as co-receptor switching marked by a change in disease severity. The cellular and molecular events leading to co-receptor switching are poorly understood. This review aims to collate our present understanding of the dynamics of HIV co-receptor-tropism vis-à-vis host and viral factors, highlighting the cellular and molecular events involved therein. We present the possible correlations between virus entry, cell tropism, and co-receptor switching, speculating its consequences on disease progression, and proposing new scientific pursuits to help in an in-depth understanding of HIV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geethika Arekuti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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25
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Schiff AE, Linder AH, Luhembo SN, Banning S, Deymier MJ, Diefenbach TJ, Dickey AK, Tsibris AM, Balazs AB, Cho JL, Medoff BD, Walzl G, Wilkinson RJ, Burgers WA, Corleis B, Kwon DS. T cell-tropic HIV efficiently infects alveolar macrophages through contact with infected CD4+ T cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3890. [PMID: 33594125 PMCID: PMC7886866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are critical for defense against airborne pathogens and AM dysfunction is thought to contribute to the increased burden of pulmonary infections observed in individuals living with HIV-1 (HIV). While HIV nucleic acids have been detected in AMs early in infection, circulating HIV during acute and chronic infection is usually CCR5 T cell-tropic (T-tropic) and enters macrophages inefficiently in vitro. The mechanism by which T-tropic viruses infect AMs remains unknown. We collected AMs by bronchoscopy performed in HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and uninfected subjects. We found that viral constructs made with primary HIV envelope sequences isolated from both AMs and plasma were T-tropic and inefficiently infected macrophages. However, these isolates productively infected macrophages when co-cultured with HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. In addition, we provide evidence that T-tropic HIV is transmitted from infected CD4+ T cells to the AM cytosol. We conclude that AM-derived HIV isolates are T-tropic and can enter macrophages through contact with an infected CD4+ T cell, which results in productive infection of AMs. CD4+ T cell-dependent entry of HIV into AMs helps explain the presence of HIV in AMs despite inefficient cell-free infection, and may contribute to AM dysfunction in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Schiff
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Linder
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shillah N Luhembo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Banning
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J Deymier
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Diefenbach
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy K Dickey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athe M Tsibris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro B Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josalyn L Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST-NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 ONN, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 AT, UK
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany.
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Cingöz O, Arnow ND, Puig Torrents M, Bannert N. Vpx enhances innate immune responses independently of SAMHD1 during HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33563288 PMCID: PMC7871410 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genomes of HIV-2 and some SIV strains contain the accessory gene vpx, which carries out several functions during infection, including the downregulation of SAMHD1. Vpx is also commonly used in experiments to increase HIV-1 infection efficiency in myeloid cells, particularly in studies that investigate the activation of antiviral pathways. However, the potential effects of Vpx on cellular innate immune signaling is not completely understood. We investigated whether and how Vpx affects ISG responses in monocytic cell lines and MDMs during HIV-1 infection. Results HIV-1 infection at excessively high virus doses can induce ISG activation, although at the expense of high levels of cell death. At equal infection levels, the ISG response is potentiated by the presence of Vpx and requires the initiation of reverse transcription. The interaction of Vpx with the DCAF1 adaptor protein is important for the enhanced response, implicating Vpx-mediated degradation of a host factor. Cells lacking SAMHD1 show similarly augmented responses, suggesting an effect that is independent of SAMHD1 degradation. Overcoming SAMHD1 restriction in MDMs to reach equal infection levels with viruses containing and lacking Vpx reveals a novel function of Vpx in elevating innate immune responses. Conclusions Vpx likely has as yet undefined roles in infected cells. Our results demonstrate that Vpx enhances ISG responses in myeloid cell lines and primary cells independently of its ability to degrade SAMHD1. These findings have implications for innate immunity studies in myeloid cells that use Vpx delivery with HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Cingöz
- Department of Infectious Diseases HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicolas D Arnow
- Department of Infectious Diseases HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mireia Puig Torrents
- Department of Infectious Diseases HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Department of Infectious Diseases HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Abstract
It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. Establishment of the EcoHIV infected rat model for studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders, would be beneficial in the study of neuroHIV and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In the present study, we demonstrate the successful creation of a rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV). First, the lentiviral construct of EcoHIV was packaged in cultured 293 FT cells for 48 hours. Then, the conditional medium was concentrated and titered. Next, we performed bilateral stereotaxic injections of the EcoHIV-EGFP into F344/N rat brain tissue. One week after infection, EGFP fluorescence signals were detected in the infected brain tissue, indicating that EcoHIV successfully induces an active HIV infection in rats. In addition, immunostaining for the microglial cell marker, Iba1, was performed. The results indicated that microglia were the predominant cell type harboring EcoHIV. Furthermore, EcoHIV rats exhibited alterations in temporal processing, a potential underlying neurobehavioral mechanism of HAND as well as synaptic dysfunction eight weeks after infection. Collectively, the present study extends the EcoHIV model of HIV-1 infection to the rat offering a valuable biological system to study HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain as well as HAND and associated comorbidities such as drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina
| | - Kristen A McLaurin
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina;
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28
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Leroy H, Han M, Woottum M, Bracq L, Bouchet J, Xie M, Benichou S. Virus-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9644. [PMID: 33348900 PMCID: PMC7767094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion between eukaryotic cells is a general process involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, including infections by bacteria, parasites, and viruses. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses use intracellular machineries and pathways for efficient replication in their host target cells. Interestingly, certain viruses, and, more especially, enveloped viruses belonging to different viral families and including human pathogens, can mediate cell-cell fusion between infected cells and neighboring non-infected cells. Depending of the cellular environment and tissue organization, this virus-mediated cell-cell fusion leads to the merge of membrane and cytoplasm contents and formation of multinucleated cells, also called syncytia, that can express high amount of viral antigens in tissues and organs of infected hosts. This ability of some viruses to trigger cell-cell fusion between infected cells as virus-donor cells and surrounding non-infected target cells is mainly related to virus-encoded fusion proteins, known as viral fusogens displaying high fusogenic properties, and expressed at the cell surface of the virus-donor cells. Virus-induced cell-cell fusion is then mediated by interactions of these viral fusion proteins with surface molecules or receptors involved in virus entry and expressed on neighboring non-infected cells. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different animal virus families, with a more special focus on human pathogens, that can trigger cell-cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Leroy
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Bracq
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jérôme Bouchet
- Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies UR2496, University of Paris, 92120 Montrouge, France;
| | - Maorong Xie
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
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29
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Differential utilization of CD4+ by transmitted/founder and chronic envelope glycoproteins in a MSM HIV-1 subtype B transmission cluster. AIDS 2020; 34:2187-2200. [PMID: 32932339 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1 transmission leads to a genetic bottleneck, with one or a few variants of the donor quasispecies establishing an infection in the new host. We aimed to characterize this bottleneck in more detail, by comparing the properties of HIV envelope glycoproteins from acute and chronic infections within the particular context of a male-to-male transmission cluster. DESIGN We compared the genotypic and phenotypic properties of envelope glycoproteins from viral variants derived from five study participants from the same transmission cluster. METHODS We used single-genome amplification to generate a collection of full-length env sequences. We then constructed pseudotyped viruses expressing selected Env variants from the quasispecies infecting each study participant and compared their infectivities and sensitivities to various entry inhibitors. RESULTS The genotypic analyses confirmed the genetic bottleneck expected after HIV transmission, with a limited number of variants identified in four study participants during acute infection. However, the transmitted sequences harbored no evident common signature and belonged to various genetic lineages. The phenotypic analyses revealed no difference in infectivity, susceptibility to the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc, the fusion inhibitor enfurvitide or type-I interferon between viruses from participants with acute and chronic infections. The key property distinguishing transmitted viruses was a higher resistance to soluble CD4, correlated with greater sensitivity to occupation of the CD4 receptor by the anti-CD4 antibodies LM52 and SK3. CONCLUSION These results suggest that envelope glycoproteins from transmitted/founder viruses bind CD4 less efficiently than those of viruses from chronic infections.
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30
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Mehlotra RK. Chemokine receptor gene polymorphisms and COVID-19: Could knowledge gained from HIV/AIDS be important? INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104512. [PMID: 32858232 PMCID: PMC7448762 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging results indicate that an uncontrolled host immune response, leading to a life-threatening condition called cytokine release syndrome (also termed "cytokine storm"), is the major driver of pathology in severe COVID-19. In this pandemic, considerable effort is being focused on identifying host genomic factors that increase susceptibility or resistance to the complications of COVID-19 and translating these findings to improved patient care. In this regard, the chemokine receptor-ligand nexus has been reported as potentially important in severe COVID-19 disease pathogenesis and its treatment. Valuable genomic insights into the chemokine receptor-ligand nexus have been gained from HIV infection and disease progression studies. Applying that knowledge, together with newly discovered potential host genomic factors associated with COVID-19, may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, #409A, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA,Corresponding author at: Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, #409A, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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31
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Beretta M, Migraine J, Moreau A, Essat A, Goujard C, Chaix ML, Drouin A, Bouvin-Pley M, Meyer L, Barin F, Braibant M. Common evolutionary features of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 in patients belonging to a transmission chain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16744. [PMID: 33028961 PMCID: PMC7541522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) is largely a consequence of the pressure exerted by the adaptive immune response to infection. While it was generally assumed that the neutralizing antibody (NAb) response depended mainly on the infected individual, the concept that virus-related factors could be important in inducing this response has recently emerged. Here, we analyzed the influence of the infecting viral strain in shaping NAb responses in four HIV-1 infected subjects belonging to a transmission chain. We also explored the impact of NAb responses on the functional evolution of the viral quasispecies. The four patients developed a strong autologous neutralizing antibody response that drove viral escape and coincided with a parallel evolution of their infecting quasispecies towards increasing infectious properties, increasing susceptibility to T20 and increasing resistance to both CD4 analogs and V3 loop-directed NAbs. This evolution was associated with identical Env sequence changes at several positions in the V3 loop, the fusion peptide and the HR2 domain of gp41. The common evolutionary pattern of Env in different hosts suggests that the capacity of a given Env to adapt to changing environments may be restricted by functional constraints that limit its evolutionary landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beretta
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France.,Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julie Migraine
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France
| | - Alain Moreau
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France
| | - Asma Essat
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CESP Inserm U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CESP Inserm U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marie-Laure Chaix
- Université de Paris, Inserm U944, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Drouin
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France
| | | | - Laurence Meyer
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CESP Inserm U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francis Barin
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, CNR VIH, Tours, France
| | - Martine Braibant
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France.
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32
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Connell BJ, Hermans LE, Wensing AMJ, Schellens I, Schipper PJ, van Ham PM, de Jong DTCM, Otto S, Mathe T, Moraba R, Borghans JAM, Papathanasopoulos MA, Kruize Z, Venter FWD, Kootstra NA, Tempelman H, Tesselaar K, Nijhuis M. Immune activation correlates with and predicts CXCR4 co-receptor tropism switch in HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15866. [PMID: 32985522 PMCID: PMC7522993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 cell entry is mediated by binding to the CD4-receptor and chemokine co-receptors CCR5 (R5) or CXCR4 (X4). R5-tropic viruses are predominantly detected during early infection. A switch to X4-tropism often occurs during the course of infection. X4-tropism switching is strongly associated with accelerated disease progression and jeopardizes CCR5-based HIV-1 cure strategies. It is unclear whether host immunological factors play a causative role in tropism switching. We investigated the relationship between immunological factors and X4-tropism in a cross-sectional study in HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C)-infected patients and in a longitudinal HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) seroconverter cohort. Principal component analysis identified a cluster of immunological markers (%HLA-DR+ CD4+ T-cells, %CD38+HLA-DR+ CD4+ T-cells, %CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T-cells, %CD70+ CD4+ T-cells, %CD169+ monocytes, and absolute CD4+ T-cell count) in HIV-1C patients that was independently associated with X4-tropism (aOR 1.044, 95% CI 1.003–1.087, p = 0.0392). Analysis of individual cluster contributors revealed strong correlations of two markers of T-cell activation (%HLA-DR+ CD4+ T-cells, %HLA-DR+CD38+ CD4+ T-cells) with X4-tropism, both in HIV-1C patients (p = 0.01;p = 0.03) and HIV-1B patients (p = 0.0003;p = 0.0001). Follow-up data from HIV-1B patients subsequently revealed that T-cell activation precedes and independently predicts X4-tropism switching (aHR 1.186, 95% CI 1.065–1.321, p = 0.002), providing novel insights into HIV-1 pathogenesis and CCR5-based curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette J Connell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas E Hermans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Ingrid Schellens
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline J Schipper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M van Ham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien T C M de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Otto
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tholakele Mathe
- Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Robert Moraba
- Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | | | - Maria A Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zita Kruize
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francois W D Venter
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Tempelman
- Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa. .,HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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33
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Macrophage Tropism in Pathogenic HIV-1 and SIV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101077. [PMID: 32992787 PMCID: PMC7601331 DOI: 10.3390/v12101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most myeloid lineage cells express the receptor and coreceptors that make them susceptible to infection by primate lentiviruses (SIVs and HIVs). However, macrophages are the only myeloid lineage cell commonly infected by SIVs and/or HIVs. The frequency of infected macrophages varies greatly across specific host and virus combinations as well as disease states, with infection rates being greatest in pathogenic SIV infections of non-natural hosts (i.e., Asian nonhuman primates (Asian NHPs)) and late in untreated HIV-1 infection. In contrast, macrophages from natural SIV hosts (i.e., African NHPs) are largely resistant to infection due to entry and/or post-entry restriction mechanisms. These highly variable rates of macrophage infection may stem from differences in the host immune environment, entry and post-entry restriction mechanisms, the ability of a virus to adapt to efficiently infect macrophages, and the pleiotropic effects of macrophage-tropism including the ability to infect cells lacking CD4 and increased neutralization sensitivity. Questions remain about the relationship between rates of macrophage infection and viral pathogenesis, with some evidence suggesting that elevated levels of macrophage infection may contribute to greater pathogenesis in non-natural SIV hosts. Alternatively, extensive infection of macrophages may only emerge in the context of high viral loads and immunodeficiency, making it a symptom of highly pathogenic infections, not a primary driver of pathogenesis.
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34
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Joseph SB, Kincer LP, Bowman NM, Evans C, Vinikoor MJ, Lippincott CK, Gisslén M, Spudich S, Menezes P, Robertson K, Archin N, Kashuba A, Eron JJ, Price RW, Swanstrom R. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Detected in the Central Nervous System (CNS) After Years of Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy Can Originate from a Replicating CNS Reservoir or Clonally Expanded Cells. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1345-1352. [PMID: 30561541 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) populations are detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of some people on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Detailed analysis of these populations may reveal whether they are produced by central nervous system (CNS) reservoirs. METHODS We performed a study of 101 asymptomatic participants on stable ART. HIV-1 RNA concentrations were cross-sectionally measured in CSF and plasma. In participants with CSF HIV-1 RNA concentrations sufficient for analysis, viral populations were genetically and phenotypically characterized over multiple time points. RESULTS For 6% of participants (6 of 101), the concentration of HIV-1 RNA in their CSF was ≥0.5 log copies/mL above that of plasma (ie, CSF escape). We generated viral envelope sequences from CSF of 3 participants. One had a persistent CSF escape population that was macrophage-tropic, partially drug resistant, genetically diverse, and closely related to a minor macrophage-tropic lineage present in the blood prior to viral suppression and enriched for after ART. Two participants (1 suppressed and 1 not) had transient CSF escape populations that were R5 T cell-tropic with little genetic diversity. CONCLUSIONS Extensive analysis of viral populations in 1 participant revealed that CSF escape was from a persistently replicating population, likely in macrophages/microglia, present in the CNS over 3 years of ART. CSF escape in 2 other participants was likely produced by trafficking and transient expansion of infected T cells in the CNS. Our results show that CNS reservoirs can persist during ART and that CSF escape is not exclusively produced by replicating CNS reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Maryland
| | - Laura P Kincer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Maryland
| | - Natalie M Bowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Maryland
| | - Chris Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Maryland
| | - Michael J Vinikoor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Maryland
| | - Christopher K Lippincott
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Prema Menezes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Maryland.,University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Francisco
| | - Kevin Robertson
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Francisco
| | - Nancie Archin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Maryland
| | - Angela Kashuba
- University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Francisco.,Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Francisco
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Maryland.,University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Francisco
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Francisco.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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35
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Abstract
: Human CD300a is known to promote the infection by dengue and other enveloped viruses and is overexpressed on CD4 T cells from HIV-1-infected patients. We found that infected CD4+RA- T cells from untreated HIV-1-infected patients were mostly CD300a+. Furthermore, CD300a expressing CD4+RA- T cells from healthy donors were significantly more infected by HIV-1 in vitro than CD300a- cells. CD300a might represent a biomarker of susceptibility to HIV-1 infection on memory CD4 T lymphocytes.
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36
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Dupont M, Sattentau QJ. Macrophage Cell-Cell Interactions Promoting HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E492. [PMID: 32354203 PMCID: PMC7290394 DOI: 10.3390/v12050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens infect macrophages as part of their intracellular life cycle. This is particularly true for viruses, of which HIV-1 is one of the best studied. HIV-1 infection of macrophages has important consequences for viral persistence and pathogenesis, but the mechanisms of macrophage infection remain to be fully elucidated. Despite expressing viral entry receptors, macrophages are inefficiently infected by cell-free HIV-1 virions, whereas direct cell-cell spread is more efficient. Different modes of cell-cell spread have been described, including the uptake by macrophages of infected T cells and the fusion of infected T cells with macrophages, both leading to macrophage infection. Cell-cell spread can also transmit HIV-1 between macrophages and from macrophages to T cells. Here, we describe the current state of the field concerning the cell-cell spread of HIV-1 to and from macrophages, discuss mechanisms, and highlight potential in vivo relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Dupont
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, UK
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37
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Margolis DM, Archin NM, Cohen MS, Eron JJ, Ferrari G, Garcia JV, Gay CL, Goonetilleke N, Joseph SB, Swanstrom R, Turner AMW, Wahl A. Curing HIV: Seeking to Target and Clear Persistent Infection. Cell 2020; 181:189-206. [PMID: 32220311 PMCID: PMC7896558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection persists despite years of antiretroviral therapy (ART). To remove the stigma and burden of chronic infection, approaches to eradicate or cure HIV infection are desired. Attempts to augment ART with therapies that reverse viral latency, paired with immunotherapies to clear infection, have advanced into the clinic, but the field is still in its infancy. We review foundational studies and highlight new insights in HIV cure research. Together with advances in ART delivery and HIV prevention strategies, future therapies that clear HIV infection may relieve society of the affliction of the HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Nancie M Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah B Joseph
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anne-Marie W Turner
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Angela Wahl
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Gartner MJ, Roche M, Churchill MJ, Gorry PR, Flynn JK. Understanding the mechanisms driving the spread of subtype C HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102682. [PMID: 32114391 PMCID: PMC7047180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C (C-HIV) is the most prevalent form of HIV-1 globally, accounting for approximately 50% of infections worldwide. C-HIV is the predominant and near-exclusive subtype in the low resource regions of India and Southern Africa. Given the vast diversity of HIV-1 subtypes, it is curious as to why C-HIV constitutes such a large proportion of global infections. This enriched prevalence may be due to phenotypic differences between C-HIV isolates and other viral strains that permit enhanced transmission efficiency or, pathogenicity, or might due to the socio-demographics of the regions where C-HIV is endemic. Here, we compare the mechanisms of C-HIV pathogenesis to less prominent HIV-1 subtypes, including viral genetic and phenotypic characteristics, and host genetic variability, to understand whether evolutionary factors drove C-HIV to predominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gartner
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline K Flynn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
A disease of more than 39.6 million people worldwide, HIV-1 infection has no curative therapy. To date, one man has achieved a sterile cure, with millions more hoping to avoid the potential pitfalls of lifelong antiretroviral therapy and other HIV-related disorders, including neurocognitive decline. Recent developments in immunotherapies and gene therapies provide renewed hope in advancing efforts toward a sterilizing or functional cure. On the horizon is research concentrated in multiple separate but potentially complementary domains: vaccine research, viral transcript editing, T-cell effector response targeting including checkpoint inhibitors, and gene editing. Here, we review the concept of targeting the HIV-1 tissue reservoirs, with an emphasis on the central nervous system, and describe relevant new work in functional cure research and strategies for HIV-1 eradication.
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What can characterization of cerebrospinal fluid escape populations teach us about viral reservoirs in the central nervous system? AIDS 2019; 33 Suppl 2:S171-S179. [PMID: 31790378 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence that CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) escape populations are produced by viral reservoirs in the central nervous system (CNS). DESIGN CSF escape is a rare phenomenon in which individuals on suppressive ART have well controlled systemic infections with elevated levels of HIV-1 RNA in their CSF. However, the rarity of CSF escape coupled with relatively low CSF viral loads has impeded detailed analyses of these populations. Here, and in a previous study, we performed genetic and phenotypic assessments of CSF escape populations to determine whether CSF escape is produced by CNS reservoirs or by cells trafficking through the CNS. METHODS We report HIV-1 viral loads in the CSF and blood plasma of four individuals with CSF escape (one new example and three previously described examples). We performed phylogenetic analyses of the viral env gene to evaluate diversity within the CSF escape populations and performed entry analyses to determine whether Env proteins were adapted to entering macrophage/microglia. RESULTS Two individuals had CSF escape produced by CNS reservoirs. In contrast, the remaining two cases were likely because of transient viral production from cells migrating into the CNS and releasing virus. CONCLUSION Together our analyses indicate that replication-competent HIV-1 can persist in the CNS during ART, but that not all cases of CSF escape are produced by CNS reservoirs. Our results also suggest that both CD4 T cells and macrophage/microglia can serve as persistent viral reservoirs in the CNS.
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Smith LK, Kuhn TB, Chen J, Bamburg JR. HIV Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders: A New Perspective on the Role of Lipid Rafts in Gp120-Mediated Neurotoxicity. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:258-269. [PMID: 30280668 PMCID: PMC6398609 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666181003144740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) as the primary means of treatment for HIV infection has achieved a dramatic decline in deaths attributed to AIDS and the reduced incidence of severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in infected individuals. Despite these advances, milder forms of HAND persist and prevalence of these forms of neurocognitive impairment are rising with the aging population of HIV infected individuals. HIV enters the CNS early in the pathophysiology establishing persistent infection in resident macrophages and glial cells. These infected cells, in turn, secrete neurotoxic viral proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and small metabolites thought to contribute to neurodegenerative processes. The viral envelope protein gp120 has been identified as a potent neurotoxin affecting neurodegeneration via indirect and direct mechanisms involving interactions with chemokine co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. This short review focuses on gp120 neurotropism and associated mechanisms of neurotoxicity linked to chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 with a new perspective on plasma membrane lipid rafts as an active participant in gp120-mediated neurodegeneration underlying HIV induced CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Thomas B Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Warren CJ, Meyerson NR, Dirasantha O, Feldman ER, Wilkerson GK, Sawyer SL. Selective use of primate CD4 receptors by HIV-1. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000304. [PMID: 31181085 PMCID: PMC6586362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals chronically infected with HIV-1 harbor complex viral populations within their bloodstreams. Recently, it has come to light that when these people infect others, the new infection is typically established by only one or a small number of virions from within this complex viral swarm. An important goal is to characterize the biological properties of HIV-1 virions that seed and exist early in new human infections because these are potentially the only viruses against which a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine would need to elicit protection. This includes understanding how the Envelope (Env) protein of these virions interacts with the T-cell receptor CD4, which supports attachment and entry of HIV-1 into target cells. We examined early HIV-1 isolates for their ability to infect cells via the CD4 receptor of 15 different primate species. Primates were the original source of HIV-1 and now serve as valuable animal models for studying HIV-1. We find that most primary isolates of HIV-1 from the blood, including early isolates, are highly selective and enter cells through some primate CD4 receptor orthologs but not others. This phenotype is remarkably consistent, regardless of route of transmission, viral subtype, or time of isolation post infection. We show that the weak CD4 binding affinity of blood-derived HIV-1 isolates is what makes them sensitive to the small sequence differences in CD4 from one primate species to the next. To substantiate this, we engineered an early HIV-1 Env to have high, medium, or low binding affinity to CD4, and we show that it loses the ability to enter cells via the CD4 receptor of many primate species as the binding affinity gets weaker. Based on the phenotype of selective use of primate CD4, we find that weak CD4 binding appears to be a nearly universal property of HIV-1 circulating in the bloodstream. Therefore, weak binding to CD4 must be a selected and important property in the biology of HIV-1 in the body. We identify six primate species that encode CD4 receptors that fully support the entry of early HIV-1 isolates despite their low binding affinity for CD4. These findings will help inform long-standing efforts to model HIV-1 transmission and early disease in primates. The current animal model for HIV, the macaque, encodes a CD4 receptor that is non-permissive for HIV entry. This paper reveals that six primate species encode CD4 receptors compatible with HIV infection, potentially making them powerful tools for the study of HIV biology. Furthermore, weak CD4 binding is a nearly constant, and apparently selected, property of HIV circulating in the human bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Meyerson
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Obaiah Dirasantha
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Feldman
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Wilkerson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li Y, He C, He Z, Zhong M, Liu D, Liu R, Fan R, Duan Y. AIDS prevention and control in the Yunnan region by T cell subset assessment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214800. [PMID: 30998710 PMCID: PMC6472762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior to being spread throughout broader China, multiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 genotypes were originally discovered in the Yunnan Province. As the HIV-1 epidemic continues its spread in Yunnan, knowledge of the influence of gender, age, and ethnicity to instances of HIV reservoirs will benefit monitoring the spread of HIV. Methods The degree to which T cells are depleted during an HIV infection depends on the levels of immune activation. T-cell subsets were assessed in newly-diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients in Yunnan, and the influence of age, gender, and ethnicity were investigated. Patients that were newly diagnosed with the HIV-infection between the years 2015 and 2018 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College were selected for this study (N = 408). The lymphocyte levels and T cell subsets were retrospectively measured in whole blood samples by FACS analysis. Results The median CD4 count was 224 ± 191 cells/μl. Significantly higher mean frequencies and absolute numbers were observed in CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD45+, and CD3+CD4+/CD45+ in females compared to males. Han patients showed a higher total number of CD3+T cells and the ratio of CD3+ /CD45+ cells compared to any other ethnic minority (P < 0.001). The numbers of CD3+ T-cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, and CD45+ T cells were highest in the age group ≥ 60. Significant differences were observed in the counts of CD3+, CD3+CD8+, and CD45+ cells and the ratio of CD3+/CD45+ and CD3+CD4+/CD45+ cells between the ≤ 29 and 30–59 age groups. Conclusion This study has revealed that low levels of CD4+ T cells can be observed in newly-diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients in the Yunnan province. It has also been demonstrated that gender, age, and ethnicity have a significant association with the ratio of T-cell subsets that may contribute to virus progression and disease prognosis in individuals belonging to certain subsets of the population. This study has highlighted the importance of HIV/AIDS screening in at-risk populations to ensure timely and adequate clinical management in Yunnan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | - Chenglu He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | - Zengpin He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | - Dajin Liu
- Department of Medical Records and Statistics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | - Ruiyang Liu
- Department of Standardized Training, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | - Ruixuan Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | - Yong Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, Yunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
- * E-mail:
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Souriant S, Balboa L, Dupont M, Pingris K, Kviatcovsky D, Cougoule C, Lastrucci C, Bah A, Gasser R, Poincloux R, Raynaud-Messina B, Al Saati T, Inwentarz S, Poggi S, Moraña EJ, González-Montaner P, Corti M, Lagane B, Vergne I, Allers C, Kaushal D, Kuroda MJ, Sasiain MDC, Neyrolles O, Maridonneau-Parini I, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C. Tuberculosis Exacerbates HIV-1 Infection through IL-10/STAT3-Dependent Tunneling Nanotube Formation in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3586-3599.e7. [PMID: 30917314 PMCID: PMC6733268 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and HIV-1 act synergistically; however, the mechanisms by which Mtb exacerbates HIV-1 pathogenesis are not well known. Using in vitro and ex vivo cell culture systems, we show that human M(IL-10) anti-inflammatory macrophages, present in TB-associated microenvironment, produce high levels of HIV-1. In vivo, M(IL-10) macrophages are expanded in lungs of co-infected non-human primates, which correlates with disease severity. Furthermore, HIV-1/Mtb co-infected patients display an accumulation of M(IL-10) macrophage markers (soluble CD163 and MerTK). These M(IL-10) macrophages form direct cell-to-cell bridges, which we identified as tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) involved in viral transfer. TNT formation requires the IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway, and targeted inhibition of TNTs substantially reduces the enhancement of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer and overproduction in M(IL-10) macrophages. Our study reveals that TNTs facilitate viral transfer and amplification, thereby promoting TNT formation as a mechanism to be explored in TB/AIDS potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Souriant
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Balboa
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maeva Dupont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karine Pingris
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Denise Kviatcovsky
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire Lastrucci
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aicha Bah
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Brigitte Raynaud-Messina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS/ENVT-US006/CREFRE, Service d'Histopathologie, CHU Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sandra Inwentarz
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Poggi
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Jose Moraña
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo Corti
- Division de SIDA, Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carolina Allers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Maria Del Carmen Sasiain
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Colin P, Zhou Z, Staropoli I, Garcia-Perez J, Gasser R, Armani-Tourret M, Benureau Y, Gonzalez N, Jin J, Connell BJ, Raymond S, Delobel P, Izopet J, Lortat-Jacob H, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Brelot A, Lagane B. CCR5 structural plasticity shapes HIV-1 phenotypic properties. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007432. [PMID: 30521629 PMCID: PMC6283471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR5 plays immune functions and is the coreceptor for R5 HIV-1 strains. It exists in diverse conformations and oligomerization states. We interrogated the significance of the CCR5 structural diversity on HIV-1 infection. We show that envelope glycoproteins (gp120s) from different HIV-1 strains exhibit divergent binding levels to CCR5 on cell lines and primary cells, but not to CD4 or the CD4i monoclonal antibody E51. This owed to differential binding of the gp120s to different CCR5 populations, which exist in varying quantities at the cell surface and are differentially expressed between different cell types. Some, but not all, of these populations are antigenically distinct conformations of the coreceptor. The different binding levels of gp120s also correspond to differences in their capacity to bind CCR5 dimers/oligomers. Mutating the CCR5 dimerization interface changed conformation of the CCR5 homodimers and modulated differentially the binding of distinct gp120s. Env-pseudotyped viruses also use particular CCR5 conformations for entry, which may differ between different viruses and represent a subset of those binding gp120s. In particular, even if gp120s can bind both CCR5 monomers and oligomers, impairment of CCR5 oligomerization improved viral entry, suggesting that HIV-1 prefers monomers for entry. From a functional standpoint, we illustrate that the nature of the CCR5 molecules to which gp120/HIV-1 binds shapes sensitivity to inhibition by CCR5 ligands and cellular tropism. Differences exist in the CCR5 populations between T-cells and macrophages, and this is associated with differential capacity to bind gp120s and to support viral entry. In macrophages, CCR5 structural plasticity is critical for entry of blood-derived R5 isolates, which, in contrast to prototypical M-tropic strains from brain tissues, cannot benefit from enhanced affinity for CD4. Collectively, our results support a role for CCR5 heterogeneity in diversifying the phenotypic properties of HIV-1 isolates and provide new clues for development of CCR5-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colin
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Armani-Tourret
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Benureau
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nuria Gonzalez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Jin
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bridgette J. Connell
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Raymond
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brelot
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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CCR5 Revisited: How Mechanisms of HIV Entry Govern AIDS Pathogenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2557-2589. [PMID: 29932942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 has been the focus of intensive studies since its role as a coreceptor for HIV entry was discovered in 1996. These studies lead to the development of small molecular drugs targeting CCR5, with maraviroc becoming in 2007 the first clinically approved chemokine receptor inhibitor. More recently, the apparent HIV cure in a patient transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells devoid of functional CCR5 rekindled the interest for inactivating CCR5 through gene therapy and pharmacological approaches. Fundamental research on CCR5 has also been boosted by key advances in the field of G-protein coupled receptor research, with the realization that CCR5 adopts a variety of conformations, and that only a subset of these conformations may be targeted by chemokine ligands. In addition, recent genetic and pathogenesis studies have emphasized the central role of CCR5 expression levels in determining the risk of HIV and SIV acquisition and disease progression. In this article, we propose to review the key properties of CCR5 that account for its central role in HIV pathogenesis, with a focus on mechanisms that regulate CCR5 expression, conformation, and interaction with HIV envelope glycoproteins.
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Ringel O, Vieillard V, Debré P, Eichler J, Büning H, Dietrich U. The Hard Way towards an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Env Vaccine: Lessons from Other Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040197. [PMID: 29662026 PMCID: PMC5923491 DOI: 10.3390/v10040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although effective antibody-based vaccines have been developed against multiple viruses, such approaches have so far failed for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease and has reduced the number of new infections worldwide, a vaccine against HIV-1 is still urgently needed. We discuss here the major reasons for the failure of “classical” vaccine approaches, which are mostly due to the biological properties of the virus itself. HIV-1 has developed multiple mechanisms of immune escape, which also account for vaccine failure. So far, no vaccine candidate has been able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against primary patient viruses from different clades. However, such antibodies were identified in a subset of patients during chronic infection and were shown to protect from infection in animal models and to reduce viremia in first clinical trials. Their detailed characterization has guided structure-based reverse vaccinology approaches to design better HIV-1 envelope (Env) immunogens. Furthermore, conserved Env epitopes have been identified, which are promising candidates in view of clinical applications. Together with new vector-based technologies, considerable progress has been achieved in recent years towards the development of an effective antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ringel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Patrice Debré
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Laboratory for Infection Biology & Gene Transfer, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
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