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Huo M, Ye J, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Feng ST, Cai H, Zhong B, Dong Z. Quantitative assessment of brown adipose tissue whitening in a high-fat-diet murine model using synthetic magnetic resonance imaging. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27314. [PMID: 38509886 PMCID: PMC10950491 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the whitening process of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mice using synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (SyMRI) and analyzed the correlation between SyMRI quantitative measurements of BAT and serum lipid profiles. Methods Fifteen C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups and fed different diets as follows: normal chow diet for 12 weeks, NCD group; high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, HFD-12w group; and HFD for 36 weeks, HFD-36w group. Mice were scanned using 3.0 T SyMRI. T1 and T2 values of BAT and interscapular BAT (iBAT) volume were measured. After sacrifice, the body weight of mice, lipid profiles, BAT morphology, and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) levels were determined. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni correction for pairwise comparisons. Bonferroni-adjusted significance level was set at P < 0.017 (alpha: 0.05/3 = 0.017). Results T2 values of BAT in the HFD-12w group were significantly higher than those in the NCD group (P < 0.001), and those in the HFD-36w group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (both P < 0.001). The iBAT volume in the HFD-36w group was significantly higher than that in the HFD-12w (P = 0.013) and NCD groups (P = 0.005). T2 values of BAT and iBAT volume were significantly correlated with serum lipid profiles and mouse body weight. Conclusions SyMRI can noninvasively evaluate the whitening process of BAT using T2 values and iBAT volume, thereby facilitating the visualization of the whitening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Huo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, The Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Junzhao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, The Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yinhong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, The Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, The Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- MRI Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing 10076, China
| | - Shi-Ting Feng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, The Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huasong Cai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, The Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bihui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, The Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, The Second Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Carpentier AC. Tracers and Imaging of Fatty Acid and Energy Metabolism of Human Adipose Tissues. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38113392 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT) regulate fatty acid metabolism and control lipid fluxes to other organs. Dysfunction of these key metabolic processes contributes to organ insulin resistance and inflammation leading to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic tracers combined with molecular imaging methods are powerful tools for the investigation of these pathogenic mechanisms. Herein, I review some of the positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging methods combined with stable isotopic metabolic tracers to investigate fatty acid and energy metabolism, focusing on human WAT and BAT metabolism. I will discuss the complementary strengths offered by these methods for human investigations and current gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Nikiforaki K, Marias K. MRI Methods to Visualize and Quantify Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3179. [PMID: 38137400 PMCID: PMC10740979 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MRI is the modality of choice for a vast range of pathologies but also a sensitive probe into human physiology and tissue function. For this reason, several methodologies have been developed and continuously evolve in order to non-invasively monitor underlying phenomena in human adipose tissue that were difficult to assess in the past through visual inspection of standard imaging modalities. To this end, this work describes the imaging methodologies used in medical practice and lists the most important quantitative markers related to adipose tissue physiology and pathology that are currently supporting diagnosis, longitudinal evaluation and patient management decisions. The underlying physical principles and the resulting markers are presented and associated with frequently encountered pathologies in radiology in order to set the frame of the ability of MRI to reveal the complex role of adipose tissue, not as an inert tissue but as an active endocrine organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Nikiforaki
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Kostas Marias
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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Ostenson J, Robison RK, Brittain EL, Damon BM. Feasibility of joint mapping of triglyceride saturation and water longitudinal relaxation in a single breath hold applied to high fat-fraction adipose depots in the periclavicular anatomy. Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 99:58-66. [PMID: 36764629 PMCID: PMC10088071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simultaneous mapping of triglyceride (TAG) saturation and tissue water relaxation may improve the characterization of the structure and function of anatomies with significant adipose tissue. While several groups have demonstrated in vivo TAG saturation imaging using MRI, joint mapping of relaxation and TAG saturation is understudied. Such mappings may avoid bias from physiological motion, if they can be done within a single breath-hold, and also account for static and applied magnetic field heterogeneity. METHODS We propose a transient-state/MR fingerprinting single breath-hold sequence at 3 T, a low-rank reconstruction, and a parameter estimation pipeline that jointly estimates the number of double bonds (NDB), number of methylene interrupted double bonds (NMIDB), and tissue water T1, while accounting for non-ideal radiofrequency transmit scaling and off-resonance effects. We test the proposed method in simulations, in phantom against MR spectroscopy (MRS), and in vivo regions in and around high fat fraction (FF) periclavicular adipose tissue. Partial volume and multi-peak transverse relaxation effects are explored. RESULTS The simulation results demonstrate accurate NDB, NMIDB, and water T1 estimates across a range of NDB, NMIDB, and T1 values. In phantoms, the proposed method's estimates of NDB and NMIDB correlate with those from MR spectroscopy (Pearson correlation ≥0.98), while the water T1 estimates are concordant with a standard phantom. The NDB and NMIDB are sensitive to partial volumes of water, showing increasing bias at FF < 40%. This bias is found to be due to noise and transverse relaxation effects. The in vivo periclavicular adipose tissue has high FF (>90%). The adipose tissue NDB and NMIDB, and muscle T1 estimates are comparable to those reported in the literature. CONCLUSION Robust estimation of NDB, NMIDB at high FF and water T1 across a broad range of FFs are feasible using the proposed methods. Further reduction of noise and model bias are needed to employ the proposed technique in low FF anatomies and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ostenson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America; Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America.
| | - Ryan K Robison
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America; Philips, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Evan L Brittain
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Bruce M Damon
- Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America; Carle Clinical Imaging Research Program, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Health, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Correspondence: André C. Carpentier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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High-fructose feeding suppresses cold-stimulated brown adipose tissue glucose uptake independently of changes in thermogenesis and the gut microbiome. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100742. [PMID: 36130480 PMCID: PMC9512695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diets rich in added sugars are associated with metabolic diseases, and studies have shown a link between these pathologies and changes in the microbiome. Given the reported associations in animal models between the microbiome and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function, and the alterations in the microbiome induced by high-glucose or high-fructose diets, we investigated the potential causal link between high-glucose or -fructose diets and BAT dysfunction in humans. Primary outcomes are changes in BAT cold-induced thermogenesis and the fecal microbiome (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03188835). We show that BAT glucose uptake, but not thermogenesis, is impaired by a high-fructose but not high-glucose diet, in the absence of changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome. We conclude that decreased BAT glucose metabolism occurs earlier than other pathophysiological abnormalities during fructose overconsumption in humans. This is a potential confounding factor for studies relying on 18F-FDG to assess BAT thermogenesis. Fructose overfeeding decreases brown adipose tissue glucose metabolism These changes occur independently of oxidative metabolism No change is observed with glucose overfeeding The gut microbiome is not affected by fructose/glucose overfeeding
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7
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Fortier V, Levesque IR. Longitudinal relaxation in fat-water mixtures and its dependence on fat content at 3 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4629. [PMID: 34636097 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal (T1 ) relaxation of triglyceride molecules and water is of interest for fat-water separation and fat quantification. A better understanding of T1 relaxation could benefit modeling for applications in fat quantification and relaxation mapping. This work investigated T1 relaxation of spectral resonances of triglyceride molecules and water in liquid fat-water mixtures and its dependence on the fat fraction. Dairy cream and a safflower oil emulsion were used. These were diluted with distilled water to produce a variety of fat mass fractions (4.4% to 35% in dairy cream and 6.3% to 52.3% in safflower oil emulsion). T1 was measured at room temperature at 3 T using an inversion recovery STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM) MR spectroscopy method with a series of inversion times. T1 variations as a function of fat fraction were investigated for various resonances. A two-component model was developed to describe the relaxation in a fat-water mixture as a function of the fat fraction. The T1 of water and of all fat resonances studied in this work decreased as the fat fraction increased. The relative variation in T1 was different for each fat resonance. The T1 of the methylene resonance showed the least variation as a function of the fat fraction. The proposed two-component model closely fits the observed T1 variations. In conclusion, this work clarifies how the T1 of major and minor fat resonances and of the water resonance varies as a function of the fat fraction in fat-water mixtures. Knowledge of these variations could serve modeling, analysis of MRI measurements in fat-water mixtures, and phantom preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Fortier
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ives R Levesque
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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Lima da Cruz GJ, Velasco C, Lavin B, Jaubert O, Botnar RM, Prieto C. Myocardial T1, T2, T2*, and fat fraction quantification via low-rank motion-corrected cardiac MR fingerprinting. Magn Reson Med 2022; 87:2757-2774. [PMID: 35081260 PMCID: PMC9306903 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Develop a novel 2D cardiac MR fingerprinting (MRF) approach to enable simultaneous T1, T2, T2*, and fat fraction (FF) myocardial tissue characterization in a single breath‐hold scan. Methods Simultaneous, co‐registered, multi‐parametric mapping of T1, T2, and FF has been recently achieved with cardiac MRF. Here, we further incorporate T2* quantification within this approach, enabling simultaneous T1, T2, T2*, and FF myocardial tissue characterization in a single breath‐hold scan. T2* quantification is achieved with an eight‐echo readout that requires a long cardiac acquisition window. A novel low‐rank motion‐corrected (LRMC) reconstruction is exploited to correct for cardiac motion within the long acquisition window. The proposed T1/T2/T2*/FF cardiac MRF was evaluated in phantom and in 10 healthy subjects in comparison to conventional mapping techniques. Results The proposed approach achieved high quality parametric mapping of T1, T2, T2*, and FF with corresponding normalized RMS error (RMSE) T1 = 5.9%, T2 = 9.6% (T2 values <100 ms), T2* = 3.3% (T2* values <100 ms), and FF = 0.8% observed in phantom scans. In vivo, the proposed approach produced higher left‐ventricular myocardial T1 values than MOLLI (1148 vs 1056 ms), lower T2 values than T2‐GraSE (42.8 vs 50.6 ms), lower T2* values than eight‐echo gradient echo (GRE) (35.0 vs 39.4 ms), and higher FF values than six‐echo GRE (0.8 vs 0.3 %) reference techniques. The proposed approach achieved considerable reduction in motion artifacts compared to cardiac MRF without motion correction, improved spatial uniformity, and statistically higher apparent precision relative to conventional mapping for all parameters. Conclusion The proposed cardiac MRF approach enables simultaneous, co‐registered mapping of T1, T2, T2*, and FF in a single breath‐hold for comprehensive myocardial tissue characterization, achieving higher apparent precision than conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastao José Lima da Cruz
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Velasco
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Begoña Lavin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Jaubert
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rene Michael Botnar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Prieto
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ruschke S, Karampinos DC. Single-voxel short-TR multi-TI multi-TE STEAM MRS for water-fat relaxometry. Magn Reson Med 2022; 87:2587-2599. [PMID: 35014731 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To propose a short-TR multi-TI multi-TE (SHORTIE, ['shȯr-tē]) STEAM single-voxel MRS acquisition scheme for the simultaneous assessment of T1 relaxation, T2 relaxation, and the proton density fat fraction at reduced scan times when compared with conventional long-TR multi-TI STEAM and long-TR multi-TE STEAM single-voxel MRS. METHODS Theoretical analysis for multi-TI (TI = 10, 100, 500, 1500 ms; scan time = 2:43 minutes), multi-TE (TE = 12, 15, 20, 25 ms; scan time = 2:24 minutes), and SHORTIE STEAM (all TI and TE combinations; scan time = 2:52 minutes) was carried out including Cramér-Rao lower bound and parameter estimation efficiency analysis for T1 (150-2000 ms) and T2 (5-150 ms) relaxation. The SHORTIE STEAM acquisition was compared with multi-TI STEAM and multi-TE STEAM in water-fat phantoms and in a human in vivo study of the adipose tissue depot in the supraclavicular fossa in 7 volunteers at 3 T. RESULTS Cramér-Rao lower bound analysis revealed similar to increased variances for T1 and T2 estimators for SHORTIE STEAM. Parameter efficiency analysis demonstrated superior performance of SHORTIE, particularly for shorter T1 and T2 when compared with multi-TI STEAM and multi-TE STEAM. For the phantom data, linear regression and Bland-Altmann analysis yielded a slope/intercept/mean difference of 1.07/-15.40/-17.18 for T1 (in ms; r = 0.999), 0.93/+1.32/+1.09 for T2 (in ms; r = 0.995), and 0.98/-0.04/+0.78 for the fat fraction (in percent; r = 0.999); and for the in vivo data 1.08/+1.77/-62.2 for T1 (r = 0.994), 0.88/+6.69/-1.55 for T2 (r = 0.884), and 0.56/+34.40/-0.46 for the fat fraction (r = 0.673), respectively. CONCLUSION The SHORTIE STEAM acquisition allows shorter scan times for the simultaneous probing of relaxation properties and spectral content in the water-fat environment when compared with combined long-TR multi-TI, and long-TR multi-TE STEAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ruschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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10
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Huo M, Ye J, Dong Z, Cai H, Wang M, Yin G, Qian L, Li ZP, Zhong B, Feng ST. Quantification of brown adipose tissue in vivo using synthetic magnetic resonance imaging: an experimental study with mice model. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:526-538. [PMID: 34993098 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are associated with the development of several obesity-associated disorders. The use of imaging techniques to differentiate BAT from WAT and quantify BAT volume remains challenging, due to limitations such as spatial resolution and magnetic field inhomogeneity. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility for differentiating BAT from WAT, and quantify the BAT volume in vivo using synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS A total of 16 C57BL/6 mice were scanned using synthetic MRI. Quantitative longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and transverse relaxation time (T2) maps were obtained from the original synthetic MRI data using the synthetic MRI software offline. The T1 and T2 values of interscapular BAT (IBAT) and dorsal subcutaneous WAT were measured. The IBAT volume was calculated using synthetic MRI-derived T2-weighted images (T2WIs) based on its morphological characteristics and quantitative tissue values. The body weight of mice was measured, and the IBAT specimens were excised and weighted. The correlation between IBAT volume and the weight of IBAT gross specimen and between IBAT volume and mouse body weight was analyzed. RESULTS The T1 values of BAT (330.3±19.57 ms) were higher than those of WAT (304.42±4.14 ms) (P<0.001), whereas the T2 values of BAT (66.06±5.06 ms) were lower than those of WAT (88.23±7.68 ms) (P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) values of the T1 and T2 for differentiating BAT from WAT was 0.942 and 0.995, respectively. The AUC of the T2 values was higher than that of T1 (P=0.04) using the DeLong test. The optimal cut-off value for T2 was 76 ms for differentiating BAT from WAT (100% sensitivity, 93.7% specificity). A moderate correlation was observed between IBAT volume and the weight of the IBAT gross specimen (r=0.662, P=0.014), and between IBAT volume and mouse body weight (r=0.653, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS The quantitative parameters derived using synthetic MRI may be used to detect and differentiate BAT from WAT in vivo. Synthetic MRI may help quantify BAT volume in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Huo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junzhao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huasong Cai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Yin
- GE Healthcare, MR Enhanced Application China, Beijing, China
| | - Long Qian
- MRI Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Ping Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bihui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ting Feng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Velasco C, Cruz G, Jaubert O, Lavin B, Botnar RM, Prieto C. Simultaneous comprehensive liver T 1 , T 2 , T 2 ∗ , T 1ρ , and fat fraction characterization with MR fingerprinting. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1980-1991. [PMID: 34792212 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a novel simultaneous co-registered T1 , T2 , T 2 ∗ , T1ρ , and fat fraction abdominal MR fingerprinting (MRF) approach for fully comprehensive liver-tissue characterization in a single breath-hold scan. METHODS A gradient-echo liver MRF sequence with low fixed flip angle, multi-echo radial readout, and varying magnetization preparation pulses for multiparametric encoding is performed at 1.5 T. The T 2 ∗ and fat fraction are estimated from a graph/cut water/fat separation method using a six-peak fat model. Water/fat singular images obtained are then matched to an MRF dictionary, estimating water-specific T1 , T2 , and T1ρ . The proposed approach was tested in phantoms and 10 healthy subjects and compared against conventional sequences. RESULTS For the phantom studies, linear fits show excellent coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.9) for every parametric map. For in vivo studies, the average values measured within regions of interest drawn on liver, spleen, muscle, and fat are statistically different from the reference scans (p < 0.05) for T1 , T2 , and T1⍴ but not for T 2 ∗ and fat fraction, whereas correlation between MRF and reference scans is excellent for each parameter (r2 > 0.92 for every parameter). CONCLUSION The proposed multi-echo inversion-recovery, T2 , and T1⍴ prepared liver MRF sequence presented in this work allows for quantitative T1 , T2 , T 2 ∗ , T1⍴ , and fat fraction liver-tissue characterization in a single breath-hold scan of 18 seconds. The approach showed good agreement and correlation with respect to reference clinical maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Velasco
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gastão Cruz
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Jaubert
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Begoña Lavin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - René M Botnar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Prieto
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ogawa M, Koskensalo K, Laurila S, Holstila M, Lahesmaa M, Virtanen KA, Iida H, Akima H, Nuutila P. Brown adipose tissue fat-fraction is associated with skeletal muscle adiposity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:81-90. [PMID: 34564756 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is known to be associated with both muscle and adipose tissue volumes, the association between BAT and muscle composition remains unclear, especially in adults. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the association between BAT parameters (glucose uptake and fat-fraction) and muscle volumes and intramuscular adipose tissue contents among healthy young and middle-aged men. METHODS BAT glucose uptake was determined using positron emission tomography with [18F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) during cold exposure in 19 young and middle-aged men (36.3 ± 10.7 years). The fat-fraction of BAT was determined from volumes of interest set in cervical and supraclavicular adipose tissue depots using signal fat-fraction maps via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Muscle volumes and intramuscular adipose tissue contents of m. tibialis anterior and m. multifidus lumborum were measured using MRI. RESULTS The fat-fraction of BAT was significantly associated with intramuscular adipose tissue content in m. tibialis anterior (n = 13, rs = 0.691, P = 0.009). A similar trend was also observed in m. multifidus lumborum (n = 19, rs = 0.454, P = 0.051). However, BAT glucose uptake was not associated with intramuscular adipose tissue contents in both muscles, nor were muscle volumes associated with the BAT glucose uptake and fat-fraction. CONCLUSION The fat-fraction of BAT increases with skeletal muscle adiposity, especially in the lower leg, among healthy young and middle-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Ogawa
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan. .,Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kalle Koskensalo
- Turku PET centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna Laurila
- Turku PET centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland
| | - Milja Holstila
- Turku PET centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Lahesmaa
- Turku PET centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hidehiro Iida
- Turku PET centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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13
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Kořínek R, Pfleger L, Eckstein K, Beiglböck H, Robinson SD, Krebs M, Trattnig S, Starčuk Z, Krššák M. Feasibility of Hepatic Fat Quantification Using Proton Density Fat Fraction by Multi-Echo Chemical-Shift-Encoded MRI at 7T. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 9:665562. [PMID: 34849373 PMCID: PMC7612048 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.665562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fat fraction quantification and assessment of its distribution in the hepatic tissue become more important with the growing epidemic of obesity, and the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. At 3Tesla, the multi-echo, chemical-shift-encoded magnetic resonance imaging (CSE-MRI)-based acquisition allows the measurement of proton density fat-fraction (PDFF) even in clinical protocols. Further improvements in SNR can be achieved by the use of phased array coils and increased static magnetic field. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the feasibility of PDFF imaging using a multi-echo CSE-MRI technique at ultra-high magnetic field (7Tesla). Thirteen volunteers (M/F) with a broad range of age, body mass index, and hepatic PDFF were measured at 3 and 7T by multi-gradient-echo MRI and single-voxel spectroscopy MRS. All measurements were performed in breath-hold (exhalation); the MRI protocols were optimized for a short measurement time, thus minimizing motion-related problems. 7T data were processed off-line using Matlab® (MRI:multi-gradient-echo) and jMRUI (MRS), respectively. For quantitative validation of the PDFF results, a similar protocol was performed at 3T, including on-line data processing provided by the system manufacturer, and correlation analyses between 7 and 3T data were performed off-line. The multi-echo CSE-MRI measurements at 7T with a phased-array coil configuration and an optimal post-processing yielded liver volume coverage ranging from 30 to 90% for high- and low-BMI subjects, respectively. PDFFs ranged between 1 and 20%. We found significant correlations between 7T MRI and -MRS measurements (R2 ≅ 0.97; p < 0.005), and between MRI-PDFF at 7T and 3T fields (R2 ≅ 0.94; p < 0.005) in the evaluated volumes. Based on the measurements and analyses performed, the multi-echo CSE-MRI method using a 32-channel coil at 7T showed its aptitude for MRI-based quantitation of PDFF in the investigated volumes. The results are the first step toward qMRI of the whole liver at 7T with further improvements in hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Kořínek
- Magnetic Resonance group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lorenz Pfleger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Korbinian Eckstein
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Beiglböck
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Daniel Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krebs
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular Imaging, CD Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging (MOLIMA), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zenon Starčuk
- Magnetic Resonance group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular Imaging, CD Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging (MOLIMA), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Ouwerkerk R, Hamimi A, Matta J, Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Eary JF, Abdul Sater Z, Chen KY, Cypess AM, Gharib AM. Proton MR Spectroscopy Measurements of White and Brown Adipose Tissue in Healthy Humans: Relaxation Parameters and Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Radiology 2021; 299:396-406. [PMID: 33724063 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021202676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rodents increases lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) and improves glucose tolerance. Adult humans can have metabolically active BAT. Implications for diabetes and obesity in humans require a better characterization of BAT in humans. Purpose To study fat depots with localized proton MR spectroscopy relaxometry and to identify differences between WAT and fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT proven cold-activated BAT in humans. Materials and Methods Participants were consecutively enrolled in this prospective study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01568671 and NCT01399385) from August 2016 to May 2019. Supraclavicular potential BAT regions were localized with MRI. Proton densities, T1, and T2 were measured with localized MR spectroscopy in potential BAT and in subcutaneous WAT. FDG PET/CT after cold stimulation was used to retrospectively identify active supraclavicular BAT or supraclavicular quiescent adipose tissue (QAT) regions. MR spectroscopy results from BAT and WAT were compared with grouped and paired tests. Results Of 21 healthy participants (mean age, 36 years ± 16 [standard deviation]; 13 men) FDG PET/CT showed active BAT in 24 MR spectroscopy-targeted regions in 16 participants (eight men). Four men had QAT. The T2 for methylene protons was shorter in BAT (mean, 69 msec ± 6, 24 regions) than in WAT (mean, 83 msec ± 3, 18 regions, P < .01) and QAT (mean, 78 msec ± 2, five regions, P < .01). A T2 cut-off value of 76 msec enabled the differentiation of BAT from WAT or QAT with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 95%. Densities of protons adjacent and between double bonds were 33% and 24% lower, respectively, in BAT compared with those in WAT (P = .01 and P = .03, respectively), indicating a lower content of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, in BAT compared with WAT. Conclusion Proton MR spectroscopy showed shorter T2 and lower unsaturated fatty acids in brown adipose tissue (BAT) than that in white adipose tissue in healthy humans. It was feasible to identify BAT with MR spectroscopy without the use of PET/CT or cold stimulation. © RSNA, 2021 See also the editorial by Barker in this issue. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ouwerkerk
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
| | - Ahmed Hamimi
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
| | - Jatin Matta
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
| | - Khaled Z Abd-Elmoniem
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
| | - Janet F Eary
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
| | - Zahraa Abdul Sater
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
| | - Kong Y Chen
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
| | - Ahmed M Gharib
- From the Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch (R.O., A.H., J.M., K.Z.A., A.M.G.) and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (Z.A.S., K.Y.C., A.M.C.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 3-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892-1263; and Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.F.E.)
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15
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Thaiss WM, Gatidis S, Sartorius T, Machann J, Peter A, Eigentler TK, Nikolaou K, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. Noninvasive, longitudinal imaging-based analysis of body adipose tissue and water composition in a melanoma mouse model and in immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated metastatic melanoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1263-1275. [PMID: 33130917 PMCID: PMC8053172 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background As cancer cachexia (CC) is associated with cancer progression, early identification would be beneficial. The aim of this study was to establish a workflow for automated MRI-based segmentation of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and lean tissue water (LTW) in a B16 melanoma animal model, monitor diseases progression and transfer the protocol to human melanoma patients for therapy assessment. Methods For in vivo monitoring of CC B16 melanoma-bearing and healthy mice underwent longitudinal three-point DIXON MRI (days 3, 12, 17 after subcutaneous tumor inoculation). In a prospective clinical study, 18 metastatic melanoma patients underwent MRI before, 2 and 12 weeks after onset of checkpoint inhibitor therapy (CIT; n = 16). We employed an in-house MATLAB script for automated whole-body segmentation for detection of VAT, SCAT and LTW. Results B16 mice exhibited a CC phenotype and developed a reduced VAT volume compared to baseline (B16 − 249.8 µl, − 25%; controls + 85.3 µl, + 10%, p = 0.003) and to healthy controls. LTW was increased in controls compared to melanoma mice. Five melanoma patients responded to CIT, 7 progressed, and 6 displayed a mixed response. Responding patients exhibited a very limited variability in VAT and SCAT in contrast to others. Interestingly, the LTW was decreased in CIT responding patients (− 3.02% ± 2.67%; p = 0.0034) but increased in patients with progressive disease (+ 1.97% ± 2.19%) and mixed response (+ 4.59% ± 3.71%). Conclusion MRI-based segmentation of fat and water contents adds essential additional information for monitoring the development of CC in mice and metastatic melanoma patients during CIT or other treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Thaiss
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sergios Gatidis
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,iFIT-Cluster of Excellence, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Sartorius
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD E.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD E.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD E.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas K Eigentler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstreet 20, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Nikolaou
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,iFIT-Cluster of Excellence, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,iFIT-Cluster of Excellence, Eberhard Karls University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstreet 20, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Peterson P, Trinh L, Månsson S. Quantitative 1 H MRI and MRS of fatty acid composition. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:49-67. [PMID: 32844500 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue as well as other depots of fat (triglycerides) are increasingly being recognized as active contributors to the human function and metabolism. In addition to the fat concentration, also the fatty acid chemical composition (FAC) of the triglyceride molecules may play an important part in diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, osteoporosis, and cancer. MR spectroscopy and chemical-shift-encoded imaging (CSE-MRI) are established methods for non-invasive quantification of fat concentration in tissue. More recently, similar techniques have been developed for assessment also of the FAC in terms of the number of double bonds, the fraction of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, or semi-quantitative unsaturation indices. The number of papers focusing on especially CSE-MRI-based techniques has steadily increased during the past few years, introducing a range of acquisition protocols and reconstruction algorithms. However, a number of potential sources of bias have also been identified. Furthermore, the measures used to characterize the FAC using both MRI and MRS differ, making comparisons between different techniques difficult. The aim of this paper is to review MRS- and MRI-based methods for in vivo quantification of the FAC. We describe the chemical composition of triglycerides and discuss various potential FAC measures. Furthermore, we review acquisition and reconstruction methodology and finally, some existing and potential applications are summarized. We conclude that both MRI and MRS provide feasible non-invasive alternatives to the gold standard gas chromatography for in vivo measurements of the FAC. Although both are associated with gas chromatography, future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Peterson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Trinh
- Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sven Månsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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17
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Jerban S, Ma Y, Wei Z, Jang H, Chang EY, Du J. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cortical and Trabecular Bone. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2020; 24:386-401. [PMID: 32992367 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a composite material consisting of mineral, organic matrix, and water. Water in bone can be categorized as bound water (BW), which is bound to bone mineral and organic matrix, or as pore water (PW), which resides in Haversian canals as well as in lacunae and canaliculi. Bone is generally classified into two types: cortical bone and trabecular bone. Cortical bone is much denser than trabecular bone that is surrounded by marrow and fat. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been increasingly used for noninvasive assessment of both cortical bone and trabecular bone. Bone typically appears as a signal void with conventional MR sequences because of its short T2*. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences with echo times 100 to 1,000 times shorter than those of conventional sequences allow direct imaging of BW and PW in bone. This article summarizes several quantitative MR techniques recently developed for bone evaluation. Specifically, we discuss the use of UTE and adiabatic inversion recovery prepared UTE sequences to quantify BW and PW, UTE magnetization transfer sequences to quantify collagen backbone protons, UTE quantitative susceptibility mapping sequences to assess bone mineral, and conventional sequences for high-resolution imaging of PW as well as the evaluation of trabecular bone architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Zhao Wei
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
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18
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Fischer JGW, Maushart CI, Becker AS, Müller J, Madoerin P, Chirindel A, Wild D, Ter Voert EEGW, Bieri O, Burger I, Betz MJ. Comparison of [ 18F]FDG PET/CT with magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of human brown adipose tissue activity. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:85. [PMID: 32699996 PMCID: PMC7376767 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue which can generate heat in response to mild cold exposure. As it constitutes a promising target in the fight against obesity, we need reliable techniques to quantify its activity in response to therapeutic interventions. The current standard for the quantification of BAT activity is [18F]FDG PET/CT. Various sequences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including those measuring its relative fat content (fat fraction), have been proposed and evaluated in small proof-of-principle studies, showing diverging results. Here, we systematically compare the predictive value of adipose tissue fat fraction measured by MRI to the results of [18F]FDG PET/CT. Methods We analyzed the diagnostic reliability of MRI measured fat fraction (FF) for the estimation of human BAT activity in two cohorts of healthy volunteers participating in two prospective clinical trials (NCT03189511, NCT03269747). In both cohorts, BAT activity was stimulated by mild cold exposure. In cohort 1, we performed [18F]FDG PET/MRI; in cohort 2, we used [18F]FDG PET/CT followed by MRI. Fat fraction was determined by 2-point Dixon and 6-point Dixon measurement, respectively. Fat fraction values were compared to SUVmean in the corresponding tissue depot by simple linear regression. Results In total, 33 male participants with a mean age of 23.9 years and a mean BMI of 22.8 kg/m2 were recruited. In 32 participants, active BAT was visible. On an intra-individual level, FF was significantly lower in high-SUV areas compared to low-SUV areas (cohort 1: p < 0.0001 and cohort 2: p = 0.0002). The FF of the supraclavicular adipose tissue depot was inversely related to its metabolic activity (SUVmean) in both cohorts (cohort 1: R2 = 0.18, p = 0.09 and cohort 2: R2 = 0.42, p = 0.009). Conclusion MRI FF explains only about 40% of the variation in BAT glucose uptake. Thus, it can currently not be used to substitute [18F] FDG PET-based imaging for quantification of BAT activity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03189511, registered on June 17, 2017, actual study start date was on May 31, 2017, retrospectively registered. NCT03269747, registered on September 01, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gabriel William Fischer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Irene Maushart
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton S Becker
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Müller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Madoerin
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alin Chirindel
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damian Wild
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin E G W Ter Voert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Bieri
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irene Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Johannes Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Hamilton G, Schlein AN, Wolfson T, Cunha GM, Fowler KJ, Middleton MS, Loomba R, Sirlin CB. The relationship between liver triglyceride composition and proton density fat fraction as assessed by 1 H MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4286. [PMID: 32128921 PMCID: PMC7211117 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate parameters determining liver triglyceride composition (TC) using 1 H MRS and to assess how TC estimability is affected by proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this prospective single-site study, 199 adults with known or suspected NAFLD in whom other causes of liver disease were excluded underwent two 1 H MRS STimulated Echo Acquisition Method (STEAM) sequences at 3 T. A respiratory-gated water-suppressed free breathing sequence (TE 10 ms, 16 signal averages) was used to assess TC in terms of the number of double bonds (ndb) and methylene-interrupted double bonds (nmidb), and a single breath-hold-long TR, multi-TE sequence (TR 3500 ms), which acquired five single average spectra over TE 10-30 ms, was used to estimate liver PDFF. Ndb and nmidb estimability was qualitatively assessed for each case and summarized descriptively. The consistency of ndb and nmidb estimation was examined using ROC analysis. The relationship between ndb and nmidb values and PDFF was presented graphically. Quality-of-fit of ndb and nmidb versus PDFF was evaluated by Pearson-r correlation. A significance level of 0.05 was used. In 263 1 H MRS examinations performed on 199 adult participants, ndb and nmidb were successfully estimated in 7/53 (13.2%) examinations with PDFF < 4%, 13/30 (43.3%) examinations with PDFF between 4% and 7%, 33/41 (80.5%) examinations with PDFF between 7% and 10%, and 124/139 (89.2%) examinations with PDFF > 10% (maximum PDFF 38.1%). Liver TC could be estimated consistently for PDFF > 6.7%. Both ndb and nmidb decreased with increasing PDFF (ndb = 2.83-0.0160·PDFF, r = -0.449, P < 0.0001); nmidb = 0.75-0.0088·PDFF, r = -0.350, P < 0.0001). In a cohort of adults with known or suspected NAFLD, liver TC becomes more saturated as PDFF increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Hamilton
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alex N. Schlein
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tanya Wolfson
- Computational and Applied Statistic Laboratory, San Diego
Supercomputing Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California,
USA
| | - Guilherme M. Cunha
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Fowler
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael S. Middleton
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and
Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,
USA
| | - Claude B. Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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20
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Ma YJ, Fan S, Shao H, Du J, Szeverenyi NM, Young IR, Bydder GM. Use of Multiplied, Added, Subtracted and/or FiTted Inversion Recovery (MASTIR) pulse sequences. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:1334-1369. [PMID: 32550142 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The group of Multiplied, Added, Subtracted and/or fiTted Inversion Recovery (MASTIR) pulse sequences in which usually two or more inversion recovery (IR) images of different types are combined is described, and uses for this type of sequence are outlined. IR sequences of different types can be multiplied, added, subtracted, and/or fitted together to produce variants of the MASTIR sequence. The sequences provide a range of options for increasing image contrast, demonstrating specific tissues and fluids of interest, and suppressing unwanted signals. A formalism using the concept of pulse sequences as tissue property filters is used to explain the signal, contrast and weighting of the pulse sequences with both univariate and multivariate filter models. Subtraction of one magnitude reconstructed IR image from another with a shorter TI can produce very high T1 dependent positive contrast from small increases in T1. The reverse subtracted IR sequence can provide high positive contrast enhancement with gadolinium chelates and iron deposition which decrease T1. Additional contrast to that arising from increases in T1 can be produced by supplementing this with contrast arising from concurrent increases in ρm and T2, as well as increases or decreases in diffusion using subtraction IR with echo subtraction and/or diffusion subtraction. Phase images may show 180º differences as a result of rotating into the transverse plane both positive and negative longitudinal magnetization. Phase images with contrast arising in this way, or other ways, can be multiplied by magnitude IR images to increase the contrast of the latter. Magnetization Transfer (MT) and susceptibility can be used with IR sequences to improve contrast. Selective images of white and brown adipose tissue lipid and water components can be produced using different TIs and in and out-of-phase TEs. Selective images of ultrashort and short T2 tissue components can be produced by nulling long T2 tissue components with an inversion pulse and subtraction of images with longer TEs from images with ultrashort TEs. The Double Echo Sliding IR (DESIRE) sequence provides images with a wide range of TIs from which it is possible to choose values of TI to achieve particular types of tissue and/or fluid contrast (e.g., for subtraction with different TIs, as described above, and for long T2 tissue signal nulling with UTE sequences). Unwanted tissue and fluid signals can be suppressed by addition and subtraction of phase-sensitive (ps) and magnitude reconstructed images. The sequence also offers options for synergistic use of the changes in blood and tissue ρm, T1, T2/T2*, D* and perfusion that can be seen with fMRI of the brain. In-vivo and ex-vivo illustrative examples of normal brain, cartilage, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and peripheral nerve imaged with different forms of the MASTIR sequence are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shujuan Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hongda Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Ian R Young
- Formerly Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Graeme M Bydder
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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21
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Weijers RNM. Fundamentals about onset and progressive disease character of type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2020; 11:165-181. [PMID: 32477453 PMCID: PMC7243486 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i5.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ResearchGate is a world wide web for scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators. As one of the more than 15 million members, the author uploads research output and reads and responds to some of the questions raised, which are related to type 2 diabetes. In that way, he noticed a serious gap of knowledge of this disease among medical professionals over recent decades. The main aim of the current study is to remedy this situation through providing a comprehensive review on recent developments in biochemistry and molecular biology, which can be helpful for the scientific understanding of the molecular nature of type 2 diabetes. To fill up the shortcomings in the curricula of medical education, and to familiarize the medical community with a new concept of the onset of type 2 diabetes, items are discussed like: Insulin resistance, glucose effectiveness, insulin sensitivity, cell membranes, membrane flexibility, unsaturation index (UI; number of carbon-carbon double bonds per 100 acyl chains of membrane phospholipids), slow-down principle, effects of temperature acclimation on phospholipid membrane composition, free fatty acids, energy transport, onset of type 2 diabetes, metformin, and exercise. Based on the reviewed data, a new model is presented with proposed steps in the development of type 2 diabetes, a disease arising as a result of a hypothetical hereditary anomaly, which causes hyperthermia in and around the mitochondria. Hyperthermia is counterbalanced by the slow-down principle, which lowers the amount of carbon-carbon double bonds of membrane phospholipid acyl chains. The accompanying reduction in the UI lowers membrane flexibility, promotes a redistribution of the lateral pressure in cell membranes, and thereby reduces the glucose transporter protein pore diameter of the transmembrane glucose transport channel of all Class I GLUT proteins. These events will set up a reduction in transmembrane glucose transport. So, a new blood glucose regulation system, effective in type 2 diabetes and its prediabetic phase, is based on variations in the acyl composition of phospholipids and operates independent of changes in insulin and glucose concentration. UI assessment is currently arising as a promising analytical technology for a membrane flexibility analysis. An increase in mitochondrial heat production plays a pivotal role in the existence of this regulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob NM Weijers
- Teaching Hospital, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam 1090, Netherlands
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22
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Jaubert O, Arrieta C, Cruz G, Bustin A, Schneider T, Georgiopoulos G, Masci P, Sing‐Long C, Botnar RM, Prieto C. Multi‐parametric liver tissue characterization using MR fingerprinting: Simultaneous T
1
, T
2
, T
2
*, and fat fraction mapping. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:2625-2635. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Jaubert
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom
| | - Cristobal Arrieta
- Biomedical Imaging Center and Millennium Nucleus for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Gastão Cruz
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom
| | - Aurélien Bustin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom
| | | | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom
| | - Pier‐Giorgio Masci
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Sing‐Long
- Biomedical Imaging Center and Millennium Nucleus for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
- Instituto de Ingeniería Matemática y Computacional and Millennium Nucleus for the Discovery of Structures in Complex Data Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Rene M. Botnar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom
- Escuela de Ingeniería Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Claudia Prieto
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom
- Escuela de Ingeniería Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
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23
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van Eyk HJ, Paiman EHM, Bizino MB, IJzermans SL, Kleiburg F, Boers TGW, Rappel EJ, Burakiewicz J, Kan HE, Smit JWA, Lamb HJ, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN. Liraglutide decreases energy expenditure and does not affect the fat fraction of supraclavicular brown adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:616-624. [PMID: 32127340 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies have shown that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues can affect resting energy expenditure, and preclinical studies suggest that they may activate brown adipose tissue (BAT). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of treatment with liraglutide on energy metabolism and BAT fat fraction in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 26-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 50 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to treatment with liraglutide (1.8 mg/day) or placebo added to standard care. At baseline and after treatment for 4, 12 and 26 weeks, we assessed resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry. Furthermore, at baseline and after 26 weeks, we determined the fat fraction in the supraclavicular BAT depot using chemical-shift water-fat MRI at 3T. Liraglutide reduced REE after 4 weeks, which persisted after 12 weeks and tended to be present after 26 weeks (week 26 vs baseline: liraglutide -52 ± 128 kcal/day; P = 0.071, placebo +44 ± 144 kcal/day; P = 0.153, between group P = 0.057). Treatment with liraglutide for 26 weeks did not decrease the fat fraction in supraclavicular BAT (-0.4 ± 1.7%; P = 0.447) compared to placebo (-0.4 ± 1.4%; P = 0.420; between group P = 0.911). CONCLUSION Treatment with liraglutide decreases REE in the first 12 weeks and tends to decrease this after 26 weeks without affecting the fat fraction in the supraclavicular BAT depot. These findings suggest reduction in energy intake rather than an increase in REE to contribute to the liraglutide-induced weight loss. TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT01761318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub J van Eyk
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Maurice B Bizino
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands; Dept. Radiology, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne L IJzermans
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur Kleiburg
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Johannes W A Smit
- Dept. Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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24
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Jerban S, Lu X, Dorthe EW, Alenezi S, Ma Y, Kakos L, Jang H, Sah RL, Chang EY, D’Lima D, Du J. Correlations of cortical bone microstructural and mechanical properties with water proton fractions obtained from ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI tricomponent T2* model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4233. [PMID: 31820518 PMCID: PMC7161421 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical and microstructural evaluations of cortical bone using ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE-MRI) have been performed increasingly in recent years. UTE-MRI acquires considerable signal from cortical bone and enables quantitative bone evaluations. Fitting bone apparent transverse magnetization (T2*) decay using a bicomponent model has been regularly performed to estimate bound water (BW) and pore water (PW) in the quantification of bone matrix and porosity, respectively. Human cortical bone possesses a considerable amount of fat, which appears as MRI T2* signal oscillation and can subsequently lead to BW overestimation when using a bicomponent model. Tricomponent T2* fitting model has been developed to improve BW and PW estimations by accounting for fat contribution in the MRI signal. This study aimed to investigate the correlations of microstructural and mechanical properties of human cortical bone with water pool fractions obtained from a tricomponent T2* model. 135 cortical bone strips (~4 × 2 × 40 mm3 ) from tibial and femoral midshafts of 37 donors (61 ± 24 years old) were scanned using ten sets of dual-echo 3D-UTE-Cones sequences (TE = 0.032-24.0 ms) on a 3 T MRI scanner for T2* fitting analyses. Average bone porosity and pore size were measured using microcomputed tomography (μCT) at 9 μm voxel size. Bone mechanical properties were measured using 4-point bending tests. Using a tricomponent model, bound water fraction (FracBW ) showed significant strong (R = 0.70, P < 0.01) and moderate (R = 0.58-0.62, P < 0.01) correlations with porosity and mechanical properties, respectively. Correlations of bone microstructural and mechanical properties with water pool fractions were higher for tricomponent model results compared with the bicomponent model. The tricomponent T2* fitting model is suggested as a useful technique for cortical bone evaluation where the MRI contribution of bone fat is accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Corresponding authors: • Jiang Du, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, , Phone: +1 858 246 2248, Fax: +1 888 960 5922, • Saeed Jerban, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, , Phone: +1 858 246 3158, Fax: +1 888 960 5922
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- 12Sigma Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erik W. Dorthe
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Salem Alenezi
- Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lena Kakos
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert L. Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Darryl D’Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Corresponding authors: • Jiang Du, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, , Phone: +1 858 246 2248, Fax: +1 888 960 5922, • Saeed Jerban, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, , Phone: +1 858 246 3158, Fax: +1 888 960 5922
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25
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Kořínek R, Gajdošík M, Trattnig S, Starčuk Z, Krššák M. Low-level fat fraction quantification at 3 T: comparative study of different tools for water-fat reconstruction and MR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 33:455-468. [PMID: 31980962 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-020-00825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chemical Shift Encoded Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CSE-MRI)-based quantification of low-level (< 5% of proton density fat fraction-PDFF) fat infiltration requires highly accurate data reconstruction for the assessment of hepatic or pancreatic fat accumulation in diagnostics and biomedical research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compare three software tools available for water/fat image reconstruction and PDFF quantification with MRS as the reference method. Based on the algorithm exploited in the tested software, the accuracy of fat fraction quantification varies. We evaluate them in phantom and in vivo MRS and MRI measurements. RESULTS The signal model of Intralipid 20% emulsion used for phantoms was established for 3 T and 9.4 T fields. In all cases, we noticed a high coefficient of determination (R-squared) between MRS and MRI-PDFF measurements: in phantoms <0.9924-0.9990>; and in vivo <0.8069-0.9552>. Bland-Altman analysis was applied to phantom and in vivo measurements. DISCUSSION Multi-echo MRI in combination with an advanced algorithm including multi-peak spectrum modeling appears as a valuable and accurate method for low-level PDFF quantification over large FOV in high resolution, and is much faster than MRS methods. The graph-cut algorithm (GC) showed the fewest water/fat swaps in the PDFF maps, and hence stands out as the most robust method of those tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Kořínek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Kralovopolska 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Gajdošík
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field MR Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, 1210 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field MR Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular Imaging, MOLIMA, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zenon Starčuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Kralovopolska 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krššák
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field MR Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular Imaging, MOLIMA, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Wu M, Junker D, Branca RT, Karampinos DC. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Brown Adipose Tissue Detection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32849257 PMCID: PMC7426399 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods can non-invasively assess brown adipose tissue (BAT) structure and function. Recently, MRI and MRS have been proposed as a means to differentiate BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT) and to extract morphological and functional information on BAT inaccessible by other means. Specifically, proton MR (1H) techniques, such as proton density fat fraction mapping, diffusion imaging, and intermolecular multiple quantum coherence imaging, have been employed to access BAT microstructure; MR thermometry, relaxometry, and MRI and MRS with 31P, 2H, 13C, and 129Xe have shown to provide complementary information on BAT function. The purpose of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of MR imaging and spectroscopy techniques used to detect BAT in rodents and in humans. The present work discusses common challenges of current methods and provides an outlook on possible future directions of using MRI and MRS in BAT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mingming Wu
| | - Daniela Junker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Tamara Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dimitrios C. Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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27
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Li L, Scotti A, Fang J, Yin L, Xiong T, He W, Qin Y, Liew C, Khayyat N, Zhu W, Cai K. Characterization of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients by Z-Spectral Imaging (ZSI). Eur J Radiol 2019; 123:108777. [PMID: 31855655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize brown adipose tissue (BAT) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients in comparison to healthy subjects using Z-spectral imaging (ZSI). METHOD ZSI data were collected on 19 normal control females (NCF), 17 males (NCM), and 13 PCOS patients. By fitting to multiple Lorentzian functions, ZSI provides fat-water fraction (FWF) of tissue in the supraclavicular area that can be used to differentiate between white adipose tissue (WAT), BAT, and muscle. The fraction of BAT over the total fat depot (BATf) and the average FWF in BAT or FWF(BAT) were then computed, reflecting relative BAT mass and BAT metabolism respectively. The parameters were compared among the three groups, and the correlations to Body Mass Index (BMI) were also quantified. RESULTS There was an inverse correlation between BATf and BMI in normal subjects. The BATf of the PCOS group was significantly smaller than the NCF (P < 0.001). On the other hand, FWF(BAT) correlated linearly with BMI in healthy subjects. The PCOS group had higher FWF(BAT) than the NCF group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Normal subjects with higher BMI show less BATf and have increased FWF(BAT), indicating relatively higher level of metabolic passive WAT depot and relatively reduced metabolism in their BAT depots. PCOS patients have the least BATf and the highest FWF(BAT), suggesting decreased BAT mass and function in PCOS. Novel imaging technique with ZSI for the characterization of BAT mass and function in PCOS may help to monitor treatment responses of PCOS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Radiology Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Radiology Dept., College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alessandro Scotti
- Radiology Dept., College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Bioengineering Dept., College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jicheng Fang
- Radiology Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li Yin
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dept., Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ting Xiong
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dept., Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - WenTao He
- Endocrinology Dept., Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Radiology Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - ChongWee Liew
- Physiology & Biophysics Dept., College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nael Khayyat
- Radiology Dept., College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - WenZhen Zhu
- Radiology Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Kejia Cai
- Radiology Dept., College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Bioengineering Dept., College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.
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Nikiforaki K, Manikis GC, Kontopodis E, Lagoudaki E, de Bree E, Marias K, Karantanas AH, Maris TG. T2, T2 * and spin coupling ratio as biomarkers for the study of lipomatous tumors. Phys Med 2019; 60:76-82. [PMID: 31000090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous fat may have variable signal intensity on T2w images depending on the choice of imaging parameters. However, fatty components within tumors have a different degree of signal dependence on the acquisition scheme. This study examined the use of T2, T2* relaxometry and spin coupling related signal changes (Spin Coupling ratio, SCr) on two different imaging protocols as clinically relevant descriptors of benign and malignant lipomatous tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS 20 patients with benign lipomas or liposarcomas of variable histologic grade were examined at an 1.5 T scanner with Multi Echo Spin Echo (MESE) different echo spacing (ESP) in order to produce bright fat T2w images (ESP: 13.4 ms, 25 equidistant echoes) and dark fat images (ESP: 26.8 ms with 10 equidistant echoes). T2* relaxometry acquisition comprises 4 sets of in-opposed echoes (2.4-19.2 ms, ESP: 2.4 ms) Multi Echo Gradient Echo (MEGRE) sequence. All parametric maps were calculated on a pixel basis. RESULTS Significant differences of SCr were found for five different types of lipomatous tumors (Pairwise t-test with Bonferroni correction): lipomas, well differentiated liposarcomas, myxoid liposarcomas, pleomorphic liposarcomas and poorly differentiated liposarcomas. SCr surpassed the classification performance of T2 and T2* relaxometry. DATA CONCLUSION A novel biomarker based on spin coupling related signal loss, SCr, is indicative of lipomatous tumor histological grading. We concluded that T2, T2* and SCr can be used for the classification of fat containing tumors, which may be important for biopsy guidance in heterogeneous masses and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Nikiforaki
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Radiology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Georgios C Manikis
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Radiology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Kontopodis
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Radiology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleni Lagoudaki
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eelco de Bree
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kostas Marias
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Department of Informatics Engineering, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Apostolos H Karantanas
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Radiology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Thomas G Maris
- Department of Radiology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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MR fingerprinting with simultaneous T 1, T 2, and fat signal fraction estimation with integrated B 0 correction reduces bias in water T 1 and T 2 estimates. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 60:7-19. [PMID: 30910696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MR fingerprinting (MRF) sequences permit efficient T1 and T2 estimation in cranial and extracranial regions, but these areas may include substantial fat signals that bias T1 and T2 estimates. MRI fat signal fraction estimation is also a topic of active research in itself, but may be complicated by B0 heterogeneity and blurring during spiral k-space acquisitions, which are commonly used for MRF. An MRF method is proposed that separates fat and water signals, estimates water T1 and T2, and accounts for B0 effects with spiral blurring correction, in a single sequence. THEORY AND METHODS A k-space-based fat-water separation method is further extended to unbalanced steady-state free precession MRF with swept echo time. Repeated application of this k-space fat-water separation to demodulated forms of the measured data allows a B0 map and correction to be approximated. The method is compared with MRF without fat separation across a broad range of fat signal fractions (FSFs), water T1s and T2s, and under heterogeneous static fields in simulations, phantoms, and in vivo. RESULTS The proposed method's FSF estimates had a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.990 with conventional measurements, and reduced biases in the T1 and T2 estimates due to fat signal relative to other MRF sequences by several hundred ms. The B0 correction improved the FSF, T1, and T2 estimation compared to those estimates without correction. CONCLUSION The proposed method improves MRF water T1 and T2 estimation in the presence of fat and provides accurate FSF estimation with inline B0 correction.
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30
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Lu X, Jerban S, Wan L, Ma Y, Jang H, Le N, Yang W, Chang EY, Du J. Three-dimensional ultrashort echo time imaging with tricomponent analysis for human cortical bone. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:348-355. [PMID: 30847989 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate tricomponent analysis of human cortical bone using a multipeak fat signal model with 3D ultrashort TE Cones sequences on a clinical 3T scanner. METHODS Tricomponent fitting of bound water, pore water, and fat content using a multipeak fat spectra model was proposed for 3D ultrashort TE imaging of cortical bone. Three-dimensional ultrashort TE Cones acquisitions combined with tricomponent analysis were used to investigate bound and pore water T 2 ∗ and fractions, as well as fat T 2 ∗ and fraction in cortical bone. Feasibility studies were performed on 9 human cortical bone specimens with regions of interest selected from the endosteum to the periosteum in 4 circumferential regions. Microcomputed tomography studies were performed to measure bone porosity and bone mineral density for comparison and validation of the bound and pore water analyses. RESULTS The oscillation of the signal decay was well-fitted with the proposed tricomponent model. The sum of the pore water and fat fractions from tricomponent analysis showed a high correlation with microcomputed tomography porosity (R = 0.74, P < 0.01). Estimated bound-water fraction also demonstrated a high correlation with bone mineral density (R = 0.70, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Tricomponent analysis significantly improves the estimation of bound-water and pore-water fractions in human cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Nicole Le
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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31
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Weidlich D, Honecker J, Gmach O, Wu M, Burgkart R, Ruschke S, Franz D, Menze BH, Skurk T, Hauner H, Kulozik U, Karampinos DC. Measuring large lipid droplet sizes by probing restricted lipid diffusion effects with diffusion-weighted MRS at 3T. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:3427-3439. [PMID: 30652361 PMCID: PMC6519235 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The in vivo probing of restricted diffusion effects in large lipid droplets on a clinical MR scanner remains a major challenge due to the need for high b‐values and long diffusion times. This work proposes a methodology to probe mean lipid droplet sizes using diffusion‐weighted MRS (DW‐MRS) at 3T. Methods An analytical expression for restricted diffusion was used. Simulations were performed to evaluate the noise performance and the influence of particle size distribution. To validate the method, oil‐in‐water emulsions were prepared and examined using DW‐MRS, laser deflection and light microscopy. The tibia bone marrow was scanned in volunteers to test the method repeatability and characterize microstructural differences at different locations. Results The simulations showed accurate and precise droplet size estimation when a sufficient SNR is reached with minor dependence on the size distribution. In phantoms, a good correlation between the measured droplet sizes by DW‐MRS and by laser deflection (R2 = 0.98; P = 0.01) and microscopy (R2 = 0.99; P < 0.01) measurements was obtained. A mean coefficient of variation of 11.5 % was found for the lipid droplet diameter in vivo. The average diameter was smaller at a proximal (50.1 ± 7.3 µm) compared with a distal tibia location (61.1 ± 6.8 µm) (P < 0.01). Conclusion The presented methods were able to probe restricted diffusion effects in lipid droplets using DW‐MRS and to estimate lipid droplet size. The methodology was validated using phantoms and the in vivo feasibility in bone marrow was shown based on a good repeatability and findings in agreement with literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Weidlich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius Honecker
- Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Gmach
- Chair for Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Ruschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Franz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bjoern H Menze
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Chair for Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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32
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Arteaga de Castro C, Hoogendam J, van Kalleveen I, Raaijmakers A, Zweemer R, Verheijen R, Luijten P, Veldhuis W, Klomp D. Proton MRS of cervical cancer at 7 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4015. [PMID: 30376201 PMCID: PMC6588007 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation grade of cervical cancer is histologically assessed by examining biopsies or surgical specimens. MRS is a highly sensitive technique that images tissue metabolism and can be used to increase the specificity of tissue characterization in a non-invasive manner. We aim to explore the feasibility of using in vivo 1 H-MRS at 7 T in women with cervical cancer to study tissue fatty acid composition. 10 women with histologically proven Stage IB1-IIB cervical cancer were scanned with a whole-body 7 T MR system with a multi-transmit system and an internal receive only monopole antenna. A STEAM sequence was used to obtain 1 H-MRS data. Fatty acid resonances were fitted with Lorentzian curves and the 2.1 ppm/1.3 ppm ratios were calculated. 1 H-MRS data showed fatty acid signals resonating at 2.1 ppm, 1.9 ppm, 1.5 ppm, 1.3 ppm and 0.9 ppm. Mean 2.1/1.3 ppm ratios were 0.019 ± 0.01, 0.021 ± 0.006, 0.12 ± 0.089 and 0.39 ± 0.27 for normal, Grade I, Grade II and Grade III groups respectively. Poorly differentiated tumor tissue (Grade III) showed elevated fatty acid ratios when compared with the well differentiated tumor (Grade I) or normal tissue. 1 H-MRS in cervical cancer at 7 T is feasible and individual fatty acid signals were detected. In addition, poorly differentiated tumors show more fatty acid unsaturation. The 2.1 ppm/1.3 ppm ratio has potential for tumor characterization in a non-invasive manner for uterine cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J.P. Hoogendam
- Department of Gynecological OncologyUMC Utrecht Cancer CenterThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - R.P. Zweemer
- Department of Gynecological OncologyUMC Utrecht Cancer CenterThe Netherlands
| | - R.H.M. Verheijen
- Department of Gynecological OncologyUMC Utrecht Cancer CenterThe Netherlands
| | - P.R. Luijten
- Department of RadiologyUMC UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - D.W.J. Klomp
- Department of RadiologyUMC UtrechtThe Netherlands
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33
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Karampinos DC, Weidlich D, Wu M, Hu HH, Franz D. Techniques and Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Studying Brown Adipose Tissue Morphometry and Function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 251:299-324. [PMID: 30099625 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present review reports on the current knowledge and recent findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) of brown adipose tissue (BAT). The work summarizes the features and mechanisms that allow MRI to differentiate BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT) by making use of their distinct morphological appearance and the functional characteristics of BAT. MR is a versatile imaging modality with multiple contrast mechanisms as potential candidates in the study of BAT, targeting properties of 1H, 13C, or 129Xe nuclei. Techniques for assessing BAT morphometry based on fat fraction and markers of BAT microstructure, including intermolecular quantum coherence and diffusion imaging, are first described. Techniques for assessing BAT function based on the measurement of BAT metabolic activity, perfusion, oxygenation, and temperature are then presented. The application of the above methods in studies of BAT in animals and humans is described, and future directions in MR study of BAT are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Dominik Weidlich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Houchun H Hu
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Franz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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34
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Lehmann S, Linder N, Retschlag U, Schaudinn A, Stange R, Garnov N, Dietrich A, Oberbach A, Kahn T, Busse H. MRI assessment of changes in adipose tissue parameters after bariatric surgery. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206735. [PMID: 30388152 PMCID: PMC6214540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery and other therapeutic options for obese patients are often evaluated by the loss of weight, reduction of comorbidities or improved quality of life. However, little is currently known about potential therapy-related changes in the adipose tissue of obese patients. The aim of this study was therefore to quantify fat fraction (FF) and T1 relaxation time by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and compare the resulting values with the preoperative ones. Corresponding MRI data were available from 23 patients (16 females and 7 males) that had undergone MRI before (M0) and one month after (M1) bariatric surgery. Patients were 22–59 years old (mean age 44.3 years) and their BMI ranged from 35.7–54.6 kg/m2 (mean BMI 44.6 kg/m2) at M0. Total visceral AT volumes (VVAT-T, in L) were measured by semi-automatic segmentation of axial MRI images acquired between diaphragm and femoral heads. MRI FF and T1 relaxation times were measured in well-defined regions of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue using two custom-made analysis tools. Average BMI values were 45.4 kg/m2 at time point M0 and 42.4 kg/m2 at M1. Corresponding VVAT-T values were 5.94 L and 5.33 L. Intraindividual differences in both BMI and VVAT-T were highly significant (p<0.001). Average relaxation times T1VAT were 303.7 ms at M0 and 316.9 ms at M1 (p<0.001). Corresponding T1SAT times were 283.2 ms and 280.7 ms (p = 0.137). Similarly, FFVAT differences (M0: 85.7%, M1: 83.4%) were significant (p <0.01) whereas FFSAT differences (M0: 86.1, M1: 85.9%) were not significant (p = 0.517). In conclusion, bariatric surgery is apparently not only related to a significant reduction in common parameters of adipose tissue distribution, here BMI and total visceral fat volume, but also significant changes in T1 relaxation time and fat fraction of visceral adipose tissue. Such quantitative MRI measures may potentially serve as independent biomarkers for longitudinal and cross-sectional measurements in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lehmann
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Linder
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Retschlag
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Schaudinn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Stange
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikita Garnov
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Section of Bariatric Surgery, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Oberbach
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kahn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Busse
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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35
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Cheng C, Zou C, Wan Q, Qiao Y, Pan M, Tie C, Liang D, Zheng H, Liu X. Dual-step iterative temperature estimation method for accurate and precise fat-referenced PRFS temperature imaging. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:1322-1334. [PMID: 30230595 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to propose dual-step iterative temperature estimation (DITE) of a fat-referenced proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) method to improve both the accuracy and precision of temperature estimations in fat-containing tissues. METHODS A fat-water signal model with multiple fat peaks was used to simultaneously estimate the temperature, fat/water intensity and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow/> <mml:mo>∗</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , and field offset. In DITE, model fitting was implemented with alternating 2-step minimizations. The estimated temperature map was smoothed between the 2-step minimizations, which is considered to be the most important step for improving the temperature precision. The performance of DITE was evaluated with a Monte Carlo simulation, fat/water phantoms, and ex vivo brown adipose tissue experiments and then compared with the performance of previous fat-referenced proton resonance frequency shift methods. RESULTS In fat/water phantom experiment with a smooth temperature profile, the temperatures estimated by DITE are consistent with the thermometer results and present a better accuracy and precision than those of previous fat-referenced proton resonance frequency shift methods. In the brown adipose tissue heating experiment, the average mean error, SD, and RMS error were -0.08ºC, 0.46ºC, and 0.56ºC, respectively, over all of the measurements within the region of interest. CONCLUSION Our proposed DITE method improves both the accuracy and precision of temperature measurements in tissues with fat fractions between 20% and 80% under smooth distribution of the temperature profile and represents a simple fat-referenced thermometry method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Cheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Zou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Wan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangzi Qiao
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Pan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changjun Tie
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive and Noninvasive Medicine, Chongqing, China
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36
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Simchick G, Yin A, Yin H, Zhao Q. Fat spectral modeling on triglyceride composition quantification using chemical shift encoded magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 52:84-93. [PMID: 29928937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore, at a high field strength of 7T, the performance of various fat spectral models on the quantification of triglyceride composition and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) using chemical-shift encoded MRI (CSE-MRI). METHODS MR data was acquired from CSE-MRI experiments for various fatty materials, including oil and butter samples and in vivo brown and white adipose mouse tissues. Triglyceride composition and PDFF were estimated using various a priori 6- or 9-peak fat spectral models. To serve as references, NMR spectroscopy experiments were conducted to obtain material specific fat spectral models and triglyceride composition estimates for the same fatty materials. Results obtained using the spectroscopy derived material specific models were compared to results obtained using various published fat spectral models. RESULTS Using a 6-peak fat spectral model to quantify triglyceride composition may lead to large biases at high field strengths. When using a 9-peak model, triglyceride composition estimations vary greatly depending on the relative amplitudes of the chosen a priori spectral model, while PDFF estimations show small variations across spectral models. Material specific spectroscopy derived spectral models produce estimations that better correlate with NMR spectroscopy estimations in comparison to those obtained using non-material specific models. CONCLUSION At a high field strength of 7T, a material specific 9-peak fat spectral model, opposed to a widely accepted or generic human liver model, is necessary to accurately quantify triglyceride composition when using CSE-MRI estimation methods that assume the spectral model to be known as a priori information. CSE-MRI allows for the quantification of the spatial distribution of triglyceride composition for certain in vivo applications. Additionally, PDFF quantification is shown to be independent of the chosen a priori spectral model, which agrees with previously reported results obtained at lower field strengths (e.g. 3T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Simchick
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amelia Yin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hang Yin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Qun Zhao
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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37
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Scotti A, Tain RW, Li W, Gil V, Liew CW, Cai K. Mapping brown adipose tissue based on fat water fraction provided by Z-spectral imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 47:1527-1533. [PMID: 29148120 PMCID: PMC5957768 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has a great relevance in metabolic diseases and has been shown to be reduced in obesity and insulin resistance patients. Currently, Dixon MRI is used to calculate fat-water fraction (FWF) and differentiate BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT). However, it may fail in areas of phase wrapping and introduce fat-water swapping artifacts. PURPOSE To investigate the capacity of the Z-spectrum imaging (ZSI) for the identification of BAT in vivo. STUDY TYPE Retrospective study. SPECIMENS WAT, BAT, and lean tissue from healthy mice. ANIMALS Four C57BL/6 healthy mice. POPULATION Five healthy volunteers. FIELD STRENGTH 9.4T, 3T for volunteers. SEQUENCE Z-Spectra data were fitted to a model with three Lorentzian peaks reflecting the direct saturation of tissue water (W) and methylene fat (F), and the magnetization transfer from the semi-solid tissues. The peak amplitudes of water and fat were used to map the FWF. The novel FWF metric was calibrated with an oil and water mixture phantom and validated in specimens, mice and human subjects. ASSESSMEMT FWF distribution was compared with published works and values compared with Dixon's MRI results. STATISTICAL TESTS Comparisons were performed by t-tests. RESULTS ZSI clearly differentiated WAT, BAT, and lean tissues by having FWF = 1, 0.5, and 0, respectively. Calibration with oil mixture phantoms revealed a linear relationship between FWF and the actual fat fraction (R2 = 0.98). In vivo experiments in mice confirmed in vitro results by showing FWF = 0.6 in BAT. FWF maps of human subjects showed the same FWF distribution as Dixon's MRI (P > 0.05). ZSI is independent from B0 field inhomogeneity and fat-water swapping because both lipid and water frequency offsets are determined simultaneously during Z-spectral fitting. DATA CONCLUSION ZSI can derive artifact-free FWF maps, which can be used to identify BAT distribution in vivo noninvasively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1527-1533.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Scotti
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rong-Wen Tain
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Weiguo Li
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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Identification of an optimal threshold for detecting human brown adipose tissue using receiver operating characteristic analysis of IDEAL MRI fat fraction maps. Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 51:61-68. [PMID: 29704560 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower fat fraction (FF) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) than white adipose tissue (WAT) has been exploited using Dixon-based Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to differentiate these tissues in rodents, human infants and adults. We aimed to determine whether an optimal FF threshold could be determined to differentiate between BAT and WAT in adult humans in vivo. METHODS Sixteen volunteers were recruited (9 females, 7 males; 44.2 ± 19.2 years) based on BAT uptake on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Axial 3-echo TSE IDEAL sequences were acquired (TR(ms)/TE(ms)/matrix/NEX/FoV(cm) = 440/10.7-11.1/512 × 512/3/30-40), of the neck/upper thorax on a 3T HDxt MRI scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, USA), and FF maps generated from the resulting water- and fat-only images. BAT depots were delineated on PET/CT based on standardized uptake values (SUV) >2.5 g/ml, and transposed onto FF maps. WAT depots were defined manually within subcutaneous fat. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed, and optimal thresholds for differentiating BAT and WAT determined for each subject using Youden's J statistic. RESULTS There was large variation in optimal FF thresholds to differentiate BAT and WAT between subjects (0.68-0.85), with great variation in sensitivity (0.26-0.84) and specificity (0.62-0.99). FF was excellent or good at separating BAT and WAT in four cases (area under the curve [AUC] 0.84-0.92), but poor in 10 (AUC 0.25-0.68). CONCLUSION Although this technique was effective at differentiating BAT and WAT in some cases, no universal cut-off could be identified to reliably differentiate BAT and WAT in vivo in adult humans on the basis of FF.
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Fishbein KW, Makrogiannis SK, Lukas VA, Okine M, Ramachandran R, Ferrucci L, Egan JM, Chia CW, Spencer RG. Measurement of fat fraction in the human thymus by localized NMR and three-point Dixon MRI techniques. Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 50:110-118. [PMID: 29605590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a protocol to non-invasively measure and map fat fraction, fat/(fat+water), as a function of age in the adult thymus for future studies monitoring the effects of interventions aimed at promoting thymic rejuvenation and preservation of immunity in older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional spoiled gradient echo 3T MRI with 3-point Dixon fat-water separation was performed at full inspiration for thymus conspicuity in 36 volunteers 19 to 56 years old. Reproducible breath-holding was facilitated by real-time pressure recording external to the console. The MRI method was validated against localized spectroscopy in vivo, with ECG triggering to compensate for stretching during the cardiac cycle. Fat fractions were corrected for T1 and T2 bias using relaxation times measured using inversion recovery-prepared PRESS with incremented echo time. RESULTS In thymus at 3 T, T1water = 978 ± 75 ms, T1fat = 323 ± 37 ms, T2water = 43.4 ± 9.7 ms and T2fat = 52.1 ± 7.6 ms were measured. Mean T1-corrected MRI fat fractions varied from 0.2 to 0.8 and were positively correlated with age, weight and body mass index (BMI). In subjects with matching MRI and MRS fat fraction measurements, the difference between these measurements exhibited a mean of -0.008 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.123, -0.138). CONCLUSIONS 3-point Dixon MRI of the thymus with T1 bias correction produces quantitative fat fraction maps that correlate with T2-corrected MRS measurements and show age trends consistent with thymic involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Fishbein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Sokratis K Makrogiannis
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vanessa A Lukas
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn Okine
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ramona Ramachandran
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Richard G Spencer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Developmental patterns of fetal fat and corresponding signal on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:317-324. [PMID: 29279948 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-4038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of subcutaneous fetal fat layer thickness on T1-weighted sequences can be used to predict birth weight. Little is known about normal MR signal patterns of subcutaneous tissue throughout pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To establish developmental patterns of subcutaneous fetal fat signal on T1-weighted sequences during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively examined T1-weighted images of 110 fetal MRI scans. We measured signal intensity of subcutaneous fat on thighs, buttocks, trunk, nuchal region, chin and scalp. We then calculated the ratios of the obtained values with fetal muscle, amnios and maternal fat signal, and compared the results with those of immunohistochemical examination of adipose tissue extracted from the abdominal wall of fetuses as part of standard autopsy protocol. RESULTS We included 60 MRI scans in fetuses without intra-uterine growth restriction or macrosomia of non-diabetic mothers (range 23-37 weeks of gestation). Fat T1 intensity of all anatomical regions was low in all fetuses before 26 weeks of gestation. It became more hyperintense with increasing gestational age, in the following order: chin and nuchal region, then buttocks, thighs and trunk, and eventually the scalp at 33 weeks of gestation. After 33 weeks of gestation, all fetal subcutaneous tissues demonstrated overall hyperintense signal. This progression followed the conversion at immunohistochemistry of fetal adipose tissue composition from predominant brown to white adipose cells in 19 fetuses (19-41 weeks of gestation). CONCLUSION Between 26 weeks and 33 weeks of gestation, subcutaneous fetal fat signal changed in an orderly pattern from chin to buttocks and scalp. This may reflect the conversion from predominant brown to white adipose tissues in subcutaneous fetal fat.
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Panagia M, Chen HH, Croteau D, Iris Chen YC, Ran C, Luptak I, Josephson L, Colucci WS, Sosnovik DE. Multiplexed Optical Imaging of Energy Substrates Reveals That Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Is Associated With Brown Adipose Tissue Activation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:e007007. [PMID: 29555834 PMCID: PMC5908227 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.007007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substrate utilization in tissues with high energetic requirements could play an important role in cardiometabolic disease. Current techniques to assess energetics are limited by high cost, low throughput, and the inability to resolve multiple readouts simultaneously. Consequently, we aimed to develop a multiplexed optical imaging platform to simultaneously assess energetics in multiple organs in a high throughput fashion. METHODS AND RESULTS The detection of 18F-Fluordeoxyglucose uptake via Cerenkov luminescence and free fatty acid uptake with a fluorescent C16 free fatty acid was tested. Simultaneous uptake of these agents was measured in the myocardium, brown/white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in mice with/without thoracic aortic banding. Within 5 weeks of thoracic aortic banding, mice developed left ventricular hypertrophy and brown adipose tissue activation with upregulation of β3AR (β3 adrenergic receptors) and increased natriuretic peptide receptor ratio. Imaging of brown adipose tissue 15 weeks post thoracic aortic banding revealed an increase in glucose (P<0.01) and free fatty acid (P<0.001) uptake versus controls and an increase in uncoupling protein-1 (P<0.01). Similar but less robust changes were seen in skeletal muscle, while substrate uptake in white adipose tissue remained unchanged. Myocardial glucose uptake was increased post-thoracic aortic banding but free fatty acid uptake trended to decrease. CONCLUSIONS A multiplexed optical imaging technique is presented that allows substrate uptake to be simultaneously quantified in multiple tissues in a high throughput manner. The activation of brown adipose tissue occurs early in the onset of left ventricular hypertrophy, which produces tissue-specific changes in substrate uptake that may play a role in the systemic response to cardiac pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Panagia
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Howard H Chen
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Dominique Croteau
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yin-Ching Iris Chen
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ivan Luptak
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lee Josephson
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Wilson S Colucci
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David E Sosnovik
- From the Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (M.P., D.C., I.L., W.S.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (M.P., H.H.C., D.E.S.) and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (M.P., H.H.C., Y.-C.I.C., C.R., L.J., D.E.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
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Chondronikola M, Beeman SC, Wahl RL. Non-invasive methods for the assessment of brown adipose tissue in humans. J Physiol 2018; 596:363-378. [PMID: 29119565 PMCID: PMC5792561 DOI: 10.1113/jp274255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a recently rediscovered tissue in people that has shown promise as a potential therapeutic target against obesity and its metabolic abnormalities. Reliable non-invasive assessment of BAT volume and activity is critical to allow its importance in metabolic control to be evaluated. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in combination with 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoroglucose administration is currently the most frequently used and most established method for the detection and quantification of activated BAT in humans. However, it involves radiation exposure and can detect activated (e.g. after cold exposure), but not quiescent, BAT. Several alternative methods that overcome some of these limitations have been developed including different PET approaches, single-photon emission imaging, CT, magnetic resonance based approaches, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, near infrared spectroscopy, and temperature assessment of fat depots containing brown adipocytes. The purpose of this review is to summarize and critically evaluate the currently available methods that non-invasively probe various aspects of BAT biology in order to assess BAT volume and/or metabolism. Although several of these methods show promise for the non-invasive assessment of BAT volume and function, further research is needed to optimize them to enable an accurate, reproducible and practical means for the assessment of human BAT content and its metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chondronikola
- Center for Human NutritionWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- Harokopio University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Scott C. Beeman
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Richard L. Wahl
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mallinckrodt Institute of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
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He D, Mustafi D, Fan X, Fernandez S, Markiewicz E, Zamora M, Mueller J, Sachleben JR, Brady MJ, Conzen SD, Karczmar GS. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects differential lipid composition in mammary glands on low fat, high animal fat versus high fructose diets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190929. [PMID: 29324859 PMCID: PMC5764316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of consumption of different diets on the fatty acid composition in the mammary glands of SV40 T-antigen (Tag) transgenic mice, a well-established model of human triple-negative breast cancer, were investigated with magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging. Female C3(1) SV40 Tag transgenic mice (n = 12) were divided into three groups at 4 weeks of age: low fat diet (LFD), high animal fat diet (HAFD), and high fructose diet (HFruD). MRI scans of mammary glands were acquired with a 9.4 T scanner after 8 weeks on the diet. 1H spectra were acquired using point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) from two 1 mm3 boxes on each side of inguinal mammary gland with no cancers, lymph nodes, or lymph ducts. High spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) images were also acquired from nine 1-mm slices. A combination of Gaussian and Lorentzian functions was used to fit the spectra. The percentages of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were calculated from each fitted spectrum. Water and fat peak height images (maps) were generated from HiSS data. The results showed that HAFD mice had significantly lower PUFA than both LFD (p < 0.001) and HFruD (p < 0.01) mice. The mammary lipid quantity calculated from 1H spectra was much larger in HAFD mice than in LFD (p = 0.03) but similar to HFruD mice (p = 0.10). The average fat signal intensity over the mammary glands calculated from HiSS fat maps was ~60% higher in HAFD mice than in LFD (p = 0.04) mice. The mean or median of calculated parameters for the HFruD mice were between those for LFD and HAFD mice. Therefore, PRESS spectroscopy and HiSS MRI demonstrated water and fat composition changes in mammary glands due to a Western diet, which was low in potassium, high in sodium, animal fat, and simple carbohydrates. Measurements of PUFA with MRI could be used to evaluate cancer risk, improve cancer detection and diagnosis, and guide preventative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianning He
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Devkumar Mustafi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaobing Fan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sully Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erica Markiewicz
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marta Zamora
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Mueller
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Sachleben
- Biomolecular NMR Core Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Brady
- Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Suzanne D. Conzen
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Karczmar
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Association between supraclavicular brown adipose tissue composition at birth and adiposity gain from birth to 6 months of age. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:1017-1021. [PMID: 28723888 PMCID: PMC5685919 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundBrown adipose tissue (BAT) is associated with higher energy expenditure and lower adiposity in adults. However, the relationship between BAT composition and adiposity in early life is unknown. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that brown fat composition at birth is prospectively associated with adiposity gain during the first 6 months of postnatal life.MethodsN=35 healthy infants were followed up prospectively from intrauterine life and birth through 6 months of age. Dixon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were conducted during the neonatal period to characterize supraclavicular BAT composition. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess total body composition was performed within the first and sixth months of life.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential confounding factors, a more brown-like composition (smaller fat fraction) of the supraclavicular BAT depot was associated with a smaller increase in percent body fat over the first 6 months of postnatal life.ConclusionsA more brown-like BAT composition at birth appears to be protective against excess adiposity gain in early life. Newborn BAT tissue may constitute a target for prevention strategies against the subsequent development of obesity.
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MKK6 controls T3-mediated browning of white adipose tissue. Nat Commun 2017; 8:856. [PMID: 29021624 PMCID: PMC5636784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the thermogenic capacity of adipose tissue to enhance organismal energy expenditure is considered a promising therapeutic strategy to combat obesity. Here, we report that expression of the p38 MAPK activator MKK6 is elevated in white adipose tissue of obese individuals. Using knockout animals and shRNA, we show that Mkk6 deletion increases energy expenditure and thermogenic capacity of white adipose tissue, protecting mice against diet-induced obesity and the development of diabetes. Deletion of Mkk6 increases T3-stimulated UCP1 expression in adipocytes, thereby increasing their thermogenic capacity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that, in white adipose tissue, p38 is activated by an alternative pathway involving AMPK, TAK, and TAB. Our results identify MKK6 in adipocytes as a potential therapeutic target to reduce obesity. Brown and beige adipose tissues dissipate heat via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Here the authors show that the stress activated kinase MKK6 acts as a repressor of UCP1 expression, suggesting that its inhibition promotes adipose tissue browning and increases organismal energy expenditure.
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A data-oriented self-calibration and robust chemical-shift encoding by using clusterization (OSCAR): Theory, optimization and clinical validation in neuromuscular disorders. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 45:84-96. [PMID: 28982632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multi-echo Chemical Shift-Encoded (CSE) methods for Fat-Water quantification are growing in clinical use due to their ability to estimate and correct some confounding effects. State of the art CSE water/fat separation approaches rely on a multi-peak fat spectrum with peak frequencies and relative amplitudes kept constant over the entire MRI dataset. However, the latter approximation introduces a systematic error in fat percentage quantification in patients where the differences in lipid chemical composition are significant (such as for neuromuscular disorders) because of the spatial dependence of the peak amplitudes. The present work aims to overcome this limitation by taking advantage of an unsupervised clusterization-based approach offering a reliable criterion to carry out a data-driven segmentation of the input MRI dataset into multiple regions. Results established that the presented algorithm is able to identify at least 4 different partitions from MRI dataset under which to perform independent self-calibration routines and was found robust in NMD imaging studies (as evaluated on a cohort of 24 subjects) against latest CSE techniques with either calibrated or non-calibrated approaches. Particularly, the PDFF of the thigh was more reproducible for the quantitative estimation of pathological muscular fat infiltrations, which may be promising to evaluate disease progression in clinical practice.
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Deng J, Neff LM, Rubert NC, Zhang B, Shore RM, Samet JD, Nelson PC, Landsberg L. MRI characterization of brown adipose tissue under thermal challenges in normal weight, overweight, and obese young men. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:936-947. [PMID: 28801960 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To implement quantitative Dixon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for brown adipose tissue (BAT) characterization at inactive and cold-activated states in normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects. The hypotheses are that MRI characteristics of BAT would differentiate between nonobese and obese subjects, and activation of BAT in response to thermal challenges that are detected by MRI would be correlated with BAT activity measured by positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen male subjects (20.7 ± 1.5 years old) including six normal weight, five overweight, and four obese subjects participated in the study. A multiecho Dixon MRI sequence was performed on a 1.5T scanner. MRI was acquired under thermoneutral, nonshivering thermogenesis, and subsequent warm-up conditions. Fat fraction (FF), R2*, and the number of double bonds (ndb) were measured by solving an optimization problem that fits in- and out-of-phase MR signal intensities to the fat-water interference models. Imaging acquisition and postprocessing were performed by two MRI physicists. In each subject, Dixon MRI measurements of FF, R2*, and ndb were calculated for each voxel within all BAT regions of interest (ROIs) under each thermal condition. Mean FF, R2*, and ndb were compared between nonobese (ie, normal-weight/overweight) and obese subjects using the two-sample t-test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to differentiate nonobese vs. obese subjects. BAT MRI measurement changes in response to thermal condition changes were compared with hypermetabolic BAT volume/activity measured by PET/CT using the Pearson's correlation. In addition, BAT MRI measurements were compared with body adiposity using the Pearson's correlation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Obese subjects showed higher FF and lower R2* than nonobese subjects under all three thermal conditions (P < 0.01). ROC analyses demonstrated that FF and R2* were excellent predictors for the differentiation of nonobese from obese subjects (100% specificity and 100% sensitivity). FF changes under thermal challenges were correlated with hypermetabolic BAT volume (r = -0.55, P = 0.04 during activation, and r = 0.72, P = 0.003 during deactivation), and with BAT activity (r = 0.69, P = 0.006 during deactivation), as measured by PET/CT. FF and R2* under all three thermal conditions were highly correlated with body adiposity (P ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSION MRI characteristics of BAT differentiated between nonobese and obese subjects in both inactivated and activated states. BAT activation detected by Dixon MRI in response to thermal challenges were correlated with glucose uptake of metabolically active BAT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:936-947.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa M Neff
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas C Rubert
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard M Shore
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan D Samet
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paige C Nelson
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lewis Landsberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Northwestern Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Bredella MA, Cypess AM, Torriani M. Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue: State of the Art. Radiology 2017; 280:4-19. [PMID: 27322970 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016150390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The rates of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic disease have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In recent years there has been renewed interest in combating these diseases not only by modifying energy intake and lifestyle factors, but also by inducing endogenous energy expenditure. This approach has largely been stimulated by the recent recognition that brown adipose tissue (BAT)-long known to promote heat production and energy expenditure in infants and hibernating mammals-also exists in adult humans. This landmark finding relied on the use of clinical fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and imaging techniques continue to play a crucial and increasingly central role in understanding BAT physiology and function. Herein, the authors review the origins of BAT imaging, discuss current preclinical and clinical strategies for imaging BAT, and discuss imaging methods that will provide crucial insight into metabolic disease and how it may be treated by modulating BAT activity. (©) RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari C Sampath
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Martin Torriani
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
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Holstila M, Pesola M, Saari T, Koskensalo K, Raiko J, Borra RJH, Nuutila P, Parkkola R, Virtanen KA. MR signal-fat-fraction analysis and T2* weighted imaging measure BAT reliably on humans without cold exposure. Metabolism 2017; 70:23-30. [PMID: 28403942 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is compositionally distinct from white adipose tissue (WAT) in terms of triglyceride and water content. In adult humans, the most significant BAT depot is localized in the supraclavicular area. Our aim is to differentiate brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue using fat T2* relaxation time mapping and signal-fat-fraction (SFF) analysis based on a commercially available modified 2-point-Dixon (mDixon) water-fat separation method. We hypothesize that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can reliably measure BAT regardless of the cold-induced metabolic activation, with BAT having a significantly higher water and iron content compared to WAT. MATERIAL AND METHODS The supraclavicular area of 13 volunteers was studied on 3T PET-MRI scanner using T2* relaxation time and SFF mapping both during cold exposure and at ambient temperature; and 18F-FDG PET during cold exposure. Volumes of interest (VOIs) were defined semiautomatically in the supraclavicular fat depot, subcutaneous WAT and muscle. RESULTS The supraclavicular fat depot (assumed to contain BAT) had a significantly lower SFF and fat T2* relaxation time compared to subcutaneous WAT. Cold exposure did not significantly affect MR-based measurements. SFF and T2* values measured during cold exposure and at ambient temperature correlated inversely with the glucose uptake measured by 18F-FDG PET. CONCLUSIONS Human BAT can be reliably and safely assessed using MRI without cold activation and PET-related radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Holstila
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Marko Pesola
- Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, Carea, Kymenlaakso Social and Health Services, Kotka, Finland
| | - Teemu Saari
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Juho Raiko
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ronald J H Borra
- Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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50
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Liu D, Steingoetter A, Parker HL, Curcic J, Kozerke S. Accelerating MRI fat quantification using a signal model-based dictionary to assess gastric fat volume and distribution of fat fraction. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 37:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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