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Khan SS, Jaimon E, Lin YE, Nikoloff J, Tonelli F, Alessi DR, Pfeffer SR. Loss of primary cilia and dopaminergic neuroprotection in pathogenic LRRK2-driven and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402206121. [PMID: 39088390 PMCID: PMC11317616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402206121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Activating leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations cause Parkinson's and phosphorylation of Rab10 by pathogenic LRRK2 blocks primary ciliogenesis in cultured cells. In the mouse brain, LRRK2 blockade of primary cilia is highly cell type specific: For example, cholinergic interneurons and astrocytes but not medium spiny neurons of the dorsal striatum lose primary cilia in LRRK2-pathway mutant mice. We show here that the cell type specificity of LRRK2-mediated cilia loss is also seen in human postmortem striatum from patients with LRRK2 pathway mutations and idiopathic Parkinson's. Single nucleus RNA sequencing shows that cilia loss in mouse cholinergic interneurons is accompanied by decreased glial-derived neurotrophic factor transcription, decreasing neuroprotection for dopamine neurons. Nevertheless, LRRK2 expression differences cannot explain the unique vulnerability of cholinergic neurons to LRRK2 kinase as much higher LRRK2 expression is seen in medium spiny neurons that have normal cilia. In parallel with decreased striatal dopaminergic neurite density, LRRK2 G2019S neurons show increased autism-linked CNTN5 adhesion protein expression; glial cells show significant loss of ferritin heavy chain. These data strongly suggest that loss of cilia in specific striatal cell types decreases neuroprotection for dopamine neurons in mice and human Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad S. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Ebsy Jaimon
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Jonas Nikoloff
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne R. Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305-5307
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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Shamsi A, Shahwan M, Das Gupta D, Abdullah KM, Khan MS. Implication of Caffeic Acid for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Binding with Human Transferrin Using In Silico and In Vitro Approaches. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2176-2185. [PMID: 37864768 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
In present times, a switch from chemical molecules towards natural products is taking place, and the latter is being increasingly explored in the management of diseases due to their broad range of therapeutic potential. Consumption of coffee is thought to reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the mechanism is still unexplored. Primarily, it is thought that components of coffee are the key players in making it a neuroprotectant. Caffeic acid (CA) is found in high quantities in coffee; thus, it is being increasingly explored to decipher its neuroprotection by various mechanisms. Iron is a toxic element in a free form capable of causing oxidative damage and ultimately contributing to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, maintaining the proper iron levels is vital and human transferrin (Htf), a glycoprotein, is a key player in this aspect. In this work, we explored the binding mechanism of CA with Htf at the atomistic level, employing molecular docking and extensive molecular dynamics simulation (MD) approaches coupled with spectroscopic techniques in a bid to decipher the mode of interaction of CA with Htf. Molecular docking results demonstrated a strong binding affinity between CA and Htf. Furthermore, MD study highlighted the Htf-CA complex's stability and the ligand's minimal impact on Htf's overall structure. In silico approaches were further backed up by experimental approaches. Strong binding of CA with Htf was ascertained by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy observations. Together, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the Htf-CA interaction, adding to the knowledge of the use of CA in the treatment of AD, thereby adding another feather to its already known neuroprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Debarati Das Gupta
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 2428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - K M Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Khan SS, Jaimon E, Lin YE, Nikoloff J, Tonelli F, Alessi DR, Pfeffer SR. Loss of primary cilia and dopaminergic neuroprotection in pathogenic LRRK2-driven and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575737. [PMID: 38293195 PMCID: PMC10827083 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Activating LRRK2 mutations cause Parkinson's disease. Previously, we showed that cholinergic interneurons and astrocytes but not medium spiny neurons of the dorsal striatum lose primary cilia in LRRK2 mutant mice. Single nucleus RNA sequencing shows that cilia loss in cholinergic interneurons correlates with higher LRRK2 expression and decreased glial derived neurotrophic factor transcription. Nevertheless, much higher LRRK2 expression is seen in medium spiny neurons that have normal cilia in mice and humans. In parallel with decreased striatal dopaminergic neurite density, LRRK2 G2019S neurons show increased autism-linked CNTN5 adhesion protein expression; glial cells show significant loss of ferritin heavy chain. Human striatal tissue from LRRK2 pathway mutation carriers and idiopathic Parkinson's disease show similar cilia loss in cholinergic interneurons and astrocytes and overall loss of such neurons. These data strongly suggest that loss of cilia in specific striatal cell types decreases neuroprotection for dopamine neurons in mice and human Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad S. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
- Current address: Departments of Cell Biology & Physiology and Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Ebsy Jaimon
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
| | - Jonas Nikoloff
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne R. Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, United States
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Alrouji M, Yasmin S, Furkan M, Alhumaydhi FA, Sharaf SE, Khan RH, Shamsi A. Unveiling the Molecular Interactions Between Human Transferrin and Limonene: Natural Compounds in Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:333-343. [PMID: 38701154 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Neurodegeneration is a term describing an irreversible process of neuronal damage. In recent decades, research efforts have been directed towards deepening our knowledge of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, with a particular focus on conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Human transferrin (htf) is a key player in maintaining iron homeostasis within brain cells. Any disturbance in this equilibrium gives rise to the emergence of neurodegenerative diseases and associated pathologies, particularly AD. Limonene, a natural compound found in citrus fruits and various plants, has shown potential neuroprotective properties. Objective In this study, our goal was to unravel the binding of limonene with htf, with the intention of comprehending the interaction mechanism of limonene with htf. Methods Binding was scrutinized using fluorescence quenching and UV-Vis spectroscopic analyses. The binding mechanism of limonene was further investigated at the atomic level through molecular docking and extensive 200 ns molecular dynamic simulation (MD) studies. Results Molecular docking uncovered that limonene interacted extensively with the deep cavity located within the htf binding pocket. MD results indicated that binding of limonene to htf did not induce substantial structural alterations, ultimately forming stable complex. The findings from fluorescence binding indicated a pronounced interaction between limonene and htf, limonene binds to htf with a binding constant (K) of 0.1×105 M-1. UV spectroscopy also advocated stable htf-limonene complex formation. Conclusions The study deciphered the binding mechanism of limonene with htf, providing a platform to use limonene in AD therapeutics in context of iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Furkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharaf E Sharaf
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
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Shamsi A, Furkan M, Khan RH, Khan MS, Shahwan M, Yadav DK. Comprehensive insight into the molecular interaction of rutin with human transferrin: Implication of natural compounds in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126643. [PMID: 37657585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, a process of irreversible neuronal damage, is characterized by a damaged neuronal structure and function. The interplay between various proteins maintains homeostasis of essential metals in the brain, shielding neurons from degeneration; human transferrin (Htf) is essential in maintaining iron homeostasis. Any disruption in iron homeostasis results in the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and their pathology, mainly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rutin is a known compound for its neuroprotective effects. In this work, we deciphered the binding of rutin with Htf in a bid to understand the interaction mechanism. The results of fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy demonstrated strong interaction between rutin and Htf. The enthalpy change (∆H°) and entropy change (∆S°) analysis demonstrated hydrophobic interactions as the prevalent forces. The binding mechanism of rutin was further assessed atomistically by molecular docking and extensive 200 ns molecular dynamic simulation (MD) studies; molecular docking showed binding of rutin within Htf's binding pocket. MD results suggested that binding of rutin to Htf does not cause significant structural switching or disruption of the protein's native packing. Overall, the study deciphers the binding of rutin with hTf, delineating the binding mechanism and providing a platform to use rutin in NDs therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammad Furkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Shieh JT, Tintos-Hernandez JA, Murali CN, Penon-Portmann M, Flores-Mendez M, Santana A, Bulos JA, Du K, Dupuis L, Damseh N, Mendoza-Londoño R, Berera C, Lee JC, Phillips JJ, Alves CAPF, Dmochowski IJ, Ortiz-González XR. Heterozygous nonsense variants in the ferritin heavy-chain gene FTH1 cause a neuroferritinopathy. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100236. [PMID: 37660254 PMCID: PMC10510067 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, the iron-storage protein, is composed of light- and heavy-chain subunits, encoded by FTL and FTH1, respectively. Heterozygous variants in FTL cause hereditary neuroferritinopathy, a type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Variants in FTH1 have not been previously associated with neurologic disease. We describe the clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathology findings of five unrelated pediatric patients with de novo heterozygous FTH1 variants. Children presented with developmental delay, epilepsy, and progressive neurologic decline. Nonsense FTH1 variants were identified using whole-exome sequencing, with a recurrent variant (p.Phe171∗) identified in four unrelated individuals. Neuroimaging revealed diffuse volume loss, features of pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Neuropathology demonstrated widespread ferritin inclusions in the brain. Patient-derived fibroblasts were assayed for ferritin expression, susceptibility to iron accumulation, and oxidative stress. Variant FTH1 mRNA transcripts escape nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and fibroblasts show elevated ferritin protein levels, markers of oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to iron accumulation. C-terminal variants in FTH1 truncate ferritin's E helix, altering the 4-fold symmetric pores of the heteropolymer, and likely diminish iron-storage capacity. FTH1 pathogenic variants appear to act by a dominant, toxic gain-of-function mechanism. The data support the conclusion that truncating variants in the last exon of FTH1 cause a disorder in the spectrum of NBIA. Targeted knockdown of mutant FTH1 transcript with antisense oligonucleotides rescues cellular phenotypes and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for this pediatric neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Jesus A Tintos-Hernandez
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chaya N Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monica Penon-Portmann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marco Flores-Mendez
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adrian Santana
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua A Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadirah Damseh
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londoño
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camilla Berera
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julieann C Lee
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - César A P F Alves
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xilma R Ortiz-González
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative (ENGIN), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Liang Y, Xia L, Lu S, Yang S, Guo S, Shan X, Zhao P, Zhang C, Guo W, Xu M, Chen H, Lu R. A new mechanism of therapeutic effect of stachydrine on heart failure by inhibiting myocardial ferroptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 954:175881. [PMID: 37385579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death caused by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and excessive production of ROS. Its morphology is characterized by mitochondrial atrophy, increased mitochondrial membrane density, mitochondrial cristae degeneration and rupture, and unchanged nuclear morphology. Here, we investigated whether a bioactive constituent extracted from the Chinese herb Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (Yimucao), stachydrine, could improve cardiac function by inhibiting myocardial ferroptosis. We found significant morphological features of ferroptosis in a TAC-induced mouse model of heart failure, in which increased lipid peroxidation in cardiac tissue was accompanied by abnormalities in cystine metabolism as well as iron metabolism. The contractile function of adult mouse cardiomyocytes was severely reduced after the occurrence of erastin-induced ferroptosis. We found that in heart failure mice and erastin-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis models, stachydrine significantly improved myocardial function, improving mitochondrial morphological features of ferroptosis and associated signaling pathway alterations, including lipid peroxidation levels, cystine metabolism, and iron metabolism. The results of studies on stachydrine provides new inspirations for the treatment of cardiac ferroptosis and chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuang Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Songru Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuting Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoli Shan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huihua Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rong Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Pandya Shesh B, Walter V, Palsa K, Slagle-Webb B, Neely E, Schell T, Connor JR. Sexually dimorphic effect of H-ferritin genetic manipulation on survival and tumor microenvironment in a mouse model of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2023; 164:569-586. [PMID: 37812288 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iron plays a crucial role in various biological mechanisms and has been found to promote tumor growth. Recent research has shown that the H-ferritin (FTH1) protein, traditionally recognized as an essential iron storage protein, can transport iron to GBM cancer stem cells, reducing their invasion activity. Moreover, the binding of extracellular FTH1 to human GBM tissues, and brain iron delivery in general, has been found to have a sex bias. These observations raise questions, addressed in this study, about whether H-ferritin levels extrinsic to the tumor can affect tumor cell pathways and if this impact is sex-specific. METHODS To interrogate the role of systemic H-ferritin in GBM we introduce a mouse model in which H-ferritin levels are genetically manipulated. Mice that were genetically manipulated to be heterozygous for H-ferritin (Fth1+/-) gene expression were orthotopically implanted with a mouse GBM cell line (GL261). Littermate Fth1 +/+ mice were used as controls. The animals were evaluated for survival and the tumors were subjected to RNA sequencing protocols. We analyzed the resulting data utilizing the murine Microenvironment Cell Population (mMCP) method for in silico immune deconvolution. mMCP analysis estimates the abundance of tissue infiltrating immune and stromal populations based on cell-specific gene expression signatures. RESULTS There was a clear sex bias in survival. Female Fth1+/- mice had significantly poorer survival than control females (Fth1+/+). The Fth1 genetic status did not affect survival in males. The mMCP analysis revealed a significant reduction in T cells and CD8 + T cell infiltration in the tumors of females with Fth1+/- background as compared to the Fth1+/+. Mast and fibroblast cell infiltration was increased in females and males with Fth1+/- background, respectively, compared to Fth1+/+ mice. CONCLUSION Genetic manipulation of Fth1 which leads to reduced systemic levels of FTH1 protein had a sexually dimorphic impact on survival. Fth1 heterozygosity significantly worsened survival in females but did not affect survival in male GBMs. Furthermore, the genetic manipulation of Fth1 significantly affected tumor infiltration of T-cells, CD8 + T cells, fibroblasts, and mast cells in a sexually dimorphic manner. These results demonstrate a role for FTH1 and presumably iron status in establishing the tumor cellular landscape that ultimately impacts survival and further reveals a sex bias that may inform the population studies showing a sex effect on the prevalence of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Becky Slagle-Webb
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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9
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Hanke N, Rami A. Inhibition of autophagy rescues HT22 hippocampal neurons from erastin-induced ferroptosis. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1548-1552. [PMID: 36571361 PMCID: PMC10075118 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death which is considered an oxidative iron-dependent process. The lipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 prevents the iron (Fe2+)-dependent formation of toxic lipid reactive oxygen species. While emerging evidence indicates that inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 as a hallmark of ferroptosis in many cancer cell lines, the involvement of this biochemical pathway in neuronal death remains largely unclear. Here, we investigate, first whether the ferroptosis key players are involved in the neuronal cell death induced by erastin. The second objective was to examine whether there is a cross talk between ferroptosis and autophagy. The third main was to address neuron response to erastin, with a special focus on ferritin and nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated ferritinophagy. To test this in neurons, erastin (0.5-8 µM) was applied to hippocampal HT22 neurons for 16 hours. In addition, cells were cultured with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenin (10 mM) and/or ferroptosis inhibitors, ferrostatin 1 (10-20 µM) or deferoxamine (10-200 µM) before exposure to erastin. In this study, we demonstrated by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis, that erastin downregulates dramatically the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4, the sodium-independent cystine-glutamate antiporter and nuclear receptor coactivator 4. The protein levels of ferritin and mitochondrial ferritin in HT22 hippocampal neurons did not remarkably change following erastin treatment. In addition, we demonstrated that not only the ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin1/deferoxamine abrogated the ferroptotic cell death induced by erastin in hippocampal HT22 neurons, but also the potent autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenin. We conclude that (1) erastin-induced ferroptosis in hippocampal HT22 neurons, despite reduced nuclear receptor coactivator 4 levels, (2) that either nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated ferritinophagy does not occur or is of secondary importance in this model, (3) that ferroptosis seems to share some features of the autophagic cell death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hanke
- Institut für Experimentelle Neurobiologie (Anatomie II), Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Abdelhaq Rami
- Institut für Experimentelle Neurobiologie (Anatomie II), Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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10
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Neuroprotection of NRF2 against Ferroptosis after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030731. [PMID: 36978979 PMCID: PMC10044792 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis and iron-related redox imbalance aggravate traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. NRF2 is the predominant transcription factor regulating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in TBI, but its role in iron-induced post-TBI damage is unclear. We investigated ferroptotic neuronal damage in the injured cortex and observed neurological deficits post-TBI. These were ameliorated by the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) in wild-type mice. In Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2−/−) mice, more sever ferroptosis and neurological deficits were detected. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF)-mediated NRF2 activation alleviated neural dysfunction in TBI mice, partly due to TBI-induced ferroptosis mitigation. Additionally, FTH-FTL and FSP1 protein levels, associated with iron metabolism and the ferroptotic redox balance, were highly NRF2-dependent post-TBI. Thus, NRF2 is neuroprotective against TBI-induced ferroptosis through both the xCT-GPX4- and FTH-FTL-determined free iron level and the FSP1-regulated redox status. This yields insights into the neuroprotective role of NRF2 in TBI-induced neuronal damage and its potential use in TBI treatment.
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11
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Shieh JT, Tintos-Hernández JA, Murali CN, Penon-Portmann M, Flores-Mendez M, Santana A, Bulos JA, Du K, Dupuis L, Damseh N, Mendoza-Londoño R, Berera C, Lee JC, Phillips JJ, Alves CAPF, Dmochowski IJ, Ortiz-González XR. Heterozygous Nonsense Variants in the Ferritin Heavy Chain Gene FTH1 Cause a Novel Pediatric Neuroferritinopathy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.30.23285099. [PMID: 36778397 PMCID: PMC9915813 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.23285099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, the iron storage protein, is composed of light and heavy chain subunits, encoded by FTL and FTH1 , respectively. Heterozygous variants in FTL cause hereditary neuroferritinopathy, a type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Variants in FTH1 have not been previously associated with neurologic disease. We describe the clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathology findings of five unrelated pediatric patients with de novo heterozygous FTH1 variants. Children presented with developmental delay, epilepsy, and progressive neurologic decline. Nonsense FTH1 variants were identified using whole exome sequencing, with a recurrent de novo variant (p.F171*) identified in three unrelated individuals. Neuroimaging revealed diffuse volume loss, features of pontocerebellar hypoplasia and iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Neuropathology demonstrated widespread ferritin inclusions in the brain. Patient-derived fibroblasts were assayed for ferritin expression, susceptibility to iron accumulation, and oxidative stress. Variant FTH1 mRNA transcripts escape nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and fibroblasts show elevated ferritin protein levels, markers of oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to iron accumulation. C-terminus variants in FTH1 truncate ferritin's E-helix, altering the four-fold symmetric pores of the heteropolymer and likely diminish iron-storage capacity. FTH1 pathogenic variants appear to act by a dominant, toxic gain-of-function mechanism. The data support the conclusion that truncating variants in the last exon of FTH1 cause a novel disorder in the spectrum of NBIA. Targeted knock-down of mutant FTH1 transcript with antisense oligonucleotides rescues cellular phenotypes and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for this novel pediatric neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jesus A Tintos-Hernández
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chaya N. Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Monica Penon-Portmann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Marco Flores-Mendez
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Adrian Santana
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Joshua A. Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nadirah Damseh
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londoño
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Camilla Berera
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Julieann C Lee
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - César A P F Alves
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xilma R Ortiz-González
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative (ENGIN), The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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12
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Atiya A, Alhumaydhi FA, Shamsi A, Olatunde A, Alsagaby SA, Al Abdulmonem W, Sharaf SE, Shahwan M. Mechanistic Insight into the Binding of Huperzine a with Human Transferrin: Computational, Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38361-38370. [PMID: 36340147 PMCID: PMC9631745 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), an alkaloid found in the club moss Huperzia Serrata, has been in use for centuries in Chinese traditional medicine to treat dementia owing to its ability to inhibit the cholinergic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thus acting as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI). An imbalance of metal ions in the brain is linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Transferrin (Tf) is a crucial player in iron homeostasis, thus highlighting its significance in AD. This study explores the plausible binding of HupA with Tf using molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and free energy landscape (FEL) analyses. The docking results show that HupA binds to the functionally active region of Tf by forming three hydrogen bonds with Thr392, Glu394, and Ser688 and several hydrophobic interactions. The MD simulation analyses show that HupA binding is stable with Tf, causing minimal changes to the protein conformation. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) and FEL also depict the stable binding of HupA with Tf without any significant fluctuations. Further, fluorescence-based binding suggested excellent binding affinity of HupA with Tf affirming in silico observations. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) advocated the spontaneous binding of HupA with Tf. This study provides an insight into the binding mechanism of HupA with Tf, and overall, the results show that HupA, after required experimentations, can be a better therapeutic agent for treating AD while targeting Tf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Atiya
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King
Khalid University (KKU), Guraiger St., Abha62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department
of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi110025, India
- Centre
of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa University, Bauchi740272, Nigeria
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department
of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah11952, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department
of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim
University, Buraydah52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharaf E. Sharaf
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah21421, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical
Research Adminstration, Executive Adminstration of Research and Innovation, King Abdullah Medical City in the Holy Capital, Makkah21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Centre
of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman346, United Arab Emirates
- College
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman346, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Cheng H, Wang N, Ma X, Wang P, Dong W, Chen Z, Wu M, Wang Z, Wang L, Guan D, Zhao R. Spatial-temporal changes of iron deposition and iron metabolism after traumatic brain injury in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:949573. [PMID: 36034497 PMCID: PMC9405185 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.949573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive iron released by hemoglobin and necrotic tissues is the predominant factor that aggravates the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Regulating the levels of iron and its metabolism is a feasible way to alleviate damage due to TBI. However, the spatial-temporal iron metabolism and iron deposition in neurons and glial cells after TBI remains unclear. In our study, male C57BL/6 mice (8–12 weeks old, weighing 20–26 g) were conducted using controlled cortical impact (CCI) models, combined with treatment of iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO), followed by systematical evaluation on iron deposition, cell-specific expression of iron metabolic proteins and ferroptosis in ipsilateral cortex. Herein, ferroptosis manifest by iron overload and lipid peroxidation was noticed in ipsilateral cortex. Furthermore, iron deposition and cell-specific expression of iron metabolic proteins were observed in the ipsilateral cortical neurons at 1–3 days post-injury. However, iron overload was absent in astrocytes, even though they had intense TBI-induced oxidative stress. In addition, iron accumulation in oligodendrocytes was only observed at 7–14 days post-injury, which was in accordance with the corresponding interval of cellular repair. Microglia play significant roles in iron engulfment and metabolism after TBI, and excessive affects the transformation of M1 and M2 subtypes and activation of microglial cells. Our study revealed that TBI led to ferroptosis in ipsilateral cortex, iron deposition and metabolism exhibited cell-type-specific spatial-temporal changes in neurons and glial cells after TBI. The different effects and dynamic changes in iron deposition and iron metabolism in neurons and glial cells are conducive to providing new insights into the iron-metabolic mechanism and strategies for improving the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingyu Ma
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenwen Dong
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ziyuan Chen
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingzhe Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Dawei Guan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Zhao,
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14
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Xue B, DasGupta D, Alam M, Khan MS, Wang S, Shamsi A, Islam A, Hassan MI. Investigating binding mechanism of thymoquinone to human transferrin, targeting Alzheimer's disease therapy. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1381-1393. [PMID: 35722728 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Iron deposition in the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the causes of neurodegenerative diseases. Human transferrin (hTf) acts as an iron carrier present in the blood plasma, preventing it from contributing to redox reactions. Plant compounds and their derivatives are frequently being used in preventing or delaying Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thymoquinone (TQ), a natural product has gained popularity because of its broad therapeutic applications. TQ is one of the significant phytoconstituent of Nigella sativa. The binding of TQ to hTf was determined by spectroscopic methods and isothermal titration calorimetry. We have observed that TQ strongly binds to hTf with a binding constant (K) of 0.22 × 106 M-1 and forming a stable complex. In addition, isothermal titration calorimetry revealed the spontaneous binding of TQ with hTf. Molecular docking analysis showed key residues of the hTf that were involved in the binding to TQ. We further performed a 250 ns molecular dynamics simulation which deciphered the dynamics and stability of the hTf-TQ complex. Structure analysis suggested that the binding of TQ doesn't cause any significant alterations in the hTf structure during the course of simulation and a stable complex is formed. Altogether, we have elucidated the mechanism of binding of TQ with hTf, which can be further implicated in the development of a novel strategy for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, China
| | - Debarati DasGupta
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, UAE, Ajman
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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15
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Liu T, Li L, Cheng C, He B, Jiang T. Emerging prospects of protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies for drug delivery and vaccine development. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:7267-7285. [PMID: 35692441 PMCID: PMC9166156 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteins have been widely used in the biomedical field because of their well-defined architecture, accurate molecular weight, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, and easy-to-functionalization. Inspired by the wisdom of nature, increasing proteins/peptides that possess self-assembling capabilities have been explored and designed to generate nanoassemblies with unique structure and function, including spatially organized conformation, passive and active targeting, stimuli-responsiveness, and high stability. These characteristics make protein/peptide-based nanoassembly an ideal platform for drug delivery and vaccine development. In this review, we focus on recent advances in subsistent protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies, including protein nanocages, virus-like particles, self-assemblable natural proteins, and self-assemblable artificial peptides. The origin and characteristics of various protein/peptide-based assemblies and their applications in drug delivery and vaccine development are summarized. In the end, the prospects and challenges are discussed for the further development of protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Tianyue Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
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16
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 PMCID: PMC9188502 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-025055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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18
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Shamsi A, Shahwan M, Alhumaydhi FA, Alwashmi ASS, Aljasir MA, Alsagaby SA, Al Abdulmonem W, Hassan MI, Islam A. Spectroscopic, calorimetric and in silico insight into the molecular interactions of Memantine with human transferrin: Implications of Alzheimer's drugs. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:660-666. [PMID: 34508722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human transferrin (Tf) is an iron-binding blood plasma glycoprotein that controls free iron in biological fluids. Tf is a liver-produced protein that binds iron very tightly but reversibly and is the most significant iron pool. Memantine is an orally administrative N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist used to slow the progression of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. Here, we have investigated the molecular interactions of Memantine with Tf using molecular docking, dynamics simulation and in vitro binding studies. Molecular docking study revealed many close interactions of Memantine towards Tf with an appreciable binding affinity. The docking results were further validated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies, followed by essential dynamics and free energy landscapes analyses. Memantine shows a good binding affinity to the Tf with a binding constant (K) of 105 M-1. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) also advocated the spontaneous binding of memantine to Tf. The study proposed that the Memantine in complex with Tf is stable in the simulated trajectory with minimal structural changes. The study suggested that the Tf-Memantine interactions can be further explored in AD therapy after critical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen S S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abdullah Aljasir
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11932, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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19
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Kaur H, Bush WS, Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Heaton RK, Patton SM, Connor JR, Samuels DC, Franklin DR, Hulgan T, Kallianpur AR. Higher CSF Ferritin Heavy-Chain (Fth1) and Transferrin Predict Better Neurocognitive Performance in People with HIV. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4842-4855. [PMID: 34195939 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains prevalent despite antiretroviral therapy and involves white matter damage in the brain. Although iron is essential for myelination and myelin maintenance/repair, its role in HAND is largely unexplored. We tested the hypotheses that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) heavy-chain ferritin (Fth1) and transferrin, proteins integral to iron delivery and myelination, are associated with neurocognitive performance in people with HIV (PWH). Fth1, transferrin, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were quantified in CSF at baseline (entry) in 403 PWH from a prospective observational study who underwent serial, comprehensive neurocognitive assessments. Associations of Fth1 and transferrin with Global Deficit Score (GDS)-defined neurocognitive performance at baseline and 30-42 months of follow-up were evaluated by multivariable regression. While not associated with neurocognitive performance at baseline, higher baseline CSF Fth1 predicted significantly better neurocognitive performance over 30 months in all PWH (p < 0.05), in PWH aged < 50 at 30, 36, and 42 months (all p < 0.05), and in virally suppressed PWH at all three visit time-points (all p < 0.01). Higher CSF transferrin was associated with superior neurocognitive performance at all visits, primarily in viremic individuals (all p < 0.05). All associations persisted after adjustment for neuro-inflammation. In summary, higher CSF Fth1 is neuroprotective over prolonged follow-up in all and virally suppressed PWH, while higher CSF transferrin may be most neuroprotective during viremia. We speculate that higher CSF levels of these critical iron-delivery proteins support improved myelination and consequently, neurocognitive performance in PWH, providing a rationale for investigating their role in interventions to prevent and/or treat HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic/Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave/Mail Code R4-008, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - William S Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Patton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State/Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State/Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David C Samuels
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donald R Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Todd Hulgan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Asha R Kallianpur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic/Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave/Mail Code R4-008, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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20
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Sun X, Hong Y, Gong Y, Zheng S, Xie D. Bioengineered Ferritin Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7023. [PMID: 34209892 PMCID: PMC8268655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin naturally exists in most organisms and can specifically recognize the transferrin 1 receptor (TfR1), which is generally highly expressed on various types of tumor cells. The pH dependent reversible assembling and disassembling property of ferritin renders it as a suitable candidate for encapsulating a variety of anticancer drugs and imaging probes. Ferritins external surface is chemically and genetically modifiable which can serve as attachment site for tumor specific targeting peptides or moieties. Moreover, the biological origin of these protein cages makes it a biocompatible nanocarrier that stabilizes and protects the enclosed particles from the external environment without provoking any toxic or immunogenic responses. Recent studies, further establish ferritin as a multifunctional nanocarrier for targeted cancer chemotherapy and phototherapy. In this review, we introduce the favorable characteristics of ferritin drug carriers, the specific targeted surface modification and a multifunctional nanocarriers combined chemotherapy with phototherapy for tumor treatment. Taken together, ferritin is a potential ideal base of engineered nanoparticles for tumor therapy and still needs to explore more on its way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanrong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (S.Z.); (D.X.)
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21
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Plays M, Müller S, Rodriguez R. Chemistry and biology of ferritin. Metallomics 2021; 13:6244244. [PMID: 33881539 PMCID: PMC8083198 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element required by cells and has been described as a key player in ferroptosis. Ferritin operates as a fundamental iron storage protein in cells forming multimeric assemblies with crystalline iron cores. We discuss the latest findings on ferritin structure and activity and its link to cell metabolism and ferroptosis. The chemistry of iron, including its oxidation states, is important for its biological functions, its reactivity, and the biology of ferritin. Ferritin can be localized in different cellular compartments and secreted by cells with a variety of functions depending on its spatial context. Here, we discuss how cellular ferritin localization is tightly linked to its function in a tissue-specific manner, and how impairment of iron homeostasis is implicated in diseases, including cancer and coronavirus disease 2019. Ferritin is a potential biomarker and we discuss latest research where it has been employed for imaging purposes and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Plays
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
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22
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Luo SW, Mao ZW, Luo ZY, Xiong NX, Luo KK, Liu SJ, Yan T, Ding YM, Zhao RR, Wu C, Hu FZ, Liu QF, Feng PH. Chimeric ferritin H in hybrid crucian carp exhibits a similar down-regulation in lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB inflammatory signal in comparison with Carassius cuvieri and Carassius auratus red var. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 241:108966. [PMID: 33383192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin H can participate in the regulation of teleostean immunity. ORF sequences of RCC/WCC/WR-ferritin H were 609 bp, while WR-ferritin H gene possessed chimeric fragments or offspring-specific mutations. In order to elucidate regulation of immune-related signal transduction, three fibroblast-like cell lines derived from caudal fin of red crucian carp (RCC), white crucian carp (WCC) and their hybrid offspring (WR) were characterized and designated as RCCFCs, WCCFCs and WRFCs. A sharp increase of ferritin H mRNA was observed in RCCFCs, WCCFCs and WRFCs following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Overexpression of RCC/WCC/WR-ferritin H can decrease MyD88-IRAK4 signal and antagonize NF-κB, TNFα promoter activity in RCCFCs, WCCFCs and WRFCs, respectively. These results indicated that ferritin H in hybrid offspring harbors highly-conserved domains with a close sequence similarity to those of its parents, playing a regulatory role in inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Zhuang-Wen Mao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha 410022, PR China
| | - Zi-Ye Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Ning-Xia Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Kai-Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Shao-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Teng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Yi-Min Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Ru-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Chang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Fang-Zhou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Qing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Ping-Hui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China; Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles 90089, USA
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23
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Shamsi A, Anwar S, Shahbaaz M, Mohammad T, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Hassan I, Ahmad F, Islam A. Evaluation of Binding of Rosmarinic Acid with Human Transferrin and Its Impact on the Protein Structure: Targeting Polyphenolic Acid-Induced Protection of Neurodegenerative Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1245875. [PMID: 33204390 PMCID: PMC7661129 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1245875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural compound that is gaining wide popularity owing to its broad-spectrum biological activities. RA is known for its wide range of medicinal properties and therapeutic applications in a vast range of neurodegenerative disorders thus making it a vital natural compound. Human transferrin (hTf) is a clinically significant protein that plays a pivotal role in maintaining iron homeostasis. The importance of studies pertaining to hTf is attributable to the pivotal role of iron deposition in CNS in neurodegenerative disorders. The study was intended to have an insight into the interaction between RA and hTf employing multispectroscopic approach, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation studies. Fluorescence quenching studies revealed that RA shows an excellent binding affinity to hTf with a binding constant (K) of 107 M-1 and is guided by static mode of quenching. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) further validated the spontaneous nature of binding. The estimation of enthalpy change (∆H) and entropy change (∆S) suggested that the RA-hTf complex formation is driven by hydrogen bonding, thereby making this process seemingly specific. Further, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra suggested that RA induces conformational and structural changes in hTf. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) studies were carried out to investigate the stability of the hTf and hTf-RA system and suggested that binding of RA induces structural alteration in hTf with free hTf being more stable. This study provides a rationale to use RA in drug development against neurodegenerative disorders by designing novel functional foods containing RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Shahbaaz
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, New Delhi, India
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24
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Tian Y, Lu J, Hao X, Li H, Zhang G, Liu X, Li X, Zhao C, Kuang W, Chen D, Zhu M. FTH1 Inhibits Ferroptosis Through Ferritinophagy in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1796-1812. [PMID: 32959272 PMCID: PMC7851296 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons associated with dysregulation of iron homeostasis in the brain. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death process that serves as a significant regulatory mechanism in PD. However, its underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. By performing RNA sequencing analysis, we found that the main iron storage protein ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) is differentially expressed in the rat 6-hydroyxdopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD compared with control rats. Our present work demonstrates that FTH1 is involved in iron accumulation and the ferroptosis pathway in this model. Knockdown of FTH1 in PC-12 cells significantly inhibited cell viability and caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, FTH1 was found to be involved in ferritinophagy, a selective form of autophagy involving the degradation of ferritin by ferroptosis. Overexpression of FTH1 in PC-12 cells impaired ferritinophagy and downregulated microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 and nuclear receptor coactivator 4 expression, ultimately suppressing cell death induced by ferroptosis. Consistent with these findings, the ferritinophagy inhibitors chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 inhibited ferritin degradation and ferroptosis in 6-OHDA-treated PC-12 cells. This entire process was mediated by the cyclic regulation of FTH1 and ferritinophagy. Taken together, these results suggest that FTH1 links ferritinophagy and ferroptosis in the 6-OHDA model of PD, and provide a new perspective and potential for a pharmacological target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Group), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hao
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518104, China
| | - Hang Li
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Group), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Guiyu Zhang
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Group), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Xuelei Liu
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Group), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Group), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Group), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Weihong Kuang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 524023, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518104, China.
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25
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Altamura S, Marques O, Colucci S, Mertens C, Alikhanyan K, Muckenthaler MU. Regulation of iron homeostasis: Lessons from mouse models. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Biochemistry of mammalian ferritins in the regulation of cellular iron homeostasis and oxidative responses. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:352-362. [PMID: 32974854 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, an iron-storage protein, regulates cellular iron metabolism and oxidative stress. The ferritin structure is characterized as a spherical cage, inside which large amounts of iron are deposited in a safe, compact and bioavailable form. All ferritins readily catalyze Fe(II) oxidation by peroxides at the ferroxidase center to prevent free Fe(II) from participating in oxygen free radical formation via Fenton chemistry. Thus, ferritin is generally recognized as a cytoprotective stratagem against intracellular oxidative damage The expression of cytosolic ferritins is usually regulated by iron status and oxidative stress at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The mechanism of ferritin-mediated iron recycling is far from clarified, though nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4) was recently identified as a cargo receptor for ferritin-based lysosomal degradation. Cytosolic ferritins are heteropolymers assembled by H- and L-chains in different proportions. The mitochondrial ferritins are homopolymers and distributed in restricted tissues. They play protective roles in mitochondria where heme- and Fe/S-enzymes are synthesized and high levels of ROS are produced. Genetic ferritin disorders are mainly related to the L-chain mutations, which generally cause severe movement diseases. This review is focused on the biochemistry and function of mammalian intracellular ferritin as the major iron-storage and anti-oxidation protein.
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27
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Shamsi A, Mohammad T, Khan MS, Shahwan M, Husain FM, Rehman MT, Hassan MI, Ahmad F, Islam A. Unraveling Binding Mechanism of Alzheimer's Drug Rivastigmine Tartrate with Human Transferrin: Molecular Docking and Multi-Spectroscopic Approach towards Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090495. [PMID: 31533274 PMCID: PMC6770857 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying drug–protein interactions has gained significant attention lately, and this is because the majority of drugs interact with proteins, thereby altering their structure and, moreover, their functionality. Rivastigmine tartrate (RT) is a drug that is in use for mild to moderate Alzheimer therapy. This study was targeted to characterize the interaction between human transferrin (hTf) and RT by employing spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking studies. Experimental results of fluorescence quenching of hTf induced by RT implied the formation of a static complex between hTf and RT. Further elucidation of the observed fluorescence data retorting Stern–Volmer and modified Stern–Volmer resulted in binding constants for hTf–RT complex of the order 104 M−1 over the studied temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters of hTf–RT interaction were elucidated further by employing these obtained binding constant values. It was quite evident from obtained thermodynamic attributes that RT spontaneously binds to hTf with a postulated existence of hydrogen bonding or Van der Waals forces. Further, Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) also confirmed RT–hTf complex formation owing to upward movement of CD spectra in the presence of RT. ITC profiles advocated the existence of reaction to be spontaneous. Moreover, molecular docking further revealed that the important residues play a pivotal role in RT–hTf interaction. The findings of this study can be of a significant benefit to the drug-designing industry in this disease-prone era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- College of Pharmacy & Health sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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28
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He J, Fan K, Yan X. Ferritin drug carrier (FDC) for tumor targeting therapy. J Control Release 2019; 311-312:288-300. [PMID: 31494184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is an iron storage protein that plays a key role in iron homeostasis and anti-oxidation of cells. Due to its unique architecture of 24 self-assembling subunits and hollow cavity capable of encapsulating drugs, and an outer surface that can be modified genetically and chemically for additional functionality, ferritin has recently emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle. Recent research demonstrated that unmodified human heavy chain ferritin binds to its receptor, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), in different types of tumor tissues, including lung and breast cancer, thus highlighting the potential use of ferritin for tumor-targeting applications. In this review, we consider the many favorable characteristics of ferritin drug carriers (FDCs) for tumor drug delivery. In particular, compared with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), ferritin exhibits superiority in a range of attributes, including drug loading ability, thermostability, and ease of production. Thus, the emergence of FDCs may be the next step in targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang He
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes in Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Connecting the Dots in the Neuroglobin-Protein Interaction Network of an Unstressed and Ferroptotic Cell Death Neuroblastoma Model. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080873. [PMID: 31405213 PMCID: PMC6721670 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglobin is a heme protein of which increased levels provide neuroprotection against amyloid proteinopathy and hemorrhagic damage. These cellular stressors involve the promotion of ferroptosis—an iron-dependent, lipid peroxide-accreting form of cell death. Hence, we questioned whether neuroglobin could oppose ferroptosis initiation. We detected human neuroglobin (hNgb)-EGFP-expressing SH-SY5Y cells to be significantly more resistant to ferroptosis induction, identifying 0.68-fold less cell death. To elucidate the underlying pathways, this study investigated hNgb-protein interactions with a Co-IP-MS/MS approach both under a physiological and a ferroptotic condition. hNgb binds to proteins of the cellular iron metabolism (e.g., RPL15 and PCBP3) in an unstressed condition and shows an elevated binding ratio towards cell death-linked proteins, such as HNRNPA3, FAM120A, and ABRAXAS2, under ferroptotic stress. Our data also reveal a constitutive interaction between hNgb and the longevity-associated heterodimer XRCC5/XRCC6. Disentangling the involvement of hNgb and its binding partners in cellular processes, using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, resulted in the integration of hNgb in the ubiquitination pathway, mTOR signaling, 14-3-3-mediated signaling, and the glycolysis cascade. We also detected a previously unknown strong link with motor neuropathies. Hence, this study contributes to the elucidation of neuroglobin’s involvement in cellular mechanisms that provide neuroprotection and the upkeep of homeostasis.
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30
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Shamsi A, Al Shahwan M, Ahamad S, Hassan MI, Ahmad F, Islam A. Spectroscopic, calorimetric and molecular docking insight into the interaction of Alzheimer’s drug donepezil with human transferrin: implications of Alzheimer’s drug. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1094-1102. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1595728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Moyad Al Shahwan
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahzaib Ahamad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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31
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Nnah IC, Wessling-Resnick M. Brain Iron Homeostasis: A Focus on Microglial Iron. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040129. [PMID: 30477086 PMCID: PMC6316365 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element required for important brain functions including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Disruptions in brain iron homeostasis underlie many neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that accumulation of brain iron and chronic neuroinflammation, characterized by microglia activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, are hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’ s disease. While substantial efforts have led to an increased understanding of iron metabolism and the role of microglial cells in neuroinflammation, important questions still remain unanswered. Whether or not increased brain iron augments the inflammatory responses of microglial cells, including the molecular cues that guide such responses, is still unclear. How these brain macrophages accumulate, store, and utilize intracellular iron to carry out their various functions under normal and disease conditions is incompletely understood. Here, we describe the known and emerging mechanisms involved in microglial cell iron transport and metabolism as well as inflammatory responses in the brain, with a focus on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel C Nnah
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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32
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Emerging and Dynamic Biomedical Uses of Ferritin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040124. [PMID: 30428583 PMCID: PMC6316788 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, a ubiquitously expressed protein, has classically been considered the main iron cellular storage molecule in the body. Owing to the ferroxidase activity of the H-subunit and the nucleation ability of the L-subunit, ferritin can store a large amount of iron within its mineral core. However, recent evidence has demonstrated a range of abilities of ferritin that extends well beyond the scope of iron storage. This review aims to discuss novel functions and biomedical uses of ferritin in the processes of iron delivery, delivery of biologics such as chemotherapies and contrast agents, and the utility of ferritin as a biomarker in a number of neurological diseases.
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33
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Sakuma S, D'Angelo MA. The roles of the nuclear pore complex in cellular dysfunction, aging and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 68:72-84. [PMID: 28506892 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), the proteins that compose it (nucleoporins), and the nucleocytoplasmic transport that it controls have revealed an unexpected layer to pathogenic disease onset and progression. Recent advances in the study of the regulation of NPC composition and function suggest that the precise control of this structure is necessary to prevent diseases from arising or progressing. Here we discuss the role of nucleoporins in a diverse set of diseases, many of which directly or indirectly increase in occurrence and severity as we age, and often shorten the human lifespan. NPC biology has been shown to play a direct role in these diseases and therefore in the process of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sakuma
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program (DARe), Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maximiliano A D'Angelo
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program (DARe), Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Use of Ferritin-Based Metal-Encapsulated Nanocarriers as Anticancer Agents. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhao H, Eguchi S, Alam A, Ma D. The role of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2) in the protection against lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 312:L155-L162. [PMID: 27864288 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00449.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a ubiquitous master transcription factor that upregulates antioxidant response elements (AREs)-mediated expression of antioxidant enzyme and cytoprotective proteins. Activation of Nrf2 has been shown to be protective against lung injury. In the lung, diverse stimuli including environmental oxidants, medicinal agents, and pathogens can activate Nrf2. Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus and binds to an ARE. Through transcriptional induction of ARE-bearing genes encoding antioxidant-detoxifying proteins, Nrf2 induces cellular rescue pathways against oxidative pulmonary injury, abnormal inflammatory and immune responses, and apoptosis. The Nrf2-antioxidant pathway has been shown to be important in the protection against various lung injuries including acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and allergy and was widely examined for new therapeutic targets. The present review explores the protective role of Nrf-2 against lung injury and the therapeutic potential in targeting Nrf-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zhao
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shiori Eguchi
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azeem Alam
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Ferritins, the main intracellular iron storage proteins, have been studied for over 60 years, mainly focusing on the mammalian ones. This allowed the elucidation of the structure of these proteins and the mechanisms regulating their iron incorporation and mineralization. However, ferritin is present in most, although not all, eukaryotic cells, comprising monocellular and multicellular invertebrates and vertebrates. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the general properties of ferritins that are common to various eukaryotic phyla (except plants), and to give an overview on the structure, function and regulation of ferritins. An update on the animal models that were used to characterize H, L and mitochondrial ferritins is also provided. The data show that ferritin structure is highly conserved among different phyla. It exerts an important cytoprotective function against oxidative damage and plays a role in innate immunity, where it also contributes to prevent parenchymal tissue from the cytotoxicity of pro-inflammatory agonists released by the activation of the immune response activation. Less clear are the properties of the secretory ferritins expressed by insects and molluscs, which may be important for understanding the role played by serum ferritin in mammals.
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Hatcher HC, Tesfay L, Torti SV, Torti FM. Cytoprotective Effect of Ferritin H in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138505. [PMID: 26379029 PMCID: PMC4574775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to kidney injury following ischemia reperfusion. Ferritin, a highly conserved iron-binding protein, is a key protein in the maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis and protection from oxidative stress. Ferritin mitigates oxidant stress by sequestering iron and preventing its participation in reactions that generate reactive oxygen species. Ferritin is composed of two subunit types, ferritin H and ferritin L. Using an in vivo model that enables conditional tissue-specific doxycycline-inducible expression of ferritin H in the mouse kidney, we tested the hypothesis that an increased level of H-rich ferritin is renoprotective in ischemic acute renal failure. Prior to induction of ischemia, doxycycline increased ferritin H in the kidneys of the transgenic mice nearly 6.5-fold. Following reperfusion for 24 hours, induction of neutrophil gelatinous-associated lipocalin (NGAL, a urine marker of renal dysfunction) was reduced in the ferritin H overexpressers compared to controls. Histopathologic examination following ischemia reperfusion revealed that ferritin H overexpression increased intact nuclei in renal tubules, reduced the frequency of tubular profiles with luminal cast materials, and reduced activated caspase-3 in the kidney. In addition, generation of 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal protein adducts, a measurement of oxidant stress, was decreased in ischemia-reperfused kidneys of ferritin H overexpressers. These studies demonstrate that ferritin H can inhibit apoptotic cell death, enhance tubular epithelial viability, and preserve renal function by limiting oxidative stress following ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. Hatcher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lia Tesfay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Suzy V. Torti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Torti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Meadowcroft MD, Connor JR, Yang QX. Cortical iron regulation and inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease and APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice: a histological perspective. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:255. [PMID: 26257600 PMCID: PMC4511841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of iron homeostasis and increased glial response are known to occur in brains afflicted by Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model recapitulates the hallmark amyloid-beta plaque pathology of AD, it does so in a different neuronal mileu than humans. Understanding the iron characteristics and glial response of the APP/PS1 model is important when testing new treatment procedures and translating these results. Brain tissue from AD patients, APP/PS1 mice, and controls were stained for iron, H- and L-ferritin, microglia, astrocytes, Aβ40∕42, and degenerating neurons. The histological data demonstrate differences in ferritin, iron distribution, gliosis, and Aβ plaque composition between APP/PS1 and AD tissue. Specifically, an association between focal iron deposition and Aβ plaques is found ubiquitously throughout the AD tissue and is not observed in the APP/PS1 mouse model. Ferritin, microglia, and astrocyte staining show differential response patterns to amyloid plaques in AD and the APP/PS1 tissue. Aβ 40 and 42 antibody and thioflavin staining demonstrate morphological differences in plaque composition. The histological data support the hypothesis that iron distribution, iron management, and glial response histologically differ between the APP/PS1 and AD brain. Acknowledging the caveat that there are distinct plaque, iron, and glial contrasts between the AD brain and the APP/PS1 mouse is crucial when utilizing this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Meadowcroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA ; Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA ; Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
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Ferritin Is Required in Multiple Tissues during Drosophila melanogaster Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133499. [PMID: 26192321 PMCID: PMC4508113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, iron is stored in the cellular endomembrane system inside a protein cage formed by 24 ferritin subunits of two types (Fer1HCH and Fer2LCH) in a 1:1 stoichiometry. In larvae, ferritin accumulates in the midgut, hemolymph, garland, pericardial cells and in the nervous system. Here we present analyses of embryonic phenotypes for mutations in Fer1HCH, Fer2LCH and in both genes simultaneously. Mutations in either gene or deletion of both genes results in a similar set of cuticular embryonic phenotypes, ranging from non-deposition of cuticle to defects associated with germ band retraction, dorsal closure and head involution. A fraction of ferritin mutants have embryonic nervous systems with ventral nerve cord disruptions, misguided axonal projections and brain malformations. Ferritin mutants die with ectopic apoptotic events. Furthermore, we show that ferritin maternal contribution, which varies reflecting the mother's iron stores, is used in early development. We also evaluated phenotypes arising from the blockage of COPII transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, feeding the secretory pathway, plus analysis of ectopically expressed and fluorescently marked Fer1HCH and Fer2LCH. Overall, our results are consistent with insect ferritin combining three functions: iron storage, intercellular iron transport, and protection from iron-induced oxidative stress. These functions are required in multiple tissues during Drosophila embryonic development.
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Queiroga CSF, Vercelli A, Vieira HLA. Carbon monoxide and the CNS: challenges and achievements. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1533-45. [PMID: 24758548 PMCID: PMC4369262 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Haem oxygenase (HO) and its product carbon monoxide (CO) are associated with cytoprotection and maintenance of homeostasis in several different organs and tissues. This review focuses upon the role of exogenous and endogenous CO (via HO activity and expression) in various CNS pathologies, based upon data from experimental models, as well as from some clinical data on human patients. The pathophysiological conditions reviewed are cerebral ischaemia, chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), multiple sclerosis and pain. Among these pathophysiological conditions, a variety of cellular mechanisms and processes are considered, namely cytoprotection, cell death, inflammation, cell metabolism, cellular redox responses and vasomodulation, as well as the different targeted neural cells. Finally, novel potential methods and strategies for delivering exogenous CO as a drug are discussed, particularly approaches based upon CO-releasing molecules, their limitations and challenges. The diagnostic and prognostic value of HO expression in clinical use for brain pathologies is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S F Queiroga
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET)Oeiras, Portugal
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Rathkolb B, Klempt M, Sabrautzki S, Michel D, Klaften M, Laufs J, Sedlmeier R, Hans W, Fuchs H, Muckenthaler MU, Horsch M, Campagna DR, Fleming M, Hrabé de Angelis M, Wolf E, Aigner B. Screen for alterations of iron related parameters in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-treated mice identified mutant lines with increased plasma ferritin levels. Biometals 2015; 28:293-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Systemic and cerebral iron homeostasis in ferritin knock-out mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117435. [PMID: 25629408 PMCID: PMC4309591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, a 24-mer heteropolymer of heavy (H) and light (L) subunits, is the main cellular iron storage protein and plays a pivotal role in iron homeostasis by modulating free iron levels thus reducing radical-mediated damage. The H subunit has ferroxidase activity (converting Fe(II) to Fe(III)), while the L subunit promotes iron nucleation and increases ferritin stability. Previous studies on the H gene (Fth) in mice have shown that complete inactivation of Fth is lethal during embryonic development, without ability to compensate by the L subunit. In humans, homozygous loss of the L gene (FTL) is associated with generalized seizure and atypical restless leg syndrome, while mutations in FTL cause a form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Here we generated mice with genetic ablation of the Fth and Ftl genes. As previously reported, homozygous loss of the Fth allele on a wild-type Ftl background was embryonic lethal, whereas knock-out of the Ftl allele (Ftl-/-) led to a significant decrease in the percentage of Ftl-/- newborn mice. Analysis of Ftl-/- mice revealed systemic and brain iron dyshomeostasis, without any noticeable signs of neurodegeneration. Our findings indicate that expression of the H subunit can rescue the loss of the L subunit and that H ferritin homopolymers have the capacity to sequester iron in vivo. We also observed that a single allele expressing the H subunit is not sufficient for survival when both alleles encoding the L subunit are absent, suggesting the need of some degree of complementation between the subunits as well as a dosage effect.
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Biology of ferritin in mammals: an update on iron storage, oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1787-802. [PMID: 25119494 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an abundant transition metal that is essential for life, being associated with many enzyme and oxygen carrier proteins involved in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. At the same time, the metal is potentially toxic due to its capacity to engage in the catalytic production of noxious reactive oxygen species. The control of iron availability in the cells is largely dependent on ferritins, ubiquitous proteins with storage and detoxification capacity. In mammals, cytosolic ferritins are composed of two types of subunits, the H and the L chain, assembled to form a 24-mer spherical cage. Ferritin is present also in mitochondria, in the form of a complex with 24 identical chains. Even though the proteins have been known for a long time, their study is a very active and interesting field yet. In this review, we will focus our attention to mammalian cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins, describing the most recent advancement regarding their storage and antioxidant function, the effects of their genetic mutations in human pathology, and also the possible involvement in non-iron-related activities. We will also discuss recent evidence connecting ferritins and the toxicity of iron in a set of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by focal cerebral siderosis.
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Singh N, Haldar S, Tripathi AK, Horback K, Wong J, Sharma D, Beserra A, Suda S, Anbalagan C, Dev S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Singh A. Brain iron homeostasis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1324-63. [PMID: 23815406 PMCID: PMC3935772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron has emerged as a significant cause of neurotoxicity in several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), and others. In some cases, the underlying cause of iron mis-metabolism is known, while in others, our understanding is, at best, incomplete. Recent evidence implicating key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and sCJD in cellular iron metabolism suggests that imbalance of brain iron homeostasis associated with these disorders is a direct consequence of disease pathogenesis. A complete understanding of the molecular events leading to this phenotype is lacking partly because of the complex regulation of iron homeostasis within the brain. Since systemic organs and the brain share several iron regulatory mechanisms and iron-modulating proteins, dysfunction of a specific pathway or selective absence of iron-modulating protein(s) in systemic organs has provided important insights into the maintenance of iron homeostasis within the brain. Here, we review recent information on the regulation of iron uptake and utilization in systemic organs and within the complex environment of the brain, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms leading to brain iron mis-metabolism in specific neurodegenerative conditions. Mouse models that have been instrumental in understanding systemic and brain disorders associated with iron mis-metabolism are also described, followed by current therapeutic strategies which are aimed at restoring brain iron homeostasis in different neurodegenerative conditions. We conclude by highlighting important gaps in our understanding of brain iron metabolism and mis-metabolism, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- 1 Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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Zhang Z, Jia H, Zhang Q, Wan Y, Zhou Y, Jia Q, Zhang W, Yuan W, Cheng T, Zhu X, Fang X. Assessment of hematopoietic failure due to Rpl11 deficiency in a zebrafish model of Diamond-Blackfan anemia by deep sequencing. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:896. [PMID: 24341334 PMCID: PMC3890587 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diamond–Blackfan anemia is a rare congenital red blood cell dysplasia that develops soon after birth. RPL11 mutations account for approximately 4.8% of human DBA cases with defective hematopoietic phenotypes. However, the mechanisms by which RPL11 regulates hematopoiesis in DBA remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome using deep sequencing data from an Rpl11-deficient zebrafish model to identify Rpl11-mediated hematopoietic failure and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results We characterized hematological defects in Rpl11-deficient zebrafish embryos by identifying affected hematological genes, hematopoiesis-associated pathways, and regulatory networks. We found that hemoglobin biosynthetic and hematological defects in Rpl11-deficient zebrafish were related to dysregulation of iron metabolism-related genes, including tfa, tfr1b, alas2 and slc25a37, which are involved in heme and hemoglobin biosynthesis. In addition, we found reduced expression of the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) marker cmyb and HSC transcription factors tal1 and hoxb4a in Rpl11-deficient zebrafish embryos, indicating that the hematopoietic defects may be related to impaired HSC formation, differentiation, and proliferation. However, Rpl11 deficiency did not affect the development of other blood cell lineages such as granulocytes and myelocytes. Conclusion We identified hematopoietic failure of Rpl11-deficient zebrafish embryos using transcriptome deep sequencing and elucidated potential underlying mechanisms. The present analyses demonstrate that Rpl11-deficient zebrafish may serve as a model of DBA and may provide insights into the pathogenesis of mutant RPL11-mediated human DBA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaofan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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59Fe-distribution in conditional ferritin-H-deleted mice. Exp Hematol 2013; 42:59-69. [PMID: 24141093 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to explore how ferritin-H deletion influences (59)Fe-distribution and excretion-kinetics in mice. Kinetics of (59)Fe-release from organs, whole-body excretion, and distribution-kinetics of intravenously injected (59)Fe trace amounts were compared in iron-deficient and iron-replete mice with (Fth(Δ/Δ)) and without (Fth(lox/lox)) conditional Mx-Cre-induced ferritin-H deletion. (59)Fe was released from spleen and liver beginning on day 2 and day 5 after ferritin-H deletion, respectively, but was not excreted from the body. Plasma-(59)Fe was cleared significantly faster in iron-deficient Fth(Δ/Δ)-mice than in iron-adequate Fth(lox/lox)-controls. (59)Fe-distribution showed a transient peak (e.g., in heart, kidney, muscle) in Fth(lox/lox) control mice, but not in ferritin-H-deleted Fth(Δ/Δ) mice 24 hours after (59)Fe injection. (59)Fe uptake into the liver and spleen was significantly lower in iron-deficient Fth(Δ/Δ) than in Fth(lox/lox) mice 24 hours and 7 days after injection, respectively, and rapidly appeared in circulating erythrocytes instead. The rate of (59)Fe release after ferritin-H deletion supports earlier data on ferritin turnover in mammals; released (59)Fe is not excreted from the body. Instead, (59)Fe is channeled into erythropoiesis and circulating erythrocytes significantly more extensively and faster. Along with a lack of transient interim (59)Fe storage (e.g., in the heart and kidney), this finding is evidence for ferritin-related iron storage-capacity affecting rate and extent of iron utilization.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photosynthesis, the process that drives life on earth, relies on transition metal (e.g., Fe and Cu) containing proteins that participate in electron transfer in the chloroplast. However, the light reactions also generate high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which makes metal use in plants a challenge. RECENT ADVANCES Sophisticated regulatory networks govern Fe and Cu homeostasis in response to metal ion availability according to cellular needs and priorities. Molecular remodeling in response to Fe or Cu limitation leads to its economy to benefit photosynthesis. Fe toxicity is prevented by ferritin, a chloroplastic Fe-storage protein in plants. Recent studies on ferritin function and regulation revealed the interplay between iron homeostasis and the redox balance in the chloroplast. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the connections between metal excess and ROS in the chloroplast are established at the molecular level, the mechanistic details and physiological significance remain to be defined. The causality/effect relationship between transition metals, redox signals, and responses is difficult to establish. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Integrated approaches have led to a comprehensive understanding of Cu homeostasis in plants. However, the biological functions of several major families of Cu proteins remain unclear. The cellular priorities for Fe use under deficiency remain largely to be determined. A number of transcription factors that function to regulate Cu and Fe homeostasis under deficiency have been characterized, but we have not identified regulators that mediate responses to excess. Importantly, details of metal sensing mechanisms and cross talk to ROS-sensing mechanisms are so far poorly documented in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ravet
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Cozzi A, Santambrogio P, Privitera D, Broccoli V, Rotundo LI, Garavaglia B, Benz R, Altamura S, Goede JS, Muckenthaler MU, Levi S. Human L-ferritin deficiency is characterized by idiopathic generalized seizures and atypical restless leg syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1779-91. [PMID: 23940258 PMCID: PMC3754865 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human L-ferritin deficiency causes reduced cellular iron availability and increased ROS production with enhanced oxidized proteins, which results in idiopathic generalized seizures and atypical restless leg syndrome. The ubiquitously expressed iron storage protein ferritin plays a central role in maintaining cellular iron homeostasis. Cytosolic ferritins are composed of heavy (H) and light (L) subunits that co-assemble into a hollow spherical shell with an internal cavity where iron is stored. The ferroxidase activity of the ferritin H chain is critical to store iron in its Fe3+ oxidation state, while the L chain shows iron nucleation properties. We describe a unique case of a 23-yr-old female patient affected by a homozygous loss of function mutation in the L-ferritin gene, idiopathic generalized seizures, and atypical restless leg syndrome (RLS). We show that L chain ferritin is undetectable in primary fibroblasts from the patient, and thus ferritin consists only of H chains. Increased iron incorporation into the FtH homopolymer leads to reduced cellular iron availability, diminished levels of cytosolic catalase, SOD1 protein levels, enhanced ROS production and higher levels of oxidized proteins. Importantly, key phenotypic features observed in fibroblasts are also mirrored in reprogrammed neurons from the patient’s fibroblasts. Our results demonstrate for the first time the pathophysiological consequences of L-ferritin deficiency in a human and help to define the concept for a new disease entity hallmarked by idiopathic generalized seizure and atypical RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cozzi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience and 2 University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Alkhateeb AA, Connor JR. The significance of ferritin in cancer: anti-oxidation, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:245-54. [PMID: 23891969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The iron storage protein ferritin has been continuously studied for over 70years and its function as the primary iron storage protein in cells is well established. Although the intracellular functions of ferritin are for the most part well-characterized, the significance of serum (extracellular) ferritin in human biology is poorly understood. Recently, several lines of evidence have demonstrated that ferritin is a multi-functional protein with possible roles in proliferation, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and iron delivery. In the context of cancer, ferritin is detected at higher levels in the sera of many cancer patients, and the higher levels correlate with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome. Furthermore, ferritin is highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages which have been recently recognized as having critical roles in tumor progression and therapy resistance. These characteristics suggest ferritin could be an attractive target for cancer therapy because its down-regulation could disrupt the supportive tumor microenvironment, kill cancer cells, and increase sensitivity to chemotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the function and regulation of ferritin. Moreover, we examine the literature on ferritin's contributions to tumor progression and therapy resistance, in addition to its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Alkhateeb
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Vaubel RA, Isaya G. Iron-sulfur cluster synthesis, iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in Friedreich ataxia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 55:50-61. [PMID: 22917739 PMCID: PMC3530001 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive, multi-systemic degenerative disease that results from reduced synthesis of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Frataxin has been intensely studied since its deficiency was linked to FRDA in 1996. The defining properties of frataxin - (i) the ability to bind iron, (ii) the ability to interact with, and donate iron to, other iron-binding proteins, and (iii) the ability to oligomerize, store iron and control iron redox chemistry - have been extensively characterized with different frataxin orthologs and their interacting protein partners. This very large body of biochemical and structural data [reviewed in (Bencze et al., 2006)] supports equally extensive biological evidence that frataxin is critical for mitochondrial iron metabolism and overall cellular iron homeostasis and antioxidant protection [reviewed in (Wilson, 2006)]. However, the precise biological role of frataxin remains a matter of debate. Here, we review seminal and recent data that strongly link frataxin to the synthesis of iron-sulfur cluster cofactors (ISC), as well as controversial data that nevertheless link frataxin to additional iron-related processes. Finally, we discuss how defects in ISC synthesis could be a major (although likely not unique) contributor to the pathophysiology of FRDA via (i) loss of ISC-dependent enzymes, (ii) mitochondrial and cellular iron dysregulation, and (iii) enhanced iron-mediated oxidative stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Mitochondrial function and dysfunction in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Vaubel
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Children's Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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