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Suthar H, Manea T, Pak D, Woodbury M, Eick SM, Cathey A, Watkins DJ, Strakovsky RS, Ryva BA, Pennathur S, Zeng L, Weller D, Park JS, Smith S, DeMicco E, Padula A, Fry RC, Mukherjee B, Aguiar A, Geiger SD, Ng S, Huerta-Montanez G, Vélez-Vega C, Rosario Z, Cordero JF, Zimmerman E, Woodruff TJ, Morello-Frosch R, Schantz SL, Meeker JD, Alshawabkeh AN, Aung MT. Cross-Sectional Associations between Prenatal Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances and Bioactive Lipids in Three Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohorts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8264-8277. [PMID: 38691655 PMCID: PMC11097396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure may influence gestational outcomes through bioactive lipids─metabolic and inflammation pathway indicators. We estimated associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and bioactive lipids, measuring 12 serum PFAS and 50 plasma bioactive lipids in 414 pregnant women (median 17.4 weeks' gestation) from three Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program cohorts. Pairwise association estimates across cohorts were obtained through linear mixed models and meta-analysis, adjusting the former for false discovery rates. Associations between the PFAS mixture and bioactive lipids were estimated using quantile g-computation. Pairwise analyses revealed bioactive lipid levels associated with PFDeA, PFNA, PFOA, and PFUdA (p < 0.05) across three enzymatic pathways (cyclooxygenase, cytochrome p450, lipoxygenase) in at least one combined cohort analysis, and PFOA and PFUdA (q < 0.2) in one linear mixed model. The strongest signature revealed doubling in PFOA corresponding with PGD2 (cyclooxygenase pathway; +24.3%, 95% CI: 7.3-43.9%) in the combined cohort. Mixture analysis revealed nine positive associations across all pathways with the PFAS mixture, the strongest signature indicating a quartile increase in the PFAS mixture associated with PGD2 (+34%, 95% CI: 8-66%), primarily driven by PFOS. Bioactive lipids emerged as prenatal PFAS exposure biomarkers, deepening insights into PFAS' influence on pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himal Suthar
- Department
of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - Tomás Manea
- Department
of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - Dominic Pak
- Department
of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - Megan Woodbury
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Eick
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Emory
University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Amber Cathey
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Deborah J. Watkins
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rita S. Strakovsky
- Institute
for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Brad A. Ryva
- Institute
for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- College
of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department
of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lixia Zeng
- Department
of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - David Weller
- NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic
Substances
Control, California Environmental Protection
Agency, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Sabrina Smith
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic
Substances
Control, California Environmental Protection
Agency, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Erin DeMicco
- Program on Reproductive
Health and the Environment, University of
California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Amy Padula
- Program on Reproductive
Health and the Environment, University of
California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Gillings
School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Andrea Aguiar
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Sarah Dee Geiger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61802, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shukhan Ng
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Gredia Huerta-Montanez
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carmen Vélez-Vega
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| | - Zaira Rosario
- University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00935, United States
| | - Jose F. Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| | - Emily Zimmerman
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive
Health and the Environment, University of
California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Program on Reproductive
Health and the Environment, University of
California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management
and School of Public Health, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Susan L. Schantz
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Max T. Aung
- Department
of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - on behalf of Program Collaborators
for Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes
- Department
of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Emory
University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Institute
for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- College
of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic
Substances
Control, California Environmental Protection
Agency, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
- Program on Reproductive
Health and the Environment, University of
California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Gillings
School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61802, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
- University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00935, United States
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management
and School of Public Health, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Suthar H, Manea T, Pak D, Woodbury M, Eick SM, Cathey A, Watkins DJ, Strakovsky RS, Ryva BA, Pennathur S, Zeng L, Weller D, Park JS, Smith S, DeMicco E, Padula A, Fry RC, Mukherjee B, Aguiar A, Dee Geiger S, Ng S, Huerta-Montanez G, Vélez-Vega C, Rosario Z, Cordero JF, Zimmerman E, Woodruff TJ, Morello-Frosch R, Schantz SL, Meeker JD, Alshawabkeh A, Aung MT. Cross-sectional associations between prenatal maternal per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and bioactive lipids in three Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) cohorts. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.03.23297930. [PMID: 37961525 PMCID: PMC10635258 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.23297930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure can occur through ingestion of contaminated food and water, and inhalation of indoor air contaminated with these chemicals from consumer and industrial products. Prenatal PFAS exposures may confer risk for pregnancy-related outcomes such as hypertensive and metabolic disorders, preterm birth, and impaired fetal development through intermediate metabolic and inflammation pathways. Objective Estimate associations between maternal pregnancy PFAS exposure (individually and as a mixture) and bioactive lipids. Methods Our study included pregnant women in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program: Chemicals in our Bodies cohort (CiOB, n=73), Illinois Kids Developmental Study (IKIDS, n=287), and the ECHO-PROTECT cohort (n=54). We measured twelve PFAS in serum and 50 plasma bioactive lipids (parent fatty acids and eicosanoids derived from cytochrome p450, lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenase) during pregnancy (median 17 gestational weeks). Pairwise associations across cohorts were estimated using linear mixed models and meta-analysis. Associations between the PFAS mixture and individual bioactive lipids were estimated using quantile g-computation. Results PFDeA, PFOA, and PFUdA were associated (p<0.05) with changes in bioactive lipid levels in all three enzymatic pathways (cyclooxygenase [n=6 signatures]; cytochrome p450 [n=5 signatures]; lipoxygenase [n=7 signatures]) in at least one combined cohort analysis. The strongest signature indicated that a doubling in PFOA corresponded with a 24.3% increase (95% CI [7.3%, 43.9%]) in PGD2 (cyclooxygenase pathway) in the combined cohort. In the mixtures analysis, we observed nine positive signals across all pathways associated with the PFAS mixture. The strongest signature indicated that a quartile increase in the PFAS mixture was associated with a 34% increase in PGD2 (95% CI [8%, 66%]), with PFOS contributing most to the increase. Conclusions Bioactive lipids were revealed as biomarkers of PFAS exposure and could provide mechanistic insights into PFAS' influence on pregnancy outcomes, informing more precise risk estimation and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himal Suthar
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tomás Manea
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dominic Pak
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Megan Woodbury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Eick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Deborah J. Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rita S. Strakovsky
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad A. Ryva
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lixia Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Smith
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erin DeMicco
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Padula
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Aguiar
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Dee Geiger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Shukhan Ng
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Gredia Huerta-Montanez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmen Vélez-Vega
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Zaira Rosario
- University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Jose F. Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily Zimmerman
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Susan L. Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Akram Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max T. Aung
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rasool A, Mahmoud T, O’Tierney-Ginn P. Lipid Aldehydes 4-Hydroxynonenal and 4-Hydroxyhexenal Exposure Differentially Impact Lipogenic Pathways in Human Placenta. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040527. [PMID: 37106728 PMCID: PMC10135722 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), such as the omega-6 (n-6) arachidonic acid (AA) and n-3 docosahexanoic acid (DHA), have a vital role in normal fetal development and placental function. Optimal supply of these LCPUFAs to the fetus is critical for improving birth outcomes and preventing programming of metabolic diseases in later life. Although not explicitly required/recommended, many pregnant women take n-3 LCPUFA supplements. Oxidative stress can cause these LCPUFAs to undergo lipid peroxidation, creating toxic compounds called lipid aldehydes. These by-products can lead to an inflammatory state and negatively impact tissue function, though little is known about their effects on the placenta. Placental exposure to two major lipid aldehydes, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE), caused by peroxidation of the AA and DHA, respectively, was examined in the context of lipid metabolism. We assessed the impact of exposure to 25 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM of 4-HNE or 4-HHE on 40 lipid metabolism genes in full-term human placenta. 4-HNE increased gene expression associated with lipogenesis and lipid uptake (ACC, FASN, ACAT1, FATP4), and 4-HHE decreased gene expression associated with lipogenesis and lipid uptake (SREBP1, SREBP2, LDLR, SCD1, MFSD2a). These results demonstrate that these lipid aldehydes differentially affect expression of placental FA metabolism genes in the human placenta and may have implications for the impact of LCPUFA supplementation in environments of oxidative stress.
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Blasetti A, Quarta A, Guarino M, Cicolini I, Iannucci D, Giannini C, Chiarelli F. Role of Prenatal Nutrition in the Development of Insulin Resistance in Children. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010087. [PMID: 36615744 PMCID: PMC9824240 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition during the prenatal period is crucial for the development of insulin resistance (IR) and its consequences in children. The relationship between intrauterine environment, fetal nutrition and the onset of IR, type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life has been confirmed in many studies. The intake of carbohydrates, protein, fat and micronutrients during pregnancy seems to damage fetal metabolism programming; indeed, epigenetic mechanisms change glucose-insulin metabolism. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) induced by unbalanced nutrient intake during prenatal life cause fetal adipose tissue and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. In this review we have summarized and discussed the role of maternal nutrition in preventing insulin resistance in youth.
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The Potential Role of PPARs in the Fetal Origins of Adult Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213474. [PMID: 36359869 PMCID: PMC9653757 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis holds that events during early development have a profound impact on one’s risk for the development of future adult disease. Studies from humans and animals have demonstrated that many diseases can begin in childhood and are caused by a variety of early life traumas, including maternal malnutrition, maternal disease conditions, lifestyle changes, exposure to toxins/chemicals, improper medication during pregnancy, and so on. Recently, the roles of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in FOAD have been increasingly appreciated due to their wide variety of biological actions. PPARs are members of the nuclear hormone receptor subfamily, consisting of three distinct subtypes: PPARα, β/δ, and γ, highly expressed in the reproductive tissues. By controlling the maturation of the oocyte, ovulation, implantation of the embryo, development of the placenta, and male fertility, the PPARs play a crucial role in the transition from embryo to fetus in developing mammals. Exposure to adverse events in early life exerts a profound influence on the methylation pattern of PPARs in offspring organs, which can affect development and health throughout the life course, and even across generations. In this review, we summarize the latest research on PPARs in the area of FOAD, highlight the important role of PPARs in FOAD, and provide a potential strategy for early prevention of FOAD.
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Functional and pathological role of 15-Lipoxygenase and its metabolites in pregnancy and pregnancy-associated complications. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2022; 161:106648. [PMID: 35577309 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal lipid metabolism status during pregnancy may have pivotal effects on a healthy pregnancy, the progression of labor, and childbirth. Based on evidence, changes in maternal lipid profile and metabolism is related to various alterations in fetal metabolic status, fat mass, birth weight and can result in serious maternal and fetal complications. 15-lipoxygenase accounts as a key enzyme in metabolizing polyunsaturated fatty acids that generate various inflammatory lipid metabolites. The possible involvement of 15- lipoxygenase and its metabolites in the inflammatory process, cell proliferation and death, and immune response has been postulated. The indicative role of the 15- lipoxygenase enzymatic pathway in the implantation process, stages of pregnancy, embryogenesis, organogenesis, progression of labor, pregnancy period, and pregnancy-associated complications is remarkable. Accordingly, this study will review the research conducted on the role of 15- lipoxygenase in different reproductive tissues, and its pathological role in pregnancy-related diseases to provide more insight regarding the emerging role of 15-lipoxygenase in normal pregnancy.
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Fetal programming in sheep: Effects on pre- and postnatal organs and glands development in lambs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:100-109. [PMID: 35878535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize the effects of maternal undernutrition or overnutrition during pregnancy on the absolute weight and relative weight of the organs (liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, and lung) and glands (adrenal, pancreas, and thyroid) measured during gestation, birth and the postnatal period in lambs. After completing the search, selection, and data extraction steps, the measure of effect was generated by the individual comparison of each variable response compared with the average of the control and treated group (undernutrition or overnutrition) using the DerSimonian and Laird method for random effects. The liver was the organ most affected by maternal undernutrition, as the absolute weight of the liver was reduced during pregnancy, birth, and the postnatal period. The extent of this effect is related to the duration of the intervention. Reductions in the absolute fetal weight of the lungs and spleen have also been observed. No change in organs weight were observed when the results were expressed as relative weight. For overnutrition, the fetal weight of the liver was reduced to both absolute and relative values. In contrast, the relative weight of the kidneys has been increased. For the glands analyzed, no changes in weight were observed in either scenario (absolute or relative weight). Thus, the organs are more likely to suffer weight changes, especially during pregnancy, as a result of maternal nutrition. However, this change in organ weight seems to be closely related to the reduction in body weight of the progeny as a whole.
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Cui C, Wu C, Wang J, Zheng X, Ma Z, Zhu P, Guan W, Zhang S, Chen F. Leucine supplementation during late gestation globally alters placental metabolism and nutrient transport via modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in sows. Food Funct 2022; 13:2083-2097. [PMID: 35107470 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In a previously published study we reported that sow dietary leucine supplementation during late pregnancy significantly improved newborn piglet birth weight by stimulating protein synthesis in the longissimus dorsi muscle. However, there is still limited knowledge as to whether leucine can exert its effects on the placenta, one of the most important temporal organs during pregnancy, to promote maternal-fetal nutrient supply and thus contribute to fetal intrauterine development. Therefore, we tested this hypothesis in the present study. In total, 150 sows at day 90 of gestation were divided into three groups and fed with either a control diet (CON), CON + 0.4% Leu or CON + 0.8% Leu, respectively, until parturition. Placental metabolomics, full spectrum amino acids and nutrient transporters were systematically analyzed after sample collection. The results indicated that Leu supplementation led to an altered placental metabolism with an increased number of metabolites related to glycolysis and the oxidation of fatty acids, as well as elevated levels of amino acid accumulation in the placenta. In addition, nutrient transporters of amino acids, glucose and fatty acids in the placenta were globally up-regulated and several enzymes related to energy metabolism, including hexokinase, succinate dehydrogenase, lactated hydrogenase, glycogen phosphorylase and hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase, were also significantly increased with no change observed in the antioxidative status of those groups with Leu supplementation. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR was enhanced in the placenta of sows undergoing Leu treatment. Collectively, we concluded that supplementing the diets of sows with Leu during late gestation globally altered placental metabolism and promoted maternal-fetus nutrient transport (amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids) via modulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Caichi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pengwei Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. .,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. .,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. .,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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9
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A Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Placental Trophoblasts in Response to Pathogenic and Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis Interaction. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 2021:6655414. [PMID: 33574972 PMCID: PMC7861945 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the ability to cross placental barriers in their hosts, strains of Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis can exhibit either beneficial or harmful properties. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have yet to be determined. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of human placental trophoblasts in response to pathogenic or probiotic E. faecalis was performed in order to investigate the molecular basis of different traits. Results indicated that both E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 and V583 could pass through the placental barrier in vitro with similar levels of invasion ability. In total, 2353 (1369 upregulated and 984 downregulated) and 2351 (1233 upregulated and 1118 downregulated) DEGs were identified in Symbioflor 1 and V583, respectively. Furthermore, 1074 (671 upregulated and 403 downregulated) and 1072 (535 upregulated and 537 downregulated) DEGs were only identified in Symbioflor 1 and V583 treatment groups, respectively. KEGG analysis showed that 6 and 9 signaling pathways were associated with interactions between Symbioflor 1 and V583. GO analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly related to cellular and metabolic processes and biological regulation. However, 28 and 44 DEGs were classified into terms associated with placental and embryonic development in Symbioflor 1 and V583 treatment groups, respectively. Notably, 9 and 25 unique DEGs were identified only in Symbioflor 1 and V583 treatment groups, respectively. A large proportion of transcriptional responses differed when compared between pathogenic and probiotic E. faecalis interaction, and several unique DEGs and signal pathways were identified in the two different groups. These data enhance our understanding of how different traits can be affected by pathogenic and probiotic E. faecalis and the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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10
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Britt JL, Noorai RE, Duckett SK. Differentially expressed genes in cotyledon of ewes fed mycotoxins. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:680. [PMID: 32998709 PMCID: PMC7528493 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ergot alkaloids (E+) are mycotoxins produced by the endophytic fungus, Epichloë coenophiala, in tall fescue that are associated with ergotism in animals. Exposure to ergot alkaloids during gestation reduces fetal weight and placental mass in sheep. These reductions are related to vasoconstrictive effects of ergot alkaloids and potential alterations in nutrient transport to the fetus. Cotyledon samples were obtained from eight ewes that were fed E+ (n = 4; E+/E+) or E- (endophyte-free without ergot alkaloids; n = 4; E-/E-) seed during both mid (d 35 to 85) and late (d 85-133) gestation to assess differentially expressed genes associated with ergot alkaloid induced reductions in placental mass and fetal weight, and discover potential adaptive mechanisms to alter nutrient supply to fetus. RESULTS Ewes fed E+/E+ fescue seed during both mid and late gestation had 20% reduction in fetal body weight and 33% reduction in cotyledon mass compared to controls (E-/E-). Over 13,000 genes were identified with 110 upregulated and 33 downregulated. Four genes had a |log2FC| > 5 for ewes consuming E+/E+ treatment compared to controls: LECT2, SLC22A9, APOC3, and MBL2. REViGO revealed clusters of upregulated genes associated glucose, carbohydrates, lipid, protein, macromolecular and cellular metabolism, regulation of wound healing and response to starvation. For downregulated genes, no clusters were present, but all enriched GO terms were associated with anion and monocarboxylic acid transport. The complement and coagulation cascade and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway were found to be enriched for ewes consuming E+/E+ treatment. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of ergot alkaloids during gestation altered the cotyledonary transcriptome specifically related to macronutrient metabolism, wound healing and starvation. These results show that ergot alkaloid exposure upregulates genes involved in nutrient metabolism to supply the fetus with additional substrates in attempts to rescue fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Britt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R E Noorai
- Clemson University Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - S K Duckett
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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11
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The effect of high glucose on lipid metabolism in the human placenta. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14114. [PMID: 31575970 PMCID: PMC6773712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy can result in fetal overgrowth, likely due to placental dysfunction, which has health consequences for the infant. Here we test our prediction from previous work using a placental cell line that high glucose concentrations affect placental lipid metabolism. Placentas from women with type 1 (n = 13), type 2 (n = 6) or gestational (n = 12) DM, BMI-matched to mothers without DM (n = 18), were analysed for lipase and fatty acid transport proteins and fatty acid and triglyceride content. Explants from uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 6) cultured in physiological or high glucose were similarly analysed. High glucose levels did not alter placental lipase or transporter expression or the profile and abundance of fatty acids, but triglyceride levels were higher (p < 0.05), suggesting reduced β- oxidation. DM did not affect placental protein expression or fatty acid profile. Triglyceride levels of placentas from mothers with pre-existing DM were similar to controls, but higher in obese women with gestational DM. Maternal hyperglycemia may not affect placental fatty acid uptake and transport. However, placental β-oxidation is affected by high glucose and reduced in a subset of women with DM. Abnormal placental lipid metabolism could contribute to increased maternal-fetal lipid transfer and excess fetal growth in some DM pregnancies.
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12
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Tian L, Wen A, Dong S, Yan P. Molecular Characterization of Microtubule Affinity-Regulating Kinase4 from Sus scrofa and Promotion of Lipogenesis in Primary Porcine Placental Trophoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051206. [PMID: 30857324 PMCID: PMC6429113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the full-length cDNA of MARK4 in Sus scrofa, and evaluated its potential role in the regulation of lipid accumulation in pig placental trophoblasts and analyzed signaling pathways involved, thereby providing insights into mechanisms for placental lipotoxicity induced by excessive back-fat during pregnancy of sows. The cDNA obtained with 5′ and 3′ RACE amplification covered 3216 bp with an open reading frame of 2259 bp encoding 752 amino acids. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed MARK4 protein of Sus scrofa had a high homology (95%–99%) to that of other higher vertebrates. After transfection, enhanced MARK4 significantly promoted lipogenesis in pig trophoblasts, as evidenced by accelerated lipid accumulation and consistently increased mRNA expressions of lipogenic genes DGAT1, LPIN1, LPIN3, LPL, PPARδ and SREBP-1c. Meanwhile, PPARγ remarkably inhibited the stimulating effect of MARK4 on non-receptor-mediated lipid accumulation in trophoblasts. Further analyses revealed WNT signaling enhanced lipid accumulation and activation of MARK4 in pig trophoblast cells. Finally, we demonstrated that WNT/β-catenin signal pathway is involved in MARK4 activated lipogenesis. These results suggest that MARK4 promotes lipid accumulation in porcine placental trophoblasts and can be considered as a potential regulator of lipotoxicity associated with maternal obesity in the pig placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Aiyou Wen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China.
| | - Shusheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Peishi Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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13
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Yang C, Lim W, Bazer FW, Song G. Oleic acid stimulation of motility of human extravillous trophoblast cells is mediated by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity. Mol Hum Reprod 2018; 23:755-770. [PMID: 29117333 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do fatty acids regulate development and motility of human extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs)? SUMMARY ANSWER Oleic acid is a promising lipid molecule that has beneficial effects on motility and development of human EVTs. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Fatty acid uptake into trophoblast cells is important for maintaining cellular events during pregnancy, but the molecular mechanisms of action of various fatty acids, including trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids, in EVT cell lines are not clear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Effects of oleic acid, elaidic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid on HTR8/SVneo cells were assessed in diverse assays in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Effects of fatty acids on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis (Annexin V expression, propidium iodide staining, TUNEL and invasion assays) of HTR8/SVneo cells were determined. Signal transduction pathways in HTR8/SVneo cells in response to fatty acids were determined by Western blot analyses. Regulation of fatty acids on oxidative conditions in EVTs were determined and validated by measurement of production of cellular reactive oxygen species, intracellular concentrations of free Ca2+and lipid peroxidation assays. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In present study, we confirmed different effects of oleic acid and elaidic acid on migration, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis of the EVT cell line, HTR8/SVneo. We also investigated stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) to determine if its activity contributed to oleic acid-induced migration of HTR8/SVneo cells. Next, we analyzed cell signaling molecules mediated by oleic acid and elaidic acid treatment, including MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways in HTR8/SVneo cells. We further established whether selective inhibition of signaling molecules altered the ability of fatty acids to cause changes in migration and proliferation of HTR8/SVneo cells. Last, we examined the regulatory effects of oleic acid and SCD1 on oxidative stress in HTR8/SVneo cells. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The lack of in vivo animal studies is a major limitation of this research. Effectiveness of oleic acid to stimulate migration of human EVT cells requires further investigation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results suggest that oleic acid can play an important role in promoting invasion of human EVT cell lines while both trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids are not conducive to normal placentation. This may have implications for the prevention of pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (No. HI15C0810) awarded to G.S. and (No. HI17C0929) awarded to W.L. There are no conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Govarts E, Iszatt N, Trnovec T, de Cock M, Eggesbø M, Palkovicova Murinova L, van de Bor M, Guxens M, Chevrier C, Koppen G, Lamoree M, Hertz-Picciotto I, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Lertxundi A, Grimalt JO, Torrent M, Goñi-Irigoyen F, Vermeulen R, Legler J, Schoeters G. Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and risk of being born small for gestational age: Pooled analysis of seven European birth cohorts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:267-278. [PMID: 29605679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is evidence that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have developmental effects at environmental concentrations. We investigated whether some EDCs are associated with the adverse birth outcome Small for Gestational Age (SGA). METHODS We used PCB 153, p,p'-DDE, HCB, PFOS and PFOA measured in maternal, cord blood or breast milk samples of 5446 mother-child pairs (subset of 693 for the perfluorinated compounds) from seven European birth cohorts (1997-2012). SGA infants were those with birth weight below the 10th percentile for the norms defined by gestational age, country and infant's sex. We modelled the association between measured or estimated cord serum EDC concentrations and SGA using multiple logistic regression analyses. We explored effect modification by child's sex and maternal smoking during pregnancy. RESULTS Among the 5446 newborns, 570 (10.5%) were SGA. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in PCB 153 was associated with a modestly increased risk of SGA (odds ratio (OR) of 1.05 [95% CI: 1.04-1.07]) that was stronger in girls (OR of 1.09 [95% CI: 1.04-1.14]) than in boys (OR of 1.03 [95% CI: 1.03-1.04]) (p-interaction = 0.025). For HCB, we found a modestly increased odds of SGA in girls (OR of 1.04 [95% CI: 1.01-1.07] per IQR increase), and an inverse association in boys (OR of 0.90 [95% CI: 0.85-0.95]) (p-interaction = 0.0003). Assessment of the HCB-sex-smoking interaction suggested that the increased odds of SGA associated with HCB exposure was only in girls of smoking mothers (OR of 1.18 [95% CI: 1.11-1.25]) (p-interaction = 0.055). Higher concentrations of PFOA were associated with greater risk of SGA (OR of 1.64 [95% CI: 0.97-2.76]). Elevated PFOS levels were associated with increased odds of SGA in newborns of mothers who smoked during pregnancy (OR of 1.63 [95% CI: 1.02-2.59]), while an inverse association was found in those of non-smoking mothers (OR of 0.66 [95% CI: 0.61-0.72]) (p-interaction = 0.0004). No significant associations were found for p,p'-DDE. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal environmental exposure to organochlorine and perfluorinated compounds with endocrine disrupting properties may contribute to the prevalence of SGA. We found indication of effect modification by child's sex and smoking during pregnancy. The direction of the associations differed by chemical and these effect modifiers, suggesting diverse mechanisms of action and biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Govarts
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Nina Iszatt
- Department of Contaminants, Diet and Microbiota, Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Trnovec
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marijke de Cock
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- Department of Contaminants, Diet and Microbiota, Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lubica Palkovicova Murinova
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Margot van de Bor
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gudrun Koppen
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain; Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maties Torrent
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Salud de las Islas Baleares (IB-Salut), Area de Salut de Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Fernando Goñi-Irigoyen
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastian, Spain; Public Health Laboratory in Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology and Veterinary Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense, Denmark
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15
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Differential Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Status and Placental Transport in Adolescent Pregnancies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020220. [PMID: 29462922 PMCID: PMC5852796 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent pregnancy increases risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Placental delivery of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) is essential for fetal growth and development. In this pilot study, we aimed to assess maternal and fetal status of fatty acids (FA) measured at birth and the expression of key genes involved in FA uptake, transport and metabolism in the placenta of fifteen adolescents and fifteen adults. FA were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. Placental expression of FA transporters was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was quantified by Western Blot. Adolescents had lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and total n-3 FA levels in maternal erythrocytes and placenta, but these were not different in fetal erythrocytes. Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6) concentration was increased in placenta but lower in fetal circulation. Plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) and fatty acid transport protein (FATP) 4 mRNA expressions were not different, however FATP1, fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) mRNA and PPARγ protein levels were decreased in placenta of adolescents. Despite significant downregulation of FATP1, CD36 and FABP3, there was only a modest decrease in LCPUFA (10%) and AA (12%) and no difference in DHA content in cord blood, suggesting that FA transfer to the fetus was partially protected by other factors in adolescents from this cohort.
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16
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Correia-Branco A, Keating E, Martel F. Arachidonic Acid Reverses Xanthohumol-Induced Insufficiency in a Human First-Trimester Extravillous Trophoblast Cell Line (HTR-8/SVneo Cells). Reprod Sci 2017; 25:1394-1405. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719117746762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Correia-Branco
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisa Keating
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS, Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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17
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Lowe AD, Bawazeer S, Watson DG, McGill S, Burchmore RJS, Pomeroy PPP, Kennedy MW. Rapid changes in Atlantic grey seal milk from birth to weaning - immune factors and indicators of metabolic strain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16093. [PMID: 29170469 PMCID: PMC5700954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
True seals have the shortest lactation periods of any group of placental mammal. Most are capital breeders that undergo short, intense lactations, during which they fast while transferring substantial proportions of their body reserves to their pups, which they then abruptly wean. Milk was collected from Atlantic grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) periodically from birth until near weaning. Milk protein profiles matured within 24 hours or less, indicating the most rapid transition from colostrum to mature phase lactation yet observed. There was an unexpected persistence of immunoglobulin G almost until weaning, potentially indicating prolonged trans-intestinal transfer of IgG. Among components of innate immune protection were found fucosyllactose and siallylactose that are thought to impede colonisation by pathogens and encourage an appropriate milk-digestive and protective gut microbiome. These oligosaccharides decreased from early lactation to almost undetectable levels by weaning. Taurine levels were initially high, then fell, possibly indicative of taurine dependency in seals, and progressive depletion of maternal reserves. Metabolites that signal changes in the mother’s metabolism of fats, such as nicotinamide and derivatives, rose from virtual absence, and acetylcarnitines fell. It is therefore possible that indicators of maternal metabolic strain exist that signal the imminence of weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Lowe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Sami Bawazeer
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - David G Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Suzanne McGill
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G12 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard J S Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G12 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - P P Paddy Pomeroy
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm W Kennedy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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18
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Tian L, Dong SS, Hu J, Yao JJ, Yan PS. The effect of maternal obesity on fatty acid transporter expression and lipid metabolism in the full-term placenta of lean breed swine. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e242-e253. [PMID: 28508539 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of back-fat thickness (BF), at mating of sows, on the maternal and newborn circulating lipids, expression of placental fatty acids (FA) transporters and lipid accumulation in placenta. Full-term placentas were obtained by vaginal delivery from BFI (9-14 mm; n = 37), BFII (15-19 mm; n = 43) and BFIII (20-27 mm; n = 38) sows according to BF at mating, and frozen placental sections were analysed for fat accumulation. Blood samples were collected from the sows of day 105 pregnancy and from cord blood at delivery. mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated with real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that BFII females had significantly increased litter weight and placental efficiency, decreased maternal triglyceride (TG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels, decreased maternal IL-6, TNFα and leptin levels compared to BFIII females (p < .05). BFIII sows were associated with significantly decreased newborn TG levels, increased newborn glucose, IL-6 and TNFα levels compared to BFI or BFII sows (p < .05). BFI and BFII females had significantly decreased placental TG, NEFA and cholesterol (CHOL) contents compared to BFIII females (p < .05). Moreover, decreased CD36, FATP1, FABP4, and FABP1 mRNA and protein and FATP4 protein expression, and increased LPL activity were also observed in BFIII group compared with BFII group (p < .05). PPARγ mRNA and protein and lipogenic genes such as SREBP-1c, ACSL1, ACCα, FAS and SCD mRNA expression were downregulated or upregulated, respectively, in the placentas of BFIII sows compared to BFI or BFII sows (p < .05). Overall, this study demonstrated that there is no advantage, in terms of litter live size, litter weight and placental FA transport and metabolism, in performing the mating of sows with BF>19 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - S S Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J J Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - P S Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Lendvai Á, Deutsch MJ, Plösch T, Ensenauer R. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors under epigenetic control in placental metabolism and fetal development. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E797-810. [PMID: 26860983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00372.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The placental metabolism can adapt to the environment throughout pregnancy to both the demands of the fetus and the signals from the mother. Such adaption processes include epigenetic mechanisms, which alter gene expression and may influence the offspring's health. These mechanisms are linked to the diversity of prenatal environmental exposures, including maternal under- or overnutrition or gestational diabetes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that contribute to the developmental plasticity of the placenta by regulating lipid and glucose metabolism pathways, including lipogenesis, steroidogenesis, glucose transporters, and placental signaling pathways, thus representing a link between energy metabolism and reproduction. Among the PPAR isoforms, PPARγ appears to be the main modulator of mammalian placentation. Certain fatty acids and lipid-derived moieties are the natural activating PPAR ligands. By controlling the amounts of maternal nutrients that go across to the fetus, the PPARs play an important regulatory role in placenta metabolism, thereby adapting to the maternal nutritional status. As demonstrated in animal studies, maternal nutrition during gestation can exert long-term influences on the PPAR methylation pattern in offspring organs. This review underlines the current state of knowledge on the relationship between environmental factors and the epigenetic regulation of the PPARs in placenta metabolism and offspring development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Lendvai
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel J Deutsch
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Ensenauer
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Experimental Pediatrics, Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, and Neonatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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Meher A, Sundrani D, Joshi S. Maternal nutrition influences angiogenesis in the placenta through peroxisome proliferator activated receptors: A novel hypothesis. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:726-34. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Meher
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs; Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University; Pune India
| | - Deepali Sundrani
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs; Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University; Pune India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs; Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University; Pune India
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Abi Salloum B, Veiga-Lopez A, Abbott DH, Burant CF, Padmanabhan V. Developmental programming: exposure to testosterone excess disrupts steroidal and metabolic environment in pregnant sheep. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2323-37. [PMID: 25763641 PMCID: PMC4430607 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gestational exposure to excess T leads to intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and adult metabolic/reproductive disorders in female sheep. We hypothesized that as early mediators of such disruptions, gestational T disrupts steroidal and metabolic homeostasis in both the mother and fetus by both androgenic and metabolic pathways. Maternal blood samples were measured weekly for levels of insulin, glucose, and progesterone from four groups of animals: control; gestational T (twice weekly im injections of 100 mg of T propionate from d 30 to d 90 of gestation); T plus an androgen antagonist, flutamide (15 mg/kg·d oral; T-Flutamide); and T plus the insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone (0.11 mg/kg·d oral; T-Rosi) (n = 10-12/group). On day 90 of gestation, maternal and umbilical cord samples were collected after a 48-hour fast from a subset (n = 6/group) for the measurement of steroids, free fatty acids, amino acids, and acylcarnitines. Gestational T decreased maternal progesterone levels by 36.5% (P < .05), which was prevented by flutamide showing direct androgenic mediation. Gestational T also augmented maternal insulin levels and decreased medium chained acylcarnitines, suggesting increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. These changes were prevented by rosiglitazone, suggesting alterations in maternal fuel use. Gestational T-induced increases in fetal estradiol were not prevented by either cotreatment. Gestational T disrupted associations of steroids with metabolites and progesterone with acylcarnitines, which was prevented either by androgen antagonist or insulin sensitizer cotreatment. These findings suggest a future combination of these treatments might be required to prevent alteration in maternal/fetal steroidal and metabolic milieu(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abi Salloum
- Departments of Pediatrics (B.A.S., A.V.-L., V.P.) and Internal Medicine (C.F.B.) and Reproductive Sciences Program (V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (D.H.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Segond N, Degrelle SA, Berndt S, Clouqueur E, Rouault C, Saubamea B, Dessen P, Fong KSK, Csiszar K, Badet J, Evain-Brion D, Fournier T. Transcriptome analysis of PPARγ target genes reveals the involvement of lysyl oxidase in human placental cytotrophoblast invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79413. [PMID: 24265769 PMCID: PMC3827157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placental development is characterized by invasion of extravillous cytotrophoblasts (EVCTs) into the uterine wall during the first trimester of pregnancy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a major role in placental development, and activation of PPARγ by its agonists results in inhibition of EVCT invasion in vitro. To identify PPARγ target genes, microarray analysis was performed using GeneChip technology on EVCT primary cultures obtained from first-trimester human placentas. Gene expression was compared in EVCTs treated with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone versus control. A total of 139 differentially regulated genes were identified, and changes in the expression of the following 8 genes were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction: a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain12 (ADAM12), connexin 43 (CX43), deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and PPARγ. Among the upregulated genes, lysyl oxidase (LOX) was further analyzed. In the LOX family, only LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in rosiglitazone-treated EVCTs. RNA and protein expression of the subfamily members LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 were analyzed by absolute RT-qPCR and western blotting, and localized by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy. LOX protein was immunodetected in the EVCT cytoplasm, while LOXL1 was found in the nucleus and nucleolus. No signal was detected for LOXL2 protein. Specific inhibition of LOX activity by β-aminopropionitrile in cell invasion assays led to an increase in EVCT invasiveness. These results suggest that LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 are downstream PPARγ targets and that LOX activity is a negative regulator of trophoblastic cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Segond
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A. Degrelle
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Berndt
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Clouqueur
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouault
- INSERM, UMR 872, Equipe 7, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubamea
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U705, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8206, Paris, France
| | | | - Keith S. K. Fong
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Katalin Csiszar
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Josette Badet
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
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Bogacka I, Bogacki M, Kurzyńska A, Chojnowska K. The involvement of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) in prostaglandin F2α production by porcine endometrium. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:309-16. [PMID: 24287039 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) ligands on PGF2α secretion and mRNA expression of prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS) in porcine endometrial explants collected on days 10-12 and 14-16 of the estrous cycle or pregnancy. The explants were incubated for 6h with: PPARα ligands - WY-14643 (agonist) and MK 886 (antagonist); PPARβ ligands - l-165,041 (agonist) and GW 9662 (antagonist); PPARγ ligands - 15d-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2, agonist), rosiglitazone (agonist) and T0070907 (antagonist). The expression of PGFS mRNA in the endometrium and the concentration of PGF2α in culture media were determined by real time RT-PCR and radioimmunoassay, respectively. During the estrous cycle (days 10-12 and 14-16), the agonists - WY-14643 (PPARα), l-165,041 (PPARβ), PGJ2 and rosiglitazone (PPARγ) - increased PGF2α secretion but did not affect PGFS mRNA abundance. During pregnancy (days 10-12 and 14-16), PPARα and PPARγ ligands did not change PGF2α release, whereas PPARβ agonist augmented PGF2α release on days 14-16 of pregnancy. In addition, WY-14643 and l-165,041 increased PGFS mRNA level in both examined periods of pregnancy. PPARγ agonist (PGJ2) and antagonist (T0070907) enhanced PGFS mRNA abundance in the endometrium on days 10-12 and 14-16 of pregnancy, respectively. The results indicate that PPARs are involved in the production of PGF2α by porcine endometrium, and that the sensitivity of the endometrium to PPAR ligands depends on reproductive status of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bogacka
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Poland.
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Bogacka I, Bogacki M, Wasielak M. The effect of embryo presence on the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) genes in the porcine reproductive system during periimplantation. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:405-15. [PMID: 23921352 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the effect of the presence of embryos in the uterine horn on peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs; A, D, G) gene expression in the reproductive tissues of gilts subjected to a surgical procedure. The uterus consisted of one intact horn connected to the uterine corpus and the second horn detached from the uterine corpus but connected with the contiguous ovary. The gilts were hormonally stimulated and divided into two groups: the first group, inseminated (pregnant) and the second group (cyclic), with surgical procedure but not inseminated. The animals of both groups were slaughtered on day 14 of pregnancy or on day 14 of the oestrous cycle, respectively. PPARs mRNA abundance in the endometrium and the corpus luteum (CL) was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. During pregnancy, PPARA and PPARD μmRNA abundance in the porcine endometrium was significantly higher in the horn containing embryos than in the contralateral horn, where embryos were absent. The endometrial PPARG1 mRNA abundance did not differ between the two horns during pregnancy and the oestrous cycle, but a higher level of the transcript was observed during pregnancy when compared to the oestrous cycle. In the CL, there were no significant differences in PPARA and PPARDμ mRNA abundance between horns in pregnant or cyclic sows. However, there was a significant increase of PPARA and PPARD transcript level in the CL from cyclic compared with pregnant sows. The results of our study suggest that PPARA and PPARD have regulatory functions in early pregnancy, and they indicate that increased levels of endometrial gene expression are correlated with the presence of embryos in the uterine horn. Higher levels of PPARA and PPARD expression in the porcine CL on day 14 of the oestrous cycle than on day 14 of pregnancy suggest that both forms are involved in the regulation of CL functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bogacka
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology 10-719 Olsztyn Oczapowskiego 2 Poland
| | - Marek Bogacki
- 2 Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences Olsztyn Poland
| | - Marta Wasielak
- 2 Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences Olsztyn Poland
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Shiue YL, Chen LR, Tsai CJ, Yeh CY, Huang CT. Emerging roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the pituitary gland in female reproduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gmbhs.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mendez-Figueroa H, Chien EK, Ji H, Nesbitt NL, Bharathi SS, Goetzman E. Effects of labor on placental fatty acid β oxidation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:150-4. [PMID: 22928498 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.722721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the effect labor exerts on fatty acid (FA) oxidation in term human placentas, and to compare enzymes expression and activity between placenta and liver. METHODS Placental samples were collected: (a) scheduled non-labored cesarean section and (b) normal vaginal delivery at or beyond 37 weeks. Long and medium-chain FA oxidation were measured using (3)H-labeled FA, ATP concentration was measured via commercial kit. Activity and expression levels of 11 FA enzymes were measured and results compared to both human and mouse liver. RESULTS Placentas undergoing labor had significantly decreased palmitate oxidation and ATP levels. Octanoic acid oxidation was 10-fold higher than palmitic acid oxidation. No difference in expression or activity level was detected between the groups. CONCLUSION Term human placentas express all the enzymes required to oxidize FA, at a rate 20-fold lower than liver. FA Oxidation is not likely an important placental energy source during labor. Further work is needed to determine the functionality of this pathway in placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Mendez-Figueroa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Women and Infants' Hospital of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
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Alleman BW, Myking S, Ryckman KK, Myhre R, Feingold E, Feenstra B, Geller F, Boyd HA, Shaffer JR, Zhang Q, Begum F, Crosslin D, Doheny K, Pugh E, Pay ASD, Østensen IH, Morken NH, Magnus P, Marazita ML, Jacobsson B, Melbye M, Murray JC. No observed association for mitochondrial SNPs with preterm delivery and related outcomes. Pediatr Res 2012; 72:539-44. [PMID: 22902432 PMCID: PMC3694399 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm delivery (PTD) is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic studies indicate recurrence of PTD is maternally inherited, creating a strong possibility that mitochondrial variants contribute to its etiology. This study examines the association between mitochondrial genotypes and PTD and related outcomes. METHODS This study combined, through meta-analysis, two case-control, genome-wide association studies: one from the Danish National Birth Cohort Study and one from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. The outcomes of PTD (≤36 wk), very PTD (≤32 wk), and preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) were examined. A total of 135 individual single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations were tested using the combined genome from mothers and neonates (case vs. control) in each population and then pooled via meta-analysis. RESULTS After meta-analysis, there were four SNPs for the outcome of PTD below P ≤ 0.10 and two below P ≤ 0.05. For the additional outcomes of very PTD and PPROM, there were three and four SNPs, respectively, below P ≤ 0.10. CONCLUSION Given the number of tests, no single SNP reached study-wide significance (P = 0.0006). Our study does not support the hypothesis that mitochondrial genetics contributes to the maternal transmission of PTD and related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solveig Myking
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kelli K. Ryckman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ferdouse Begum
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - David Crosslin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Kim Doheny
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Elizabeth Pugh
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | | | - Ingrid H.G. Østensen
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils-Halvdan Morken
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dubé E, Gravel A, Martin C, Desparois G, Moussa I, Ethier-Chiasson M, Forest JC, Giguère Y, Masse A, Lafond J. Modulation of fatty acid transport and metabolism by maternal obesity in the human full-term placenta. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:14, 1-11. [PMID: 22553224 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.098095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the consequences of maternal obesity in human placental fatty acids (FA) transport and metabolism is limited. Animal studies suggest that placental uptake of maternal FA is altered by maternal overnutrition. We hypothesized that high maternal body mass index (BMI) affects human placental FA transport by modifying expression of key transporters. Full-term placentas were obtained by vaginal delivery from normal weight (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) women. Blood samples were collected from the mother at each trimester and from cord blood at delivery. mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated with real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was evaluated using enzyme fluorescence. In vitro linoleic acid transport was studied with isolated trophoblasts. Our results demonstrated that maternal obesity is associated with increased placental weight, decreased gestational age, decreased maternal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels during the first and third trimesters, increased maternal triglyceride levels during the second and third trimesters, and increased maternal T3 levels during all trimesters, and decreased maternal cholesterol (CHOL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels during the third trimester; and increased newborn CHOL, LDL, apolipoprotein B100, and T3 levels. Increases in placental CD36 mRNA and protein expression levels, decreased SLC27A4 and FABP1 mRNA and protein and FABP3 protein expression, and increased LPL activity and decreased villus cytotrophoblast linoleic acid transport were also observed. No changes were seen in expression of PPARA, PPARD, or PPARG mRNA and protein. Overall this study demonstrated that maternal obesity impacts placental FA uptake without affecting fetal growth. These changes, however, could modify the fetus metabolism and its predisposition to develop diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evemie Dubé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Materno-Fœtale, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Bogacka I, Bogacki M, Boruszewska D, Wasielak M. Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) genes in porcine endometrium exposed in vitro to IL-6 and INFγ. Reprod Biol 2012; 12:157-70. [DOI: 10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Strakovsky RS, Pan YX. A decrease in DKK1, a WNT inhibitor, contributes to placental lipid accumulation in an obesity-prone rat model. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:81. [PMID: 22133691 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.094482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta, as the sole transport mechanism between mother and fetus, links the maternal physical state and the immediate as well as lifelong outcomes of the offspring. The present study examined the consequences of maternal obesity on placental lipid accumulation and metabolism. Pregnant obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rat strains were fed a control diet throughout gestation. Placentas were collected on Gestational Day 21 for mRNA and oxidative stress analysis, and frozen placental sections were analyzed for fat accumulation as well as beta-catenin and Dickkopf homolog 1 (Xenopus laevis) (DKK1) localization. JEG3 trophoblast cells were cultured in vitro to determine the relationship between DKK1 and lipid accumulation. Maternal plasma and placental nonesterified fatty acids and triglycerides (TG) were elevated in OP dams. Placental Dkk1 mRNA content was 4-fold lower in OP placentas, and a significant increase was noted in beta-catenin accumulation as well as in mRNA content of fat transport and TG synthesis genes, including Ppard (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta), Slc27a1 (fatty acid transport protein 1; also known as Fatp1), Cd36 (cluster of differentiation 36; also known as fatty acid translocation [Fat]), Lipin1, and Lipin3. Significant lipid accumulation was found within the decidual zones in OP, but not OR, placentas, and thickness of the decidual and junctional zones was significantly smaller in OP than in OR placentas. Overexpression of DKK1 in JEG3 cells decreased lipid accumulation and mRNA content of PPARD, SLC27A1, CD36, LIPIN1, and LIPIN3. Our results demonstrate that DKK1 is regulating certain aspects of placental lipid metabolism through the WNT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Votavova H, Dostalova Merkerova M, Krejcik Z, Fejglova K, Vasikova A, Pastorkova A, Tabashidze N, Topinka J, Balascak I, Sram RJ, Brdicka R. Deregulation of gene expression induced by environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1073-82. [PMID: 22355075 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in pregnant women may have detrimental effects such as spontaneous abortion, lower birth weight, stillbirth, and reduced infant lung function. To extend our knowledge on the molecular effects of tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy, we analyzed transcriptome alterations in passive smokers (PS) and compared them with those in active smokers (AS). METHODS Using Illumina Expression Beadchips with 24,526 transcript probes, gene expression patterns were assayed in placentas from PS (N = 25) exposed to ETS throughout pregnancy and nonexposed (NS) counterparts (N = 34) and in cord blood cells from their newborns. ETS exposure was evaluated by questionnaire disclosure and cotinine measurement in maternal and cord blood. RESULTS A total of 158 genes were significantly deregulated in the placentas of PS compared with NS. These genes were associated with the extracellular matrix, apoptosis, placental function, blood clotting, response to stress, and lipid metabolism. Cord blood of the newborns of PS displayed differential expression of 114 genes encoding mainly adhesion molecules and regulators of immunologic response. A comparison of the affected pathways between PS and AS indicated that ETS exposure and active smoking in pregnancy partly employ the same molecular mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that even low dose exposure to ETS during pregnancy leads to significant deregulation of transcription in placental and fetal cells. These data suggest that the effect of ETS on the fetus is primarily indirect, mediated via deregulation of placental functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Votavova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Enke U, Jaudszus A, Schleussner E, Seyfarth L, Jahreis G, Kuhnt K. Fatty acid distribution of cord and maternal blood in human pregnancy: special focus on individual trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:247. [PMID: 22208621 PMCID: PMC3295739 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal nutrition in pregnancy has a crucial impact on the development of the fetus. Dietary trans fatty acids (tFA) are known to have adverse health effects, especially during pregnancy. However, the distribution of tFA produced via partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (mainly elaidic acid; t9) differs compared to ruminant-derived tFA (mainly vaccenic acid; t11). Recent findings indicate that they may have different impact on human health. Therefore, in this study, plasma and erythrocytes of mother-child pairs (n = 55) were sampled to investigate the distribution of tFA, including individual trans C18:1 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in fetal related to maternal lipids; with additional consideration of maternal dairy fat intake. Results Portion of t9 and t11, but also of c9,t11 CLA was higher in maternal than in fetal blood lipids. The portion of t9 in maternal and fetal lipids differed only slightly. In contrast, the portion of fetal t11 was only half of that in maternal blood. This led to a fetal t9/t11-index in plasma and erythrocytes being twice as high compared to the maternal values. A high dairy fat intake resulted in elevated portions of t11 and its Δ9-desaturation product c9,t11 CLA in maternal blood. In contrast, in the respective fetal blood lipids only c9,t11 CLA, but not t11 was increased. Nevertheless, a positive association between maternal and fetal plasma exists for both t11 and c9,t11 CLA. Furthermore, in contrast to t9, t11 was not negatively associated with n-3 LC-PUFA in fetal blood lipids. Conclusions Fetal blood fatty acid composition essentially depends on and is altered by the maternal fatty acid supply. However, in addition to dietary factors, other aspects also contribute to the individual fatty acid distribution (oxidation, conversion, incorporation). The lower portion of fetal t11 compared to maternal t11, possibly results from Δ9-desaturation to c9,t11 CLA and/or oxidation. Based on the fatty acid distribution, it can be concluded that t11 differs from t9 regarding its metabolism and their impact on fetal LC-PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Enke
- Placenta Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Bachstrasse 18, Jena, Germany
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Higa R, Kurtz M, Mazzucco MB, Musikant D, White V, Jawerbaum A. Folic acid and safflower oil supplementation interacts and protects embryos from maternal diabetes-induced damage. Mol Hum Reprod 2011; 18:253-64. [PMID: 22180326 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gar080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal diabetes increases the risk of embryo malformations. Folic acid and safflower oil supplementations have been shown to reduce embryo malformations in experimental models of diabetes. In this study we here tested whether folic acid and safflower oil supplementations interact to prevent embryo malformations in diabetic rats, and analyzed whether they act through the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs), and nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species production. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin administration prior to mating. From Day 0.5 of pregnancy, rats did or did not receive folic acid (15 mg/kg) and/or a 6% safflower oil-supplemented diet. Embryos and decidua were explanted on Day 10.5 of gestation for further analysis of embryo resorptions and malformations, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels, NO production and lipid peroxidation. Maternal diabetes induced resorptions and malformations that were prevented by folic acid and safflower oil supplementation. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were increased in embryos and decidua from diabetic rats and decreased with safflower oil and folic acid supplementations. In diabetic animals, the embryonic and decidual TIMPs were increased mainly with safflower oil supplementation in decidua and with folic acid in embryos. NO overproduction was decreased in decidua from diabetic rats treated with folic acid alone and in combination with safflower oil. These treatments also prevented increases in embryonic and decidual lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, folic acid and safflower oil supplementations interact and protect the embryos from diabetes-induced damage through several pathways related to a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Higa
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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A maternal high-fat diet in rat pregnancy reduces growth of the fetus and the placental junctional zone, but not placental labyrinth zone growth. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174410000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity during pregnancy is often characterized by fetal macrosomia but it can also result in fetal growth restriction in a subset of pregnancies. We hypothesized that mechanisms of this growth restriction may include adverse effects of maternal high fat (HF) intake on placental growth and function. Female rats (100 days old) were time-mated and randomly assigned to either a control (Con) or HF diet ad libitum throughout gestation. At E21, dams were killed; litter size and fetal and placental weights were recorded and maternal and fetal samples collected for further analyses. The HF diet resulted in a 54% increase in maternal body weight gain during gestation. In contrast, male and female fetal weights were reduced in HF pregnancies (P < 0.05), as were the weights of the junctional zone of the placenta (P = 0.013), whereas labyrinth zone weights were unaffected. The HF diet increased maternal and fetal plasma leptin levels (P < 0.05), but maternal and fetal insulin and fetal glucose levels were unaffected. Labyrinthine expression of PPARγ and total VEGFa mRNA, both markers of placental vascular development, were unaffected by consumption of the HF diet in placentas of male and female fetuses. Furthermore, maternal HF nutrition did not alter phosphorylated protein levels of either mammalian target of rapamycin or its downstream signaling factor eIF4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). These data show that in the rat, maternal HF nutrition results in fetal and placental junctional zone growth restriction, maternal and fetal hyperleptinemia but did not alter gene expression of markers of placental vascular development.
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Zhang L, Long NM, Hein SM, Ma Y, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Maternal obesity in ewes results in reduced fetal pancreatic β-cell numbers in late gestation and decreased circulating insulin concentration at term. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 40:30-9. [PMID: 20933362 PMCID: PMC3008620 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
About 30% of U.S. women of reproductive age are obese, a condition linked to offspring obesity and diabetes. This study utilized an ovine model of maternal obesity in which ewes are overfed to induce obesity at conception and throughout gestation. At mid-gestation, fetuses from these obese ewes are macrosomic, hyperglycemic, and hyperinsulinemic, and they exhibited markedly increased pancreatic weight and β-cell numbers compared with fetuses of ewes fed to requirements. This study was conducted to establish fetal pancreatic phenotype and function in late gestation and at term in this ovine model. Multiparous ewes were fed a control (C, 100% National Research Council [NRC] recommendations) or obesogenic (OB, 150% NRC) diet from 60 days before conception to necropsy at day 135 of gestation or to lambing. No differences were observed in fetal size or weight on day 135 or in lamb birth weights between C and OB ewes. In contrast to our previously published results at mid-gestation, pancreatic weights (P < 0.01) and β-cell numbers (P < 0.05) of OB fetuses were markedly lower than those from C fetuses, whereas the β-cell apoptotic rate was increased (P < 0.05) in day 135 OB versus C fetuses. At birth, blood insulin concentration was lower (P < 0.05) and glucose level was higher (P < 0.05) in newborn lambs from OB versus C ewes. These data demonstrate differential impacts of maternal obesity on fetal pancreatic growth and β-cell numbers during early and late gestation. During the first half of gestation there was a marked increase in pancreatic growth, β-cell proliferation, and insulin secretion, followed by a reduction in pancreatic growth and β-cell numbers in late gestation, resulting in reduced circulating insulin at term. It is speculated that the failure of the pancreas to return to a normal cellular composition and function postnatally could result in glucose/insulin dysregulation, leading to obesity, glucose intolerance, and diabetes in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Zhang
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming; Laramie, WY
| | - Nathan M. Long
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming; Laramie, WY
| | - Sarah M. Hein
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming; Laramie, WY
| | - Yan Ma
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming; Laramie, WY
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas, Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Stephen P. Ford
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming; Laramie, WY
- Corresponding author: Stephen P. Ford, PhD, Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Department 3684, 1000 East University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071, Tel: (307) 766-2709; FAX: (307) 766-2355,
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Kilari AS, Mehendale SS, Dangat KD, Yadav HR, Gupta A, Taralekar VS, Joshi SR. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in mothers of preterm babies. J Perinat Med 2010; 38:659-64. [PMID: 20807011 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2010.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS to examine the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in both plasma and erythrocytes of maternal and cord blood as well as in breast milk of mothers of preterm babies. METHODS a total of 63 mothers of preterm babies were recruited from the Bharati Medical Hospital, Pune, India. RESULTS plasma and erythrocyte DHA and AA levels were higher (P<0.001) in cord blood than in maternal blood. Maternal plasma DHA and AA were positively (P<0.01) associated with their respective maternal erythrocyte levels. There was a positive association (P<0.01) between maternal DHA (both plasma and erythrocyte) and cord DHA. Maternal plasma omega 3 and 6 fatty acids were positively (P<0.01) associated with their respective milk fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS higher DHA and AA levels in cord blood compared to the mothers suggests a special mechanism to meet the increased demand of the fetus. Higher levels of milk DHA reflect the increased postnatal requirement of preterm babies suggesting a vital role for maternal milk. Lower maternal erythrocyte DHA concentrations in mothers delivering preterm as compared to term suggest that increased oxidative stress may be responsible for reduced DHA levels. This may alter the uterotonic factors like prostaglandins leading to premature triggering of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha S Kilari
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India
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Zhu MJ, Ma Y, Long NM, Du M, Ford SP. Maternal obesity markedly increases placental fatty acid transporter expression and fetal blood triglycerides at midgestation in the ewe. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1224-31. [PMID: 20844260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00309.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity of women at conception is increasing, a condition associated with offspring obesity. We hypothesized that maternal obesity increases placental fatty acid transporter (FATP) expression, enhancing delivery of fatty acids to their fetuses. Sheep are a commonly utilized biomedical model for pregnancy studies. Nonpregnant ewes were randomly assigned to a control group [100% of National Research Council (NRC) recommendations] or obese group (OB, 150% of NRC) from 60 days before conception to 75 or 135 days of gestation (dG; term = 150 dG), when placental cotyledonary tissue was collected for analysis. Fetuses of OB ewes were markedly heavier (P < 0.05) on 75 dG than fetuses from control ewes, but this difference disappeared by 135 dG. Maternal obesity markedly increased (P < 0.05) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of both maternal and fetal blood. There is no difference in lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression between control and OB group at either gestational age. On 75 dG, the mRNA expression of FATP1 (P < 0.05), FATP4 (P = 0.08), and fatty acid translocase CD (cluster of differentiation) 36 (P < 0.05) proteins were more enhanced in cotyledonary tissue from OB than control ewes; consistently, protein expression of FATP1 and FATP4 was increased (P < 0.05). Similarly, on 135 dG, the mRNA levels of FATP1, FATP4, and CD36 were all higher (P < 0.05), but only FATP4 protein content was enhanced (P < 0.05) in OB cotyledonary tissue. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ regulates the expression of FATPs. Both the mRNA expression and protein content of PPARγ were increased in OB cotyledonary in the midgestation. In conclusion, maternal obesity enhances the mRNA expression and protein content of FATPs in cotyledonary in the midgestation, which is associated with higher PPARγ content in cotyledonary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei J Zhu
- Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Carbaprostacyclin, a PPARδ agonist, ameliorates excess lipid accumulation in diabetic rat placentas. Life Sci 2010; 86:781-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhu MJ, Du M, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Maternal obesity up-regulates inflammatory signaling pathways and enhances cytokine expression in the mid-gestation sheep placenta. Placenta 2010; 31:387-91. [PMID: 20185176 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity in pregnant women is a growing public health concern. The placenta is a source of cytokines which can induce maternal gestational insulin resistance and alter nutrient transport to the fetus. Obesity induces placental inflammation at term, but the impact of obesity on placental inflammation earlier in pregnancy has not been defined. Using sheep as an experimental model, we hypothesized that maternal obesity (MO) would induce inflammation in the cotyledonary (COT) tissue of the placentome by mid-gestation. Nonpregnant ewes were randomly assigned to a control (C, 100% of NRC recommendations) or obese (OB, 150% of NRC) group from 60 days before conception to 75 day of gestation (dG), when ewes were necropsied and placental COT tissue collected for analyses. Free fatty acids content, triglyceride and cholesterol content were higher (P < 0.05) in the fetal plasma of OB compared to C ewes on day 75. MO increased mRNA levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 (P < 0.05) and TLR4 (P = 0.06), macrophage markers cluster of differentiation (CD)11b (P = 0.06), CD14 and CD68 (P < 0.05), and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha (P < 0.01), interleukin (IL)-6 (P < 0.05), IL-8(P < 0.01) and IL-18 (P = 0.06), in COT tissue. Inflammatory c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways were up-regulated (P < 0.05) in COT of OB ewes. In conclusion, MO enhanced the placental inflammatory response in OB ewes at mid-gestation, possibly as a result of increased TLR4 and free fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Zhu
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Kilari AS, Mehendale SS, Dangat KD, Yadav HR, Kulakarni AV, Dhobale MV, Taralekar VS, Joshi SR. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in mothers and term babies. J Perinat Med 2010; 37:513-8. [PMID: 19492914 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2009.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To establish the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in both plasma and erythrocytes of maternal and cord blood as well as in breast milk of mothers delivering babies at term. METHODS A total of 148 mothers delivering babies at term were recruited from Bharati Medical Hospital, Pune, India. RESULTS Levels of DHA and AA in both plasma and erythrocyte were higher in cord blood compared to levels in maternal blood (P<0.001). Maternal plasma and erythrocyte DHA levels had a positive association with the respective levels in cord blood (P<0.001). However, such an association was not seen for AA levels. Maternal plasma omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids were positively associated with the respective milk fatty acids (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) status reflects the concentrations of maternal LCPUFA in women delivering babies at term. Improving the maternal LCPUFA status throughout pregnancy and lactation may improve the milk LCPUFA status and ultimately benefit the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha S Kilari
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
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Natarajan SK, Thangaraj KR, Eapen CE, Ramachandran A, Mukhopadhya A, Mathai M, Seshadri L, Peedikayil A, Ramakrishna B, Balasubramanian KA. Liver injury in acute fatty liver of pregnancy: possible link to placental mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Hepatology 2010; 51:191-200. [PMID: 20034024 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare disorder which is fatal if not recognized and treated early. Delivery of the feto-placental unit results in dramatic improvement in maternal liver function, suggesting a role for the placenta. However, the mechanisms by which defects in the fetus or placenta lead to maternal liver damage are not well understood and form the focus of this study. Placenta and serum were obtained at delivery from patients with AFLP, and placental mitochondria and peroxisomes were isolated. Placental mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and fatty acid composition as well as serum antioxidants, oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, and fatty acid analysis were carried out. Hepatocytes in culture were used to evaluate cell death, mitochondrial function, and lipid accumulation on exposure to fatty acids. Oxidative stress was evident in placental mitochondria and peroxisomes of patients with AFLP, accompanied by compromised mitochondrial function. Increased levels of arachidonic acid were also seen in AFLP placenta when compared to control. Patients with AFLP also had a significant increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in serum, along with decreased antioxidant levels and elevated levels of arachidonic acid. These levels of arachidonic acid were capable of inducing oxidative stress in hepatocyte mitochondria accompanied by induction of apoptosis. Exposure to arachidonic acid also resulted in increased lipid deposition in hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress in placental mitochondria and peroxisomes is accompanied by accumulation of toxic mediators such as arachidonic acid, which may play a causative role in maternal liver damage seen in AFLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Vellore, India
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Roos S, Lagerlöf O, Wennergren M, Powell TL, Jansson T. Regulation of amino acid transporters by glucose and growth factors in cultured primary human trophoblast cells is mediated by mTOR signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C723-31. [PMID: 19587219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00191.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in cultured human primary trophoblast cells reduces the activity of key placental amino acid transporters. However, the upstream regulators of placental mTOR are unknown. We hypothesized that glucose, insulin, and IGF-I regulate placental amino acid transporters by inducing changes in mTOR signaling. Primary human trophoblast cells were cultured for 24 h with media containing various glucose concentrations, insulin, or IGF-I, with or without the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and, subsequently, the activity of system A, system L, and taurine (TAUT) transporters was measured. Glucose deprivation (0.5 mM glucose) did not significantly affect Thr172-AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation or REDD1 expression but decreased S6 kinase 1 phosphorylation at Thr389. The activity of system L decreased in a dose-dependent manner in response to decreasing glucose concentrations. This effect was abolished in the presence of rapamycin. Glucose deprivation had two opposing effects on system A activity: 1) an "adaptive" upregulation mediated by an mTOR-independent mechanism and 2) downregulation by an mTOR-dependent mechanism. TAUT activity was increased after incubating cells with glucose-deprived media, and this effect was largely independent of mTOR signaling. Insulin and IGF-I increased system A activity and insulin stimulated system L activity, effects that were abolished by rapamycin. We conclude that the mTOR pathway represents an important intracellular regulatory link between nutrient and growth factor concentrations and amino acid transport in the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roos
- Perinatal Center, Dept. of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Univ. of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 432, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Nutrition and metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:63-72. [PMID: 19106709 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32832402a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Capobianco E, Martínez N, Higa R, White V, Jawerbaum A. The effects of maternal dietary treatments with natural PPAR ligands on lipid metabolism in fetuses from control and diabetic rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:191-9. [PMID: 18947987 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes impairs fetal development and growth. We studied the effects of maternal diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acids capable of activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) on the concentrations of 15deoxyDelta12,14PGJ2 (15dPGJ2), lipid mass, and the de novo lipid synthesis in 13.5-day fetuses from control and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by neonatal streptozotocin administration (90 mg/kg). Rats were treated with a standard diet supplemented or not with 6% olive oil or 6% safflower oil from days 0.5 to 13.5 of gestation. Fetuses from diabetic rats fed with the standard diet showed reduced 15dPGJ2 concentrations, whereas maternal treatments with olive and safflower oils increased 15dPGJ2 concentrations. Fetuses from diabetic rats showed increased concentrations of phospholipids and increased synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and free fatty acids. Diabetic rat treatments with olive and safflower oils reduced phospholipids, cholesterol, and free fatty acid concentrations and the de novo lipid synthesis in the fetuses. These effects were different from those observed in fetuses from control rats, and seem not to involve PPARgamma activation. In conclusion, olive oil- and safflower oil-supplemented diets provide beneficial effects in maternal diabetes, as they prevent fetal impairments in 15dPGJ2 concentrations, lipid synthesis and lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capobianco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (1121ABG) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xu Y, Agrawal S, Cook TJ, Knipp GT. Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate exposure influences essential fatty acid homeostasis in rat placenta. Placenta 2008; 29:962-9. [PMID: 18829104 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining essential fatty acid (EFA) homeostasis during pregnancy is critical for fetal development. As the organ that controls the maternal-to-fetal supply of nutrients, the placenta plays a significant role in guiding EFA transfer to the fetus. Many EFA homeostasis proteins are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, might influence EFA homeostasis via trans-activation of PPARs with subsequent downstream effects on EFA transporters and enzymes. To investigate DEHP's effect on placental/fetal EFA homeostasis, female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally gavaged with either vehicle or DEHP at 750 or 1500 mg/kg/day from gestational day (GD) 0 to GD 19. Changes in the expression of several EFA homeostasis regulating proteins were determined in the junctional (JXN) and labyrinthine (LAB) zones of the placenta, including PPAR isoforms (alpha, beta and gamma), fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm), heart cytoplasmic fatty acid binding protein (HFABP), cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A1, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2. Additionally, effects of DEHP maternal exposure on the placental transfer and fetal distribution of representative EFAs, arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the placental production of prostaglandins (PGs) were investigated. Expression of PPARalpha, PPARgamma, FAT/CD36, FATP1, HFABP and CYP4A1 was up-regulated in JXN and/or LAB while COX-2 was down-regulated in JXN. PPARbeta, FABPpm, and COX-1 demonstrated variable expression. Reduced directional maternal-to-fetal placental transfer and altered fetal distribution of AA and DHA were observed in concordance with a decreased total placental PG production. These results correlate with previous in vitro data, suggesting that DEHP could influence placental EFA homeostasis with potential downstream effects in the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Giaginis C, Spanopoulou E, Theocharis S. PPAR-gamma signaling pathway in placental development and function: a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of gestational diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:1049-63. [PMID: 18620525 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.8.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PPAR-gamma is a target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, as Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone are already used against type 2 diabetes. Pleiotropic functions, such as antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects against several pathological states, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, are currently being explored in clinical studies. OBJECTIVE Evidence indicates that PPAR-gamma is expressed in the placenta, playing a crucial role in placental development and function, while PPAR-gamma ligands appear to modulate fetal membrane signals. Thus, in the last few years, the pivotal role of PPAR-gamma in placental biology has been the focus of extensive research, as diabetes appears to be the most common metabolic dysfunction in pregnancy. METHODS We aim to present data concerning the expression of PPAR-gamma in animal and human placenta, underlining its significance in normal placental development and several gestational diseases. The effects of PPAR-gamma ligands as modulators of placental biology in normal and certain pathological conditions are also discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Current research provides substantial evidence that PPAR-gamma plays a pivotal role in placental biology and may reveal new perspectives in the treatment of gestational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Giaginis
- University of Athens, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, 75, M. Asias street, Goudi, Athens, GR11527, Greece
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Capobianco E, White V, Higa R, Martinez N, Jawerbaum A. Effects of natural ligands of PPAR on lipid metabolism in placental tissues from healthy and diabetic rats. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 14:491-9. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gan039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Martínez N, Capobianco E, White V, Pustovrh MC, Higa R, Jawerbaum A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activation regulates lipid metabolism in the feto-placental unit from diabetic rats. Reproduction 2008; 136:95-103. [PMID: 18417641 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes promotes an overaccumulation of lipids in the feto-placental unit and impairs feto-placental development and growth. Here, we investigated the role played by the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha in lipid metabolism in fetuses and placentas from control and neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Placentas and fetuses were studied on day 13.5 of gestation. The concentrations of PPARalpha (by Western blot) and its endogenous agonist leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) (by enzyme immunoassay) were analysed. Placental explants and fetuses were cultured with LTB(4) or clofibrate, and then lipid metabolism analysed (concentrations and synthesis from (14)C-acetate of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters; release of glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs)). We found that maternal diabetes led to increases in placental concentrations of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters, and fetal concentrations of phospholipids. PPARalpha agonists downregulated fetal and placental lipid concentrations in control and diabetic rats. The synthesis of lipids was reduced in the diabetic placenta but increased in fetuses from diabetic animals. PPARalpha agonists reduced the synthesis of lipids in control placenta and in the fetuses from control and diabetic rats. Glycerol and FFA release was enhanced in the diabetic placenta and in control placenta cultured with PPARalpha agonists. Maternal diabetes led to reductions in fetal and placental LTB(4) concentrations and to increases in placental PPARalpha concentrations. Overall, these data support a novel role of PPARalpha as a regulator of lipid metabolism in the feto-placental unit, relevant in maternal diabetes where fetal and placental PPARalpha, LTB(4) and lipid concentrations are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Martínez
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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