1
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Huang M, Wang H, Shan X, Sheng L, Hu C, Gu X, Zhang W. Experimental study on synchrotron radiation photoionization of secondary organic aerosol derived from styrene ozonolysis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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2
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Rafferty A, Vennes B, Bain A, Preston TC. Optical trapping and light scattering in atmospheric aerosol science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7066-7089. [PMID: 36852581 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and currently contribute a large uncertainty to climate models. Part of the endeavour to reduce this uncertainty takes the form of improving our understanding of aerosol at the microphysical level, thus enabling chemical and physical processes to be more accurately represented in larger scale models. In addition to modeling efforts, there is a need to develop new instruments and methodologies to interrogate the physicochemical properties of aerosol. This perspective presents the development, theory, and application of optical trapping, a powerful tool for single particle investigations of aerosol. After providing an overview of the role of aerosol in Earth's atmosphere and the microphysics of these particles, we present a brief history of optical trapping and a more detailed look at its application to aerosol particles. We also compare optical trapping to other single particle techniques. Understanding the interaction of light with single particles is essential for interpreting experimental measurements. In the final part of this perspective, we provide the relevant formalism for understanding both elastic and inelastic light scattering for single particles. The developments discussed here go beyond Mie theory and include both how particle and beam shape affect spectra. Throughout the entirety of this work, we highlight numerous references and examples, mostly from the last decade, of the application of optical trapping to systems that are relevant to the atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Vennes
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alison Bain
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Zhang Y, Pei C, Zhang J, Cheng C, Lian X, Chen M, Huang B, Fu Z, Zhou Z, Li M. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:806-822. [PMID: 36182185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles 'parent ions' and 'mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77' of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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4
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Özdemir A, Lin JL, Gülfen M, Chen CH. Investigation of solvent microparticle formation in spray ionization-quadrupole ion trap-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4785. [PMID: 34607391 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a new method has been developed for the real-time analysis of insource created solvent particles based on spray ionization-quadrupole ion trap-mass spectrometry (SI-QIT-MS). This is the first work in the literature reporting the formation of different solvent particles during solvent spray in mass spectrometry. The solvent particles formed from the solvent droplets are detected by a charge detector. Our ion trap system allows the measurement of a wide range particle masses. Various solvents and solvent mixtures such as water, methanol, acetone, toluene, n-butanol, water-methanol, and water-ethanol were sprayed through a cone system, and the mass of the particles was monitored by different trap frequencies and voltages. While polar molecules produce larger and more diverse particles due to their strong intermolecular forces, apolar solvents generally do not produce a significant number of particles. We obtained results using a homemade ion trap mass spectrometer capable of determining the mass of micro-sized solvent and solvent mixture particles weighing up to 1015 (Da). The instrument uses a charge detector connected to the exit of the ion trap. Simultaneous acquisition of particle mass spectra and measurement of the amount of charge in each particle allow mass assignment of each particle. Sprayed solvent particles were examined at various trap frequencies and voltages to find the best instrumental parameters for the highest trapping efficiency. The custom SI-QIT-MS instrument allows the measurement of the mass distribution of charged particles from the solvent spray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdil Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mustafa Gülfen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
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5
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Kohli RK, Davies JF. Measuring the Chemical Evolution of Levitated Particles: A Study on the Evaporation of Multicomponent Organic Aerosol. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12472-12479. [PMID: 34455787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle levitation methods provide an effective platform for probing the physical properties of atmospheric aerosol via micrometer-sized particles. Until recently, chemical composition measurements on levitated particles were limited to spectroscopy, yielding only basic chemical information. Here, we describe, benchmark, and discuss the applications of an approach for probing the physical properties and chemical composition of single levitated particles using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Using a linear quadrupole electrodynamic balance (LQ-EDB) coupled to paper spray mass spectrometry, we report accurate measurements of the evolving size within 5 nm (using broadband light scattering) and relative composition (using MS) of evaporating multicomponent levitated particles in real time. Measurements of the evaporation dynamics of semivolatile organic particles containing a range of n-ethylene glycols (n = 3, 4, and 6) in various binary and ternary mixtures were made under dry conditions and compared with predictions from a gas-phase diffusion evaporation model. Under assumptions of ideal mixing, excellent agreement for both size and composition evolution between measurements and models were obtained for these mixtures. At increased relative humidity, the presence of water in particles causes the assumption of ideality to break down, and the evaporative mass flux becomes a function of the mole fraction and activity coefficient. Through compositionally resolved evaporation measurements and thermodynamic models, we characterize the activity of organic components in multicomponent particles. Our results demonstrate that the LQ-EDB-MS platform can identify time-dependent size and compositional changes with high precision and reproducibility, yielding an effective methodology for future studies on chemical aging and gas-particle partitioning in suspended particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravleen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - James F Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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6
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Apicella B, Tregrossi A, Oliano MM, Russo C, Ciajolo A. On-line fast analysis of light hydrocarbons, PAH and radicals by molecular-beam time of flight mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130174. [PMID: 33743425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), emitted in the environment from a wide range of combustion sources, are hazardous to human health and considered important precursors of both primary and secondary particulate pollutants. In the present work, light hydrocarbons up to C9, as main components of combustion-derived VOC, and PAH produced in fuel-rich conditions of premixed ethylene flames were analyzed by implementing a molecular-beam time of flight mass spectrometer (MB-TOFMS), purposely built for on-line fast monitoring of the environmental impact of combustion systems. The reliability of the MB-TOFMS was preliminarily verified on a slightly-sooting flame, comparing the results with those obtained by batch sampling and gas chromatographic techniques. Electron ionization (EI) and multi-photon ionization (MPI) were used as MB-TOFMS sources and tested on combustion gases of a no-sooting premixed ethylene flame where VOC and PAH are present in traces not detectable with batch sampling and conventional analytical techniques. The mass identification accuracy was improved and guaranteed by systematically performing internal mass calibration, exploiting the formation of "in situ" clusters from combustion water in the molecular beam apparatus. Selective and sensitive monitoring of light hydrocarbons and PAH, derived from oxidation and pyrolysis reactions featuring combustion, was shown to be especially effective when using the MB-TOFMS equipped with MPI source. This technique showed to be effective also for the detection of radical species that are important for the risk assessment of aerosol and fundamental understanding of aerosol chemistry at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Apicella
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Tregrossi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Oliano
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Russo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Ciajolo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
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7
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Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Water-Soluble Organic Nitrogen Species in PM2.5 in Nanjing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) is an important component of PM2.5 which may affect air quality, climate and human health. Herein, one-year field samples of atmospheric PM2.5 (June 2017–May 2018) were collected in northern Nanjing. Chemical characterization of PM2.5 major components as well as WSON were conducted, and WSON composition and sources were further investigated via measurements by a Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) as well as positive matrix factorization (PMF). Inorganic ions, mainly consisting of ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate, were found to dominate PM2.5 mass (58.7%), followed by organic matter (OM) (22.6%), and elemental carbon (EC) (2.1%). Water-soluble OM dominated OM (65.1%), and its temporal variation was closely correlated with that of secondary organic matter, while time series of water-insoluble OM concentrations correlated tightly with that of primary organic matter. Average WSON concentration was 2.15 μg/m3, which was highest in winter and lowest in summer. Correlation analysis of WSON with PM2.5 components also indicated that WSON was mainly from secondary sources. SP-AMS revealed that WSON mass spectrum was composed of CxHyNp+ (91.2%) and CxHyOzNp+ (8.8%), indicating dominance of amines and other oxygenated ON compounds. PMF analysis resolved two primary sources (traffic, biomass burning) and two secondary sources (less-oxidized and more-oxidized factors) of WSOM and WSON, and the secondary source dominated both WSOM and WSON. Contribution of the more-oxidized ON factor was very high in winter, and the less-oxidized factor was significant in summer, indicating a likely important role of aqueous-phase processing in winter as well as photochemical oxidation in summer to WSON.
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8
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Su B, Zhuo Z, Fu Y, Sun W, Chen Y, Du X, Yang Y, Wu S, Xie Q, Huang F, Chen D, Li L, Zhang G, Bi X, Zhou Z. Individual particle investigation on the chloride depletion of inland transported sea spray aerosols during East Asian summer monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144290. [PMID: 33401057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inland transported sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles along with multiphase reactions are essential to drive the regional circulation of nitrogen, sulfur and halogen species in the atmosphere. Specially, the physicochemical properties of SSA will be significantly affected by the displacement reaction of chloride. However, the role of organic species and the mixing state on the chloride depletion of SSA during long-range inland transport remains unclear. Hence, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was employed to investigate the particle size and chemical composition of individual SSA particles over inland southern China during the East Asian summer monsoon. Based on the variation of chemical composition, SSA particles were clustered into SSA-Aged, SSA-Bio and SSA-Ca. SSA-Aged was regarded as the aged Na-rich SSA particles. In comparison to the SSA-Aged, SSA-Bio involved some extra organic species associated with biological origin (i.e., organic nitrogen and phosphate). Each type occupies for approximately 50% of total detected SSA particles. Besides, SSA-Ca may relate to organic shell of Na-rich SSA particles, which is negligible (~3%). Tight correlation between Na and diverse organic acids was exhibited for the SSA-Aged (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.01) and SSA-Bio (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.01), reflecting the impact of organic acids to the chloride displacement during inland transport SSA particles. The chloride depletion occupied by organic acids is estimated to be up to 34%. It is noted that distinctly different degree of chloride depletion was observed between SSA-Aged and SSA-Bio. It is more likely to be attributed to the associated organic coatings for the SSA-Bio particles, which inhibits the displacement reactions between acids and chloride. As revealed from the mixing state of SSA-Bio, defined hourly mean peak area ratio of Cl / Na increases with the increasing phosphate and organic nitrogen. This finding provides additional basis for the improvement of modeling simulations in chlorine circulation and a comprehensive understanding of the effects of organics on chloride depletion of SSA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zeming Zhuo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xubing Du
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Si Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qinhui Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fugui Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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Wang F, Yu H, Wang Z, Liang W, Shi G, Gao J, Li M, Feng Y. Review of online source apportionment research based on observation for ambient particulate matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144095. [PMID: 33360453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter source apportionment (SA) is the basis and premise for preventing and controlling haze pollution scientifically and effectively. Traditional offline SA methods lack the capability of handling the rapid changing pollution sources during heavy air pollution periods. With the development of multiple online observation techniques, online SA of particulate matter can now be realized with high temporal resolution, stable and reliable continuous observation data on particle compositions. Here, we start with a summary of online measuring instruments for monitoring particulate matters that contains both online mass concentration (online MC) measurement, and online mass spectrometric (online MS) techniques. The former technique collects ambient particulate matter onto filter membrane and measures the concentrations of chemical components in the particulate matter subsequently. The latter technique could be further divided into two categories: bulk measurement and single particle measurement. Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) could provide mass spectral information of chemical components of non-refractory aerosols, especially organic aerosols. While the emergence of single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) technology can provide large number of high time resolution data for online source resolution. This is closely followed by an overview of the methods and results of SA. However, online instruments are still facing challenges, such as abnormal or missing measurements, that could impact the accuracy of online dataset. Machine leaning algorithm are suited for processing the large amount of online observation data, which could be further considered. In addition, the key research challenges and future directions are presented including the integration of online dataset from different online instruments, the ensemble-trained source apportionment approach, and the quantification of source-category-specific human health risk based on online instrumentation and SA methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haofei Yu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weiqing Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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10
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Multidimensional Analytical Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosols: Challenges and New Perspectives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosols (OA) are an important component of air particles and one of the key drivers that impact both climate and human health. Understanding the processes involving water-soluble OA depends on how well the chemical composition of this aerosol component is decoded. Yet, obtaining detailed information faces several challenges, including water-soluble OA collection, extraction, and chemical complexity. This review highlights the multidimensional non-targeted analytical strategies that have been developed and employed for providing new insights into the structural and molecular features of water-soluble organic components present in air particles. First, the most prominent high-resolution mass spectrometric methods for near real-time measurements of water-soluble OA and their limitations are discussed. Afterward, a special emphasis is given to the degree of compositional information provided by offline multidimensional analytical techniques, namely excitation–emission (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and their hyphenation with chromatographic systems. The major challenges ahead on the application of these multidimensional analytical strategies for OA research are also addressed so that they can be used advantageously in future studies.
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11
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Sabbah H, Commodo M, Picca F, De Falco G, Minutolo P, D’Anna A, Joblin C. Molecular content of nascent soot: Family characterization using two-step laser desorption laser ionization mass spectrometry. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMBUSTION 2020; 38:1241-1248. [PMID: 33850480 PMCID: PMC7610591 DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecules constituting nascent soot particles have been analyzed by two-step laser desorption laser ionization mass spectrometry. Three samples have been collected from a slightly sooting ethylene/air premixed flame with the aim to investigate soot composition in the transition from nucleated to just-grown soot particles. Sampling locations have been selected based on the evolution of the particle size distribution along the flame axis. The mass spectrometric results point to a strong evolution of the molecular composition. Just-nucleated soot is rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dominated by medium sizes from 18 to 40 carbon atoms but containing sizes as large as 90 carbon atoms. Most abundant PAHs are in the form of peri-condensed structures. The presence of a large fraction of odd numbered carbon species shows that pentagonal cycles are a common feature of the detected population. Increasing the distance from the burner outlet, i.e., the particle residence time in flame, leads to an evolution of the chemical composition of this population with a major contribution of carbon clusters including also fullerenes up to about 160 carbon atoms. Our data support a scenario in which large PAHs containing pentagonal rings evolve very efficiently upon thermal processing by a series of dehydrogenation and isomerization processes to form fullerenes. This chemistry happens in the early steps of soot growth showing that carbonization is already active at this stage. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sabbah
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie
(IRAP), Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du Colonel Roche,
31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Mario Commodo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125
Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Picca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione
Industriale - Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80,
80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluigi De Falco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione
Industriale - Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80,
80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Minutolo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125
Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea D’Anna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione
Industriale - Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80,
80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christine Joblin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie
(IRAP), Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du Colonel Roche,
31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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12
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Klyta J, Czaplicka M. Determination of secondary organic aerosol in particulate matter – Short review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Xie C, He Y, Lei L, Zhou W, Liu J, Wang Q, Xu W, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Sun J, Li L, Li M, Zhou Z, Fu P, Wang Z, Sun Y. Contrasting mixing state of black carbon-containing particles in summer and winter in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114455. [PMID: 32278981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) exerts a large impact on climate radiative forcing and public health, and such impacts depend strongly on chemical composition and mixing state. Here a single particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPA-MS) along with an aerosol chemical speciation monitor was employed to characterize the composition and mixing state of BC-containing particles in summer and winter in Beijing. Approximately 2 million BC-containing particles were chemically analyzed, and the particles were classified into nine and eight different types in summer and winter, respectively, according to mass spectral signatures and composition. The BC-containing particles in summer were dominated by the type of nitrate-related BC (BC-N, 56.7%), while in winter the BC mixed with organic carbon (OC) and sulfate (BCOC-S), and OC and nitrate (BCOC-N) were two dominant types accounting for 44.9% and 16.6%, respectively. The number fractions of BC-N in summer, and BCOC-N and BC-SN in winter increased largely during periods with severe air pollution, suggesting the enhanced secondary formation on BC-containing particles. We also found that the primary emissions of the biomass burning and coal combustion can affect BC mixing state substaintially as indicated by the considerable fraction of BC mixed with levoglucosan and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in winter. Bivariate polar plots and back trajectory analysis indicated that the sulfate-associated BC-containing particles were mostly from regional transport while the nitrate-related type was more from local production. The optical parameter of absorbing Ångström exponents (AAE) of BC was 1.2 and 1.5 in summer and winter, respectively, and the AAE dependence of BC mixing state was also different in the two seasons. While higher fractions of BC-N were observed during lower AAE periods in summer, the variations of dominant OC-related BC-containing particles in winter were fairly stable as a function of AAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingjie Liu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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14
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Characteristics of Black Carbon Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Two Sites of Nanjing and Shanghai, China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great concern to human health due to their potential high toxicity. Understanding the characteristics and sources of PAHs, as well as the governing factors, is therefore critical. PAHs and refractory black carbon (rBC) are both from combustion sources. This work, for the first time, investigated exclusively the rBC-bound PAH properties by using a laser-only Aerodyne soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS). This technique offers highly time-resolved PAH results that a traditional offline measurement is unable to provide. We analyzed two datasets conducted in urban Shanghai during the fall of 2018 and in suburban Nanjing during the winter of 2017, respectively. Results show that the average concentration of PAHs in Nanjing was much higher than that in Shanghai. Nanjing PAHs contained more low molecular weight components while Shanghai PAHs contained more high molecular weight ones. PAHs in Shanghai presented two peaks in early morning and evening, while Nanjing PAHs had only one significant morning peak, but remained high throughout the nighttime. A multi-linear regression algorithm combined with positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses on sources of PAHs reveals that the industry emissions contributed the majority of PAHs in Nanjing (~80%), while traffic emissions dominated PAHs in Shanghai (~70%). We further investigated the relationships between PAHs with various factors. PAHs in both sites tended to positively correlate with primary pollutants, including primary organic aerosol (OA) factors, and gaseous pollutants of CO, NO2 and SO2, but negatively correlated with secondary OA factors and O3. This result highlights the enhancement of rBC-bound PAHs level due to primary emissions and their oxidation loss upon atmospheric aging reactions. High concentration of PAHs seemed to frequently appear under low temperature and high relative humidity conditions, especially in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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16
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Walhout EQ, Dorn SE, Martens J, Berden G, Oomens J, Cheong PHY, Kroll JH, O'Brien RE. Infrared Ion Spectroscopy of Environmental Organic Mixtures: Probing the Composition of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7604-7612. [PMID: 31184875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the chemical composition of organic aerosols can elucidate aging mechanisms as well as the chemical and physical properties of the aerosol. However, the high chemical complexity and often low atmospheric abundance present a difficult analytical challenge. Milligrams or more of material may be needed for speciated spectroscopic analysis. In contrast, mass spectrometry provides a very sensitive platform but limited structural information. Here, we combine the strengths of mass spectrometry and infrared (IR) action spectroscopy to generate characteristic IR spectra of individual, mass-isolated ion populations. Soft ionization combined with in situ infrared ion spectroscopy, using the tunable free-electron laser FELIX, provides detailed information on molecular structures and functional groups. We apply this technique, along with quantum mechanical modeling, to characterize organic molecules in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the ozonolysis of α-pinene. Spectral overlap with a standard is used to identify cis-pinonic acid. We also demonstrate the characterization of isomers for multiple SOA products using both quantum mechanical computations and analyses of fragment ion spectra. These results demonstrate the detailed structural information on isolated ions obtained by combining mass spectrometry with fingerprint IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Q Walhout
- Department of Chemistry , College of William and Mary , Williamsburg , Virginia 23185 , United States
| | - Shelby E Dorn
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-4003 , United States
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7c , 6525ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7c , 6525ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7c , 6525ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , University of Amsterdam , 1098XH Amsterdam , Science Park 908 , The Netherlands
| | - Paul H-Y Cheong
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-4003 , United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Rachel E O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry , College of William and Mary , Williamsburg , Virginia 23185 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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17
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Jacobs MI, Xu B, Kostko O, Wiegel AA, Houle FA, Ahmed M, Wilson KR. Using Nanoparticle X-ray Spectroscopy to Probe the Formation of Reactive Chemical Gradients in Diffusion-Limited Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6034-6044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron A. Wiegel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frances A. Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Johnston MV, Kerecman DE. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol by Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:247-274. [PMID: 30901261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol, particulate matter suspended in the air we breathe, exerts a strong impact on our health and the environment. Controlling the amount of particulate matter in air is difficult, as there are many ways particles can form by both natural and anthropogenic processes. We gain insight into the sources of particulate matter through chemical composition measurements. A substantial portion of atmospheric aerosol is organic, and this organic matter is exceedingly complex on a molecular scale, encompassing hundreds to thousands of individual compounds that distribute between the gas and particle phases. Because of this complexity, no single analytical technique is sufficient. However, mass spectrometry plays a crucial role owing to its combination of high sensitivity and molecular specificity. This review surveys the various ways mass spectrometry is used to characterize atmospheric organic aerosol at a molecular level, tracing these methods from inception to current practice, with emphasis on current and emerging areas of research. Both offline and online approaches are covered, and molecular measurements with them are discussed in the context of identifying sources and elucidating the underlying chemical mechanisms of particle formation. There is an ongoing need to improve existing techniques and develop new ones if we are to further advance our knowledge of how to mitigate the unwanted health and environmental impacts of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
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19
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Ren H, Xue M, An Z, Zhou W, Jiang J. Quartz filter-based thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry for in-situ molecular level measurement of ambient organic aerosols. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1589:141-148. [PMID: 30642676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (TAG) is an effective technique for online chemical characterization of organics in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the molecular level. Unlike the previously reported impactor- or metal filter-based TAG, in this study, a replaceable quartz filter-based TAG (Q-TAG) was developed to achieve online measurement of organic constituents in ambient PM2.5. A homemade device for automatic online sampling and pretreatment of aerosols was developed and coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by a 4-port valve. Performance of the Q-TAG system was evaluated using C7 - C40 n-alkanes to cover a wide range of volatility. C11 - C40 could be measured by Q-TAG. The response of their peaks depends on their volatility and thermal desorption conditions (the desorption time and the flow rate). Under the optimized conditions, good precision (<12%), acceptable linearity (R2> 0.98) and high sensitivity (detection limits from 0.02 to 0.01 ng) of C13 - C40 were obtained. The developed Q-TAG system was applied for online analysis of organic species in ambient PM2.5. The Q-TAG is suitable for detection of semi and low volatile organic species in particulate matter, and its filter can be easily changed, making it a useful tool in molecular characterization of ambient organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mo Xue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - ZhaoJin An
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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20
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Wingen LM, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Probing surfaces of atmospherically relevant organic particles by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS). Chem Sci 2018; 10:884-897. [PMID: 30774883 PMCID: PMC6346289 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EASI-MS is a promising technique for probing the chemical structures of inhomogeneous airborne organic particles.
Both ambient and laboratory-generated particles can have a surface composition different from the bulk, but there are currently few analytical techniques available to probe these differences. Easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) was applied to solid, laboratory-generated particles with core–shell morphologies formed from a variety of dicarboxylic acids. The soft ionization facilitated parent peak detection for the two compounds, from which the depth probed could be determined from the relative signal intensities. Two different configurations of a custom-made nebulizer are reported that yield different probe depths. In the “orthogonal mode,” with the nebulizer ∼10 centimeters away from the particle stream and at a 90° angle to the MS inlet, evaporation of the nebulizer droplets forms ions before interaction with the particles. The probe depth for orthogonal mode EASI-MS is shown to be 2–4 nm in these particle systems. In the “droplet mode”, the nebulizer and particle streams are in close proximity to each other and the MS inlet so that the particles interact with charged liquid droplets. This configuration resulted in full dissolution of the particles and gives particle composition similar to that from collection on filters and extraction of the particles (bulk). These studies establish that EASI-MS is a promising technique for probing the chemical structures of inhomogeneous airborne organic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Wingen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA 92697-2025 , USA . ; Tel: +1-949-824-7670
| | - B J Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA 92697-2025 , USA . ; Tel: +1-949-824-7670
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21
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Irimiea C, Faccinetto A, Carpentier Y, Ortega IK, Nuns N, Therssen E, Desgroux P, Focsa C. A comprehensive protocol for chemical analysis of flame combustion emissions by secondary ion mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1015-1025. [PMID: 29603796 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is used to provide detailed information on the surface chemical composition of soot. An analytical protocol is proposed and tested on a laboratory flame, and the results are compared with our previous measurements provided by two-step laser mass spectrometry (L2MS). METHODS This work details: (1) the development of a dedicated apparatus to sample combustion products from atmospheric flames and deposit them on substrates suitable for TOF-SIMS analysis; (2) the choice of the deposition substrate and the material of the sampling line, and their effect on the mass spectra; (3) a method to separate the contributions of soot and condensable gas based on impact deposition; and finally (4) post-acquisition data processing. RESULTS Compounds produced during flame combustion are detected on the surface of different deposition substrates and attributed a molecular formula based on mass defect analysis. Silicon and titanium wafers perform similarly, while the surface roughness of glass microfiber filters results in a reduced mass resolution. The mass spectra obtained from the analysis of different locations of the deposits obtained by impaction show characteristic patterns that are attributed to soot/condensable gas. CONCLUSIONS A working method for the analysis of soot samples and the extraction of useful data from mass spectra is proposed. This protocol should help to avoid common experimental issues like sample contamination, while optimizing the setup performance by maximizing the achievable mass resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Irimiea
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alessandro Faccinetto
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
| | - Yvain Carpentier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Nicolas Nuns
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 2638, Institut M.E. Chevreul, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Eric Therssen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
| | - Cristian Focsa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000, Lille, France
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22
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Xu J, Huang MQ, Cai SY, Liao YM, Hu CJ, Zhao WX, Gu XJ, Zhang WJ. Chemical Composition and Reaction Mechanisms for Aged p
-Xylene Secondary Organic Aerosol in the Presence of Ammonia. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry & Environment; Minnan Normal University; Zhangzhou 363000 P. R. China
| | - Ming-Qiang Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry & Environment; Minnan Normal University; Zhangzhou 363000 P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University; Tan Kah Kee College; Zhangzhou 363105 P. R. China
| | - Shun-You Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry & Environment; Minnan Normal University; Zhangzhou 363000 P. R. China
| | - Ying-Min Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University; Tan Kah Kee College; Zhangzhou 363105 P. R. China
| | - Chang-Jin Hu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Xiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Gu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 P. R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Elmes M, Gasparon M. Sampling and single particle analysis for the chemical characterisation of fine atmospheric particulates: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 202:137-150. [PMID: 28732276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the potential environmental and human health impacts of fine airborne particulate matter (APM), detailed physical and chemical characterisation is required. The only means to accurately distinguish between the multiple compositions in APM is by single particle analysis. A variety of methods and instruments are available, which range from filter-based sample collection for off-line laboratory analysis to on-line instruments that detect the airborne particles and generate size distribution and chemical data in real time. There are many reasons for sampling particulates in the ambient atmosphere and as a consequence, different measurement strategies and sampling devices are used depending on the scientific objectives and subsequent analytical techniques. This review is designed as a guide to some of the techniques available for the sampling and subsequent chemical analysis of individual inorganic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Elmes
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Massimo Gasparon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia; National Institute of Science and Technology on Mineral Resources, Water and Biodiversity (INCT-Acqua), Brazil.
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25
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Booth AM, Bannan TJ, Benyezzar M, Bacak A, Alfarra MR, Topping D, Percival CJ. Development of lithium attachment mass spectrometry - knudsen effusion and chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (KEMS, CIMS). Analyst 2017; 142:3666-3673. [PMID: 28879361 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium ion attachment mass spectrometry provides a non-specific, non-fragmenting, sensitive and robust method for the detection of volatile species in the gas phase. The design, manufacture and results of lithium based ion attachment ionisation sources for two different mass spectrometry systems are presented. In this study trace gas analysis is investigated using a modified Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) and vapour pressure measurements are made using a modified Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometer (KEMS). In the Li+ CIMS, where the Li+ ionization acts a soft and unselective ionization source, limits of detection of 0.2 ppt for formic acid, 15 ppt for nitric acid and 120 ppt for ammonia were achieved, allowing for ambient measurements of such species at atmospherically relevant concentrations. In the first application of Lithium ion attachment in ultra-high vacuum (UHV), vapor pressures of various atmospherically relevant species were measured with the adapted KEMS, giving measured values equivalent to previous results from electron impact KEMS. In the Li+ KEMS vapour pressures <10-3 mbar can be measured without any fragmentation, as is seen with the initial electron impact (EI) set up, allowing the vapor pressure of individual components within mixtures to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murray Booth
- School or Earth, Atmospheric and Environment Science, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Thomas J Bannan
- School or Earth, Atmospheric and Environment Science, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Med Benyezzar
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Asan Bacak
- School or Earth, Atmospheric and Environment Science, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - M Rami Alfarra
- School or Earth, Atmospheric and Environment Science, University of Manchester, UK. and National Centre for Atmosphere Science, UK
| | - David Topping
- School or Earth, Atmospheric and Environment Science, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Carl J Percival
- School or Earth, Atmospheric and Environment Science, University of Manchester, UK.
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Witkowski B, Gierczak T. cis-Pinonic Acid Oxidation by Hydroxyl Radicals in the Aqueous Phase under Acidic and Basic Conditions: Kinetics and Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9765-9773. [PMID: 28719200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase oxidation of cis-pinonic acid (CPA) by hydroxyl radicals (OH) was studied using a relative rate technique under acidic and basic conditions. Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to the negative electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to monitor the concentrations of CPA and reference compounds. The measured second order reaction rate coefficients of CPA with OH were: 3.6 ± 0.3 × 109 M-1 s-1 (pH 2) and 3.0 ± 0.3 × 109 M-1 s-1 (pH 10) - combined uncertainties are 2σ. These results indicated that the lifetimes of CPA in the atmosphere are most likely independent from the aqueous-phase pH. LC-ESI/MS/MS was also used to tentatively identify the CPA oxidation products. Formation of carboxylic acids with molecular weight (MW) 216 Da (most likely C10H16O5) and MW 214 Da (C10H14O5) was confirmed with LC-ESI/MS/MS. When the initial CPA concentration was increased from 0.3 to 10 mM, formation of additional products was observed with MW 188, 200, 204, and 232 Da. Hydroperoxy, hydroxyl and carbonyl-substituted CPA derivatives were tentatively identified among the products. Similar products were formed by the CPA oxidation by OH in the gas-phase, at the air-water interface as well as in the solid phase (dry film). Formation of the stable adduct of CPA and H2O2 was also observed when the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in water. Acquired mass spectrometric data argues against formation of oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Witkowski
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry, Al. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gierczak
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry, Al. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Huang D, Hua X, Xiu GL, Zheng YJ, Yu XY, Long YT. Secondary ion mass spectrometry: The application in the analysis of atmospheric particulate matter. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 989:1-14. [PMID: 28915935 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently, considerable attention has been paid to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) investigation due to its importance in human health and global climate change. Surface characterization, single particle analysis and depth profiling of PM is important for a better understanding of its formation processes and predicting its impact on the environment and human being. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a surface technique with high surface sensitivity, high spatial resolution chemical imaging and unique depth profiling capabilities. Recent research shows that SIMS has great potential in analyzing both surface and bulk chemical information of PM. In this review, we give a brief introduction of SIMS working principle and survey recent applications of SIMS in PM characterization. Particularly, analyses from different types of PM sources by various SIMS techniques were discussed concerning their advantages and limitations. The future development and needs of SIMS in atmospheric aerosol measurement are proposed with a perspective in broader environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Guang-Li Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yong-Jie Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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28
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Ge X, Li L, Chen Y, Chen H, Wu D, Wang J, Xie X, Ge S, Ye Z, Xu J, Chen M. Aerosol characteristics and sources in Yangzhou, China resolved by offline aerosol mass spectrometry and other techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:74-85. [PMID: 28351008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Detailed chemical characterization of fine aerosols (PM2.5) is important for reducing air pollution in densely populated areas, such as the Yangtze River Delta region in China. This study systematically analyzed PM2.5 samples collected during November 2015 to April 2016 in urban Yangzhou using a suite of techniques, in particular, an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SP-AMS). The techniques used here reconstructed the majority of total PM2.5 measured where extracted species comprised on average 91.2%. Source analyses of inorganic components showed that secondary nitrate, sulfate and chloride were the major species, while primary sources including biomass burning, coal combustion, traffic, industry and re-suspended dust due to nearby demolition activities, could contribute to other species. EC-tracer method estimated that the organic matter (OM) was composed of 65.4% secondary OM (SOM) and 34.6% primary OM (POM), while the SP-AMS analyses showed that the OM was comprised of 60.3% water-soluble OM (WSOM) and 39.7% water-insoluble OM (WIOM). Correlation analyses suggested that WSOM might be rich in secondary organic species, while WIOM was likely mainly comprised of primary organic species. We further conducted positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses on the WSOM, and identified three primary factors including traffic, cooking and biomass burning, and two secondary factors. We found the secondary factors dominated WSOM mass (68.1%), and their mass contributions increased with the increase of WSOM concentrations. Relatively small contribution of primary sources to WSOM was probably due to their low water solubility, which should be investigated further in future. Overall, our findings improve understanding of the complex aerosol sources and chemistry in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Yangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Xinchun Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shun Ge
- Nanjing Tianbo Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210047, China
| | - Zhaolian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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29
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Wei N, Hu C, Zhou S, Ma Q, Mikuška P, Večeřa Z, Gai Y, Lin X, Gu X, Zhao W, Fang B, Zhang W, Chen J, Liu F, Shan X, Sheng L. VUV photoionization aerosol mass spectrometric study on the iodine oxide particles formed from O 3-initiated photooxidation of diiodomethane (CH 2I 2). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IOPs formed from O3-initiated photooxidation of CH2I2 were investigated based on the combination of a thermal desorption/tunable vacuum ultraviolet time-of-flight photoionization aerosol mass spectrometer with a flow reactor for the first time.
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30
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Horan AJ, Apsokardu MJ, Johnston MV. Droplet Assisted Inlet Ionization for Online Analysis of Airborne Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1059-1062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Horan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael J. Apsokardu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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31
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Ault AP, Axson JL. Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Advances. Anal Chem 2016; 89:430-452. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jessica L. Axson
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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32
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Dennis EA, Gundlach-Graham AW, Ray SJ, Enke CG, Hieftje GM. Distance-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: What, Why, and How? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1772-1786. [PMID: 27562501 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Distance-of-flight mass spectrometry (DOFMS) separates ions of different mass-to-charge (m/z) by the distance they travel in a given time after acceleration. Like time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), separation and mass assignment are based on ion velocity. However, DOFMS is not a variant of TOFMS; different methods of ion focusing and detection are used. In DOFMS, ions are driven orthogonally, at the detection time, onto an array of detectors parallel to the flight path. Through the independent detection of each m/z, DOFMS can provide both wider dynamic range and increased throughput for m/z of interest compared with conventional TOFMS. The iso-mass focusing and detection of ions is achieved by constant-momentum acceleration (CMA) and a linear-field ion mirror. Improved energy focus (including turn-around) is achieved in DOFMS, but the initial spatial dispersion of ions remains unchanged upon detection. Therefore, the point-source nature of surface ionization techniques could put them at an advantage for DOFMS. To date, three types of position-sensitive detectors have been used for DOFMS: a microchannel plate with a phosphorescent screen, a focal plane camera, and an IonCCD array; advances in detector technology will likely improve DOFMS figures-of-merit. In addition, the combination of CMA with TOF detection has provided improved resolution and duty factor over a narrow m/z range (compared with conventional, single-pass TOFMS). The unique characteristics of DOFMS can enable the intact collection of large biomolecules, clusters, and organisms. DOFMS might also play a key role in achieving the long-sought goal of simultaneous MS/MS. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT, 06484, USA
| | - Alexander W Gundlach-Graham
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven J Ray
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Christie G Enke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Gary M Hieftje
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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33
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Isaacman-VanWertz G, Yee LD, Kreisberg NM, Wernis R, Moss JA, Hering SV, de Sá SS, Martin ST, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Riva M, Surratt JD, Viegas J, Manzi A, Edgerton E, Baumann K, Souza R, Artaxo P, Goldstein AH. Ambient Gas-Particle Partitioning of Tracers for Biogenic Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9952-62. [PMID: 27552285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exchange of atmospheric organic compounds between gas and particle phases is important in the production and chemistry of particle-phase mass but is poorly understood due to a lack of simultaneous measurements in both phases of individual compounds. Measurements of particle- and gas-phase organic compounds are reported here for the southeastern United States and central Amazonia. Polyols formed from isoprene oxidation contribute 8% and 15% on average to particle-phase organic mass at these sites but are also observed to have substantial gas-phase concentrations contrary to many models that treat these compounds as nonvolatile. The results of the present study show that the gas-particle partitioning of approximately 100 known and newly observed oxidation products is not well explained by environmental factors (e.g., temperature). Compounds having high vapor pressures have higher particle fractions than expected from absorptive equilibrium partitioning models. These observations support the conclusion that many commonly measured biogenic oxidation products may be bound in low-volatility mass (e.g., accretion products, inorganic-organic adducts) that decomposes to individual compounds on analysis. However, the nature and extent of any such bonding remains uncertain. Similar conclusions are reach for both study locations, and average particle fractions for a given compound are consistent within ∼25% across measurement sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lindsay D Yee
- Department. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Rebecca Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joshua A Moss
- Department. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Susanne V Hering
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc. , Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - M Lizabeth Alexander
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Juarez Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia , Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil , 69060-001
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia , Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil , 69060-001
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc. , Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc. , Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Rodrigo Souza
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas , Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil , 69735-000
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil , 05508-020
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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34
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Alam MS, Harrison RM. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3968-3977. [PMID: 30155039 PMCID: PMC6013788 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography has huge power for separating complex mixtures. The principles of the technique are outlined together with an overview of detection methods applicable to GC × GC column effluent with a focus on selectivity. Applications of GC × GC techniques in the analysis of petroleum-related and airborne particulate matter samples are reviewed. Mass spectrometric detection can be used alongside spectral libraries to identify eluted compounds, but in complex petroleum-related and atmospheric samples, when used conventionally at high ionisation energies, may not allow differentiation of structural isomers. Available low energy ionisation methods are reviewed and an example given of the additional structural information which can be extracted by measuring mass spectra at both low and high ionisation energies, hence greatly enhancing the selectivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
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35
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Laskin A, Gilles MK, Knopf DA, Wang B, China S. Progress in the Analysis of Complex Atmospheric Particles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:117-43. [PMID: 27306308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of recent advances in field and laboratory studies of atmospheric particles formed in processes of environmental air-surface interactions. The overarching goal of these studies is to advance predictive understanding of atmospheric particle composition, particle chemistry during aging, and their environmental impacts. The diversity between chemical constituents and lateral heterogeneity within individual particles adds to the chemical complexity of particles and their surfaces. Once emitted, particles undergo transformation via atmospheric aging processes that further modify their complex composition. We highlight a range of modern analytical approaches that enable multimodal chemical characterization of particles with both molecular and lateral specificity. When combined, these approaches provide a comprehensive arsenal of tools for understanding the nature of particles at air-surface interactions and their reactivity and transformations with atmospheric aging. We discuss applications of these novel approaches in recent studies and highlight additional research areas to explore the environmental effects of air-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
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36
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Glasius M, Goldstein AH. Recent Discoveries and Future Challenges in Atmospheric Organic Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2754-64. [PMID: 26862779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Earth's atmosphere contains a multitude of organic compounds, which differ by orders of magnitude regarding fundamental properties such as volatility, reactivity, and propensity to form cloud droplets, affecting their impact on global climate and human health. Despite recent major research efforts and advances, there are still substantial gaps in understanding of atmospheric organic chemistry, hampering efforts to understand, model, and mitigate environmental problems such as aerosol formation in both polluted urban and more pristine regions. The analytical toolbox available for chemists to study atmospheric organic components has expanded considerably during the past decade, opening new windows into speciation, time resolution and detection of reactive and semivolatile compounds at low concentrations. This has provided unprecedented opportunities, but also unveiled new scientific challenges. Specific groundbreaking examples include the role of epoxides in aerosol formation especially from isoprene, the importance of highly oxidized, reactive organics in air-surface processes (whether atmosphere-biosphere exchange or aerosols), as well as the extent of interactions of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions and the resulting impact on atmospheric organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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37
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Lai C, Liu Y, Ma J, Ma Q, Chu B, He H. Heterogeneous Kinetics of cis-Pinonic Acid with Hydroxyl Radical under Different Environmental Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6583-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Lai
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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38
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Brüggemann M, Karu E, Stelzer T, Hoffmann T. Real-Time Analysis of Ambient Organic Aerosols Using Aerosol Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry (AeroFAPA-MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5571-5578. [PMID: 25861027 DOI: 10.1021/es506186c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds contribute to a major fraction of atmospheric aerosols and have significant impacts on climate and human health. However, because of their chemical complexity, their measurement remains a major challenge for analytical instrumentation. Here we present the development and characterization of a new soft ionization technique that allows mass spectrometric real-time detection of organic compounds in aerosols. The aerosol flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (AeroFAPA) ion source is based on a helium glow discharge plasma, which generates excited helium species and primary reagent ions. Ionization of the analytes occurs in the afterglow region after thermal desorption and produces mainly intact quasimolecular ions, facilitating the interpretation of the acquired mass spectra. We illustrate that changes in aerosol composition and concentration are detected on the time scale of seconds and in the ng m(-3) range. Additionally, the successful application of AeroFAPA-MS during a field study in a mixed forest region is presented. In general, the observed compounds are in agreement with previous offline studies; however, the acquisition of chemical information and compound identification is much faster. The results demonstrate that AeroFAPA-MS is a suitable tool for organic aerosol analysis and reveal the potential of this technique to enable new insights into aerosol formation, growth, and transformation in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brüggemann
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Einar Karu
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- ‡College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB243UE, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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39
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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40
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Hu CJ, Cheng Y, Pan G, Gai YB, Gu XJ, Zhao WX, Wang ZY, Zhang WJ, Chen J, Liu FY, Shan XB, Sheng LS. A Smog Chamber Facility for Qualitative and Quantitative Study on Atmospheric Chemistry and Secondary Organic Aerosol. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/27/06/631-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Visentin M, Pietrogrande MC. Determination of polar organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols by gas chromatography with ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1561-9. [PMID: 24723391 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography with ion trap mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the analysis of 27 polar organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols. The target analytes were low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids and methoxyphenols, as relevant markers of source emissions and photochemical processes of organic aerosols. The operative parameters were optimized in order to achieve the best sensitivity and selectivity for the analysis. In comparison with the previous gas chromatography with mass spectrometry procedure based on single ion monitoring detection, the tandem mass spectrometry technique increased the analytical sensitivity by reducing detection limits for standard solutions from 1-2.6 to 0.1-0.4 ng/μL ranges (concentrations in the injected solution). In addition, it enhanced selectivity by reducing matrix interferences and chemical noise in the chromatogram. The applicability of the developed method in air quality monitoring campaigns was effectively checked by analyzing environmental samples collected in the Po Valley (Northern Italy) in different seasons. The obtained results indicate that the ion trap mass spectrometer may be an ideal alternative to high-resolution mass spectrometers for the user-friendly and cost-effective determination of a wide range of molecular tracers in airborne particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Visentin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Brüggemann M, Vogel AL, Hoffmann T. Analysis of organic aerosols using a micro-orifice volatilization impactor coupled to an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:31-41. [PMID: 24881453 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the development and characterization of a combination of a micro-orifice volatilization impactor (MOVI) and an ion trap mass spectrometer (IT/MS) with an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The MOVI is a multi-jet impactor with 100 nozzles, allowing the collection of aerosol particles by inertial impaction on a deposition plate. The pressure drop behind the nozzles is approximately 5%, resulting in a pressure of 96kPa on the collection surface for ambient pressures of 101.3 kPa. The cut-point diameter (diameter of 50% collection efficiency) is at 0.13 microm for a sampling flow rate of 10 L min(-1). After the collection step, aerosol particles are evaporated by heating the impaction surface and transferred into the APCI-IT/MS for detection of the analytes. APCI was used in the negative ion mode to detect predominantly mono- and dicarboxylic acids, which are major oxidation products of biogenic terpenes. The MOVI-APCI-IT/MS instrument was used for the analysis of laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which was generated by ozonolysis of alpha-pinene in a 100 L continuous-flow reactor under dark and dry conditions. The combination of the MOVI with an APCI-IT/MS improved the detection Limits for small dicarboxylic acids, such as pinic acid, compared to online measurements by APCI-IT/MS. The Limits of detection and quantification for pinic acid were determined by external calibration to 4.4 ng and 13.2 ng, respectively. During a field campaign in the southern Rocky Mountains (USA) in summer 2011 (BEACHON-RoMBAS), the MOVI-APCI-IT/MS was applied for the analysis of ambient organic aerosols and the quantification of individual biogenic SOA marker compounds. Based on a measurement frequency of approximately 5 h, a diurnal cycle for pinic acid in the sampled aerosol particles was found with maximum concentrations at night (median: 10.1 ngm(-3)) and minimum concentrations during the day (median: 8.2 ng m(-3)), which is likely due to the partitioning behavior of pinic acid and the changing phase state of the organic aerosol particles with changing relative humidity.
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Ariya PA, Kos G, Mortazavi R, Hudson ED, Kanthasamy V, Eltouny N, Sun J, Wilde C. Bio-organic materials in the atmosphere and snow: measurement and characterization. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 339:145-99. [PMID: 23832685 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bio-organic chemicals are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere and at air-snow interfaces, as well as in aerosols and in clouds. It has been known for centuries that airborne biological matter plays various roles in the transmission of disease in humans and in ecosystems. The implication of chemical compounds of biological origins in cloud condensation and in ice nucleation processes has also been studied during the last few decades, and implications have been suggested in the reduction of visibility, in the influence on oxidative potential of the atmosphere and transformation of compounds in the atmosphere, in the formation of haze, change of snow-ice albedo, in agricultural processes, and bio-hazards and bio-terrorism. In this review we critically examine existing observation data on bio-organic compounds in the atmosphere and in snow. We also review both conventional and cutting-edge analytical techniques and methods for measurement and characterisation of bio-organic compounds and specifically for microbial communities, in the atmosphere and snow. We also explore the link between biological compounds and nucleation processes. Due to increased interest in decreasing emissions of carbon-containing compounds, we also briefly review (in an Appendix) methods and techniques that are currently deployed for bio-organic remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ariya
- Departments of Chemistry, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, Canada,
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Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. New mass spectrometry techniques for studying physical chemistry of atmospheric heterogeneous processes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.752904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Horan AJ, Gao Y, Hall WA, Johnston MV. Online Characterization of Particles and Gases with an Ambient Electrospray Ionization Source. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9253-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302024y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Horan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Wiley A. Hall
- Agricultural
Research Service,
San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Parlier, California 93648, United States
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
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