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Mahmoudi A, Jamialahmadi T, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Bioinformatic analysis of the molecular targets of curcumin in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155533. [PMID: 39173464 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health concern, with rising incidence and mortality rates. Conventional treatments often come with significant complications, prompting the exploration of natural compounds like curcumin as potential therapeutic agents. Using bioinformatic tools, this study investigated the role of curcumin in CRC treatment. Significant protein interactions between curcumin and target proteins were identified in the STITCH database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with CRC were then analyzed from GEO databases. Comparing curcumin targets and CRC-related DEGs, nine significant common targets were identified: DNMT1, PCNA, CCND1, PLAU, MMP3, SOX9, FOXM1, CXCL2, and SERPINB5. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that curcumin-targeted pathways were primarily related to p53, IL-17, NF-kappa B, TNF, and cell cycle signaling, all crucial in CRC development and progression. Further analyses using DAID and EnrichR algorithms showed that the curcumin targets exhibited greater specificity to bronchial epithelial cells and colorectal adenocarcinoma than other diseases. Analyses via the DSigDB database indicated that curcumin ranks highly among other drugs targeting the identified CRC-related genes. Docking studies revealed favorable binding interactions between curcumin and the key CRC-related proteins, suggesting potential molecular mechanisms by which curcumin may exert its effects. In summary, this study provides bioinformatic and docking evidence that curcumin may exert beneficial effects on CRC by modulating the expression or activity of multiple CRC-susceptibility genes involved in critical signaling pathways. These findings warrant further experimental validation and support the potential of curcumin as a therapeutic agent for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Holomková K, Veselá B, Dadáková K, Sharpe PT, Lesot H, Matalová E, Švandová E. Hypoxia-inducible factors in postnatal mouse molar dental pulp development: insights into expression patterns, localisation and metabolic pathways. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-03003-1. [PMID: 39101996 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-03003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia is relevant to several physiological and pathological processes and this also applies for the tooth. The adaptive response to lowering oxygen concentration is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Since HIFs were shown to participate in the promotion of angiogenesis, stem cell survival, odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation, they may play a beneficial role in the tooth reparative processes. Although some data were generated in vitro, little is known about the in vivo context of HIFs in tooth development. In order to contribute to this field, the mouse mandibular first molar was used as a model.The expression and in situ localisation of HIFs were examined at postnatal (P) days P0, P7, P14, using RT-PCR and immunostaining. The expression pattern of a broad spectrum of hypoxia-related genes was monitored by customised PCR Arrays. Metabolic aspects were evaluated by determination of the lactate level and mRNA expression of the mitochondrial marker Nd1.The results show constant high mRNA expression of Hif1a, increasing expression of Hif2a, and very low expression of Hif3a during early postnatal molar development. In the examined period the localisation of HIFs in the nuclei of odontoblasts and the subodontoblastic layer identified their presence during odontoblastic differentiation. Additionally, the lower lactate level and higher expression of mitochondrial Nd1 in advanced development points to decreasing glycolysis during differentiation. Postnatal nuclear localisation of HIFs indicates a hypoxic state in specific areas of dental pulp as oxygen demands depend on physiological events such as crown and root dentin mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Holomková
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Veselá
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Dadáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hervé Lesot
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalová
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Švandová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Guo J, Wang H, Huang C, Lai C, Shang W, Luo S, Chen L. PLAU, transcriptionally negatively regulated by GATA6, promotes lung squamous carcinoma cell proliferation and migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119744. [PMID: 38702016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is associated with high mortality and has limited therapeutic treatment options. Plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU) plays important roles in tumor cell malignancy. However, the oncogenic role of PLAU in the progression of LUSC remains unknown. GATA-binding factor 6 (GATA6), a key regulator of lung development, inhibits LUSC cell proliferation and migration, but the underlying regulatory mechanism remains to be further explored. Moreover, the regulatory effect of GATA6 on PLAU expression has not been reported. The aim of this study was to identify the role of PLAU and the transcriptional inhibition mechanism of GATA6 on PLAU expression in LUSC. METHODS To identify the potential target genes regulated by GATA6, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from GEO datasets analysis and RNA-seq experiment were subjected to Venn analysis and correlation heatmap analysis. The transcriptional regulatory effects of GATA6 on PLAU expression were detected by real-time PCR, immunoblotting, and dual-luciferase reporter assays. The oncogenic effects of PLAU on LUSC cell proliferation and migration were evaluated by EdU incorporation, Matrigel 3D culture and Transwell assays. PLAU expression was detected in tissue microarray of LUSC via immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. To determine prognostic factors for prognosis of LUSC patients, the clinicopathological characteristics and PLAU expression were subjected to univariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS PLAU overexpression promoted LUSC cell proliferation and migration. PLAU is overexpressed in LUSC tissues compared with normal tissues. Consistently, high PLAU expression, which acts as an independent risk factor, is associated with poor prognosis of LUSC patients. Furthermore, the expression of PLAU is transcriptionally regulated by GATA6. CONCLUSION In this work, it was revealed that PLAU is a novel oncogene for LUSC and a new molecular regulatory mechanism of GATA6 in LUSC was unveiled. Targeting the GATA6/PLAU pathway might help in the development of novel therapeutic treatment strategies for LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Guo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Changhua Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Caihong Lai
- Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Wenli Shang
- Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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Tinholt M, Tekpli X, Torland LA, Tahiri A, Geisler J, Kristensen V, Sandset PM, Iversen N. The breast cancer coagulome in the tumor microenvironment and its role in prognosis and treatment response to chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1319-1335. [PMID: 38237862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The procoagulant phenotype in cancer is linked to thrombosis, cancer progression, and immune response. A novel treatment that reduces the risk of both thrombosis and cancer progression without excess bleeding risk remains to be identified. OBJECTIVES Here, we aimed to broadly investigate the breast tumor coagulome and its relation to prognosis, treatment response to chemotherapy, and the tumor microenvironment. METHODS Key coagulation-related genes (n = 35) were studied in a Norwegian cohort with tumor (n = 134) and normal (n = 189) tissue and in the Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 1052) data set. We performed gene set variation analysis in the Norwegian cohort, and in the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort, associations with the tumor microenvironment and prognosis were evaluated. Analyses were performed with cBioPortal, Estimation of Stromal and Immune cells in Malignant Tumors Using Expression Data, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource, the integrated repository portal for tumor-immune system interactions, Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub 2, and the receiver operating characteristic plotter. Six independent breast cancer cohorts were used to study the tumor coagulome and treatment response to chemotherapy. RESULTS Twenty-two differentially expressed coagulation-related genes were identified in breast tumors. Several coagulome factors were correlated with tumor microenvironment characteristics and were expressed by nonmalignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. PLAT and F8 were independent predictors of better overall survival and progression-free survival, respectively. F12 and PLAU were predictors of worse progression-free survival. The PROCR-THBD-PLAT signature showed a promising predictive value (area under the curve, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.69-0.81; P = 3.6 × 10-17) for combination chemotherapy with fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide. CONCLUSION The breast tumor coagulome showed potential in prediction of prognosis and chemotherapy response. Cells within the tumor microenvironment are sources of coagulome factors and may serve as therapeutic targets of coagulation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Tinholt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Xavier Tekpli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lilly Anne Torland
- Department of Research and Innovation, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andliena Tahiri
- Department of Research and Innovation, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Morten Sandset
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Nina Iversen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Müller P, Zimmer C, Frey A, Holzmann G, Weldert AC, Schirmeister T. Ligand-Based Design of Selective Peptidomimetic uPA and TMPRSS2 Inhibitors with Arg Bioisosteres. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1375. [PMID: 38338655 PMCID: PMC10855164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-like serine proteases are involved in many important physiological processes like blood coagulation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. On the other hand, they are also associated with pathological conditions. The urokinase-pwlasminogen activator (uPA), which is involved in tissue remodeling, can increase the metastatic behavior of various cancer types when overexpressed and dysregulated. Another member of this protease class that received attention during the SARS-CoV 2 pandemic is TMPRSS2. It is a transmembrane serine protease, which enables cell entry of the coronavirus by processing its spike protein. A variety of different inhibitors have been published against both proteases. However, the selectivity over other trypsin-like serine proteases remains a major challenge. In the current study, we replaced the arginine moiety at the P1 site of peptidomimetic inhibitors with different bioisosteres. Enzyme inhibition studies revealed that the phenylguanidine moiety in the P1 site led to strong affinity for TMPRSS2, whereas the cyclohexylguanidine derivate potently inhibited uPA. Both inhibitors exhibited high selectivity over other structurally similar and physiologically important proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (P.M.); (C.Z.); (A.F.); (G.H.); (A.C.W.)
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Ferreira GA, Thomé CH, Izumi C, Grassi ML, Lanfredi GP, Smolka M, Faça VM, Candido Dos Reis FJ. Proteomic analysis of exosomes secreted during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and potential biomarkers of mesenchymal high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:232. [PMID: 38031074 PMCID: PMC10685605 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes cell signaling and morphology alterations, contributing to cancer progression. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles containing proteins involved in cell-cell communication, have emerged as a potential source of biomarkers for several diseases. METHODS Our aim was to assess the proteome content of exosomes secreted after EMT-induction to identify potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer classification. EMT was induced in the ovarian cancer cell line CAOV3 by treating it with EGF (10 ng/mL) for 96 h following 24 h of serum deprivation. Subsequently, exosomes were isolated from the supernatant using selective centrifugation after decellularization, and their characteristics were determined. The proteins present in the exosomes were extracted, identified, and quantified using Label-Free-Quantification (LFQ) via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To identify potential biomarkers, the obtained proteomic data was integrated with the TGGA database for mRNA expression using principal component analysis and a conditional inference tree. RESULTS The exosomes derived from CAOV3 cells exhibited similar diameter and morphology, measuring approximately 150 nm, regardless of whether they were subjected to EMT stimulation or not. The proteomic analysis of proteins from CAOV3-derived exosomes revealed significant differential regulation of 157 proteins, with 100 showing upregulation and 57 downregulation upon EMT induction. Further comparison of the upregulated proteins with the TCGA transcriptomic data identified PLAU, LAMB1, COL6A1, and TGFB1 as potential biomarkers of the mesenchymal HGSOC subtype. CONCLUSIONS The induction of EMT, the isolation of exosomes, and the subsequent proteomic analysis highlight potential biomarkers for an aggressive ovarian cancer subtype. Further investigation into the role of these proteins is warranted to enhance our understanding of ovarian cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Aguiar Ferreira
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Center for Cell Based Therapy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carolina Hassibe Thomé
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Center for Cell Based Therapy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Clarice Izumi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lopes Grassi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pauperio Lanfredi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcus Smolka
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vitor Marcel Faça
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Center for Cell Based Therapy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Ou J, Liao Q, Du Y, Xi W, Meng Q, Li K, Cai Q, Pang CLK. SERPINE1 and SERPINB7 as potential biomarkers for intravenous vitamin C treatment in non-small-cell lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 209:96-107. [PMID: 37838303 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
High dose intravenous vitamin C (IVC) has been proposed as a pro-oxidant anticancer agent. However, there is a lack of biomarkers that are specific for this treatment. Here, we explored profiles of gene expression responding to IVC treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells as an effort for potential biomarker discovery. Genome-wide RNA-seq was performed in human NSCLC cell lines treated with pharmacological concentrations of vitamin C(VitC) for differential expression of genes. The identified genes were analyzed for correlations with patient prognosis using data from the Kaplan-Meier Plotter and the Human Protein Atlas databases. Further, tumor samples from a retrospective study of 153 NSCLC patients were analyzed with immunohistochemistry for expression of targeted genes, and patient prognosis was correlated to these genes. Two genes, namely SERPINE1 and SERPINB7 were found to be downregulated in NSCLC cells following VitC treatment. Combined patient data from the cohort analysis and online databases revealed that these 2 genes presented an unfavorable prognostic prediction of overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients receiving standard of care. However, high expression level of these 2 genes were associated with prolonged OS in NSCLC patients receiving IVC in addition to standard of care. These data revealed that SERPINE1 and SERPINB7 have the potential to serve as predictive factors indicating favorable responses to IVC treatment in patients with NSCLC. Further validations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Ou
- Cancer Center, Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Qiulin Liao
- Pathology Department, Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanping Du
- Cancer Center, Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wentao Xi
- Cancer Center, Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Cancer Center, Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kexin Li
- Imaging Department, Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qichun Cai
- Cancer Center, Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Clifford L K Pang
- Cancer Center, Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Xu L, Wang P, Li L, Li L, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Yi P, Zhang M, Xu M. circPSD3 is a promising inhibitor of uPA system to inhibit vascular invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:174. [PMID: 37884951 PMCID: PMC10601121 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular invasion is a major route for intrahepatic and distant metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is a strong negative prognostic factor. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the regulatory functions and underlying mechanisms of circRNAs in the development of vascular invasion in HCC are largely unknown. METHODS High throughput sequencing was used to screen dysregulated circRNAs in portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) tissues. The biological functions of candidate circRNAs in the migration, vascular invasion, and metastasis of HCC cells were examined in vitro and in vivo. To explore the underlying mechanisms, RNA sequencing, MS2-tagged RNA affinity purification, mass spectrometry, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed. RESULTS circRNA sequencing followed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that circRNA pleckstrin and Sect. 7 domain containing 3 (circPSD3) was significantly downregulated in PVTT tissues. Decreased circPSD3 expression in HCC tissues was associated with unfavourable characteristics and predicted poor prognosis in HCC. TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43) inhibited the biogenesis of circPSD3 by interacting with the downstream intron of pre-PSD3. circPSD3 inhibited the intrahepatic vascular invasion and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Serpin family B member 2 (SERPINB2), an endogenous bona fide inhibitor of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system, is the downstream target of circPSD3. Mechanistically, circPSD3 interacts with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) to sequester it in the cytoplasm, attenuating the inhibitory effect of HDAC1 on the transcription of SERPINB2. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that circPSD3 is a promising inhibitor of the uPA system. CONCLUSIONS circPSD3 is an essential regulator of vascular invasion and metastasis in HCC and may serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lian Li
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Pengsheng Yi
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancrease, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
| | - Mingqing Xu
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Meishan City People's Hospital, Meishan Hospital of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Meishan, 620000, China.
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9
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Xue M, Tong Y, Xiong Y, Yu C. Role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the progression, therapeutic resistance and targeted therapy of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1257266. [PMID: 37927475 PMCID: PMC10623436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1257266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumours with high morbidity and mortality. Although surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are common treatment options available for oesophageal cancer, the 5-year survival rate remains low after treatment. On the one hand, many oesophageal cancers are are discovered at an advanced stage and, on the other hand, treatment resistance is a major obstacle to treating locally advanced ESCC. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the main type of stromal cell in the tumour microenvironment, enhance tumour progression and treatment resistance and have emerged as a major focus of study on targeted therapy of oesophageal cancer.With the aim of providing potential, prospective targets for improving therapeutic efficacy, this review summarises the origin and activation of CAFs and their specific role in regulating tumour progression and treatment resistance in ESCC. We also emphasize the clinical potential and emerging trends of ESCC CAFs-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changhua Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
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10
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Qiu Y, Wang H, Guo Q, Liu Y, He Y, Zhang G, Yang C, Du Y, Gao F. CD44s-activated tPA/LRP1-NFκB pathway drives lamellipodia outgrowth in luminal-type breast cancer cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1224827. [PMID: 37842093 PMCID: PMC10569302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1224827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cancer cells migration and metastasis are characterized by the outgrowth of lamellipodia protrusions in which the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Evidence has confirmed that lamellipodia formation could be regulated by various adhesion molecules, such as CD44, and we previously reported that lamellipodia at the leading edge of luminal type breast cancer (BrCa) were enriched with high expression of CD44. In this study, we found that the overexpression of CD44s could promote lamellipodia formation in BrCa cells through inducing tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) upregulation, which was achieved by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation. Moreover, we revealed that tPA could interact with LDL receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) to activate the downstream NFκB signaling pathway, which in turn facilitate lamellipodia formation. Notably, inhibition of the tPA/LRP1-NFkB signaling cascade could attenuate the CD44s-induced lamellipodia formation. Thus, our findings uncover a novel role of CD44s in driving lamellipodia outgrowth through tPA/LRP1-NFkB axis in luminal BrCa cells that may be helpful for seeking potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Qiu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuixia Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Wang B, Gu B, Zhang T, Li X, Wang N, Ma C, Xiang L, Wang Y, Gao L, Yu Y, Song K, He P, Wang Y, Zhu J, Chen H. Good or bad: Paradox of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in digestive system tumors. Cancer Lett 2023; 559:216117. [PMID: 36889376 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system is involved in many physiological functions, among which the important members can interact with each other, either synergistically or antagonistically to participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) acts as a crucial element of the fibrinolytic system and functions in an anti-fibrinolytic manner in the normal coagulation process. It inhibits plasminogen activator, and affects the relationship between cells and extracellular matrix. PAI-1 not only involved in blood diseases, inflammation, obesity and metabolic syndrome but also in tumor pathology. Especially PAI-1 plays a different role in different digestive tumors as an oncogene or cancer suppressor, even a dual role for the same cancer. We term this phenomenon "PAI-1 paradox". PAI-1 is acknowledged to have both uPA-dependent and -independent effects, and its different actions can result in both beneficial and adverse consequences. Therefore, this review will elaborate on PAI-1 structure, the dual value of PAI-1 in different digestive system tumors, gene polymorphisms, the uPA-dependent and -independent mechanisms of regulatory networks, and the drugs targeted by PAI-1 to deepen the comprehensive understanding of PAI-1 in digestive system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofang Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baohong Gu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Na Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chenhui Ma
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kewei Song
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Puyi He
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yueyan Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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12
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Jao TM, Wu CZ, Cheng CW, Guo CH, Bai CY, Chang LC, Fang TC, Chen JS. uPA deficiency aggravates cBSA-induced membranous nephropathy through Th2-prone immune response in mice. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100146. [PMID: 37004912 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a crucial activator of the fibrinolytic system that modulates tissue remodeling, cancer progression, and inflammation. However, its role in membranous nephropathy (MN) remains unclear. To clarify this issue, an established mouse model mimicking human MN induced by cationic bovine serum albumin (cBSA) in BALB/c mice was used, which have a Th2-prone genetic background. To induce MN, cBSA was injected into Plau knockout (Plau-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. The blood and urine samples were collected to measure biochemical parameters, including serum concentrations of IgG1 and IgG2a, using enzyme-linked immunoassay. The kidneys were histologically examined for the presence of glomerular polyanions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis, and transmission electron microscopy was used to examine subepithelial deposits. Lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. Four weeks post-cBSA administration, Plau-/- mice exhibited a significantly high urine protein/creatine ratio, hypoalbuminemia, and hypercholesterolemia compared with WT mice. Histologically, compared with WT mice, Plau-/- mice showed more severe glomerular basement thickening, mesangial expansion, IgG granular deposition, intensified podocyte effacement, irregular thickening of glomerular basement membrane and subepithelial deposits, and abolishment of the glycocalyx. Moreover, increased renal ROS and apoptosis were observed in Plau-/- mice with MN. B lymphocyte subsets and the IgG1/IgG2a ratio were significantly higher in Plau-/- mice after MN induction. Thus, uPA deficiency induces a Th2-dominant immune response, leading to increased subepithelial deposits, ROS, and apoptosis in the kidneys, subsequently exacerbating MN progression in mice. This study provides a novel insight into the role of uPA in MN progression.
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13
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Dreymann N, Möller A, Menger MM. Label-Free Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of Protein-Aptamer Interaction by Surface Plasmon Resonance. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2570:141-153. [PMID: 36156780 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2695-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high specificity and affinity to target molecules, aptamers can be used as powerful tools in diagnostics, therapeutics, and environmental or food analytics. For the use in various applications, the detailed characterization of their binding behavior is an important step after selection to determine the interaction strength between the aptamer and its target and to find the best kinetics depending on the field of application. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is a powerful technology to investigate important parameters in molecular interaction, for example, kinetics, affinity, and specificity. The most-used system is the Biacore™ SPR system which comprises an optical biosensor for label-free monitoring of binding events in real time based on SPR. This biophysical phenomenon describes the changes in refractive index on a sensor surface which can be used to measure binding events and to determine kinetic constants. In this chapter, a detailed protocol for the determination of kinetic constants for protein-aptamer interaction is provided. An 82-nt long ssDNA aptamer which are targeted against human urokinase is used as a model system for determination of binding and dissociation constants using Biacore™ SPR technology. A detailed note section provides useful tips and pitfalls at the end of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Dreymann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalysis and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anja Möller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalysis and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marcus M Menger
- Branch Bioanalysis and Bioprocesses, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Potsdam, Germany.
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14
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Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) assessed by liquid biopsies and PET/CT for prognostication in head and neck cancer patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19126. [PMID: 36352036 PMCID: PMC9645757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong prognostic biomarkers are lacking regarding the stratification of treatment and surveillance regimens in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The study aimed to assess the prognostic value of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in plasma (suPAR) compared to evaluation by uPAR-positron-emission-tomography (PET) in HNSCC patients. Plasma from 19 controls and 49 HNSCC patients referred to curatively intended radiotherapy (2017-2021) was collected pre-treatment and post-treatment (n = 37). Information on uPAR-PET was available from previous evaluation. Patient median suPAR was significantly higher pre- and post-treatment compared to controls (p = 0.013, p = 0.003) and increased significantly during radiotherapy (p = 0.003). Pre-treatment suPAR did not predict survival outcomes. Post-treatment suPAR significantly predicted RFS (HR = 6.67 (95% CI 1.44-30.9) p = 0.015), but not OS (HR = 3.29 (95% CI 0.882-12.3) p = 0.076) in univariate analysis. RFS prediction was maintained for post-treatment suPAR in multivariate analysis, including TNM-stage (HR = 6.62 (95% CI 1.40-31.4) p = 0.017). Pre-treatment uPAR-PET/CT and post-treatment suPAR was available in 24 patients. High uPAR-estimates on both modalities was significantly associated with poor RFS compared to patients with low uPAR-estimates (log-rank, p = 0.008). Patients with discordant uPAR-estimates (one-low/one-high) were at intermediate risk, although non-significant (p = 0.131). In conclusion, pre-treatment suPAR did not predict RFS or OS. Pre-treatment uPAR-PET and post-treatment suPAR predicted RFS.
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15
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Wen Y, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Yang X, Gao Y, Li M, Yang H, Liu T, Tang H. Chronic inflammation, cancer development and immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1040163. [PMID: 36313280 PMCID: PMC9614255 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in cancer development. Cancer cells interact with adjacent cellular components (pro-inflammatory cells, intrinsic immune cells, stromal cells, etc.) and non-cellular components to form the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Interleukin 6 (IL-6), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), immune checkpoint factors and other pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by intrinsic immune cells in TME are the main mediators of intercellular communication in TME, which link chronic inflammation to cancer by stimulating different oncogenic signaling pathways and improving immune escape to promote cancer development. In parallel, the ability of monocytes, T regulatory cells (Tregs) and B regulatory cells (Bregs) to perform homeostatic tolerogenic functions is hijacked by cancer cells, leading to local or systemic immunosuppression. Standard treatments for advanced malignancies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved in the last decades. However, clinical outcomes of certain malignant cancers are not satisfactory due to drug resistance and side effects. The clinical application of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has brought hope to cancer treatment, although therapeutic efficacy are still limited due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Emerging evidences reveal that ideal therapies including clearance of tumor cells, disruption of tumor-induced immunosuppression by targeting suppressive TME as well as reactivation of anti-tumor T cells by ICT. Here, we review the impacts of the major pro-inflammatory cells, mediators and their downstream signaling molecules in TME on cancer development. We also discuss the application of targeting important components in the TME in the clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Wen
- College of Pharmacy/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- College of Pharmacy/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caishi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Pharmacy/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Gao
- College of Pharmacy/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Pharmacy/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hongyan Yang, ; Tongzheng Liu, ; Hui Tang,
| | - Tongzheng Liu
- College of Pharmacy/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hongyan Yang, ; Tongzheng Liu, ; Hui Tang,
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Heyuan Shenhe People’s Hospital), Heyuan, China,*Correspondence: Hongyan Yang, ; Tongzheng Liu, ; Hui Tang,
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16
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Risør LM, Clausen MM, Ujmajuridze Z, Farhadi M, Andersen KF, Loft A, Friborg J, Kjaer A. Prognostic Value of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor PET/CT in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Comparison with 18F-FDG PET/CT: A Single-Center Prospective Study. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:1169-1176. [PMID: 34857658 PMCID: PMC9364350 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this phase II clinical trial (NCT02965001) was to evaluate the prognostic value of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) PET/CT with the novel ligand 68Ga-NOTA-AE105 in head and neck cancer and compare it with 18F-FDG. Methods: Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma referred for curatively intended radiotherapy were eligible and prospectively included in this study. 68Ga-uPAR and 18F-FDG PET/CT were performed before initiation of curatively intended radiotherapy, and the SUVmax of the primary tumor was measured on both PET/CT studies by 2 independent readers. Relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated, and optimal cutoffs were established for 68Ga-uPAR and 18F-FDG PET independently and compared using log rank and Kaplan-Meier statistics, as well as univariate and multivariate analysis in a Cox proportional-hazards model. Results: In total, 57 patients were included and followed for a median of 33.8 mo (range, 2.30-47.2, mo). The median SUVmax of the primary tumors was 2.98 (range, 1.94-5.24) for 68Ga-uPAR and 15.7 (range, 4.24-45.5) for 18F-FDG. The optimal cutoffs for 68Ga-NOTA-AE105 SUVmax in the primary tumor were 2.63 for RFS and 2.66 for OS. A high uptake of 68Ga-NOTA-AE105 (SUVmax above cutoff) was significantly associated with poor RFS and OS (log-rank P = 0.012 and P = 0.022). 68Ga-NOTA-AE105 uptake in the primary tumor was significantly associated with poor RFS in univariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 8.53 [95% CI, 1.12-64.7]; P = 0.038), and borderline-associated with OS (HR, 7.44 [95% CI, 0.98-56.4]; P = 0.052). For 18F-FDG PET, the optimal cutoffs were 22.7 for RFS and 22.9 for OS. An 18F-FDG SUVmax above the cutoff was significantly associated with reduced RFS (log-rank P = 0.012) and OS (log-rank P = 0.000). 18F-FDG uptake was significantly associated with reduced RFS (HR, 3.27 [95% CI, 1.237-8.66]; P = 0.017) and OS (HR, 7.10 [95% CI, 2.60-19.4]; P < 0.001) in univariate analysis. In a multivariate analysis including 68Ga-uPAR SUVmax, 18F-FDG SUVmax, TNM stage, and p16 status, only 68Ga-uPAR SUVmax remained significant (HR, 8.51 [95% CI, 1.08-66.9]; P = 0.042) for RFS. For OS, only TNM stage and 18F-FDG remained significant. Conclusion: The current trial showed promising results for the use of 68Ga-uPAR PET SUVmax in the primary tumor to predict RFS in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients referred for curatively intended radiotherapy when compared with 18F-FDG PET, TNM stage, and p16 status. 68Ga-uPAR PET could potentially become valuable for identification of patients suited for deescalation of treatment and risk-stratified follow-up schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Risør
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene M. Clausen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | | | | | - Kim F. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika Loft
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Friborg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Moro G, Severin Sfragano P, Ghirardo J, Mazzocato Y, Angelini A, Palchetti I, Polo F. Bicyclic peptide-based assay for uPA cancer biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114477. [PMID: 35751954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of synthetic bioreceptors to develop biosensing platforms has been recently gaining momentum. This case study compares the performance of a biosensing platform for the human biomarker urokinase-type plasminogen activator (h-uPA) when using two bicyclic peptides (P1 and P2) with different affinities for the target protein. The bioreceptors P1 and P2 were immobilized on magnetic microbeads and tested within a sandwich-type affinity electrochemical assay. Apart from enabling h-uPA quantification at nanomolar levels (105.8 ng/mL for P1 and 32.5 ng/mL for P2), this case study showed the potential of synthetic bicyclic peptides applicability and how bioreceptor affinity can influence the performance of the final sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Moro
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Patrick Severin Sfragano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Jessica Ghirardo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Ylenia Mazzocato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy; European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, Venice, 30124, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Federico Polo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy; European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, Venice, 30124, Italy.
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Costa CSDO, Mafra RP, Rolim LSA, Souza LBD, Pinto LP. Immunohistochemical study of the plasminogen activator system in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e071. [PMID: 36507758 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the immunohistochemical expression of plasminogen activator system (PAS) proteins (uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1) in ameloblastomas (AMBs), odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), and dental follicles (DFs) representing normal odontogenic tissue, as well as to investigate possible correlations between these proteins. Twenty AMBs, 20 OKCs, and 10 DFs were selected for immunohistochemical analysis. In each case, the immunoexpression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 was evaluated semiquantitatively based on the percentage of positivity in odontogenic epithelial and connective tissue cells. The epithelial immunoexpression of uPA was significantly lower in AMBs when compared to OKCs (p = 0.001) and DFs (p = 0.029). Significantly higher epithelial immunostaining for uPAR was observed in AMBs when compared to OKCs (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the epithelial immunoexpression of PAI-1 between AMBs and OKCs (p = 1.000). The correlations found for the expression of the studied proteins were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the epithelial and connective tissue expressions of uPAR have a strong positive and statistically significant correlation in AMBs. The present results suggest that uPA is involved in the pathogenesis of OKCs and that uPAR may participate in tumorigenesis in AMBs. The high percentage of PAI-1-positive cells suggests a possible role for this protein in the development of AMBs and OKCs. Furthermore, the studied proteins do not seem to act synergistically in AMBs, OKCs, and DFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Samily de Oliveira Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Porpino Mafra
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Larissa Santos Amaral Rolim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leão Pereira Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Inhibition of Human Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) Enzyme Activity and Receptor Binding by DNA Aptamers as Potential Therapeutics through Binding to the Different Forms of uPA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094890. [PMID: 35563278 PMCID: PMC9100121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is widely discussed as a marker for cancer prognosis and diagnosis and as a target for cancer therapies. Together with its receptor, uPA plays an important role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and metastasis. In the present study, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was used to select single-stranded DNA aptamers targeting different forms of human uPA. Selected aptamers allowed the distinction between HMW-uPA and LMW-uPA, and therefore, presumably, have different binding regions. Here, uPAapt-02-FR showed highly affine binding with a KD of 0.7 nM for HMW-uPA and 21 nM for LMW-uPA and was also able to bind to pro-uPA with a KD of 14 nM. Furthermore, no cross-reactivity to mouse uPA or tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) was measured, demonstrating high specificity. Suppression of the catalytic activity of uPA and inhibition of uPAR-binding could be demonstrated through binding with different aptamers and several of their truncated variants. Since RNA aptamers are already known to inhibit uPA-uPAR binding and other pathological functions of the uPA system, these aptamers represent a novel, promising tool not only for detection of uPA but also for interfering with the pathological functions of the uPA system by additionally inhibiting uPA activity.
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20
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Eldeeb M, Sanad EF, Ragab A, Ammar YA, Mahmoud K, Ali MM, Hamdy NM. Anticancer Effects with Molecular Docking Confirmation of Newly Synthesized Isatin Sulfonamide Molecular Hybrid Derivatives against Hepatic Cancer Cell Lines. Biomedicines 2022; 10:722. [PMID: 35327524 PMCID: PMC8945686 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the cytotoxic effect of ten sulfonamide-derived isatins, following molecular hybridization, based on the association principles, on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines, compared for safety using human normal retina pigmented epithelial (RPE-1) cells. The ten compounds showed variable in vitro cytotoxicity on HepG2 and Huh7 cells, using the MTT assay. Four compounds (4/10) were highly cytotoxic to both HepG2 and HuH7. However, only 3 of these 4 were of the highest safety margin on RPE-1 cells in vitro and in the in vivo acute (14-day) oral toxicity study. These later, superior three compounds' structures are 3-hydroxy-3-(2-oxo-2-(p-tolyl)ethyl)-5-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)indolin-2-one (3a), N-(4-(2-(2-oxo-5-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)indolin-3-ylidene)acetyl)phenyl)acetamide (4b), and N-(3-(2-(2-oxo-5-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)indolin-3-ylidene)acetyl)phenyl)acetamide (4c). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the tested compounds (3a, 4b, and 4c) on HepG2 cells were approximately 16.8, 44.7, and 39.7 μM, respectively. The 3a, 4b, and 4c compounds significantly decreased the angiogenic marker epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) level and that was further confirmed via molecular docking inside the EFGR active site (PDB: 1M17). The binding free energies ranged between -19.21 and -21.74 Kcal/mol compared to Erlotinib (-25.65 Kcal/mol). The most promising compounds, 3a, 4b, and 4c, showed variable anticancer potential on "hallmarks of cancer", significant cytotoxicity, and apoptotic anti-angiogenic and anti-invasive effects, manifested as suppression of Bcl-2, urokinase plasminogen activation, and heparanase expression in HepG2-treated cells' lysate, compared to non-treated HepG2 cells. In conclusion, compound "3a" is highly comparable to doxorubicin regarding cell cycle arrest at G2/M, the pre-G0 phases and early and late apoptosis induction and is comparable to Erlotinib regarding binding to EGFR active site. Therefore, the current study could suggest that compound "3a" is, hopefully, the most safe and active synthesized isatin sulfonamide derivative for HCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Eldeeb
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622 Giza, Egypt; (M.E.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Eman F. Sanad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Ragab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (for Boys, Cairo Branch), Al-Azhar University, 11884 Cairo, Egypt; (A.R.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yousry A. Ammar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (for Boys, Cairo Branch), Al-Azhar University, 11884 Cairo, Egypt; (A.R.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Khaled Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Mamdouh M. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622 Giza, Egypt; (M.E.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Nadia M. Hamdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt;
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S El Salamouni N, Buckley BJ, Jiang L, Huang M, Ranson M, Kelso MJ, Yu H. Disruption of Water Networks is the Cause of Human/Mouse Species Selectivity in Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA) Inhibitors Derived from Hexamethylene Amiloride (HMA). J Med Chem 2021; 65:1933-1945. [PMID: 34898192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) plays a critical role in tumor cell invasion and migration and is a promising antimetastasis target. 6-Substituted analogues of 5-N,N-(hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) are potent and selective uPA inhibitors that lack the diuretic and antikaliuretic properties of the parent drug amiloride. However, the compounds display pronounced selectivity for human over mouse uPA, thus confounding interpretation of data from human xenograft mouse models of cancer. Here, computational and experimental findings reveal that residue 99 is a key contributor to the observed species selectivity, whereby enthalpically unfavorable expulsion of a water molecule by the 5-N,N-hexamethylene ring occurs when residue 99 is Tyr (as in mouse uPA). Analogue 7 lacking the 5-N,N-hexamethylene ring maintained similar water networks when bound to human and mouse uPA and displayed reduced selectivity, thus supporting this conclusion. The study will guide further optimization of dual-potent human/mouse uPA inhibitors from the amiloride class as antimetastasis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad S El Salamouni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Longguang Jiang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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22
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Structure-based molecular insights into matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer treatments. Future Med Chem 2021; 14:35-51. [PMID: 34779649 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are of considerable interest as anticancer agents. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were the earliest type of proteases considered as anticancer targets. The developments of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) by pharmaceutical companies can be dated from the early 1980s. Thus far, none of the over 50 MMPIs entering clinical trials have been approved. This work summarizes the reported studies on the structure of MMPs and complexes with ligands and inhibitors, based on which, the authors analyzed the clinical failures of MMPIs in a structural biological manner. Furthermore, MMPs were systematically compared with urokinase, a protease-generating plasmin, which plays similar pathological roles in cancer development; the reasons for the clinical successes of urokinase inhibitors and the clinical failures of MMPIs are discussed.
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23
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Lv T, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Yuan H, Wang H, Cui X, Xu J, Zhao J, Wang J. uPAR: An Essential Factor for Tumor Development. J Cancer 2021; 12:7026-7040. [PMID: 34729105 PMCID: PMC8558663 DOI: 10.7150/jca.62281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is closely related to the loss of control of many genes. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a glycolipid-anchored protein on the cell surface, is controlled by many factors in tumorigenesis and is expressed in many tumor tissues. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effects of the uPAR signaling pathway on processes and factors related to tumor progression, such as tumor cell proliferation, adhesion, metastasis, glycolysis, tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis. Overall, the evidence accumulated to date suggests that uPAR induction by tumor progression may be one of the most important factors affecting therapeutic efficacy. An improved understanding of the interactions between uPAR and its coreceptors in cancer will provide critical biomolecular information that may help to better predict the disease course and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lv
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China 655011
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Xinni Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 610500
| | - Hemei Yuan
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China 655011
| | - Xuelin Cui
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jiashun Xu
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jingye Zhao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jianlin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
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24
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Hodjat M, Jourshari PB, Amirinia F, Asadi N. 5-Azacitidine and Trichostatin A induce DNA damage and apoptotic responses in tongue squamous cell carcinoma: An in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 133:105296. [PMID: 34735927 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present in vitro study aims to investigate the potential use of epigenetic inhibitors as treatment modalities in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. DESIGN The human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (CAL-27) was cultured and exposed to varying concentrations of 5-Azacitidine (5-Aza) or Trichostatin A (TSA) in the culture medium. The cell apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V/PI by flow cytometry. To evaluate DNA damage response, γH2AX foci analysis was performed using immunofluorescence. Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) was applied to measure DNA strand breaks. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that 5-Aza and TSA had apoptotic effects on the SCC cell line at concentrations of 50-200 µM and 0.5-5 µM, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis showed increased expression of γH2AX, the marker of DNA damage response after treatment of 5-Aza and TSA that was associated with increased DNA strand breaks. The expressions of urokinase plasminogen activator, its receptor and matrix metalloproteinase-2, were significantly reduced in TSA- and 5-Aza-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that 5-Aza and TSA increase apoptotic and DNA damage response in squamous cell carcinoma cell line while reducing the expression of tumor invasion genes that further indicating the potential therapeutic value of two epigenetic modifiers in squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hodjat
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Bina Jourshari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amirinia
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Asadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Niu FY, Jin C, Ma L, Shi YX, Li XS, Jiang P, Gao S, Lin JR, Song Y. Urokinase plasminogen activator predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1851-1859. [PMID: 34532133 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and its prognosis remains dismal. Hence, it is important to identify the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), an extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading protease, plays a pivotal role in the invasion and metastasis of HCC. Methods To confirm the clinical significance of uPA in HCC, we explored uPA expression in HCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression level of uPA was further verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerized chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 133 pairs of primary HCC samples. A survival analysis was conducted with the Kaplan-Meier method in the HCC samples and TCGA database. Results Our results showed that uPA was overexpressed in HCC and was significantly associated with HCC tumor size (P=0.015), differentiation grade (P=0.028), and absence of tumor encapsulation (P=0.010). Patients with high uPA expression levels had a poor outcome (P=0.026). TCGA database analysis was also consistent with our experimental results. Conclusions In conclusion, our findings revealed that uPA was overexpressed in HCC and was related to HCC malignant features including tumor size, differentiation grade and absence of tumor encapsulation. High uPA expression had a shorter survival time. It is a potential prognostic biomarker of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yu Niu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Rong Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Chou CH, Lu KH, Yang JS, Hsieh YH, Lin CW, Yang SF. Dihydromyricetin suppresses cell metastasis in human osteosarcoma through SP-1- and NF-κB-modulated urokinase plasminogen activator inhibition. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153642. [PMID: 34265701 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis caused a decline in the 5-years survival rate of osteosarcoma. Therefore, developing new targeted therapeutics for osteosarcoma treatment is imperative. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) has several physiological functions: it counteracts inflammation, oxidation, and antitumor properties. However, the effects of DHM on osteosarcoma and its underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the antimetastatic properties of DHM in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS and HOS cells. METHODS The effects of DHM (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM) on cell viability, migration, and invasion were examined. Western blotting, RT-PCR, and quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) were determined urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression. The expression of transcriptional factor SP-1 and NF-κB was determined by using immunofluorescence assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and site-directed mutagenesis luciferase reporter. RESULTS We observed that DHM suppresses cell migration and invasion in osteosarcoma cell lines. In addition, DHM inhibits metastasis by downregulating urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression. Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction and promoter activity assays revealed that DHM decreased uPA expression at transcription levels. Furthermore, the inhibition of uPA expression was associated with the suppression of SP-1 and NF-κB, which bind to the uPA promoter. Regardless of blocking or inducing the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, we verified that the DHM-related suppression of uPA and cell metastasis occurred through the p-ERK pathway. CONCLUSION We are the first study to propose that DHM suppresses osteosarcoma metastasis through the ERK pathway and through the suppression of SP-1 and NF-κB to inhibit downstream uPA expression. DHM is a potential therapeutic agent for antimetastatic therapy against osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Hsiu Lu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Sin Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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27
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Park JY, Shin Y, Won WR, Lim C, Kim JC, Kang K, Husni P, Lee ES, Youn YS, Oh KT. Development of AE147 Peptide-Conjugated Nanocarriers for Targeting uPAR-Overexpressing Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5437-5449. [PMID: 34408417 PMCID: PMC8367088 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s315619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose An AE147 peptide-conjugated nanocarrier based on PEGylated liposomes was developed in order to target the metastatic tumors overexpressing urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), which cancer progression via uPA signaling. Therefore, the AE147 peptide-conjugated nanocarrier system may hold the potential for active targeting of metastatic tumors. Methods The AE147 peptide, an antagonist of uPAR, was conjugated to the PEGylated liposomes for targeting metastatic tumors overexpressing uPAR. Docetaxel (DTX), an anticancer drug, was incorporated into the nanocarriers. The structure of the AE147-conjugated nanocarrier, its physicochemical properties, and in vivo biodistribution were evaluated. Results The DTX-loaded nanocarrier showed a spherical structure, a high drug-loading capacity, and a high colloidal stability. Drug carrying AE147 conjugates were actively taken up by the uPAR-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. In vivo animal imaging confirmed that the AE147-conjugated nanoparticles effectively accumulated at the sites of tumor metastasis. Conclusion The AE147-nanocarrier showed potential for targeting metastatic tumor cells overexpressing uPAR and as a nanomedicine platform for theragnosis applications. These results suggest that this novel nano-platform will facilitate further advancements in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Yong Park
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuseon Shin
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Roeck Won
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaemin Lim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jae Chang Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kioh Kang
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Patihul Husni
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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Habič A, Novak M, Majc B, Lah Turnšek T, Breznik B. Proteases Regulate Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Remodel Their Microenvironment. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:775-794. [PMID: 34310223 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211035192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic activity is perturbed in tumors and their microenvironment, and proteases also affect cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are the therapy-resistant subpopulation of cancer cells with tumor-initiating capacity that reside in specialized tumor microenvironment niches. In this review, we briefly summarize the significance of proteases in regulating CSC activities with a focus on brain tumor glioblastoma. A plethora of proteases and their inhibitors participate in CSC invasiveness and affect intercellular interactions, enhancing CSC immune, irradiation, and chemotherapy resilience. Apart from their role in degrading the extracellular matrix enabling CSC migration in and out of their niches, we review the ability of proteases to modulate CSC properties, which prevents their elimination. When designing protease-oriented therapies, the multifaceted roles of proteases should be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Habič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bernarda Majc
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chen G, Sun J, Xie M, Yu S, Tang Q, Chen L. PLAU Promotes Cell Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:651882. [PMID: 34093649 PMCID: PMC8173099 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.651882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator, urokinase (uPA) is a secreted serine protease whose Dysregulation is often accompanied by various cancers. However, the biological functions and potential mechanisms of PLAU in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain undetermined. Here, the expression, prognosis, function, and coexpression genetic networks of PLAU in HNSCC were investigated by a series of public bioinformatics tools. A Higher PLAU level predicted a poorer clinical outcome. Meanwhile, functional network analysis implied that PLAU and associated genes mainly regulated cell-substrate adhesion, tissue migration, and extracellular matrix binding. The top 4 significantly associated genes are C10orf55, ITGA5, SERPINE1, and TNFRSF12A. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that PLAU might activate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which could explain the poor prognosis in HNSCC. Besides, genes associated with PLAU were also enriched in EMT pathways. We further validated the bioinformatics analysis results by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Then, we found that much more PLAU was detected in HNSCC tissues, and the silencing of PLAU inhibit the proliferation, migration, and EMT process of CAL27 cell lines. Notably, the downregulation of PLAU decreased the expression of TNFRSF12A. Moreover, knockdown TNFRSF12A also inhibits cell proliferation and migration. In vivo experiment results indicated that PLAU inhibition could suppress tumor growth. Collectively, PLAU is necessary for tumor progression and can be a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiwei Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengru Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoling Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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Tang Y, Zong S, Zeng H, Ruan X, Yao L, Han S, Hou F. MicroRNAs and angiogenesis: a new era for the management of colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:221. [PMID: 33865381 PMCID: PMC8052662 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules containing only 20–22 nucleotides. MiRNAs play a role in gene silencing and translation suppression by targeting and binding to mRNA. Proper control of miRNA expression is very important for maintaining a normal physiological environment because miRNAs can affect most cellular pathways, including cell cycle checkpoint, cell proliferation, and apoptosis pathways, and have a wide range of target genes. With these properties, miRNAs can modulate multiple signalling pathways involved in cancer development, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration pathways. MiRNAs that activate or inhibit the molecular pathway related to tumour angiogenesis are common topics of research. Angiogenesis promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis by providing oxygen and diffusible nutrients and releasing proangiogenic factors and is one of the hallmarks of tumour progression. CRC is one of the most common tumours, and metastasis has always been a difficult issue in its treatment. Although comprehensive treatments, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, have prolonged the survival of CRC patients, the overall response is not optimistic. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new therapeutic targets to improve CRC treatment. In a series of recent reports, miRNAs have been shown to bidirectionally regulate angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. Many miRNAs can directly act on VEGF or inhibit angiogenesis through other pathways (HIF-1a, PI3K/AKT, etc.), while some miRNAs, specifically many exosomal miRNAs, are capable of promoting CRC angiogenesis. Understanding the mechanism of action of miRNAs in angiogenesis is of great significance for finding new targets for the treatment of tumour angiogenesis. Deciphering the exact role of specific miRNAs in angiogenesis is a challenge due to the high complexity of their actions. Here, we describe the latest advances in the understanding of miRNAs and their corresponding targets that play a role in CRC angiogenesis and discuss possible miRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Tang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Shaoqi Zong
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China.,Graduate School of Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailun Zeng
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ruan
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Liting Yao
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Susu Han
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Fenggang Hou
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China.
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31
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Yu CL, Weng MS, Chen WC, Chien KT, Chi CW, Chung CH, Huang CW, Wang PC, Chen CC, Tsai AC, Liu SC, Wang SW. Moscatilin Inhibits Metastatic Behavior of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells: A Crucial Role of uPA Suppression via Akt/NF-κB-Dependent Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062930. [PMID: 33805784 PMCID: PMC8002083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently shows early invasion into blood vessels as well as intrahepatic metastasis. Innovations of novel small-molecule agents to block HCC invasion and subsequent metastasis are urgently needed. Moscatilin is a bibenzyl derivative extracted from the stems of a traditional Chinese medicine, orchid Dendrobium loddigesii. Although moscatilin has been reported to suppress tumor angiogenesis and growth, the anti-metastatic property of moscatilin has not been elucidated. The present results revealed that moscatilin inhibited metastatic behavior of HCC cells without cytotoxic fashion in highly invasive human HCC cell lines. Furthermore, moscatilin significantly suppressed the activity of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), but not matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Interestingly, moscatilin-suppressed uPA activity was through down-regulation the protein level of uPA, and did not impair the uPA receptor and uPA inhibitory molecule (PAI-1) expressions. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of uPA was inhibited via moscatilin in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of phosphorylated Akt, rather than ERK1/2, was inhibited by moscatilin treatment. The expression of phosphor-IκBα, and -p65, as well as κB-luciferase activity were also repressed after moscatilin treatment. Transfection of constitutively active Akt (Myr-Akt) obviously restored the moscatilin-inhibited the activation of NF-κB and uPA, and cancer invasion in HCC cells. Taken together, these results suggest that moscatilin impedes HCC invasion and uPA expression through the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moscatilin might serve as a potential anti-metastatic agent against the disease progression of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lin Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; (C.-L.Y.); (C.-W.H.)
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Meng-Shih Weng
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan;
| | - Kai-Ting Chien
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Hu Chung
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chia-Wen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; (C.-L.Y.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Po-Chuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 104, Taiwan;
| | - An-Chi Tsai
- Pharmacological Institutes, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 104, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Chia Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); Tel.: +886-2-25433535 (S.-C.L.); +886-2-26360303 (S.-W.W.)
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; (C.-L.Y.); (C.-W.H.)
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-C.L.); (S.-W.W.); Tel.: +886-2-25433535 (S.-C.L.); +886-2-26360303 (S.-W.W.)
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Geng Y, Fan J, Chen L, Zhang C, Qu C, Qian L, Chen K, Meng Z, Chen Z, Wang P. A Notch-Dependent Inflammatory Feedback Circuit between Macrophages and Cancer Cells Regulates Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2020; 81:64-76. [PMID: 33172931 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Notch activation has been detected in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, its role in PDAC metastasis remains unknown. In this study, we identify a Notch-dependent feedback circuit between pancreatic cancer cells and macrophages, which contributes to PDAC metastasis. In this circuit, miR-124 regulated Notch signaling in cancer cells by directly targeting the Notch ligand Jagged 1. Autoamplified Notch signaling promoted the recruitment and activation of macrophages to a tumor-supporting M2-like phenotype via downstream IL8, CCL2, IL1α, and uPA paracrine signaling. In turn, activated macrophage-derived IL6 activated the oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 that directly repressed miR-124 genes via a conserved STAT3-binding site in their promoters, thereby promoting cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion. Disrupting this circuit suppressed liver metastasis in mouse models. Thus, our study suggests that manipulation of this Notch-dependent circuit has a therapeutic potential for the treatment of PDAC metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provided potential therapeutic targets and robust preclinical evidence for PDAC treatment by interrupting feedback signaling between cancer cells and macrophages with targeted inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Geng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianyu Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Qian
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lapcik P, Pospisilova A, Janacova L, Grell P, Fabian P, Bouchal P. How Different Are the Molecular Mechanisms of Nodal and Distant Metastasis in Luminal A Breast Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2638. [PMID: 32947901 PMCID: PMC7563588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node status is one of the best prognostic factors in breast cancer, however, its association with distant metastasis is not straightforward. Here we compare molecular mechanisms of nodal and distant metastasis in molecular subtypes of breast cancer, with major focus on luminal A patients. We analyze a new cohort of 706 patients (MMCI_706) as well as an independent cohort of 836 primary tumors with full gene expression information (SUPERTAM_HGU133A). We evaluate the risk of distant metastasis, analyze targetable molecular mechanisms in Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and identify relevant inhibitors. Lymph node positivity is generally associated with NF-κB and Src pathways and is related to high risk (OR: 5.062 and 2.401 in MMCI_706 and SUPERTAM_HGU133A, respectively, p < 0.05) of distant metastasis in luminal A patients. However, a part (≤15%) of lymph node negative tumors at the diagnosis develop the distant metastasis which is related to cell proliferation control and thrombolysis. Distant metastasis of lymph node positive patients is mostly associated with immune response. These pro-metastatic mechanisms further vary in other molecular subtypes. Our data indicate that the management of breast cancer and prevention of distant metastasis requires stratified approach based on targeted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Lapcik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.L.); (A.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Anna Pospisilova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.L.); (A.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Lucia Janacova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.L.); (A.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Peter Grell
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Fabian
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Bouchal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.L.); (A.P.); (L.J.)
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Viedma-Rodríguez R, Martínez-Hernández MG, Martínez-Torres DI, Baiza-Gutman LA. Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Progression of Breast Cancer Promoted by Diabetes Mellitus in Mice Are Associated with Increased Expression of Glycolytic and Proteolytic Enzymes. Discov Oncol 2020; 11:170-181. [PMID: 32557212 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-020-00389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of breast cancer (BC) is influenced by age, overweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus (DM), which are associated with hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. High glucose concentration increases a metastatic phenotype in cultured breast cancer cells, promoting cell proliferation, reactive species production (ROS), epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), and expression of proteolytic enzymes. Our aim was to determine whether diabetes mellitus favor BC progression in mice and its association with changes in the content of ROS and glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes. Diabetes was induced in 7-week-old Balb/c mice, under 6-h fasting with a unique i. p. dose of streptozotocin 120 mg/kg. Furthermore, 4T1 breast cancer cells were injected beneath the nipple to induce tumors. G6PD, GAPDH, ENO1, uPA, uPAR, PAI-1, β-catenin, Snail, vimentin, and E-cadherin were measured by western blot and MPP-9 and MMP-2 by gel zymography. TBARS were measured as markers of the lipid peroxidation. Lower survival and increased tumor growth, together with marked EMT, were found in diabetic in comparison with nondiabetic mice. The effects of diabetes were associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and higher levels of glycolytic (G6PD, GAPDH, and ENO1) and proteolytic (uPA, MMP-9) enzymes. Possibly, hyperglycemia and ROS led to faster progression of breast cancer in diabetic mice, fomenting EMT and the expression of glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes participate in the supply of energy and precursors for macromolecular biosynthesis and extracellular matrix degradation during breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Viedma-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Dante Israel Martínez-Torres
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Arturo Baiza-Gutman
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
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35
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Abufaraj M, Kimura S, Haitel A, Iwata T, Isleem U, D'Andrea D, Soria F, Mori K, Rink M, Bensalah K, Rouprêt M, Margulis V, Briganti A, Karakiewicz PI, Shariat SF. The expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in upper tract urothelial carcinoma and its prognostic value after radical nephroureterectomy. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:685.e17-685.e25. [PMID: 32381392 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the expression pattern and prognostic role of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for nonmetastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS A total of 732 patients who were treated with RNU for clinically nonmetastatic UTUC comprised our analytical cohort. Immunohistochemical staining of uPA, uPA receptor (uPAR) and uPA inhibitor (PAI-1) was performed using Murine IgG1 monoclonal antibodies. Outcomes of interest were recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 69.8 years and 56.6% of them were males. Overall, overexpression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 was observed in 292 (39.9%), 346 (47.3%), and 345 (47.1%) patients, respectively. The uPA system components showed a statistically significant association with adverse clinicopathologic features such as lymphovascular invasion, multifocality, sessile tumors, and advanced pathologic stage (P < 0.01). On multivariable models, higher pathologic tumor stage, multifocality, and lymph node involvement were associated with RFS, OS, and CSS, but not the overexpression of uPA, uPAR, or PAR-1. In patients with organ-confined disease (≤pT2N0), however, uPA was significantly associated with RFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-3.43), OS (HR: 1.59, 95% CI:1.08-2.24) and CSS (HR: 2.55, 95% CI:1.44-4.52). uPA improved the predictive accuracy of a standard post-RNU model for all 3 endpoints, in organ-confined disease, by a prognostically significant margin. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of uPA system components was associated with adverse clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes on the univariable, but not multivariable analyses. uPA expression was an independent predictor of survival outcomes in patients with organ-confined disease. While the clinical value of the uPA system remains limited in this cohort, further studies are needed to identify a marker or constellation of markers of high predictive value to help in counseling and treatment planning of UTUC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abufaraj
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shoji Kimura
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrea Haitel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Takihero Iwata
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ula Isleem
- Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - David D'Andrea
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Soria
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Studies of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Rink
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karim Bensalah
- Department of Urology, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Morgan Rouprêt
- Sorbonne Université, GRC n°5, ONCOTYPE-URO, Urology, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; European Association of Urology Research Foundation, Arnhem, Netherlands.
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36
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Muscarinic receptors modulate Nerve Growth Factor production in rat Schwann-like adipose-derived stem cells and in Schwann cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7159. [PMID: 32346125 PMCID: PMC7188814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative capability of the peripheral nervous system after injury is enhanced by Schwann cells (SCs) producing several growth factors. The clinical use of SCs in nerve regeneration strategies is hindered by the necessity of removing a healthy nerve to obtain the therapeutic cells. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be chemically differentiated towards a SC-like phenotype (dASCs), and represent a promising alternative to SCs. Their physiology can be further modulated pharmacologically by targeting receptors for neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh). In this study, we compare the ability of rat dASCs and native SCs to produce NGF in vitro. We also evaluate the ability of muscarinic receptors, in particular the M2 subtype, to modulate NGF production and maturation from the precursor (proNGF) to the mature (mNGF) form. For the first time, we demonstrate that dASCs produce higher basal levels of proNGF and mature NGF compared to SCs. Moreover, muscarinic receptor activation, and in particular M2 subtype stimulation, modulates NGF production and maturation in both SCs and dASCs. Indeed, both cell types express both proNGF A and B isoforms, as well as mNGF. After M2 receptor stimulation, proNGF-B (25 kDa), which is involved in apoptotic processes, is strongly reduced at transcript and protein level. Thus, we demonstrate that dASCs possess a stronger neurotrophic potential compared to SCs. ACh, via M2 muscarinic receptors, contributes to the modulation and maturation of NGF, improving the regenerative properties of dASCs.
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Lin H, Xu L, Yu S, Hong W, Huang M, Xu P. Therapeutics targeting the fibrinolytic system. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:367-379. [PMID: 32152451 PMCID: PMC7156416 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the fibrinolytic system was first identified to dissolve fibrin to maintain vascular patency. Connections between the fibrinolytic system and many other physiological and pathological processes have been well established. Dysregulation of the fibrinolytic system is closely associated with multiple pathological conditions, including thrombosis, inflammation, cancer progression, and neuropathies. Thus, molecules in the fibrinolytic system are potent therapeutic and diagnostic targets. This review summarizes the currently used agents targeting this system and the development of novel therapeutic strategies in experimental studies. Future directions for the development of modulators of the fibrinolytic system are also discussed. The fibrinolytic system was originally identified to dissolve blood clots, and is shown to have important roles in other pathological processes, including cancer progression, inflammation, and thrombosis. Molecules or therapeutics targeting fibrinolytic system have been successfully used in the clinical treatments of cancer and thrombotic diseases. The clinical studies and experimental models targeting fibrinolytic system are reviewed by Haili Lin at Sanming First Hosipital, Mingdong Huang at Fuzhou University in China, and Peng Xu at A*STAR in Singapore to demonstrate fibrinolytic system as novel therapeutic targets. As an example, the inhibition of fibrinolytic system protein can be used to suppress cancer prolifieration and metastasis. This review also discusses the potential therapeutic effects of inhibitiors of fibrinolytic system on inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sanming First Hospital, 365000, Sanming, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Luning Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sanming First Hospital, 365000, Sanming, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
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38
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Zhu C, Jiang L, Xu J, Ren A, Ju F, Shu Y. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator and inhibitors in resectable lung adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152885. [PMID: 32113794 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system is closely related to the occurrence and progression of cancer in many aspects. Previous studies demonstrated that the conclusions about the prognosis value of uPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) in lung cancer are controversial, so this study was performed for the exploration of the predictive effect of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 on the overall survival (OS) of resectable pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients. METHODS UPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 expression levels were assayed by immunohistochemical staining based on tissue microarray (TMA) that is composed of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 84 resectable lung adenocarcinoma patients from July 2004 to June 2009. The relationship of IHC, mRNA expression levels of three molecules were investigated respectively. The three molecules' relationship with clinicopathologic parameters and OS was explored by Chi-square, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analyses. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to analyze differential gene expressions of RNA-sequencing data of pulmonary adenocarcinoma and normal tissues, and Kaplan-Meier methods were adopted to confirm the prognostic value of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 in resectable lung adenocarcinoma in TCGA database and the R package MethylMix was used to conduct an analysis integrating methylation data and gene expression of RNA-sequencing data based on TCGA. RESULTS UPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 had much higher IHC expression levels in tumor than those in the normal tissues (uPA, Z = -10.511; PAI-1, Z = -4.836; PAI-2, Z = -6.794; all P < 0.0001). High DNA methylation level of gene uPA resulted in the decrease of its expression. In addition, expression level of PAI-2 was positively associated with tumor size (χ2 = 8.372, P = 0.004). Multivariate analyses showed TNM stage III was an independent adverse prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 3.736, 95 % confidence interval = 1.097-12.72, P = 0.035). Kaplan-Meier method revealed that uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 expression levels were not related to the OS for 84 resectable lung adenocarcinoma patients. According to TCGA data, PAI-1 expression level was identified as a potential adverse predictor for prognosis of resectable lung adenocarcinoma (Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that, the expression levels of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 are significantly up-regulated in resectable lung adenocarcinoma. Besides, this study highlights PAI-1 as a latent adverse prognostic factor in resectable adenocarcinoma of lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, #300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, #300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Anjing Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, #300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Feng Ju
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, #29 Yudao Road, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, #300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Semina EV, Rubina KA, Shmakova AA, Rysenkova KD, Klimovich PS, Aleksanrushkina NA, Sysoeva VY, Karagyaur MN, Tkachuk VA. Downregulation of uPAR promotes urokinase translocation into the nucleus and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in neuroblastoma. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6268-6286. [PMID: 31990070 PMCID: PMC7318179 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase system is involved in a variety of physiological processes, such as fibrinolysis, matrix remodeling, wound healing, and regeneration. Upon binding to its cognate receptor urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and the activation of matrix metalloproteases. Apart from this, uPA–uPAR interaction can lead to the activation of transcription factors, mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways and RTK cascades. Elevated expression of uPA and uPAR is markedly associated with cancer progression and metastasis and correlates with a poor prognosis in clinics. Targeting the urokinase system has proved to be effective in experimental models in vitro and in vivo, however, in clinics the inhibition of the uPA/uPAR system has fallen short of expectations, suggesting that the question of the functional relevance of uPA/uPAR system is far from being moot. Recently, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we have shown that uPAR knockout decreases the proliferation of neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells in vitro. In the present study we demonstrate that uPAR expression is essential for maintaining the epithelial phenotype in Neuro2a cells and that uPAR silencing promotes epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased cell migration. Accordingly, uPAR knockout results in the downregulation of epithelial markers (E‐cadherin, occludin, and claudin‐5) and in the increase of mesenchymal markers (N‐cadherin, α‐smooth muscle actin, and interleukin‐6). In search of the molecular mechanism underlying these changes, we identified uPA as a key component. Two key insights emerged as a result of this work: in the absence of uPAR, uPA is translocated into the nucleus where it is presumably involved in the activation of transcription factors (nuclear factor κB and Snail) resulting in EMT. In uPAR‐expressing cells, uPAR functions as a uPA “trap” that binds uPA on the cell surface and promotes controlled uPA internalization and degradation in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Semina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Rubina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Morohogenesis and Tissue Reparation, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Shmakova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina D Rysenkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina S Klimovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya A Aleksanrushkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika Y Sysoeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim N Karagyaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Kimura S, D'Andrea D, Iwata T, Foerster B, Janisch F, Parizi MK, Moschini M, Briganti A, Babjuk M, Chlosta P, Karakiewicz PI, Enikeev D, Rapoport LM, Seebacher V, Egawa S, Abufaraj M, Shariat SF. Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in non-metastatic prostate cancer. World J Urol 2019; 38:2501-2511. [PMID: 31797075 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-03038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prognostic role of expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system members, such as urokinase-type activator (uPA), uPA-receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for uPA system was performed on a tissue microarray of specimens from 3121 patients who underwent RP. Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate the association of overexpression of these markers alone or in combination with biochemical recurrence (BCR). Decision curve analysis was used to assess the clinical impact of these markers. RESULTS uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 were overexpressed in 1012 (32.4%), 1271 (40.7%), and 1311 (42%) patients, respectively. uPA overexpression was associated with all clinicopathologic characteristics of biologically aggressive PCa. On multivariable analysis, uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 overexpression were all three associated with BCR (HR: 1.75, p < 0.01, HR: 1.22, p = 0.01 and HR: 1.20, p = 0.03, respectively). Moreover, the probability of BCR increased incrementally with increasing cumulative number of overexpressed markers. Decision curve analysis showed that addition of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 resulted in a net benefit compared to a base model comparing standard clinicopathologic features across the entire threshold probability range. In subgroup analyses, overexpression of all three markers remained associated with BCR in patients with favorable pathologic characteristics. CONCLUSION Overexpression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 in PCa tissue were each associated with worse BCR. Additionally, overexpression of all three markers is informative even in patients with favorable pathologic characteristics potentially helping clinical decision-making regarding adjuvant therapy and/or intensified follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kimura
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David D'Andrea
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Takehiro Iwata
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Beat Foerster
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Florian Janisch
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mehdi Kardoust Parizi
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teheran, Iran
| | - Marco Moschini
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Klinik für Urologie, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland.,Urological Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Urological Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marko Babjuk
- Department of Urology, Hospital Motol, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Chlosta
- Department of Urology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Dmitry Enikeev
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid M Rapoport
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronica Seebacher
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shin Egawa
- Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Abufaraj
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria.
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Wu CZ, Ou SH, Chang LC, Lin YF, Pei D, Chen JS. Deficiency of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator May Impair β Cells Regeneration and Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234208. [PMID: 31756973 PMCID: PMC6930534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship between urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was investigated in the study by using mice and cell models, as well as patients with T2DM. Methods: In mice models, wild-type and uPA knockout (uPA-/-) BALB/c mice were used for induction of T2DM. In cell models, insulin secretion rate and β cell proliferation were assessed in normal and high glucose after treating uPA siRNA, uPA, or anti-uPA antibody. In our clinical study, patients with T2DM received an oral glucose-tolerance test, and the relationship between uPA and insulin secretion was assessed. Results: Insulin particles and insulin secretion were mildly restored one month after induction in wild-type mice, but not in uPA-/- mice. In cell models, insulin secretion rate and cell proliferation declined in high glucose after uPA silencing either by siRNA or by anti-uPA antibody. After treatment with uPA, β cell proliferation increased in normal glucose. In clinical study, patients with T2DM and higher uPA levels had better ability of insulin secretion than those with lower uPA levels. Conclusion: uPA may play a substantial role in insulin secretion, β cell regeneration, and progressive development of T2DM. Supplementation of uPA might be a novel approach for prevention and treatment of T2DM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ze Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Ou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Chien Chang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Deputy Superintendent, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Dee Pei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shuen Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3468057; Fax: +886-7-3468056
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42
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Dong Y, Liao H, Fu H, Yu J, Guo Q, Wang Q, Duan Y. pH-Sensitive Shell-Core Platform Block DNA Repair Pathway To Amplify Irreversible DNA Damage of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:38417-38428. [PMID: 31556584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is insensitive to either chemotherapy or endocrine therapy because of the powerful DNA reparation and the negative expression of surface antigens, which urgently claims for an effective approach to improve the prognosis. Herein, DNA repair blocker BRCA1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was introduced with cisplatin (Pt) into the elaborately designed pH-sensitive shell-core platform to enhance the chemotherapeutic treatment effect by silencing the DNA repair related gene. In this platform, BRCA1 siRNA and Pt prodrug (Pro-Pt) were separately encapsulated in the porous outer shell and hydrophobic inner core with extremely high encapsulation efficiency and stability effectively preventing them from degradation during circulation. Suitable size and urokinase plasminogen activator analogues (uPA) with high affinity for the uPA receptor (uPAR) realized an excellent dual passive and active tumor targeting ability. Moreover, the exposed PEG hydrophilic chain prevented the nanoparticles (NPs) from precipitating by serum protein or inactivating by nuclease in the blood cycle. Most importantly, the degradable CaP (calcium ions and phosphate ions) shell with smart pH sensitivity would dissipate from NPs in the lysosomes to burst the lysosome membranes so as to guarantee the lysosomal escape and the sequential release of the siRNA and Pro-Pt where the BRCA1 siRNA blocked the DNA repairing pathway followed by reducing Pro-Pt to Pt for irreversible DNA damage. Hence, the uPA-SP@CaP NPs provided a promising strategy for high-efficiency treatment of TNBC along with bringing new hope for more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Hongze Liao
- Marine Drugs Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200127 , China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200032 , China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200032 , China
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Gladysz R, Vrijdag J, Van Rompaey D, Lambeir A, Augustyns K, De Winter H, Van der Veken P. Efforts towards an On‐Target Version of the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé (GBB) Reaction for Discovery of Druglike Urokinase (uPA) Inhibitors. Chemistry 2019; 25:12380-12393. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Gladysz
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC)Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Johannes Vrijdag
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC)Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical BiochemistryDepartment of, Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Dries Van Rompaey
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC)Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Anne‐Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical BiochemistryDepartment of, Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC)Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC)Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC)Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
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Excess hepsin proteolytic activity limits oncogenic signaling and induces ER stress and autophagy in prostate cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:601. [PMID: 31399560 PMCID: PMC6689070 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The serine protease hepsin is frequently overexpressed in human prostate cancer (PCa) and is associated with matrix degradation and PCa progression in mice. Curiously, low expression of hepsin is associated with poor survival in different cancer types, and transgenic overexpression of hepsin leads to loss of viability in various cancer cell lines. Here, by comparing isogenic transfectants of the PCa cell line PC-3 providing inducible overexpression of wild-type hepsin (HPN) vs. the protease-deficient mutant HPNS353A, we were able to attribute hepsin-mediated tumor-adverse effects to its excess proteolytic activity. A stem-like expression signature of surface markers and adhesion molecules, Notch intracellular domain release, and increased pericellular protease activity were associated with low expression levels of wild-type hepsin, but were partially lost in response to overexpression. Instead, overexpression of wild-type hepsin, but not of HPNS353A, induced relocalization of the protein to the cytoplasm, and increased autophagic flux in vitro as well as LC3B punctae frequency in tumor xenografts. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of wild-type hepsin with both LC3B punctae as well as with the autophagy cargo receptor p62/SQSTM1. Overexpression of wild type, but not protease-deficient hepsin induced expression and nuclear presence of CHOP, indicating activation of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Whereas inhibitors of ER stress and secretory protein trafficking slightly increased viability, combined inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway (by bortezomib) with either ER stress (by salubrinal) or autophagy (by bafilomycin A1) revealed a significant decrease of viability during overexpression of wild-type hepsin in PC-3 cells. Our results demonstrate that a precise control of Hepsin proteolytic activity is critical for PCa cell fate and suggest, that the interference with ERAD could be a promising therapeutic option, leading to induction of proteotoxicity in hepsin-overexpressing tumors.
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Metabolic flexibility in melanoma: A potential therapeutic target. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:187-207. [PMID: 31362075 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) represents one of the most metastasizing and drug resistant solid tumors. CM is characterized by a remarkable metabolic plasticity and an important connection between oncogenic activation and energetic metabolism. In fact, melanoma cells can use both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression. However, the CM energetic demand mainly depends on glycolysis, whose upregulation is strictly linked to constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK pathway affected by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. Furthermore, the impressive metabolic plasticity of melanoma allows the development of resistance mechanisms to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) and the adaptation to microenvironmental changes. The metabolic interaction between melanoma cells and tumor microenvironment affects the immune response and CM growth. In this review article, we describe the regulation of melanoma metabolic alterations and the metabolic interactions between cancer cells and microenvironment that influence melanoma progression and immune response. Finally, we summarize the hallmarks of melanoma therapies and we report BRAF/MEK pathway targeted therapy and mechanisms of metabolic resistance.
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Märkl B, Kazik M, Harbeck N, Jakubowicz E, Hoffmann R, Jung T, Steinfeld D, Schenkirsch G, Schlimok G, Oruzio D. Impact of uPA/PAI-1 and disseminated cytokeratin-positive cells in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:692. [PMID: 31307406 PMCID: PMC6632216 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protease uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 play major roles in hemostasis and are also involved in cancer progression. This is mainly caused by their ability to degrade extracellular matrix-facilitating tumor cell migration. This study aimed to investigate the impact of uPA/PAI-1 and disseminated cytokeratin-positive cells (dCK+) on the outcome and the existence of synergistic effects. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 480 breast cancer cases with known uPA/PAI-1 and dCK+ status. uPA/PAI-1 was tested on fresh tumor samples using a commercial ELISA test. Bone marrow aspirates were investigated immunocytochemically for CK18. RESULTS DCK+ cells were identified in 23% of cases. uPA positivity was significantly associated with the occurrence of dCK+ cells (P = 0.028). uPA and PAI-1 were significantly associated with outcome in the subgroup of early-stage cases without chemotherapy. DCK+ cells alone were not prognostic. However, we found synergistic effects. In the subgroup of node-negative cases with and without chemotherapy, the prognostic impact of uPA and PAI-1 was enhanced in cases with additional dCK-positivity (triple +). In cases without chemotherapy, triple-positive status was independently prognostic (HR: 9.3 CI: 1.1-75) next to T stage. CONCLUSIONS uPA and PAI-1 seem to influence the metastatic potential of dCK+ cells, which underlines its important role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Märkl
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Kazik
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.,Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Brustzentrum, Frauenklinik, Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Elzbieta Jakubowicz
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hoffmann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jung
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinfeld
- Gynecology, Gemeinschaftspraxis Gynäkologische Onkologie, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schenkirsch
- Clinical and Population-based Cancer Registry of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Günter Schlimok
- Hematology and Oncology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus, Augsburg, Germany
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Mican J, Toul M, Bednar D, Damborsky J. Structural Biology and Protein Engineering of Thrombolytics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:917-938. [PMID: 31360331 PMCID: PMC6637190 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are the most frequent causes of death or disability worldwide. Due to their ability to dissolve blood clots, the thrombolytics are frequently used for their treatment. Improving the effectiveness of thrombolytics for clinical uses is of great interest. The knowledge of the multiple roles of the endogenous thrombolytics and the fibrinolytic system grows continuously. The effects of thrombolytics on the alteration of the nervous system and the regulation of the cell migration offer promising novel uses for treating neurodegenerative disorders or targeting cancer metastasis. However, secondary activities of thrombolytics may lead to life-threatening side-effects such as intracranial bleeding and neurotoxicity. Here we provide a structural biology perspective on various thrombolytic enzymes and their key properties: (i) effectiveness of clot lysis, (ii) affinity and specificity towards fibrin, (iii) biological half-life, (iv) mechanisms of activation/inhibition, and (v) risks of side effects. This information needs to be carefully considered while establishing protein engineering strategies aiming at the development of novel thrombolytics. Current trends and perspectives are discussed, including the screening for novel enzymes and small molecules, the enhancement of fibrin specificity by protein engineering, the suppression of interactions with native receptors, liposomal encapsulation and targeted release, the application of adjuvants, and the development of improved production systems.
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Key Words
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor domain
- F, Fibrin binding finger domain
- Fibrinolysis
- K, Kringle domain
- LRP1, Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MR, Mannose receptor
- NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
- P, Proteolytic domain
- PAI-1, Inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator
- Plg, Plasminogen
- Plm, Plasmin
- RAP, Receptor antagonist protein
- SAK, Staphylokinase
- SK, Streptokinase
- Staphylokinase
- Streptokinase
- Thrombolysis
- Tissue plasminogen activator
- Urokinase
- t-PA, Tissue plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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Lin M, Zhang Z, Gao M, Yu H, Sheng H, Huang J. MicroRNA-193a-3p suppresses the colorectal cancer cell proliferation and progression through downregulating the PLAU expression. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5353-5363. [PMID: 31354344 PMCID: PMC6578599 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s208233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in China. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in cancer development and progression. Our previous study showed an inverse relationship between miR-193a-3p expression and the prognosis of CRC. However, the exact biological functions of miR-193a-3p in CRC are still poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of miR-193a-3p in CRC. Methods Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to examine the expression levels of RNA and protein, respectively. A dual luciferase assay was performed to validate predicted targets of miR-193a-3p. Loss and gain-of-function studies were carried out to reveal the effects and potential mechanism of the miR-193a-3p in the proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis of CRC cells. Results The expression levels of miR-193a-3p in human CRC cell lines were significantly decreased compared with that in normal colonic epithelium cell line. Furthermore, plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU) was validated as a direct target gene of miR-193a-3p. Over-expression of miR-193a-3p inhibited proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HT-29 cell, whereas forced expression of PLAU could rescue the inhibitory effects. Conclusion miR-193a-3p might inhibit CRC cell growth, migration and angiogenesis partly through targeting PLAU. MiR-193a-3p/PLAU axis might provide a potent therapeutic opportunity for aggressive CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosong Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihui Sheng
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Molecular Medicine, and National Engineering Center for Biochip, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxing Huang
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, People's Republic of China
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Pellegatta M, Taveggia C. The Complex Work of Proteases and Secretases in Wallerian Degeneration: Beyond Neuregulin-1. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:93. [PMID: 30949030 PMCID: PMC6436609 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After damage, axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate and regrow following a process termed Wallerian degeneration, but the regenerative process is often incomplete and usually the system does not reach full recovery. Key steps to the creation of a permissive environment for axonal regrowth are the trans-differentiation of Schwann cells and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review article, we will discuss how proteases and secretases promote effective regeneration and remyelination. We will detail how they control neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) activity at the post-translational level, as the concerted action of alpha, beta and gamma secretases cooperates to balance activating and inhibitory signals necessary for physiological myelination and remyelination. In addition, we will discuss the role of other proteases in nerve repair, among which A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and gamma-secretases substrates. Moreover, we will present how matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases of the blood coagulation cascade participate in forming newly synthetized myelin and in regulating axonal regeneration. Overall, we will highlight how a deeper comprehension of secretases and proteases mechanism of action in Wallerian degeneration might be useful to develop new therapies with the potential of readily and efficiently improve the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pellegatta
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE at IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE at IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Wach S, Brandl M, Borchardt H, Weigelt K, Lukat S, Nolte E, Al-Janabi O, Hart M, Grässer F, Giedl J, Jung R, Stöhr R, Hartmann A, Lieb V, Höbel S, Peters A, Stäubert C, Wullich B, Taubert H, Aigner A. Exploring the MIR143-UPAR Axis for the Inhibition of Human Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:272-283. [PMID: 30933831 PMCID: PMC6444223 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
MIR143 is pathologically downregulated and may function as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. Likewise, the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (UPAR) is overexpressed in prostate carcinoma, representing a negative prognostic marker and putative therapeutic target gene. In this paper, we establish UPAR as a new direct target of MIR143. Luciferase reporter gene constructs identify one of the two in silico-predicted binding sites as functionally relevant for direct MIR143 binding to the 3′ UTR, and, concomitantly, transfection of MIR143 reduces UPAR protein levels in prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and colony formation, spheroid growth and integrity, and cell viability are extensively analyzed, and they are compared to direct small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated uPAR knockdown or combined microRNA (miRNA)-siRNA treatment. Switching to a therapeutically more relevant in vivo model, we demonstrate tumor-inhibitory effects of MIR143 replacement therapy by systemic treatment of mice bearing subcutaneous PC-3 tumor xenografts with MIR143 formulated in polymeric nanoparticles. This efficient, nanoparticle-mediated delivery of intact MIR143 mediates the marked downregulation of uPAR protein, but not mRNA levels, thus indicating translational inhibition rather than mRNA degradation. In summary, we identify UPAR as a direct target gene of MIR143, and we establish the therapeutic anti-tumor potential of nanoparticle-based MIR143 replacement in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Wach
- Department of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Madeleine Brandl
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannes Borchardt
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Weigelt
- Department of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Lukat
- Department of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Nolte
- Department of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Omar Al-Janabi
- Department of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Hart
- Institute of Virology, University of Saarland Medical School, Kirrbergerstrasse, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grässer
- Institute of Virology, University of Saarland Medical School, Kirrbergerstrasse, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Johannes Giedl
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Stöhr
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Lieb
- Department of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Höbel
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Peters
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute for Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute for Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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