1
|
O'Connor JPB, Aboagye EO, Adams JE, Aerts HJWL, Barrington SF, Beer AJ, Boellaard R, Bohndiek SE, Brady M, Brown G, Buckley DL, Chenevert TL, Clarke LP, Collette S, Cook GJ, deSouza NM, Dickson JC, Dive C, Evelhoch JL, Faivre-Finn C, Gallagher FA, Gilbert FJ, Gillies RJ, Goh V, Griffiths JR, Groves AM, Halligan S, Harris AL, Hawkes DJ, Hoekstra OS, Huang EP, Hutton BF, Jackson EF, Jayson GC, Jones A, Koh DM, Lacombe D, Lambin P, Lassau N, Leach MO, Lee TY, Leen EL, Lewis JS, Liu Y, Lythgoe MF, Manoharan P, Maxwell RJ, Miles KA, Morgan B, Morris S, Ng T, Padhani AR, Parker GJM, Partridge M, Pathak AP, Peet AC, Punwani S, Reynolds AR, Robinson SP, Shankar LK, Sharma RA, Soloviev D, Stroobants S, Sullivan DC, Taylor SA, Tofts PS, Tozer GM, van Herk M, Walker-Samuel S, Wason J, Williams KJ, Workman P, Yankeelov TE, Brindle KM, McShane LM, Jackson A, Waterton JC. Imaging biomarker roadmap for cancer studies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:169-186. [PMID: 27725679 PMCID: PMC5378302 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging biomarkers (IBs) are integral to the routine management of patients with cancer. IBs used daily in oncology include clinical TNM stage, objective response and left ventricular ejection fraction. Other CT, MRI, PET and ultrasonography biomarkers are used extensively in cancer research and drug development. New IBs need to be established either as useful tools for testing research hypotheses in clinical trials and research studies, or as clinical decision-making tools for use in healthcare, by crossing 'translational gaps' through validation and qualification. Important differences exist between IBs and biospecimen-derived biomarkers and, therefore, the development of IBs requires a tailored 'roadmap'. Recognizing this need, Cancer Research UK (CRUK) and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) assembled experts to review, debate and summarize the challenges of IB validation and qualification. This consensus group has produced 14 key recommendations for accelerating the clinical translation of IBs, which highlight the role of parallel (rather than sequential) tracks of technical (assay) validation, biological/clinical validation and assessment of cost-effectiveness; the need for IB standardization and accreditation systems; the need to continually revisit IB precision; an alternative framework for biological/clinical validation of IBs; and the essential requirements for multicentre studies to qualify IBs for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P B O'Connor
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Judith E Adams
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Hugo J W L Aerts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sally F Barrington
- CRUK and EPSRC Comprehensive Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ambros J Beer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Brady
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gina Brown
- Radiology Department, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - David L Buckley
- Division of Biomedical Imaging, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | - Gary J Cook
- CRUK and EPSRC Comprehensive Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Nandita M deSouza
- CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - John C Dickson
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, CRUK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Radiotherapy Related Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona J Gilbert
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Vicky Goh
- CRUK and EPSRC Comprehensive Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - John R Griffiths
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley M Groves
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steve Halligan
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Hawkes
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Otto S Hoekstra
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erich P Huang
- Biometric Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian F Hutton
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward F Jackson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Medical Physics, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Dow-Mu Koh
- CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Lassau
- Department of Imaging, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Martin O Leach
- CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ting-Yim Lee
- Imaging Research Labs, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward L Leen
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Yan Liu
- EORTC Headquarters, EORTC, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Prakash Manoharan
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ross J Maxwell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Kenneth A Miles
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bruno Morgan
- Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Steve Morris
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tony Ng
- CRUK and EPSRC Comprehensive Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Anwar R Padhani
- Paul Strickland Scanner Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, London, UK
| | - Geoff J M Parker
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mike Partridge
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arvind P Pathak
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew C Peet
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew R Reynolds
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Ricky A Sharma
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel C Sullivan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Stuart A Taylor
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at KCL and UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul S Tofts
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Gillian M Tozer
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcel van Herk
- Radiotherapy Related Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kaye J Williams
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Institute of Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M McShane
- Biometric Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan Jackson
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John C Waterton
- CRUK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fruytier AC, Le Duff CS, Po C, Magat J, Bouzin C, Neveu MA, Feron O, Jordan BF, Gallez B. The Blood Flow Shutdown Induced by Combretastatin A4 Impairs Gemcitabine Delivery in a Mouse Hepatocarcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:506. [PMID: 28066252 PMCID: PMC5179558 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent clinical studies, vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) are mainly used in combination with chemotherapy. However, an often overlooked concern in treatment combination is the VDA-induced impairment of chemotherapy distribution in the tumor. The work presented here investigated the impact of blood flow shutdown induced by Combretastatin A4 (CA4) on gemcitabine uptake into mouse hepatocarcinoma. At 2 h after CA4 treatment, using DCE-MRI, a significant decrease in the perfusion-relevant parameters Ktrans and Vp were observed in treated group compared with the control group. The blood flow shutdown was indeed confirmed by a histology study. In a third experiment, the total gemcitabine uptake was found to be significantly lower in treated tumors, as assessed in a separate experiment using ex vivo fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The amount of active metabolite gemcitabine triphosphate was also lower in treated tumors. In conclusion, the blood flow shutdown induced by VDAs can impact negatively on the delivery of small cytotoxic agents in tumors. The present study outlines the importance of monitoring the tumor vascular function when designing drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Fruytier
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecile S Le Duff
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Chrystelle Po
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Magat
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Pharmacology, Angiogenesis and Cancer Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Aline Neveu
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Pharmacology, Angiogenesis and Cancer Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benedicte F Jordan
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koo HJ, Lee M, Kim J, Woo CW, Jeong SY, Choi EK, Kim N, Lee JS. Synergistic Effect of Anti-Angiogenic and Radiation Therapy: Quantitative Evaluation with Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MR Imaging. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148784. [PMID: 26862906 PMCID: PMC4749295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We assessed the effects of anti-angiogenic therapy (AAT) on radiation therapy (RT), evaluating the tumor growth and perfusion patterns on dynamic contrast enhanced MR (DCE-MR) images. Methods Thirteen nude mice with heterotopic xenograft cancer of human lung cancer cell line were used. To observe the interval change of the tumor size and demonstrate the time-signal intensity enhancement curve of the tumor, the mice were subdivided into four groups: control (n = 2), AAT (n = 2), RT (n = 5), and combined therapy (AART, n = 4). DCE-MR images were taken four weeks after treatment. Perfusion parameters were obtained based on the Brix model. To compare the interval size changes in the RT group with those in the AART group, repeated measures ANOVA was used. Perfusion parameters in both the RT and AART groups were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test. Results Tumor growth was more suppressed in AART group than in the other groups. Control group showed the rapid wash-in and wash-out pattern on DCE-MR images. In contrast to RT group with delayed and prolonged enhancement, both AAT and AART groups showed the rapid wash-in and plateau pattern. The signal intensity in the plateau/time to peak enhancement (P<0.016) and the maximum enhancement ratio (P<0.016) of AART group were higher than those of RT group. Conclusions AART showed synergistic effects in anticancer treatment. The pattern of the time-intensity curve on the DCE-MR images in each group implies that AAT might help maintain the perfusion in the cancer of AART group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Koo
- Research Institute of Radiology and Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungsun Lee
- Research Institute of Radiology and Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Research Institute of Radiology and Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Woong Woo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Yun Jeong
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkug Kim
- Research Institute of Radiology and Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seong Lee
- Research Institute of Radiology and Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colliez F, Fruytier AC, Magat J, Neveu MA, Cani PD, Gallez B, Jordan BF. Monitoring Combretastatin A4-induced tumor hypoxia and hemodynamic changes using endogenous MR contrast and DCE-MRI. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:866-72. [PMID: 25765253 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To benchmark MOBILE (Mapping of Oxygen By Imaging Lipid relaxation Enhancement), a recent noninvasive MR method of mapping changes in tumor hypoxia, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) as biomarkers of changes in tumor hemodynamics induced by the antivascular agent combretastatin A4 (CA4). METHODS NT2 and MDA-MB-231 mammary tumors were implanted subcutaneously in FVB/N and nude NMRI mice. Mice received 100 mg/kg of CA4 intraperitoneally 3 hr before imaging. The MOBILE sequence (assessing R1 of lipids) and the DCE sequence (assessing K(trans) hemodynamic parameter), were assessed on different cohorts. pO2 changes were confirmed on matching tumors using EPR oximetry consecutive to the MOBILE sequence. Changes in tumor vasculature were assessed using immunohistology consecutive to DCE-MRI studies. RESULTS Administration of CA4 induced a significant decrease in lipids R1 (P = 0.0273) on pooled tumor models and a reduction in tumor pO2 measured by EPR oximetry. DCE-MRI also exhibited a significant drop of K(trans) (P < 0.01) that was confirmed by immunohistology. CONCLUSION MOBILE was identified as a marker to follow a decrease in oxygenation induced by CA4. However, DCE-MRI showed a higher dynamic range to follow changes in tumor hemodynamics induced by CA4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Colliez
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.08, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Fruytier
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.08, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Magat
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.08, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Aline Neveu
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.08, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.08, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.08, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte F Jordan
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.08, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fruytier AC, Magat J, Neveu MA, Karroum O, Bouzin C, Feron O, Jordan B, Cron GO, Gallez B. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in mouse tumors at 11.7 T: comparison of three contrast agents with different molecular weights to assess the early effects of combretastatin A4. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:1403-1412. [PMID: 25323069 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI is useful to assess the early effects of drugs acting on tumor vasculature, namely anti-angiogenic and vascular disrupting agents. Ultra-high-field MRI allows higher-resolution scanning for DCE-MRI while maintaining an adequate signal-to-noise ratio. However, increases in susceptibility effects, combined with decreases in longitudinal relaxivity of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GdCAs), make DCE-MRI more challenging at high field. The aim of this work was to explore the feasibility of using DCE-MRI at 11.7 T to assess the tumor hemodynamics of mice. Three GdCAs possessing different molecular weights (gadoterate: 560 Da, 0.29 mmol Gd/kg; p846: 3.5 kDa, 0.10 mmol Gd/kg; and p792: 6.47 kDa, 0.15 mmol Gd/kg) were compared to see the influence of the molecular weight in the highlight of the biologic effects induced by combretastatin A4 (CA4). Mice bearing transplantable liver tumor (TLT) hepatocarcinoma were divided into two groups (n = 5-6 per group and per GdCA): a treated group receiving 100 mg/kg CA4, and a control group receiving vehicle. The mice were imaged at 11.7 T with a T1 -weighted FLASH sequence 2 h after the treatment. Individual arterial input functions (AIFs) were computed using phase imaging. These AIFs were used in the Extended Tofts Model to determine K(trans) and vp values. A separate immunohistochemistry study was performed to assess the vascular perfusion and the vascular density. Phase imaging was used successfully to measure the AIF for the three GdCAs. In control groups, an inverse relationship between the molecular weight of the GdCA and K(trans) and vp values was observed. K(trans) was significantly decreased in the treated group compared with the control group for each GdCA. DCE-MRI at 11.7 T is feasible to assess tumor hemodynamics in mice. With K(trans) , the three GdCAs were able to track the early vascular effects induced by CA4 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-C Fruytier
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu L, Mason RP, Gimi B. Dynamic bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging of the effects of the antivascular agent Combretastatin-A4P (CA4P) on brain tumor xenografts. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:462-9. [PMID: 25305449 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Combretastatin A-4 (CA4) is a natural product isolated from Combretum caffrum that inhibits tubulin polymerization by binding to the colchicine-binding site. A corresponding water soluble pro-drug (referred to as CA4P), has undergone extensive clinical trials and has been evaluated in pre-clinical studies using multiple modalities. We previously reported a novel assay based on dynamic bioluminescent imaging to assess tumor vascular disruption and now present its application to assessing multiple tumors simultaneously. The current study evaluated the vascular-disrupting activity of CA4P on subcutaneous 9L rat brain tumor xenografts in mice using dynamic bioluminescence imaging. A single dose of CA4P (120 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) induced rapid, temporary tumor vascular shutdown revealed by a rapid and reproducible decrease of light emission from luciferase-expressing 9L tumors following administration of luciferin as a substrate. A time-dependent reduction of tumor perfusion after CA4P treatment was confirmed by immunohistological assessment of the perfusion marker Hoechst 33342 and the tumor vasculature marker CD31. The vasculature showed distinct recovery within 24 h post therapy. Multiple tumors behaved similarly, although a size dependent vascular inhibition was observed. In conclusion, CA4P caused rapid, temporary tumor vascular shutdown and led to reduction of tumor perfusion in rat brain tumor xenografts and the multiple tumor approach should lead to more efficient studies requiring fewer animals and greater consistency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Barjor Gimi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barnes SL, Quarles CC, Yankeelov TE. Modeling the effect of intra-voxel diffusion of contrast agent on the quantitative analysis of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108726. [PMID: 25275536 PMCID: PMC4183533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) provides estimates of physiologically relevant parameters related to tissue blood flow, vascular permeability, and tissue volume fractions which can then be used for prognostic and diagnostic reasons. However, standard techniques for DCE-MRI analysis ignore intra-voxel diffusion, which may play an important role in contrast agent distribution and voxel signal intensity and, thus, will affect quantification of the aforementioned parameters. To investigate the effect of intra-voxel diffusion on quantitative DCE-MRI, we developed a finite element model of contrast enhancement at the voxel level. For diffusion in the range of that expected for gadolinium chelates in tissue (i.e., 1×10−4 to 4×10−4 mm2/s), parameterization errors range from −58% to 12% for Ktrans, −9% to 8% for ve, and −60% to 213% for vp over the range of Ktrans, ve, vp, and temporal resolutions investigated. Thus the results show that diffusion has a significant effect on parameterization using standard techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Barnes
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C. Chad Quarles
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Yankeelov
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cullu N, Kantarci M, Ogul H, Adanur S, Okur A, Koc E, Pirimoglu B, Karaca L, Kizrak Y, Polat O. Feasibility study of CT perfusion imaging for prostate carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:2236-44. [PMID: 24863884 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this feasibility study was to obtain initial data with which to assess the efficiency of perfusion CT imaging (CTpI) and to compare this with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study involved 25 patients with prostate carcinoma undergoing MRI and CTpI. All analyses were performed on T2-weighted images (T2WI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and CTp images. We compared the performance of T2WI combined with DWI and CTp alone. The study was approved by the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. RESULTS Tumours were present in 87 areas according to the histopathological results. The diagnostic performance of the T2WI+DWI+CTpI combination was significantly better than that of T2WI alone for prostate carcinoma (P < 0.001). The diagnostic value of CTpI was similar to that of T2WI+DWI in combination. There were statistically significant differences in the blood flow and permeability surface values between prostate carcinoma and background prostate on CTp images. CONCLUSION CTp may be a valuable tool for detecting prostate carcinoma and may be preferred in cases where MRI is contraindicated. If this technique is combined with T2WI and DWI, its diagnostic value is enhanced. KEY POINTS Perfusion CT is a helpful technique for prostate carcinoma diagnosis. •Colour maps allow easy and rapid visual assessment of the functional changes. Colour maps of prostate carcinoma provide information about in vivo tumoral vascularity. CTp images may be added into routine radiological examinations. CTp provides guidance for histopathological correlation if biopsy is scheduled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesat Cullu
- Department of Radiology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, School of Medicine, Muğla, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nagaraja TN, Aryal MP, Brown SL, Bagher-Ebadian H, Mikkelsen T, Yang JJ, Panda S, Keenan KA, Cabral G, Ewing JR. Cilengitide-induced temporal variations in transvascular transfer parameters of tumor vasculature in a rat glioma model: identifying potential MRI biomarkers of acute effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84493. [PMID: 24376814 PMCID: PMC3871527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) 4-8 h after Cilengitide treatment has been reported. We hypothesized that the effects of Cilengitide on tumor transvascular transfer parameters might underlie, and thus predict, this potentiation. Athymic rats with orthotopic U251 glioma were studied at ~21 days after implantation using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI. Vascular parameters, viz: plasma volume fraction (vp), forward volume transfer constant (Ktrans) and interstitial volume fraction (ve) of a contrast agent, were determined in tumor vasculature once before, and again in cohorts 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after Cilengitide administration (4 mg/kg; N = 31; 6-7 per cohort). Perfusion-fixed brain sections were stained for von Willebrand factor to visualize vascular segments. A comparison of pre- and post-treatment parameters showed that the differences between MR indices before and after Cilengitide treatment pivoted around the 8 h time point, with 2 and 4 h groups showing increases, 12 and 24 h groups showing decreases, and values at the 8 h time point close to the baseline. The vascular parameter differences between group of 2 and 4 h and group of 12 and 24 h were significant for Ktrans (p = 0.0001 and ve (p = 0,0271). Vascular staining showed little variation with time after Cilengitide. The vascular normalization occurring 8 h after Cilengitide treatment coincided with similar previous reports of increased treatment efficacy when RT followed Cilengitide by 8 h. Pharmacological normalization of vasculature has the potential to increase sensitivity to RT. Evaluating acute temporal responses of tumor vasculature to putative anti-angiogenic drugs may help in optimizing their combination with other treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tavarekere N. Nagaraja
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Madhava P. Aryal
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hassan Bagher-Ebadian
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James J. Yang
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Swayamprava Panda
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Keenan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Glauber Cabral
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James R. Ewing
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Practical dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in small animal models of cancer: data acquisition, data analysis, and interpretation. Pharmaceutics 2013; 4:442-78. [PMID: 23105959 PMCID: PMC3480221 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) consists of the continuous acquisition of images before, during, and after the injection of a contrast agent. DCE-MRI allows for noninvasive evaluation of tumor parameters related to vascular perfusion and permeability and tissue volume fractions, and is frequently employed in both preclinical and clinical investigations. However, the experimental and analytical subtleties of the technique are not frequently discussed in the literature, nor are its relationships to other commonly used quantitative imaging techniques. This review aims to provide practical information on the development, implementation, and validation of a DCE-MRI study in the context of a preclinical study (though we do frequently refer to clinical studies that are related to these topics).
Collapse
|
11
|
Song Y, Cho G, Suh JY, Lee CK, Kim YR, Kim YJ, Kim JK. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for monitoring antiangiogenic treatment: determination of accurate and reliable perfusion parameters in a longitudinal study of a mouse xenograft model. Korean J Radiol 2013; 14:589-96. [PMID: 23901316 PMCID: PMC3725353 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2013.14.4.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the reliable perfusion parameters in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) for the monitoring antiangiogenic treatment in mice. Materials and Methods Mice, with U-118 MG tumor, were treated with either saline (n = 3) or antiangiogenic agent (sunitinib, n = 8). Before (day 0) and after (days 2, 8, 15, 25) treatment, DCE examinations using correlations of perfusion parameters (Kep, Kel, and AH from two compartment model; time to peak, initial slope and % enhancement from time-intensity curve analysis) were evaluated. Results Tumor growth rate was found to be 129% ± 28 in control group, -33% ± 11 in four mice with sunitinib-treatment (tumor regression) and 47% ± 15 in four with sunitinib-treatment (growth retardation). Kep (r = 0.80) and initial slope (r = 0.84) showed strong positive correlation to the initial tumor volume (p < 0.05). In control mice, tumor regression group and growth retardation group animals, Kep (r : 0.75, 0.78, 0.81, 0.69) and initial slope (r : 0.79, 0.65, 0.67, 0.84) showed significant correlation with tumor volume (p < 0.01). In four mice with tumor re-growth, Kep and initial slope increased 20% or greater at earlier (n = 2) than or same periods (n = 2) to when the tumor started to re-grow with 20% or greater growth rate. Conclusion Kep and initial slope may a reliable parameters for monitoring the response of antiangiogenic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyu Song
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon 363-883, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bailey C, Moosvi F, Stanisz GJ. Mapping water exchange rates in rat tumor xenografts using the late-stage uptake following bolus injections of contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:1874-87. [PMID: 23801522 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To map the intra-to-extracellular water exchange rate constant in rat xenografts using a two-compartment model of relaxation with water exchange and a range of contrast agent concentrations and compare with histology. METHODS MDA-MB-231 cells were xenografted into six nude rats. Three bolus injections of gadodiamide were administered. When uptake in the tumor demonstrated a steady-state, T1 data were acquired by spoiled gradient recalled acquisitions at four flip angles. A global fit of data to a two-compartment model incorporating exchange was performed, assuming a distribution volume of 20% of the rat. RESULTS Voxels that did not reach steady-state and were excluded from parametric maps tended to be in large necrotic areas. TUNEL-negative (nonapoptotic) regions tended to have well-defined error bounds, with an average intra-to-extracellular exchange rate constant of 0.6 s(-1) . Apoptotic regions had higher exchange, but poorly determined upper bounds, with goodness of fit similar to that for a model assuming infinitely fast exchange. A lower bound of >3 s(-1) was used to establish voxels where the exchange rate constant was fast despite a large upper bound. CONCLUSION Water exchange rates were higher in apoptotic regions, but examination of statistical errors was an important step in the mapping process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Bailey
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) in Preclinical Studies of Antivascular Treatments. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:563-89. [PMID: 24300371 PMCID: PMC3834929 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivascular treatments can either be antiangiogenic or targeting established tumour vasculature. These treatments affect the tumour microvasculature and microenvironment but may not change clinical measures like tumour volume and growth. In research on antivascular treatments, information on the tumour vasculature is therefore essential. Preclinical research is often used for optimization of antivascular drugs alone or in combined treatments. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is an in vivo imaging method providing vascular information, which has become an important tool in both preclinical and clinical research. This review discusses common DCE-MRI imaging protocols and analysis methods and provides an overview of preclinical research on antivascular treatments utilizing DCE-MRI.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nielsen T, Bentzen L, Pedersen M, Tramm T, Rijken PFJW, Bussink J, Horsman MR, Østergaard L. Combretastatin A-4 phosphate affects tumor vessel volume and size distribution as assessed using MRI-based vessel size imaging. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6469-77. [PMID: 23071260 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4P) is a promising vascular disrupting agent (VDA) in clinical trials. As CA4P acts on dividing endothelial cells, we hypothesize that CA4P affects vessels of certain sizes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CA4P by the MRI-based vessel size imaging (VSI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN C3H mammary carcinomas were grown to 200 mm(3) in the right rear foot of female CDF(1) mice. A control group of mice received no treatment, and a treatment group had CA4P administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 250 mg/kg. VSI was conducted on a 3 Tesla MR scanner to estimate the tumor blood volume (ζ(0)) and mean vessel radius (R). Vascularization was also estimated histologically by endothelial and Hoechst 33342 staining. RESULTS ζ(0) and R showed different spatial heterogeneity. Tumor median and quartile values of ζ(0) were all significantly reduced by about 35% in the CA4P-treated group as compared with the control group, and the median and upper quartile of R were significantly increased. Histograms of ζ(0) and R showed a general decrease in ζ(0) following treatment, and values of R in a certain range (≈20-30 μm) were decreased in the treatment group. The drug-induced change in ζ(0) was in agreement with histology and our previous dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) data. CONCLUSIONS Tumor blood volume and mean vessel radius showed a clear response following treatment with CA4P. VSI may prove valuable in estimation of tumor angiogenesis and prediction of response to VDAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nielsen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Danish National Research Foundations Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gauthier M, Pitre-Champagnat S, Tabarout F, Leguerney I, Polrot M, Lassau N. Impact of the arterial input function on microvascularization parameter measurements using dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. World J Radiol 2012; 4:291-301. [PMID: 22900130 PMCID: PMC3419865 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v4.i7.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the sources of variation influencing the microvascularization parameters measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCE-US).
METHODS: Firstly, we evaluated, in vitro, the impact of the manual repositioning of the ultrasound probe and the variations in flow rates. Experiments were conducted using a custom-made phantom setup simulating a tumor and its associated arterial input. Secondly, we evaluated, in vivo, the impact of multiple contrast agent injections and of examination day, as well as the influence of the size of region of interest (ROI) associated with the arterial input function (AIF). Experiments were conducted on xenografted B16F10 female nude mice. For all of the experiments, an ultrasound scanner along with a linear transducer was used to perform pulse inversion imaging based on linear raw data throughout the experiments. Semi-quantitative and quantitative analyses were performed using two signal-processing methods.
RESULTS: In vitro, no microvascularization parameters, whether semi-quantitative or quantitative, were significantly correlated (P values from 0.059 to 0.860) with the repositioning of the probe. In addition, all semi-quantitative microvascularization parameters were correlated with the flow variation while only one quantitative parameter, the tumor blood flow, exhibited P value lower than 0.05 (P = 0.004). In vivo, multiple contrast agent injections had no significant impact (P values from 0.060 to 0.885) on microvascularization parameters. In addition, it was demonstrated that semi-quantitative microvascularization parameters were correlated with the tumor growth while among the quantitative parameters, only the tissue blood flow exhibited P value lower than 0.05 (P = 0.015). Based on these results, it was demonstrated that the ROI size of the AIF had significant influence on microvascularization parameters: in the context of larger arterial ROI (from 1.17 ± 0.6 mm3 to 3.65 ± 0.3 mm3), tumor blood flow and tumor blood volume were correlated with the tumor growth, exhibiting P values lower than 0.001.
CONCLUSION: AIF selection is an essential aspect of the deconvolution process to validate the quantitative DCE-US method.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hoff BA, Bhojani MS, Rudge J, Chenevert TL, Meyer CR, Galbán S, Johnson TD, Leopold JS, Rehemtulla A, Ross BD, Galbán CJ. DCE and DW-MRI monitoring of vascular disruption following VEGF-Trap treatment of a rat glioma model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:935-42. [PMID: 22190279 PMCID: PMC4307830 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted therapies have shown promise as adjuvant cancer treatment. As these agents undergo clinical evaluation, sensitive imaging biomarkers are needed to assess drug target interaction and treatment response. In this study, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) were evaluated for detecting response of intracerebral 9 L gliosarcomas to the antivascular agent VEGF-Trap, a fusion protein designed to bind all forms of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) and Placental Growth Factor (PGF). Rats with 9 L tumors were treated twice weekly for two weeks with vehicle or VEGF-Trap. DCE- and DW-MRI were performed one day prior to treatment initiation and one day following each administered dose. Kinetic parameters (K(trans), volume transfer constant; k(ep), efflux rate constant from extravascular/extracellular space to plasma; and v(p), blood plasma volume fraction) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) over the tumor volumes were compared between groups. A significant decrease in kinetic parameters was observed 24 hours following the first dose of VEGF-Trap in treated versus control animals (p < 0.05) and was accompanied by a decline in ADC values. In addition to the significant hemodynamic effect, VEGF-Trap treated animals exhibited significantly longer tumor doubling times (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. Histological findings were found to support imaging response metrics. In conclusion, kinetic MRI parameters and change in ADC have been found to serve as sensitive and early biomarkers of VEGF-Trap anti-vascular targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Hoff
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mahaveer S. Bhojani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - John Rudge
- Department of Regeneron Corporation, 777 Old Saw Mill Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - Thomas L. Chenevert
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Charles R. Meyer
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Stefanie Galbán
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Timothy D. Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Judith Sebolt Leopold
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Brian D. Ross
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Craig J. Galbán
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gauthier M, Tabarout F, Leguerney I, Polrot M, Pitre S, Peronneau P, Lassau N. Assessment of quantitative perfusion parameters by dynamic contrast-enhanced sonography using a deconvolution method: an in vitro and in vivo study. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2012; 31:595-608. [PMID: 22441917 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2012.31.4.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the arterial input on perfusion parameters measured using dynamic contrast-enhanced sonography combined with a deconvolution method after bolus injections of a contrast agent. METHODS The in vitro experiments were conducted using a custom-made setup consisting of pumping a fluid through a phantom made of 3 intertwined silicone pipes, mimicking a complex structure akin to that of vessels in a tumor, combined with their feeding pipe, mimicking the arterial input. In the in vivo experiments, B16F10 melanoma cells were xenografted to 5 nude mice. An ultrasound scanner combined with a linear transducer was used to perform pulse inversion imaging based on linear raw data throughout the experiments. A mathematical model developed by the Gustave Roussy Institute (patent WO/2008/053268) and based on the dye dilution theory was used to evaluate 7 semiquantitative perfusion parameters directly from time-intensity curves and 3 quantitative perfusion parameters from the residue function obtained after a deconvolution process developed in our laboratory based on the Tikhonov regularization method. We evaluated and compared the intraoperator variability values of perfusion parameters determined after these two signal-processing methods. RESULTS In vitro, semiquantitative perfusion parameters exhibited intraoperator variability values ranging from 3.39% to 13.60%. Quantitative parameters derived after the deconvolution process ranged from 4.46% to 11.82%. In vivo, tumors exhibited perfusion parameter intraoperator variability values ranging from 3.74% to 29.34%, whereas quantitative ones varied from 5.00% to 12.43%. CONCLUSIONS Taking into account the arterial input in evaluating perfusion parameters improves the intraoperator variability and may improve the dynamic contrast-enhanced sonographic technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Gauthier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut Gustave Roussy, Pavillon de Recherche I, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kalber TL, Kamaly N, Higham SA, Pugh JA, Bunch J, McLeod CW, Miller AD, Bell JD. Synthesis and characterization of a theranostic vascular disrupting agent for in vivo MR imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:879-86. [PMID: 21410265 DOI: 10.1021/bc100329t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Colchicine, a known tubulin binding agent and vascular disrupting agent, causes rapid vascular shut down and central necrosis in tumors. The binding of tubulin results in tubulin destabilization, with characteristic cell shape changes and inhibition of cell division, and results in cell death. A gadolinium(III) labeled derivative of colchicine (Gd·DOTA·Colchicinic acid) was synthesized and characterized as a theranostic agent (enabling simultaneous diagnostic/real time MRI contrast imaging). In vitro, Gd·DOTA·Colchicinic acid was shown to initiate cell changes characteristic of tubulin-destabilization in both OVCAR-3 and IGROV-1 ovarian carcinoma cell lines in vitro over a period of 24 h, while maintaining the qualities of the MR imaging tracer. In vivo, Gd·DOTA·Colchicinic acid (200 mg/kg) was shown to induce the formation of central necrosis, which was confirmed ex vivo by histology, in OVCAR-3 subcutaneous tumor xenografts, while simultaneously acting as an imaging agent to promote a significant reduction in the MR relaxation time T(1) (p < 0.05) of tumors 24 h post-administration. Morphological changes within the tumor which corresponded with areas derived from the formation of central necrosis were also present on MR images that were not observed for the same colchicine derivate that was not complexed with gadolinium that also presented with central necrosis ex vivo. However, Gd·DOTA·Colchicinic acid accumulation in the liver, as shown by changes in liver T(1) (p < 0.05), takes place within 2 h. The implication is that Gd·DOTA·Colchicinic acid distributes to tissues, including tumors, within 2 h, but enters tumor cells to lower T(1) times and promotes cell death over a period of up to 24 h. As the biodistribution/pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics data provided here is similar to that of conventional colchicines derivatives, such combined data are a potentially powerful way to rapidly characterize the complete behavior of drug candidates in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Kalber
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mason RP, Zhao D, Liu L, Trawick ML, Pinney KG. A perspective on vascular disrupting agents that interact with tubulin: preclinical tumor imaging and biological assessment. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:375-87. [PMID: 21321746 PMCID: PMC3071431 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00135j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment provides a rich source of potential targets for selective therapeutic intervention with properly designed anticancer agents. Significant physiological differences exist between the microvessels that nourish tumors and those that supply healthy tissue. Selective drug-mediated damage of these tortuous and chaotic microvessels starves a tumor of necessary nutrients and oxygen and eventually leads to massive tumor necrosis. Vascular targeting strategies in oncology are divided into two separate groups: angiogenesis inhibiting agents (AIAs) and vascular disrupting agents (VDAs). The mechanisms of action between these two classes of compounds are profoundly distinct. The AIAs inhibit the actual formation of new vessels, while the VDAs damage and/or destroy existing tumor vasculature. One subset of small-molecule VDAs functions by inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules, thus causing morphology changes to the endothelial cells lining the tumor vasculature, triggered by a cascade of cell signaling events. Ultimately this results in catastrophic damage to the vessels feeding the tumor. The rapid emergence and subsequent development of the VDA field over the past decade has led to the establishment of a synergistic combination of preclinical state-of-the-art tumor imaging and biological evaluation strategies that are often indicative of future clinical efficacy for a given VDA. This review focuses on an integration of the appropriate biochemical and biological tools necessary to assess (preclinically) new small-molecule, tubulin active VDAs for their potential to be clinically effective anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P. Mason
- Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9058 USA
| | - Dawen Zhao
- Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9058 USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9058 USA
| | - Mary Lynn Trawick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place #97348, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, USA
| | - Kevin G. Pinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place #97348, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shao H, Ni Y, Dai X, Zhang J, Chen F, Fan G, Sun Z, Li Y, Zhou H, Xu K. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging allows monitoring the effect of combretastatin A4 phosphate on rabbit implanted VX2 tumor model: 12-day dynamic results. Eur J Radiol 2011; 81:578-83. [PMID: 21454029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the 12-day dynamic characteristics of tumor response to intravenous administration of CA4P in rabbit VX2 tumor models. METHODS Study protocol was approved by local ethical committee for animal care and use. Sixteen rabbits with 32 tumors on bilateral legs were randomly divided into treated and control groups. Conventional and DWI images were acquired before and 24 h, 4 days, 8 days and 12 days after treatment. The dynamic changes of tumor on images were correlated with histological results. ADCs were compared among and between groups at different time points. RESULTS The tumors in treated group grew slower than those in control group. In treaded group, the mean ADC decreased slightly at 24 h point due to cell edema caused by ischemia. Then, it increased significantly at 4 days and 8 days because of progressive central necrosis. Finally, peripheral tumor proliferation caused a second decrease of ADC at 12 days. The significant difference of ΔADC% between the two groups at 24 h, 4 days and 8 days indicated that the change of ADC in treated group was really caused by CA4P. CONCLUSION The dynamic histological changes of tumor caused by CA4P as reflected exactly by diffusion-weighted MR imaging indicate a noninvasive measure for monitoring tumor vascular targeting treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Shao
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arthurs OJ, Gallagher FA. Functional and molecular imaging with MRI: potential applications in paediatric radiology. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:185-98. [PMID: 20972674 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
MRI is a very versatile tool for noninvasive imaging and it is particularly attractive as an imaging technique in paediatric patients given the absence of ionizing radiation. Recent advances in the field of MRI have enabled tissue function to be probed noninvasively, and increasingly MRI is being used to assess cellular and molecular processes. For example, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI has been used to assess tissue vascularity, diffusion-weighted imaging can quantify molecular movements of water in tissue compartments and MR spectroscopy provides a quantitative assessment of metabolite levels. A number of targeted contrast agents have been developed that bind specifically to receptors on the vascular endothelium or cell surface and there are several MR methods for labelling cells and tracking cellular movements. Hyperpolarization techniques have the capability of massively increasing the sensitivity of MRI and these have been used to image tissue pH, successful response to drug treatment as well as imaging the microstructure of the lungs. Although there are many challenges to be overcome before these techniques can be translated into routine paediatric imaging, they could potentially be used to aid diagnosis, predict disease outcome, target biopsies and determine treatment response noninvasively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang H, Marchal G, Ni Y. Multiparametric MRI biomarkers for measuring vascular disrupting effect on cancer. World J Radiol 2011; 3:1-16. [PMID: 21286490 PMCID: PMC3030722 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid malignancies have to develop their own blood supply for their aggressive growth and metastasis; a process known as tumor angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is largely involved in tumor survival, progression and spread, which are known to be significantly attributed to treatment failures. Over the past decades, efforts have been made to understand the difference between normal and tumor vessels. It has been demonstrated that tumor vasculature is structurally immature with chaotic and leaky phenotypes, which provides opportunities for developing novel anticancer strategies. Targeting tumor vasculature is not only a unique therapeutic intervention to starve neoplastic cells, but also enhances the efficacy of conventional cancer treatments. Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) have been developed to disrupt the already existing neovasculature in actively growing tumors, cause catastrophic vascular shutdown within short time, and induce secondary tumor necrosis. VDAs are cytostatic; they can only inhibit tumor growth, but not eradicate the tumor. This novel drug mechanism has urged us to develop multiparametric imaging biomarkers to monitor early hemodynamic alterations, cellular dysfunctions and metabolic impairments before tumor dimensional changes can be detected. In this article, we review the characteristics of tumor vessels, tubulin-destabilizing mechanisms of VDAs, and in vivo effects of the VDAs that have been mostly studied in preclinical studies and clinical trials. We also compare the different tumor models adopted in the preclinical studies on VDAs. Multiparametric imaging biomarkers, mainly diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging from magnetic resonance imaging, are evaluated for their potential as morphological and functional imaging biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic effects of VDAs.
Collapse
|
23
|
Franiel T, Hamm B, Hricak H. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and pharmacokinetic models in prostate cancer. Eur Radiol 2010; 21:616-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-010-2037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Monitoring the Effect of Docetaxel Treatment in MCF7 Xenografts Using Multimodal In Vivo and Ex Vivo Magnetic Resonance Methods, Histopathology, and Gene Expression. Transl Oncol 2010; 3:252-63. [PMID: 20689767 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI, in vivo MR spectroscopy (MRS), and ex vivo high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) MRS for the detection of early treatment effects after docetaxel administration. Docetaxel is an antitumor agent that leads to mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and mitotic catastrophe cell death. Gene expression analysis was performed to detect altered regulation in gene expression pathways related to docetaxel treatment effects. Histopathology was used as a measure of alterations in apoptosis and proliferation due to docetaxel. Experiments were performed using MCF7 mouse xenografts, randomized into a docetaxel (30 mg/kg) treatment group and a control group given saline. MRI/MRS was performed 1 day before treatment and 1, 3, and 6 days after treatment. Parametric images of the extracellular extravascular volume fraction (v(e)) transfer constant (K(trans)) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated from the DCE-MRI and DW-MRI data. Biopsies were analyzed by HR MAS MRS, and histopathology and gene expression profiles were determined (Illumina). A significant increase in the ADC 3 and 6 days after treatment and a significant decrease in total choline and a higher v(e) were found in treated tumors 6 days after treatment. No significant difference was found in the K(trans) between the two groups. Our results show that docetaxel induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation in MCF7 xenografts. Further, these phenomena can be monitored by in vivo MRS, DW-MRI, and gene expression.
Collapse
|
25
|
Gallagher F. An introduction to functional and molecular imaging with MRI. Clin Radiol 2010; 65:557-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
ABT-751, a novel tubulin-binding agent, decreases tumor perfusion and disrupts tumor vasculature. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 20:483-92. [PMID: 19398903 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32832c0acf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABT-751 is an orally bioavailable tubulin-binding agent that is currently under clinical development for cancer treatment. In preclinical studies, ABT-751 showed antitumor activity against a broad spectrum of tumor lines including those resistant to conventional chemotherapies. In this study, we investigated the antivascular properties of ABT-751 in a rat subcutaneous tumor model using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. A single dose of ABT-751 (30 mg/kg, intravenously) induced a rapid, transient reduction in tumor perfusion. After 1 h, tumor perfusion decreased by 57% before recovering to near pretreatment levels within 6 h. In contrast, ABT-751 produced little change in muscle perfusion at either time point. To further elucidate mechanisms of drug action at the cellular level, we examined the effects of ABT-751 on endothelial cells using an in-vitro assay. ABT-751, at concentrations corresponding to plasma levels achieved in vivo, caused endothelial cell retraction and significant loss of microtubules within 1 h. The severity of these morphological changes was dose-dependent but reversible within 6 h after the discontinuation of the drug. Taken together, these results show that ABT-751 is a tubulin-binding agent with antivascular properties. Microtubule disruption and morphological changes in vascular endothelial cells may be responsible, at least in part, for the dysfunction of tumor blood vessels after ABT-751 treatment.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bisdas S, Baghi M, Wagenblast J, Bisdas T, Thng CH, Mack MG, Koh TS, Ernemann U. Tracer kinetics analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT and MR data in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: comparison of the results. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2009; 29:339-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2009.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Pedrosa I, Alsop DC, Rofsky NM. Magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2009; 115:2334-2345. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pedrosa
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C. Alsop
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neil M. Rofsky
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Berry LR, Barck KH, Go MA, Ross J, Wu X, Williams SP, Gogineni A, Cole MJ, Van Bruggen N, Fuh G, Peale F, Ferrara N, Ross S, Schwall RH, Carano RAD. Quantification of viable tumor microvascular characteristics by multispectral analysis. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:64-72. [PMID: 18421695 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity complicates the quantification of tumor microvascular characteristics assessed by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). To address this issue a novel approach was developed that combines DCE-MRI with diffusion-based multispectral (MS) analysis to quantify the microvascular characteristics of specific tumor tissue populations. Diffusion-based MS segmentation (feature space: apparent diffusion coefficient, T(2) and proton density) was performed to identify tumor tissue populations and the DCE-MRI characteristics were determined for each tissue class. The ability of this MS DCE-MRI technique to detect microvascular changes due to treatment with an antibody (G6-31) to vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) was evaluated in a tumor xenograft mouse model. Anti-VEGF treatment resulted in a significant reduction in K(trans) for the MS viable tumor tissue class (-0.0034 +/- 0.0022 min(-1), P < 0.01) at 24 hr posttreatment that differ significantly from the change observed in the control group (0.0002 +/- 0.0025 min(-1)). Viable tumor K(trans) for the anti-VEGF group was also reduced 62% relative to the pretreatment values (P < 0.01). Necrotic tissue classes were found to add only noise to DCE-MRI estimates. This approach provides a means to measure physiological parameters within the viable tumor and address the issue of tumor heterogeneity that complicates DCE-MRI analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne R Berry
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nielsen T, Mouridsen K, Maxwell RJ, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Østergaard L, Horsman MR. Segmentation of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data. Acta Oncol 2008; 47:1265-70. [PMID: 18661437 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802277489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) allows in vivo characterization of tumour vasculature. As such, it is applicable for monitoring the effects of treatments targeting vasculature. The aims of this study were to evaluate the properties of tumour areas segmented-out by DCE-MRI parameters and to evaluate the changes induced by the vascular disrupting agent (VDA) combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4DP), a leading VDA in clinical trials, in these areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two tumour models previously shown to respond differently to CA4DP were chosen. The C3H mammary carcinoma and the KHT sarcoma were grown in the right rear foot of CDF(1) and C3H/km mice, respectively, and treated when at 200 or 800 mm(3) in size. DCE-MRI, using the contrast agent Gd-DTPA, was performed on a 7 T spectroscopy/imaging system before and 3 hours after i.p. CA4DP administration at a dose of 100 mg/kg. From the voxel concentration-time curves, the semiquantitative parameter of initial area under the curve (IAUC), the model parameters transfer constant K(trans), interstitial volume v(e), and blood plasma volume v(p), were calculated. Tumour images were segmented into three groups based on the DCE-MRI model parameters using the K-means algorithm, and the groups were ranked by IAUC. RESULTS The resulting voxels of the tumour segments were mainly spatially connected structures. Initial DCE-MRI parameter values showed different dependencies on tumour model and size in the regions. For all regions in all tumour groups, the treatment reduced IAUC by 36-51%, whereas the model parameters showed more dependencies on tumour model and size. DISCUSSION This segmentation technique identifies tumour regions with different microenvironmental characteristics responding differently to CA4DP and may be valuable in the optimization of combined VDA with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The method may also prove useful for optimization and monitoring of local treatment such as radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lee RM, Gewirtz DA. Colchicine site inhibitors of microtubule integrity as vascular disrupting agents. Drug Dev Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
32
|
Evaluation of Normal Prostate Tissue, Chronic Prostatitis, and Prostate Cancer by Quantitative Perfusion Analysis Using a Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Inversion-Prepared Dual-Contrast Gradient Echo Sequence. Invest Radiol 2008; 43:481-7. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31816b2f63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Cao TM, Durrant D, Tripathi A, Liu J, Tsai S, Kellogg GE, Simoni D, Lee RM. Stilbene derivatives that are colchicine-site microtubule inhibitors have antileukemic activity and minimal systemic toxicity. Am J Hematol 2008; 83:390-7. [PMID: 18175355 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stilbenes are a group of natural compounds with many biological activities. Two highly potent stilbenes, cis-3,4',5-trimethoxy-3'-aminostilbene (stilbene 5c) and cis-3,4',5-trimethoxy-3'-hydroxystilbene (stilbene 6c) induce G2/M cell-cycle arrest and leukemic cell death in nanomolarity range without affecting normal bone marrow progenitor cells. The mechanism of stilbenes is mediated by interfering with microtubule polymerization through the colchicine-binding site. Docking of the stilbenes into tubulin structure confirms that stilbenes fit into the colchicine-binding pocket. Animal studies show that stilbenes are well tolerated in mice and are capable of inducing more than 50% leukemic cell death by a single dose injection. A 5-day treatment with low-dose stilbenes suppresses tumor growth in mice with established tumor xenografts. No major organ damage was detected by histological section. Our results indicate that stilbene 5c is a microtubule-interfering agent and can be potentially useful in leukemic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thai M Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Zhao D, Richer E, Antich PP, Mason RP. Antivascular effects of combretastatin A4 phosphate in breast cancer xenograft assessed using dynamic bioluminescence imaging and confirmed by MRI. FASEB J 2008; 22:2445-51. [PMID: 18263704 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) has found significant use in evaluating long-term cancer therapy in small animals. We have now tested the feasibility of using BLI to assess acute effects of the vascular disrupting agent combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) on luciferase-expressing MDA-MB-231 human breast tumor cells growing as xenografts in mice. Following administration of luciferin substrate, there is a rapid increase in light emission reaching a maximum after about 6 min, which gradually decreases over the following 20 min. The kinetics of light emission are highly reproducible; however, following i.p. administration of CA4P (120 mg/kg), the detected light emission was decreased between 50 and 90%, and time to maximum was significantly delayed. Twenty-four hours later, there was some recovery of light emission following further administration of luciferin substrate. Comparison with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI based on the paramagnetic contrast agent Omniscan showed comparable changes in the tumors consistent with the previous literature. Histology also confirmed shutdown of tumor vascular perfusion. We believe this finding provides an important novel application for BLI that could have widespread application in screening novel therapeutics expected to cause acute vascular changes in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Zhao
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5523 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX 75390-9058, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nielsen T, Murata R, Maxwell RJ, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Ostergaard L, Horsman MR. Preclinical studies to predict efficacy of vascular changes induced by combretastatin a-4 disodium phosphate in patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 70:859-66. [PMID: 18164835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4DP) dose-dependent changes in radiation response of a C3H mouse mammary carcinoma relate to measurements of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) parameters and how those mouse DCE-MRI results compare with published clinical DCE-MRI data. METHODS AND MATERIALS C3H mammary carcinomas grown in female CDF(1) mice were treated when at 200 mm(3) in size. Groups of mice were given graded radiation doses, either alone or followed 30 min later by an intraperitoneal injection of CA4DP, administered at doses of 10-250 mg/kg. The radiation dose producing local tumor control in 50% of treated animals at 90 days (TCD(50)) was calculated for each CA4DP dose. DCE-MRI was performed before and 3 h after CA4DP administration, and parameters describing vascularity and interstitial volume were estimated. RESULTS TCD(50) showed a dose-dependent decrease reaching significance at 25 mg/kg. At greater doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, the TCD(50) increased slightly and was not significantly different from that of controls. TCD(50) significantly decreased again at 250 mg/kg. The drug dose-response curves for all post-treatment vascular DCE-MRI parameters showed a shape similar to that of the TCD(50) curve. A similar dose dependency was seen with previously published clinical data. CONCLUSION Our preclinical DCE-MRI data could predict the CA4DP enhancement of the tumor radiation response and suggest the clinical CA4DP doses necessary to improve the radiation response in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nielsen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
McPhail LD, Griffiths JR, Robinson SP. Assessment of tumor response to the vascular disrupting agents 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid or combretastatin-A4-phosphate by intrinsic susceptibility magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:1238-45. [PMID: 17967313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the use of the transverse magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxation rate R(2)(*) (s(-1)) as a biomarker of tumor vascular response to monitor vascular disrupting agent (VDA) therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Multigradient echo MRI was used to quantify R(2)(*) in rat GH3 prolactinomas. R(2)(*) is a sensitive index of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood and can therefore be used to give an index of tissue oxygenation. Tumor R(2)(*) was measured before and up to 35 min after treatment, and 24 h after treatment with either 350 mg/kg 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) or 100 mg/kg combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P). After acquisition of the MRI data, functional tumor blood vessels remaining after VDA treatment were quantified using fluorescence microscopy of the perfusion marker Hoechst 33342. RESULTS DMXAA induced a transient, significant (p < 0.05) increase in tumor R(2)(*) 7 min after treatment, whereas CA4P induced no significant changes in tumor R(2)(*) over the first 35 min. Twenty-four hours after treatment, some DMXAA-treated tumors demonstrated a decrease in R(2)(*), but overall, reduction in R(2)(*) was not significant for this cohort. Tumors treated with CA4P showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in R(2)(*) 24 h after treatment. The degree of Hoechst 33342 uptake was associated with the degree of R(2)(*) reduction at 24 h for both agents. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in tumor R(2)(*) or deoxyhemoglobin levels 24 h after VDA treatment was a result of reduced blood volume caused by prolonged vascular collapse. Our results suggest that DMXAA was less effective than CA4P in this rat tumor model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley D McPhail
- CRUK Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Milosevic M, Lunt SJ, Leung E, Skliarenko J, Shaw P, Fyles A, Hill RP. Interstitial permeability and elasticity in human cervix cancer. Microvasc Res 2007; 75:381-90. [PMID: 18187164 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors are characterized by abnormalities of the vasculature and interstitium, which may impede the distribution of drugs and imaging agents. Here we describe a method for estimating tumor interstitial permeability and elasticity based on fitting a spatio-temporal fluid dynamic model to the time course of interstitial pressure (IFP) measurements. The model assumes that sudden insertion of the IFP measurement needle transiently perturbs the steady-state fluid balance, which recovers over time as a function of the vascular and interstitial hydraulic conductivities (L(p)S and K), the interstitial bulk modulus (E) and the extracellular, extravascular volume fraction (phi). Initial simulations showed that the time course of IFP recordings was mainly determined by K and E/phi. Mean values of K and E/phi in 60 newly diagnosed cervix cancers were 1.5 x 10(-7) (SE 2.2 x 10(-8)) cm(2)/mm Hg s and 2230 (SE 212) mm Hg, respectively. For comparison, K and E/phi were also measured in orthotopic ME-180 human cervix cancer xenografts and KHT-C fibrosarcomas in mice. K was higher in both of these tumors (7.0 x 10(-7) and 9.3 x 10(-7)) than in cervix cancer, and E/phi was lower (497 and 433). To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of interstitial permeability and elasticity in individual human cancers. Serial evaluation of these parameters may provide a means of clinically monitoring response to treatments that specifically target the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Milosevic
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Robinson SP, Howe FA, Griffiths JR, Ryan AJ, Waterton JC. Susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging determination of fractional tumor blood volume: a noninvasive imaging biomarker of response to the vascular disrupting agent ZD6126. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:872-9. [PMID: 17889267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess tumor fractional blood volume (xi), determined in vivo by susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a noninvasive imaging biomarker of tumor response to the vascular disrupting agent ZD6126. METHODS AND MATERIALS The transverse MRI relaxation rate R(2)( *) of rat GH3 prolactinomas was quantified prior to and following injection of 2.5 mgFe/kg feruglose, an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide intravascular contrast agent, and xi (%) was determined from the change in R(2)( *). The rats were then treated with either saline or 50 mg/kg ZD6126, and xi measured again 24 hours later. Following posttreatment MRI, Hoechst 33342 (15 mg/kg) was administered to the rats and histological correlates from composite images of tumor perfusion and necrosis sought. RESULTS Irrespective of treatment, tumor volume significantly increased over 24 hours. Saline-treated tumors showed no statistically significant change in xi, whereas a significant (p = 0.002) 70% reduction in xi of the ZD6126-treated cohort was determined. Hoechst 33342 uptake was associated with viable tumor tissue and was significantly (p = 0.004) reduced and restricted to the rim of the ZD6126-treated tumors. A significant positive correlation between posttreatment xi and Hoechst 33342 uptake was obtained (r = 0.83, p = 0.002), providing validation of the MRI-derived measurements of fractional tumor blood volume. CONCLUSIONS These data clearly highlight the potential of susceptibility contrast MRI with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents to provide quantitative imaging biomarkers of fractional tumor blood volume at high spatial resolution to assess tumor vascular status and response to vascular disrupting agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bradley DP, Tessier JJ, Ashton SE, Waterton JC, Wilson Z, Worthington PL, Ryan AJ. Correlation of MRI biomarkers with tumor necrosis in Hras5 tumor xenograft in athymic rats. Neoplasia 2007; 9:382-91. [PMID: 17534443 PMCID: PMC1877977 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can measure the effects of therapies targeting the tumor vasculature and has demonstrated that vascular-damaging agents (VDA) induce acute vascular shutdown in tumors in human and animal models. However, at subtherapeutic doses, blood flow may recover before the induction of significant levels of necrosis. We present the relationship between changes in MRI biomarkers and tumor necrosis. Multiple MRI measurements were taken at 4.7 T in athymic rats (n = 24) bearing 1.94 +/- 0.2-cm3 subcutaneous Hras5 tumors (ATCC 41000) before and 24 hours after clinically relevant doses of the VDA, ZD6126 (0-10 mg/kg, i.v.). We measured effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*), initial area under the gadolinium concentration-time curve (IAUGC(60/150)), equivalent enhancing fractions (EHF(60/150)), time constant (K(trans)), proportion of hypoperfused voxels as estimated from fit failures in K(trans) analysis, and signal intensity (SI) in T2-weighted MRI (T(2)W). ZD6126 treatment induced > 90% dose-dependent tumor necrosis at 10 mg/kg; correspondingly, SI changes were evident from T2W MRI. Although R2* did not correlate, other MRI biomarkers significantly correlated with necrosis at doses of > or = 5 mg/kg ZD6126. These data on Hras5 tumors suggest that the quantification of hypoperfused voxels might provide a useful biomarker of tumor necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Bradley
- Discovery Enabling Capabilities and Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lankester KJ, Taylor JN, Stirling JJ, Boxall J, d'Arcy JA, Collins DJ, Walker-Samuel S, Leach MO, Rustin GJS, Padhani AR. Dynamic MRI for imaging tumor microvasculature: comparison of susceptibility and relaxivity techniques in pelvic tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:796-805. [PMID: 17347990 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reproducibility of intrinsic relaxivity and both relaxivity- and susceptibility-based dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI in pelvic tumors; to correlate kinetic parameters obtained and to assess whether acute antivascular effects are seen in response to cisplatin- or taxane-based chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS T1-weighted and T2*-weighted DCE-MRI and basal R2* measurements were performed on three consecutive days in women with gynecological tumors. The third scan was 21.0 (range 17.3-23.5) hours after the first cycle of chemotherapy. Kinetic parameter estimates were obtained and correlated between techniques. Test-retest reproducibility and response to treatment were assessed. RESULTS Relative blood volume (rBV) and relative blood flow (rBF) correlated strongly with transfer constant (Ktrans), kep, and the initial area under the gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) concentration-time curve (IAUGC) (all P<0.01). The group 95% confidence interval (CI) for change was -10.8 to +12.1%; +/-5.1%; -9.5 to +10.5%; +/-7.5%; for Ktrans, ve, kep, and IAUGC, respectively, and +/-13.6%, +/-2.4%, +/-11.6%, and +/-11.0%, for rBV, mean transit time (MTT), rBF, and R2*, respectively. There were no significant acute changes in kinetic parameter estimates in response to treatment on group analysis, apart from a small decrease in ve. CONCLUSION The results confirm the dominant influence of flow on Ktrans in untreated gynecological tumors. There is no evidence of an acute, large magnitude antivascular effect caused by cisplatin- or taxane-based chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
42
|
Jost SC, Wanebo JE, Song SK, Chicoine MR, Rich KM, Woolsey TA, Lewis JS, Mach RH, Xu J, Garbow JR. In vivo imaging in a murine model of glioblastoma. Neurosurgery 2007; 60:360-70; discussion 370-1. [PMID: 17290188 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000249264.80579.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use in vivo imaging methods in mice to quantify intracranial glioma growth, to correlate images and histopathological findings, to explore tumor marker specificity, to assess effects on cortical function, and to monitor effects of chemotherapy. METHODS Mice with DBT glioma cell tumors implanted intracranially were imaged serially with a 4.7-T small-animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. MRI tumor volumes were measured and correlated with postmortem histological findings. Different nonspecific and specific positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals, [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose, [18F]3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine, or [11C]RHM-I, a sigma2-receptor ligand, were visualized with microPET (CTI-Concorde MicroSystems LLC, Knoxville, TN). Intrinsic optical signals were imaged serially during contralateral whisker stimulation to study the impact of tumor growth on cortical function. Other groups of mice were imaged serially with MRI after one or two doses of the antimitotic N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU). RESULTS MRI and histological tumor volumes were highly correlated (r2 = 0.85). Significant binding of [11C]RHM-I was observed in growing tumors. Over time, tumors reduced and displaced (P # 0.001) whisker-activated intrinsic optical signals but did not change intrinsic optical signals in the contralateral hemisphere. Tumor growth was delayed 7 days after a single dose of BCNU and 18 days after two doses of BCNU. Mean tumor volume 15 days after DBT implantation was significantly smaller for treated mice (1- and 2-dose BCNU) compared with controls (P = 0.0026). CONCLUSION Mouse MRI, positron emission tomography, and optical imaging provide quantitative and qualitative in vivo assessments of intracranial tumors that correlate directly with tumor histological findings. The combined imaging approach provides powerful multimodality assessments of tumor progression, effects on brain function, and responses to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Jost
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stephen RM, Gillies RJ. Promise and Progress for Functional and Molecular Imaging of Response to Targeted Therapies. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1172-85. [PMID: 17385018 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers to predict or monitor therapy response are becoming essential components of drug developer's armamentaria. Molecular and functional imaging has particular promise as a biomarker for anticancer therapies because it is non-invasive, can be used longitudinally and provides information on the whole patient or tumor. Despite this promise, molecular or functional imaging endpoints are not routinely incorporated into clinical trial design. As the costs of clinical trials and drug development become prohibitively more expensive, the need for improved biomarkers has become imperative and thus, the relatively high cost of imaging is justified. Imaging endpoints, such as Diffusion-Weighted MRI, DCE-MRI and FDG-PET have the potential to make drug development more efficient at all phases, from discovery screening with in vivo pharmacodynamics in animal models through the phase III enrichment of the patient population for potential responders. This review focuses on the progress of imaging responses to new classes of anti-cancer therapies targeted against PI3 kinase/AKT, HIF-1alpha and VEGF. The ultimate promise of molecular and functional imaging is to theragnostically predict response prior to commencement of targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renu M Stephen
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell, P.O. box: 245024, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Rational and efficient development of new molecular cancer therapeutics requires discovery, validation, and implementation of informative biomarkers. Measurement of molecular target status, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of drug exposure, and pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoints of drug effects on target, pathway, and downstream biological processes are extremely important. These can be linked to therapeutic effects in what we term a "pharmacological audit trail." Using biomarkers in preclinical drug discovery and development facilitates optimization of PK, PD, and therapeutic properties so that the best agent is selected for clinical evaluation. Applying biomarkers in early clinical trials helps identify the most appropriate patients; provides proof of concept for target modulation; helps test the underlying hypothesis; informs the rational selection of dose and schedule; aids decision making, including key go/no go questions; and may explain or predict clinical outcomes. Despite many successes such as trastuzumab and imatinib, exemplifying the value of targeting specific cancer defects, only 5% of oncology drugs that enter the clinic make it to marketing approval. Use of biomarkers should reduce this high level of attrition and bring forward key decisions (e.g., "fail fast"), thereby reducing the spiraling costs of drug development and increasing the likelihood of getting innovative and active drugs to cancer patients. In this chapter, we focus primarily on PD endpoints that demonstrate target modulation, including both invasive molecular assays and functional imaging technology. We also discuss related clinical trial design issues. Implementation of biomarkers in trials remains disappointingly low and we emphasize the need for greater cooperation between various stakeholders to improve this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sarker
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Pharmacology Team, Cancer Research UK, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tatum JL, Kelloff GJ, Gillies RJ, Arbeit JM, Brown JM, Chao KSC, Chapman JD, Eckelman WC, Fyles AW, Giaccia AJ, Hill RP, Koch CJ, Krishna MC, Krohn KA, Lewis JS, Mason RP, Melillo G, Padhani AR, Powis G, Rajendran JG, Reba R, Robinson SP, Semenza GL, Swartz HM, Vaupel P, Yang D, Croft B, Hoffman J, Liu G, Stone H, Sullivan D. Hypoxia: importance in tumor biology, noninvasive measurement by imaging, and value of its measurement in the management of cancer therapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2007; 82:699-757. [PMID: 17118889 DOI: 10.1080/09553000601002324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Cancer Imaging Program of the National Cancer Institute convened a workshop to assess the current status of hypoxia imaging, to assess what is known about the biology of hypoxia as it relates to cancer and cancer therapy, and to define clinical scenarios in which in vivo hypoxia imaging could prove valuable. RESULTS Hypoxia, or low oxygenation, has emerged as an important factor in tumor biology and response to cancer treatment. It has been correlated with angiogenesis, tumor aggressiveness, local recurrence, and metastasis, and it appears to be a prognostic factor for several cancers, including those of the cervix, head and neck, prostate, pancreas, and brain. The relationship between tumor oxygenation and response to radiation therapy has been well established, but hypoxia also affects and is affected by some chemotherapeutic agents. Although hypoxia is an important aspect of tumor physiology and response to treatment, the lack of simple and efficient methods to measure and image oxygenation hampers further understanding and limits their prognostic usefulness. There is no gold standard for measuring hypoxia; Eppendorf measurement of pO(2) has been used, but this method is invasive. Recent studies have focused on molecular markers of hypoxia, such as hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX (CA-IX), and on developing noninvasive imaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS This workshop yielded recommendations on using hypoxia measurement to identify patients who would respond best to radiation therapy, which would improve treatment planning. This represents a narrow focus, as hypoxia measurement might also prove useful in drug development and in increasing our understanding of tumor biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Tatum
- National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Room 6000, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852-7440, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lopata RGP, Backes WH, van den Bosch PPJ, van Riel NAW. On the identifiability of pharmacokinetic parameters in dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging. Magn Reson Med 2007; 58:425-9. [PMID: 17654583 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The so-called "Kety model" is a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model describing tumor perfusion kinetics. Its parameters, the transendothelial transfer constant (K(trans)), extravascular extracellular volume fraction (upsilon(e)), and microvascular plasma volume fraction (upsilon(p)), can be estimated with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). However, the results obtained by current methods show large variation in predictability and reliability. Here, the aim was to examine which experimental conditions have to be fulfilled to avoid large uncertainties and mutual dependencies of the parameters. Using frequency response analysis and simulation, the identifiability of the model was examined. The requirements and influence of contrast enhancement measurements, such as temporal resolution, signal to noise ratio, and contrast injection rate, on the accuracy of the parameters were analyzed. Tissue response characteristics revealed a low-frequency system with a cutoff frequency equal to K(trans)/upsilon(e), which confines the required temporal resolution. For malignant tissue with hyperpermeable vasculature (high K(trans)) a higher sampling frequency is required to accurately estimate K(trans) than for normal tissue. Too low sampling rates or too low injection rates resulted in inaccurate K(trans) values and hereby unreliable classification of malignant tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G P Lopata
- Clinical Physics Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Golman K, Zandt RI, Lerche M, Pehrson R, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH. Metabolic imaging by hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo tumor diagnosis. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10855-60. [PMID: 17108122 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The "Warburg effect," an elevation in aerobic glycolysis, may be a fundamental property of cancer cells. For cancer diagnosis and treatment, it would be valuable if elevated glycolytic metabolism could be quantified in an image in animals and humans. The pyruvate molecule is at the metabolic crossroad for energy delivery inside the cell, and with a noninvasive measurement of the relative transformation of pyruvate into lactate and alanine within a biologically relevant time frame (seconds), it may be possible to quantify the glycolytic status of the cells. We have examined the metabolism after i.v. injection of hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate in rats with implanted P22 tumors. The strongly enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance signal generated by the hyperpolarization techniques allows mapping of pyruvate, lactate, and alanine in a 5 x 5 x 10 mm(3) imaging voxel using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanner. The magnetic resonance scanning (chemical shift imaging) was initiated 24 seconds after the pyruvate injection and had a duration of 14 seconds. All implanted tumors showed significantly higher lactate content than the normal tissue. The results indicate that noninvasive quantification of localized Warburg effect may be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaes Golman
- Amersham Health R&D AB (Part of GE Healthcare), Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
McKeage MJ, Fong P, Jeffery M, Baguley BC, Kestell P, Ravic M, Jameson MB. 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid in the treatment of refractory tumors: a phase I safety study of a vascular disrupting agent. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1776-84. [PMID: 16551862 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This phase I safety study aimed to identify the optimal dose of the vascular disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) for combination studies. Using a crossover design, 15 patients with refractory tumors were allocated randomly to receive six sequential doses of DMXAA (300, 600, 1,200, 1,800, 2,400, and 3,000 mg m(-2)), each given once-weekly as a 20-minute i.v. infusion. The drug was generally well tolerated. Transient, moderate increases in the heart rate-corrected cardiac QT interval occurred at the two highest doses. DMXAA produced transient dose-dependent increases in blood pressure. Transient, dose-related visual disturbances occurred at the two highest doses. No significant changes in K(trans) and k(ep) were observed but V(e), a secondary dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging variable, increased significantly after giving DMXAA. At 1,200 mg m(-2), the Cmax and the area under the concentration-time curve over 24 hours for total and free DMXAA plasma concentrations were 315 +/- 25.8 microg/mL, 29 +/- 6.4 microg/mL x d, 8.0 +/- 1.77 microg/mL, and 0.43 +/- 0.07 microg/mL x d, respectively. Plasma levels of the vascular damage biomarker 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid increased in the 4 hours after treatment in a dose-dependent fashion up to 1,200 mg m(-2), with a plateau thereafter. Doses in the range of 1,200 mg m(-2) have been selected for further studies (phase II combination studies with taxanes and platins are under way) because this dose produced no significant effect on heart rate-corrected cardiac QT interval, produced near maximum levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, achieved DMXAA plasma concentrations within the preclinical therapeutic range, and was well tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McKeage
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Breidahl T, Nielsen FU, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Maxwell RJ, Horsman MR. The effects of the vascular disrupting agents combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate, 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid and ZD6126 in a murine tumour: a comparative assessment using MRI and MRS. Acta Oncol 2006; 45:306-16. [PMID: 16644574 DOI: 10.1080/02841860600570465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use magnetic resonance (MR) techniques to non-invasively compare the effects of the three leading vascular disrupting agents, namely combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4DP), 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) and ZD6126. A C3H mouse mammary carcinoma grown in the right rear foot of female CDF1 mice was used and treatments performed when tumours had reached 200 mm3 in volume. Drugs were prepared fresh before each experiment and intraperitoneally injected into restrained non-anaesthetised mice. Tumour response was evaluated using 31P-MR spectroscopy and T1- and T2- weighted imaging with a 7-Tesla, horizontal bore magnet, before and up to 24 hours after treatment. All three drugs significantly decreased bioenergetic status and pH, and did so in a time and dose dependent fashion, but there were differences; the decrease by CA4DP occurred more rapidly than for DMXAA or ZD6126, while DMXAA had a narrow window of activity compared to CA4DP and ZD6126. Changes in T1 weighted images for all three agents suggested a dose dependent increase in tumour oedema within three hours after treatment, consistent with an increase in vessel permeability. Using T2 weighted images there was some evidence of haemorrhagic necrosis by DMXAA, but such necrosis was limited following treatment with CA4DP or ZD6126.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Breidahl
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Meijerink MR, van Cruijsen H, Hoekman K, Kater M, van Schaik C, van Waesberghe JHTM, Giaccone G, Manoliu RA. The use of perfusion CT for the evaluation of therapy combining AZD2171 with gefitinib in cancer patients. Eur Radiol 2006; 17:1700-13. [PMID: 17072618 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-006-0425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion CT (CTP) in evaluating the hemodynamic response of tumors in the chest and abdomen treated with a combination of AZD2171 and gefitinib. Thirteen patients were examined just before and every 4-6 weeks after starting therapy. Following intravenous injection of a contrast agent, dynamic image acquisition was obtained at the level of a selected tumor location. To calculate perfusion, the maximum-slope method was used. Pre-treatment average perfusion for extra-hepatic masses was 84 ml/min/100 g, for liver masses arterial perfusion was 25 ml/min/100 g, and a portal perfusion of 30 ml/min/100 g was found. After the administration of AZD2171 and gefitinib, in extra-hepatic masses an initial decrease in perfusion of 18% was followed by a plateau and in liver masses an initial decrease of 39% within the lesions and of 36% within a rim region surrounding the lesions was followed by a tendency to recovery of hepatic artery flow. In conclusion, CTP is feasible in showing changes of perfusion induced by anti-angiogenic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn R Meijerink
- Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|