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Mavanji V, Pomonis BL, Shekels L, Kotz CM. Interactions between Lateral Hypothalamic Orexin and Dorsal Raphe Circuitry in Energy Balance. Brain Sci 2024; 14:464. [PMID: 38790443 PMCID: PMC11117928 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin terminals innervate the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which projects to motor control areas important for spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and energy expenditure (EE). Orexin receptors are expressed in the DRN, and obesity-resistant (OR) rats show higher expression of these receptors in the DRN and elevated SPA/EE. We hypothesized that orexin-A in the DRN enhances SPA/EE and that DRN-GABA modulates the effect of orexin-A on SPA/EE. We manipulated orexin tone in the DRN either through direct injection of orexin-A or through the chemogenetic activation of lateral-hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons. In the orexin neuron activation experiment, fifteen minutes prior to the chemogenetic activation of orexin neurons, the mice received either the GABA-agonist muscimol or antagonist bicuculline injected into the DRN, and SPA/EE was monitored for 24 h. In a separate experiment, orexin-A was injected into the DRN to study the direct effect of DRN orexin on SPA/EE. We found that the activation of orexin neurons elevates SPA/EE, and manipulation of GABA in the DRN does not alter the SPA response to orexin neuron activation. Similarly, intra-DRN orexin-A enhanced SPA and EE in the mice. These results suggest that orexin-A in the DRN facilitates negative energy balance by increasing physical activity-induced EE, and that modulation of DRN orexin-A is a potential strategy to promote SPA and EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Mavanji
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; (V.M.); (B.L.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brianna L. Pomonis
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; (V.M.); (B.L.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laurie Shekels
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; (V.M.); (B.L.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Catherine M. Kotz
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; (V.M.); (B.L.P.); (L.S.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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Levine JA. The Fidget Factor and the obesity paradox. How small movements have big impact. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1122938. [PMID: 37077429 PMCID: PMC10106700 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis is that the Fidget Factor is the innate neurological pulse that propels humans and other species to move to support their health. Fidgets, previously thought to be spontaneous, are neurologically regulated and highly ordered (non-random). Modern societies being chair-based overwhelm Fidget Factor pulses and consequently inflict chair-based living for transportation, labor, and leisure. Despite impulses firing through the nervous system, people sit because environmental design overwhelms the biology. Urbanization and chair-based societies were designed after the industrial revolution to promote productivity; however, the consequence has been opposite. Crushing the natural urge to move—the Fidget Factor—is a public health calamity. Excess sitting is associated with a myriad of detrimental health consequences and impairs productivity. Fidgeting may reduce all-cause mortality associated with excessive sitting. The Fidget Factor offers hope; data demonstrate that workplaces and schools can be designed to promote activity and free people's Fidget Factors. Evidence shows that people are happier, healthier, wealthier, and more successful if their Fidget Factors are freed.
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Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in skeletal muscle and hypothalamus of less or more physically active mice exposed to aerobic training. Life Sci 2022; 307:120872. [PMID: 35948119 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The synthesis of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) can be stimulated by aerobic training, but few is known about this effect associated or not with non-voluntary daily activities. We examined the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training in MCTs on the skeletal muscle and hypothalamus of less or more physically active mice, which can be achieved by keeping them in two different housing models, a small cage (SC) and a large cage (LC). MAIN METHODS Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups. In each housing condition, mice were divided into untrained (N) and trained (T). For 8 weeks, the trained animals ran on a treadmill with an intensity equivalent to 80 % of the individual critical velocity (CV), considered aerobic capacity, 40 min/day, 5 times/week. Protein expression of MCTs was determined with fluorescence Western Blot. KEY FINDINGS T groups had higher hypothalamic MCT2 than N groups (ANOVA, P = 0.032). Significant correlations were detected between hypothalamic MCT2 and CV. There was a difference between the SC and LC groups in relation to MCT4 in the hypothalamus (LC > SC, P = 0.044). Trained mice housed in LC (but not SC-T) exhibited a reduction in MCT4 muscle (P < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that aerobically trained mice increased the expression of MCT2 protein in the hypothalamus, which has been related to the uptake of lactate in neurons. Changes in energy metabolism in physically active mice (kept in LC) may be related to upregulation of hypothalamic MCT4, probably participating in the regulation of satiety.
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Pozzi R, Fernandes L, Cavalcante da Silva V, D'Almeida V. Nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise affect body composition and energy metabolism. Steroids 2021; 174:108899. [PMID: 34358557 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the independent and associated effects of nandrolone decanoate (DECA) and resistance exercise (REx) on central and peripheral hormones and neuropeptides related to energy balance in male rats. The experimental protocol was performed for eight weeks and comprised four groups: control (C) - exposed to vehicle 3x/wk; trained (T) - REx 5x/wk and vehicle 3x/wk; decanoate (D) - exposed to DECA (5 mg/kg) 3x/wk, and REx with DECA (TD) - submitted to REx 5x/wk and DECA (5 mg/kg) 3x/wk. Cross-sectional area analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle was higher in the T and TD groups compared to the C group. Biometrical analyses showed a decrease in body weight only in the TD compared to the C group, however, a reduction in total fat mass was observed in both the T and TD when compared to the C group. In respect of hypothalamic mRNA expression, there was an increase in prepro-orexin in the T compared to the C group. In mesenteric fat there was a decrease in leptin expression in the T and TD compared to the C group. Plasma evaluations showed reduced leptin concentrations in D, T and TD compared to C, and an increase in orexin-A in the D group compared to the C and T groups. Our data showed that REx was related to central and peripheral changes in energy metabolism, while DECA changed only peripheral components. REx associated with DECA promoted peripheral changes in energy metabolism and decreased body and fat weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Pozzi
- Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fernandes
- Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Golovenko M, Belenichev I, Larionov V, Reder A, Serhiy A. Physiological aspects of rat activity, their anxiety and memory after administration of full gabaa-receptor complex agonist propoxazepam. SCIENCERISE: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.15587/2519-8025.2020.207368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Polito R, Monda V, Nigro E, Messina A, Di Maio G, Giuliano MT, Orrù S, Imperlini E, Calcagno G, Mosca L, Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Scarinci A, Sessa F, Salerno M, Marsala G, Buono P, Mancini A, Monda M, Daniele A, Messina G. The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32390865 PMCID: PMC7188914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise represents the most important integrative therapy in metabolic, immunologic and chronic diseases; it represents a valid strategy in the non-pharmacological intervention of lifestyle linked diseases. A large body of evidence indicates physical exercise as an effective measure against chronic non-communicable diseases. The worldwide general evidence for health benefits are both for all ages and skill levels. In a dysregulated lifestyle such as in the obesity, there is an imbalance in the production of different cytokines. In particular, we focused on Adiponectin, an adipokine producted by adipose tissue, and on Orexin-A, a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus. The production of both Adiponectin and Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity and both these hormones have similar actions. Indeed, they improve energy and glucose metabolism, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In addition, a relevant biological role of Adiponectin and Orexin A has been recently highlighted in the immune system, where they function as immune-suppressor factors. The strong connection between these two cytokines and healthy status is mediated by physical activity and candidates these hormones as potential biomarkers of the beneficial effects induced by physical activity. For these reasons, this review aims to underly the interconnections among Adiponectin, Orexin-A, physical activity and healthy status. Furthermore, it is analyzed the involvement of Adiponectin and Orexin-A in physical activity as physiological factors improving healthy status through physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgery Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria - Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Reppucci CJ, Gergely CK, Bredewold R, Veenema AH. Involvement of orexin/hypocretin in the expression of social play behaviour in juvenile rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLAY 2020; 9:108-127. [PMID: 33042634 PMCID: PMC7540609 DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2020.1720132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Social play is a highly rewarding and motivated behaviour displayed by juveniles of many mammalian species. We hypothesized that the orexin/hypocretin (ORX) system is involved in the expression of juvenile social play behaviour because this system is interconnected with brain regions that comprise the social behaviour and mesocorticolimbic reward networks. We found that exposure to social play increased recruitment of ORX-A neurons in juvenile rats. Furthermore, central administration of ORX-A decreased social play duration, while central blockade of ORX-1 receptors differentially altered social play duration in juvenile rats with low versus high baseline levels of social play (increasing social play in low baseline social play individuals and decreasing social play in high baseline social play individuals). Together, our results provided the first evidence of a role for the ORX system in the modulation of juvenile social play behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J. Reppucci
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA University
- corresponding author: , Postal address: Christina J. Reppucci, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | | | - Remco Bredewold
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA University
| | - Alexa H. Veenema
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA University
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Chow HM, Shi M, Cheng A, Gao Y, Chen G, Song X, So RWL, Zhang J, Herrup K. Age-related hyperinsulinemia leads to insulin resistance in neurons and cell-cycle-induced senescence. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1806-1819. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Scariot PPM, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Prolla TA, Masselli Dos Reis IG, Gobatto CA. Housing conditions modulate spontaneous physical activity, feeding behavior, aerobic running capacity and adiposity in C57BL/6J mice. Horm Behav 2019; 115:104556. [PMID: 31310763 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence of reduced adiposity in rodents living in a large cages (LC) as compared to animals housed in small cages (SC). Because spontaneous physical activity (SPA) provides an important portion of the total daily energy expenditure, an increase of SPA in rodents kept in LC could explain their reduced body fat accumulation. The relationship between SPA and components of physical fitness (i.e. aerobic and anaerobic fitness and body leanness) has not been previously determined. We examined the effects of eight weeks of LC exposure on SPA, body composition, feeding behavior, as well as aerobic and anaerobic running capacity in adult C57BL/6J mice. Male mice were housed in cages of two different sizes for 8 weeks: a small (SC, n = 10) and large (LC n = 10) cages with 1320 cm2 and 4800 cm2 floor space, respectively. SPA was measured gravimetrically, and food and water intake were recorded daily. Mice had critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic running capacity (ARC) evaluated at the beginning, middle course (4th week) and at the end of study (8th week). Despite non-significant differences in each week LC-mice were more active than SC-mice by considering all SPA values obtained in the entire period of 8 weeks. The difference in SPA over the whole day was mainly due to light phase activity, but also due to activity at dark period (from 6 pm to 9 pm and from 5 am to 6 am). LC-mice also exhibited higher food and water intake over the entire 8-wk period. LC-mice had lower content of fat mass (% of the eviscerated carcass) than SC-mice (SC: 8.4 ± 0.4 vs LC: 6.3 ± 0.3, p < 0.05). LC-mice also exhibited reduced epididymal fat pads (% of body mass) compared to SC-mice (SC: 1.3 ± 0.1 vs LC: 0.9 ± 0.1, p < 0.05) and retroperitoneal fat pads (SC: 0.4 ± 0.05 vs LC: 0.2 ± 0.02, p < 0.05). The LC-group showed significantly higher critical velocity than SC-group at the fourth week (SC: 14.9 ± 0.6 m·min-1 vs LC: 18.0 ± 0.3 m·min-1, p < 0.05) and eighth week (SC: 17.1 ± 0.5 m·min-1 vs LC: 18.8 ± 0.6 m·min-1, p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that eight weeks of LC housing increases SPA of C57BL/6J mice, and this may lead to reduced fat accumulation as well as higher aerobic fitness. Importantly, our study implies that SC limits SPA, possibly generating experimental artifacts in long-term rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B Manchado-Gobatto
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomas A Prolla
- Department of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ivan G Masselli Dos Reis
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Skrzypski M, Billert M, Nowak KW, Strowski MZ. The role of orexin in controlling the activity of the adipo-pancreatic axis. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R95-R108. [PMID: 29848609 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A and B are two neuropeptides, which regulate a variety of physiological functions by interacting with central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Biological effects of orexins are mediated through two G-protein-coupled receptors (OXR1 and OXR2). In addition to their strong influence on the sleep-wake cycle, there is growing evidence that orexins regulate body weight, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, orexins promote energy expenditure and protect against obesity by interacting with brown adipocytes. Fat tissue and the endocrine pancreas play pivotal roles in maintaining energy homeostasis. Since both organs are crucially important in the context of pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of orexins and their receptors in controlling adipocytes as well as the endocrine pancreatic functions. Particularly, we discuss studies evaluating the effects of orexins in controlling brown and white adipocytes as well as pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - K W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology & The Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Park-Klinik WeissenseeInternal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Walley SN, Roepke TA. Perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds and the control of feeding behavior-An overview. Horm Behav 2018; 101:22-28. [PMID: 29107582 PMCID: PMC5938167 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that can interact with steroid and nuclear receptors or alter hormone production. Many studies have reported that perinatal exposure to EDC including bisphenol A, PCB, dioxins, and DDT disrupt energy balance, body weight, adiposity, or glucose homeostasis in rodent offspring. However, little information exists on the effects of perinatal EDC exposure on the control of feeding behaviors and meal pattern (size, frequency, duration), which may contribute to their obesogenic properties. Feeding behaviors are controlled centrally through communication between the hindbrain and hypothalamus with inputs from the emotion and reward centers of the brain and modulated by peripheral hormones like ghrelin and leptin. Discrete hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamus, and ventromedial nucleus) project numerous reciprocal neural connections between each other and to other brain regions including the hindbrain (nucleus tractus solitarius and parabrachial nucleus). Most studies on the effects of perinatal EDC exposure examine simple crude food intake over the course of the experiment or for a short period in adult models. In addition, these studies do not examine EDC's impacts on the feeding neurocircuitry of the hypothalamus-hindbrain, the response to peripheral hormones (leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, etc.) after refeeding, or other feeding behavior paradigms. The purpose of this review is to discuss those few studies that report crude food or energy intake after perinatal EDC exposure and to explore the need for deeper investigations in the hypothalamic-hindbrain neurocircuitry and discrete feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Walley
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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12
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Zhang XY, Shen W, Liu DZ, Wang DH. Diversity of Thermogenic Capacity Predicts Divergent Obesity Susceptibility in a Wild Rodent. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:111-118. [PMID: 29131548 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to examine whether wild rodents exhibit diverse obesity susceptibility and what factors predispose subjects to this divergence in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Sixty male and female Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) were fed an HFD for 8 weeks, and the upper (obesity prone [OP]) and lower (obesity resistant [OR]) one-third for mass gain were selected. Energy budgets and pathologic changes were measured. Another 30 males were fed a low-fat control diet (LFD) for 10 weeks and then fed an HFD for 12 weeks. The energetic parameters of the rodents on an LFD were analyzed for the correlation with body mass of the rodents on an HFD. RESULTS OP voles had higher energy intakes, higher levels of noradrenaline-induced nonshivering thermogenesis, and a greater impairment of insulin tolerance than OR voles. Unlike laboratory rodents, there were no differences in physical activity or resting metabolic rate between these groups of voles. The thermogenic capacity during LFD feeding was the strongest predictor for mass gain during HFD feeding. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a wild rodent species of Brandt's voles exhibits diverse obesity susceptibility in reaction to an HFD, providing a natural model to give insight into the mechanisms for divergent obesity susceptibility. This study also indicates that maximum thermogenic capacity has a predictive power for the development of obesity when an HFD was available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ding-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Spontaneous physical activity (SPA) is a physical activity not motivated by a rewarding goal, such as that associated with food-seeking or wheel-running behavior. SPA is often thought of as only "fidgeting," but that is a mischaracterization, since fidgety behavior can be linked to stereotypies in neurodegenerative disease and other movement disorders. Instead, SPA should be thought of as all physical activity behavior that emanates from an unconscious drive for movement. RECENT FINDINGS An example of this may be restless behavior, which can include fidgeting and gesticulating, frequent sit-to-stand movement, and more time spent standing and moving. All physical activity burns calories, and as such, SPA could be manipulated as a means to burn calories, and defend against weight gain and reduce excess adiposity. In this review, we discuss human and animal literature on the use of SPA in reducing weight gain, the neuromodulators that could be targeted to this end, and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Kotz
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- GRECC, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, 1177 E 4th street, Shantz 332, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Charles J Billington
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 5545, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
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14
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Zink AN, Bunney PE, Holm AA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Neuromodulation of orexin neurons reduces diet-induced adiposity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:737-745. [PMID: 29180723 PMCID: PMC5962366 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Low levels of orexin are associated with obesity and reduced physical activity in humans and animals. Subjects/Methods: Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) selectively activated orexin neurons in mouse lateral hypothalamus (LH) to measure effects on spontaneous physical activity (SPA). DREADD targeting was achieved by stereotaxic injection of AAV vectors into caudal lateral LH of heterozygous orexin-Cre or C57/B6J mice. In one set of studies, excitation of orexin neurons was examined (virus: AAV2-EF1a-DIO-hM3Dq-mCherry), and test sessions began 3-4 h after light cycle onset. In a study examining the inhibition of orexin neurons (virus: AAV2-hSyn-DIO-hM4Di-mCherry), testing began 15 min prior to dark cycle onset. Clozapine n-oxide (CNO; 1 or 5 mg/kg) or saline was injected intraperitoneally and time spent moving in open field chambers was recorded for 2 h. Follow-up studies in separate mouse cohorts quantified SPA in parallel with changes in energy expenditure (EE) and chow intake using indirect calorimetry chambers (SableSystem™). Following acclimation, testing sessions (saline and/or CNO) took place over the course of ~1 week, with injections administered every day. Changes in SPA, EE, chow intake, fecal boli, and body composition (EchoMRI™) were measured. Additional mice cohorts were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and injected with CNO daily up to 10 days to assess the potential for orexin activation to prevent diet-induced obesity. Results: Activation of orexin resulted in increases in SPA in male and female mice, and was accompanied by increases in energy expenditure without changes in overall chow intake. When orexin activation occurred in the context of high fat diet, weight gain and adiposity were significantly attenuated. SPA was decreased when DREADDs were used to inhibit orexin activity. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that orexin neurons play a critical role in mediating physical activity and suggest a novel therapeutic target for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Zink
- Medical Devices Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P E Bunney
- Minnesota Obesity Prevention Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A A Holm
- Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C J Billington
- Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Endocrinology section, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C M Kotz
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Bunney PE, Zink AN, Holm AA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Orexin activation counteracts decreases in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) caused by high-fat diet. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:139-148. [PMID: 28363838 PMCID: PMC5510739 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 779] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity result from an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, including expenditure from spontaneous physical activity (SPA). Changes in SPA and resulting changes in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) likely interact with diet to influence risk for obesity. However, previous research on the relationship between diet, physical activity, and energy expenditure has been mixed. The neuropeptide orexin is a driver of SPA, and orexin neuron activity can be manipulated using DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs). We hypothesized that HFD decreases SPA and NEAT, and that DREADD-mediated activation of orexin neuron signaling would abolish this decrease and produce an increase in NEAT instead. To test these ideas, we characterized behaviors to determine the extent to which access to a high-fat diet (HFD) influences the proportion and probability of engaging in food intake and activity. We then measured NEAT following access to HFD and following a DREADD intervention targeting orexin neurons. Two cohorts of orexin-cre male mice were injected with an excitatory DREADD virus into the caudal hypothalamus, where orexin neurons are concentrated. Mice were then housed in continuous metabolic phenotyping cages (Sable Promethion). Food intake, indirect calorimetry, and SPA were automatically measured every second. For cohort 1 (n=8), animals were given access to chow, then switched to HFD. For cohort 2 (n=4/group), half of the animals were given access to HFD, the other access to chow. Then, among animals on HFD, orexin neurons were activated following injections of clozapine n-oxide (CNO). Mice on HFD spent significantly less time eating (p<0.01) and more time inactive compared to mice on chow (p<0.01). Following a meal, mice on HFD were significantly more likely to engage in periods of inactivity compared to those on chow (p<0.05). NEAT was decreased in animals on HFD, and was increased to the NEAT level of control animals following activation of orexin neurons with DREADDs. Food intake (kilocalories) was not significantly different between mice on chow and HFD, yet mice on chow expended more energy per unit of SPA, relative to that in mice consuming HFD. These results suggest that HFD consumption reduces SPA and NEAT, and increases inactivity following a meal. Together, the data suggest a change in the efficiency of energy expenditure based upon diet, such that SPA during HFD burns fewer calories compared to SPA on a standard chow diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Bunney
- Minnesota Obesity Prevention Training Program, University of Minnesota, United States; Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, United States.
| | - A N Zink
- Medical Devices Center, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - A A Holm
- Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - C J Billington
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, United States; Department of Medicine, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, United States
| | - C M Kotz
- Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, United States; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, United States
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16
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Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. Blaming the Brain for Obesity: Integration of Hedonic and Homeostatic Mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1728-1738. [PMID: 28192106 PMCID: PMC5406238 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The brain plays a key role in the controls of energy intake and expenditure, and many genes associated with obesity are expressed in the central nervous system. Technological and conceptual advances in both basic and clinical neurosciences have expanded the traditional view of homeostatic regulation of body weight by mainly the hypothalamus to include hedonic controls of appetite by cortical and subcortical brain areas processing external sensory information, reward, cognition, and executive functions. Hedonic controls interact with homeostatic controls to regulate body weight in a flexible and adaptive manner that takes environmental conditions into account. This new conceptual framework has several important implications for the treatment of obesity. Because much of this interactive neural processing is outside awareness, cognitive restraint in a world of plenty is made difficult and prevention and treatment of obesity should be more rationally directed to the complex and often redundant mechanisms underlying this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Perez-Leighton C, Little MR, Grace M, Billington C, Kotz CM. Orexin signaling in rostral lateral hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens shell in the control of spontaneous physical activity in high- and low-activity rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 312:R338-R346. [PMID: 28039192 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00339.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous physical activity (SPA) describes activity outside of formal exercise and shows large interindividual variability. The hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin peptides are key regulators of SPA. Orexins drive SPA within multiple brain sites, including rostral lateral hypothalamus (LH) and nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh). Rats with high basal SPA (high activity, HA) show higher orexin mRNA expression and SPA after injection of orexin-A in rostral LH compared with low-activity (LA) rats. Here, we explored the contribution of orexin signaling in rostral LH and NAcSh to the HA/LA phenotype. We found that HA rats have higher sensitivity to SPA after injection of orexin-A in rostral LH, but not in NAcSh. HA and LA rats showed similar levels of orexin receptor expression in rostral LH, and activation of orexin-producing neurons after orexin-A injection in rostral LH. Also, in HA and LA rats, the coinjection of orexin-A in rostral LH and NAcSh failed to further increase SPA beyond the effects of orexin-A in rostral LH. Pretreatment with muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist, in NAcSh potentiated SPA produced by orexin-A injection in rostral LH in HA but not in LA rats. Our results suggest that a feedback loop from orexin-responsive neurons in rostral LH to orexin neurons and a the NAcSh-orexin neuron-rostral LH circuit regulate SPA. Overall, our data suggest that differences in orexin sensitivity in rostral LH and its modulation by GABA afferents from NAcSh contribute to individual SPA differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Perez-Leighton
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, Chile.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
| | - Morgan R Little
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota
| | - Martha Grace
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Charles Billington
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; .,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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18
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Effects of a maternal high-fat diet on offspring behavioral and metabolic parameters in a rodent model. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:75-88. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diet-induced obesity can cause detrimental developmental origins of health and disease in offspring. Perinatal exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) can lead to later behavioral and metabolic disturbances, but it is not clear which behaviors and metabolic parameters are most vulnerable. To address this critical gap, biparental and monogamous oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus), which may better replicate most human societies, were used in the current study. About 2 weeks before breeding, adult females were placed on a control or HFD and maintained on the diets throughout gestation and lactation. F1 offspring were placed at weaning (30 days of age) on the control diet and spatial learning and memory, anxiety, exploratory, voluntary physical activity, and metabolic parameters were tested when they reached adulthood (90 days of age). Surprisingly, maternal HFD caused decreased latency in initial and reverse Barnes maze trials in male, but not female, offspring. Both male and female HFD-fed offspring showed increased anxiogenic behaviors, but decreased exploratory and voluntary physical activity. Moreover, HFD offspring demonstrated lower resting energy expenditure (EE) compared with controls. Accordingly, HFD offspring weighed more at adulthood than those from control fed dams, likely the result of reduced physical activity and EE. Current findings indicate a maternal HFD may increase obesity susceptibility in offspring due to prenatal programming resulting in reduced physical activity and EE later in life. Further work is needed to determine the underpinning neural and metabolic mechanisms by which a maternal HFD adversely affects neurobehavioral and metabolic pathways in offspring.
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19
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Thyfault JP, Du M, Kraus WE, Levine JA, Booth FW. Physiology of sedentary behavior and its relationship to health outcomes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1301-5. [PMID: 25222820 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article reports on the findings and recommendations of the "Physiology of Sedentary Behavior and Its Relationship to Health Outcomes" group, a part of a larger workshop entitled Sedentary Behavior: Identifying Research Priorities sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and by the National Institute on Aging, which aimed to establish sedentary behavior research priorities. METHODS The discussion within our workshop led to the formation of critical physiological research objectives related to sedentary behaviors, that is, if appropriately researched, would greatly affect our overall understanding of human health and longevity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Primary questions are related to physiological "health outcomes" including the influence of physical activity versus sedentary behavior on the function of a number of critical physiological systems (aerobic capacity, skeletal muscle metabolism and function, telomeres/genetic stability, and cognitive function). The group also derived important recommendations related to the "central and peripheral mechanisms" that govern sedentary behavior and how energy balance has a role in mediating these processes. General recommendations for future sedentary physiology research efforts indicate that studies of sedentary behavior, including that of sitting time only, should focus on the physiological effect of a "lack of human movement" in contradistinction to the effects of physical movement and that new models or strategies for studying sedentary behavior-induced adaptations and links to disease development are needed to elucidate underlying mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- 1Departments of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology and Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 2Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; 3Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; 4Mayo Clinic, Obesity Solutions, Scottsdale, AZ; and 5Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Pharmacology-Physiology, and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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20
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Gac L, Kanaly V, Ramirez V, Teske J, Pinto M, Perez-Leighton C. Behavioral characterization of a model of differential susceptibility to obesity induced by standard and personalized cafeteria diet feeding. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:315-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Pollock KE, Stevens D, Pennington KA, Thaisrivongs R, Kaiser J, Ellersieck MR, Miller DK, Schulz LC. Hyperleptinemia During Pregnancy Decreases Adult Weight of Offspring and Is Associated With Increased Offspring Locomotor Activity in Mice. Endocrinology 2015. [PMID: 26196541 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women who are obese or have gestational diabetes mellitus have elevated leptin levels and their children have an increased risk for child and adult obesity. The goals of this study were to determine whether offspring weights are altered by maternal hyperleptinemia, and whether this occurs via behavioral changes that influence energy balance. We used 2 hyperleptinemic mouse models. The first was females heterozygous for a leptin receptor mutation (DB/+), which were severely hyperleptinemic, and that were compared with wild-type females. The second model was wild-type females infused with leptin (LEP), which were moderately hyperleptinemic, and were compared with wild-type females infused with saline (SAL). Total food consumption, food preference, locomotor activity, coordinated motor skills, and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed in wild-type offspring from each maternal group at 3 postnatal ages: 4-6, 11-13, and 19-21 weeks. Half the offspring from each group were then placed on a high-fat diet, and behaviors were reassessed. Adult offspring from both groups of hyperleptinemic dams weighed less than their respective controls beginning at 23 weeks of age, independent of diet or sex. Weight differences were not explained by food consumption or preference, because female offspring from hyperleptinemic dams tended to consume more food and had reduced preference for palatable, high-fat and sugar, food compared with controls. Offspring from DB/+ dams were more active than offspring of controls, as were female offspring of LEP dams. Maternal hyperleptinemia during pregnancy did not predispose offspring to obesity, and in fact, reduced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Pollock
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Damaiyah Stevens
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kathleen A Pennington
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Rose Thaisrivongs
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Dennis K Miller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Laura Clamon Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Sex-dependent effects of developmental exposure to bisphenol A and ethinyl estradiol on metabolic parameters and voluntary physical activity. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:539-52. [PMID: 26378919 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) have received considerable attention as potential obesogens. Past studies examining obesogenic potential of one widespread EDC, bisphenol A (BPA), have generally focused on metabolic and adipose tissue effects. However, physical inactivity has been proposed to be a leading cause of obesity. A paucity of studies has considered whether EDC, including BPA, affects this behavior. To test whether early exposure to BPA and ethinyl estradiol (EE, estrogen present in birth control pills) results in metabolic and such behavioral disruptions, California mice developmentally exposed to BPA and EE were tested as adults for energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), body composition (echoMRI) and physical activity (measured by beam breaks and voluntary wheel running). Serum glucose and metabolic hormones were measured. No differences in body weight or food consumption were detected. BPA-exposed females exhibited greater variation in weight than females in control and EE groups. During the dark and light cycles, BPA females exhibited a higher average respiratory quotient than control females, indicative of metabolizing carbohydrates rather than fats. Various assessments of voluntary physical activity in the home cage confirmed that during the dark cycle, BPA and EE-exposed females were significantly less active in this setting than control females. Similar effects were not observed in BPA or EE-exposed males. No significant differences were detected in serum glucose, insulin, adiponectin and leptin concentrations. Results suggest that females developmentally exposed to BPA exhibit decreased motivation to engage in voluntary physical activity and altered metabolism of carbohydrates v. fats, which could have important health implications.
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23
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Mavanji V, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM, Billington CJ, Parthasarathy S, Sinton CM, Teske JA. Promotion of Wakefulness and Energy Expenditure by Orexin-A in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Area. Sleep 2015; 38:1361-70. [PMID: 25845696 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) and the orexin/hypocretin neuronal system are key regulators of sleep onset, transitions between vigilance states, and energy homeostasis. Reciprocal projections exist between the VLPO and orexin/hypocretin neurons. Although the importance of the VLPO to sleep regulation is clear, it is unknown whether VLPO neurons are involved in energy balance. The purpose of these studies was to determine if the VLPO is a site of action for orexin-A, and which orexin receptor subtype(s) would mediate these effects of orexin-A. We hypothesized that orexin-A in the VLPO modulates behaviors (sleep and wakefulness, feeding, spontaneous physical activity [SPA]) to increase energy expenditure. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS Sleep, wakefulness, SPA, feeding, and energy expenditure were determined after orexin-A microinjection in the VLPO of male Sprague-Dawley rats with unilateral cannulae targeting the VLPO. We also tested whether pretreatment with a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA, TCS-1102) or an OX2R antagonist (JNJ-10397049) blocked the effects of orexin-A on the sleep/wake cycle or SPA, respectively. RESULTS Orexin-A injected into the VLPO significantly increased wakefulness, SPA, and energy expenditure (SPA-induced and total) and reduced NREM sleep and REM sleep with no effect on food intake. Pretreatment with DORA blocked the increase in wakefulness and the reduction in NREM sleep elicited by orexin-A, and the OX2R antagonist reduced SPA stimulated by orexin-A. CONCLUSIONS These data show the ventrolateral preoptic area is a site of action for orexin-A, which may promote negative energy balance by modulating sleep/wakefulness and stimulating spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio E Perez-Leighton
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis, MN.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Charles J Billington
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Sairam Parthasarathy
- Arizona Respiratory Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Medicine University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Christopher M Sinton
- Arizona Respiratory Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Medicine University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN.,Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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24
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Allerton TD, Primeaux SD. High-fat diet differentially regulates metabolic parameters in obesity-resistant S5B/Pl rats and obesity-prone Osborne-Mendel rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:206-215. [PMID: 26641537 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The current experiment tested the hypothesis that consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) would differentially affect metabolic parameters in obesity-prone Osborne-Mendel (OM) and obesity-resistant S5B/Pl (S5B) rats. In OM rats consuming a HFD, an increase in HFD intake, body mass, and percent fat mass, and a HFD-induced decrease in metabolic rate and energy expenditure were demonstrated. In S5B rats consuming a HFD, no change in percent body fat or HFD intake was demonstrated and HFD increased metabolic rate and energy expenditure. To assess whether HFD differentially altered skeletal muscle markers of metabolism in OM and S5B rats, the expression of the transporters, CD36 and GLUT4, and the energy sensors, AMPK and PPARγ, in the gastrocnemius muscle was measured. Oxidation and lipid accumulation in the gastrocnemius muscle was histologically determined. Consumption of a HFD decreased phosphorylated AMPK and PPARγ expression in the skeletal muscle of obesity-prone OM rats. Lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle was significantly higher in OM rats fed a HFD. Overall, these data suggest that the differential response to HFD on metabolic rate, energy expenditure, and phosphorylated AMPK and PPARγ in OM and S5B rats, may partially account for differences in the susceptibility to develop obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Allerton
- a Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Stefany D Primeaux
- a Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,b Joint Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism Program, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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25
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Nixon JP, Mavanji V, Butterick TA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Teske JA. Sleep disorders, obesity, and aging: the role of orexin. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:63-73. [PMID: 25462194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptides orexin A and B (hypocretin 1 and 2) are important homeostatic mediators of central control of energy metabolism and maintenance of sleep/wake states. Dysregulation or loss of orexin signaling has been linked to narcolepsy, obesity, and age-related disorders. In this review, we present an overview of our current understanding of orexin function, focusing on sleep disorders, energy balance, and aging, in both rodents and humans. We first discuss animal models used in studies of obesity and sleep, including loss of function using transgenic or viral-mediated approaches, gain of function models using exogenous delivery of orexin receptor agonist, and naturally-occurring models in which orexin responsiveness varies by individual. We next explore rodent models of orexin in aging, presenting evidence that orexin loss contributes to age-related changes in sleep and energy balance. In the next section, we focus on clinical importance of orexin in human obesity, sleep, and aging. We include discussion of orexin loss in narcolepsy and potential importance of orexin in insomnia, correlations between animal and human studies of age-related decline, and evidence for orexin involvement in age-related changes in cognitive performance. Finally, we present a summary of recent studies of orexin in neurodegenerative disease. We conclude that orexin acts as an integrative homeostatic signal influencing numerous brain regions, and that this pivotal role results in potential dysregulation of multiple physiological processes when orexin signaling is disrupted or lost.
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Zink AN, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM. The orexin neuropeptide system: physical activity and hypothalamic function throughout the aging process. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:211. [PMID: 25408639 PMCID: PMC4219460 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising medical need for novel therapeutic targets of physical activity. Physical activity spans from spontaneous, low intensity movements to voluntary, high-intensity exercise. Regulation of spontaneous and voluntary movement is distributed over many brain areas and neural substrates, but the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for mediating overall activity levels are not well understood. The hypothalamus plays a central role in the control of physical activity, which is executed through coordination of multiple signaling systems, including the orexin neuropeptides. Orexin producing neurons integrate physiological and metabolic information to coordinate multiple behavioral states and modulate physical activity in response to the environment. This review is organized around three questions: (1) How do orexin peptides modulate physical activity? (2) What are the effects of aging and lifestyle choices on physical activity? (3) What are the effects of aging on hypothalamic function and the orexin peptides? Discussion of these questions will provide a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding hypothalamic orexin regulation of physical activity during aging and provide a platform on which to develop improved clinical outcomes in age-associated obesity and metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Zink
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Kotz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; GRECC (11G), Minneapolis VA Healthcare System Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
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28
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Noble EE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Wang C. Oxytocin in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus reduces feeding and acutely increases energy expenditure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R737-45. [PMID: 24990860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00118.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Central oxytocin reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) is associated with energy balance and contains a high density of oxytocin receptors. We hypothesized that oxytocin in the VMN is a negative regulator of energy balance acting to reduce feeding and increase energy expenditure. To test this idea, oxytocin or vehicle was injected directly into the VMN of Sprague-Dawley rats during fasted and nonfasted conditions. Energy expenditure (via indirect calorimetry) and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) were recorded simultaneously. Animals were also exposed to a conditioned taste aversion test, to determine whether oxytocin's effects on food intake were associated with malaise. When food was available during testing, oxytocin-induced elevations in energy expenditure lasted for 1 h, after which overall energy expenditure was reduced. In the absence of food during the testing period, oxytocin similarly increased energy expenditure during the first hour, but differences in 12-h energy expenditure were eliminated, implying that the differences may have been due to the thermic effects of feeding (digestion, absorption, and metabolic processing). Oxytocin acutely elevated SPA and reduced feeding at doses that did not cause a conditioned taste aversion during both the fed and fasted states. Together, these data suggest that oxytocin in the VMN promotes satiety and acutely elevates energy expenditure and SPA and implicates the VMN as a relevant site for the antiobesity effects of oxytocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Noble
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and
| | - Charles J Billington
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - ChuanFeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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29
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Teske JA, Perez-Leighton CE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Methodological considerations for measuring spontaneous physical activity in rodents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R714-21. [PMID: 24598463 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00479.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
When exploring biological determinants of spontaneous physical activity (SPA), it is critical to consider whether methodological factors differentially affect rodents and the measured SPA. We determined whether acclimation time, sensory stimulation, vendor, or chamber size affected measures in rodents with varying propensity for SPA. We used principal component analysis to determine which SPA components (ambulatory and vertical counts, time in SPA, and distance traveled) best described the variability in SPA measurements. We compared radiotelemetry and infrared photobeams used to measure SPA and exploratory activity. Acclimation time, sensory stimulation, vendor, and chamber size independently influenced SPA, and the effect was moderated by the propensity for SPA. A 24-h acclimation period prior to SPA measurement was sufficient for habituation. Principal component analysis showed that ambulatory and vertical measurements of SPA describe different dimensions of the rodent's SPA behavior. Smaller testing chambers and a sensory attenuation cubicle around the chamber reduced SPA. SPA varies between rodents purchased from different vendors. Radiotelemetry and infrared photobeams differ in their sensitivity to detect phenotypic differences in SPA and exploratory activity. These data highlight methodological considerations in rodent SPA measurement and a need to standardize SPA methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota;
| | - Claudio E Perez-Leighton
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Charles J Billington
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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30
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Abstract
Obesity has increased in prevalence worldwide, attributed in part to the influences of an obesity-promoting environment and genetic factors. While obesity and overweight increasingly seem to be the norm, there remain individuals who resist obesity. We present here an overview of data supporting the idea that hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin A (OXA; hypocretin 1) may be a key component of brain mechanisms underlying obesity resistance. Prior work with models of obesity and obesity resistance in rodents has shown that increased orexin and/or orexin sensitivity is correlated with elevated spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and that orexin-induced SPA contributes to obesity resistance via increased non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). However, central hypothalamic orexin signaling mechanisms that regulate SPA remain undefined. Our ongoing studies and work of others support the hypothesis that one such mechanism may be upregulation of a hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α)-dependent pathway, suggesting that orexin may promote obesity resistance both by increasing SPA and by influencing the metabolic state of orexin-responsive hypothalamic neurons. We discuss potential mechanisms based on both animal and in vitro pharmacological studies, in the context of elucidating potential molecular targets for obesity prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy A. Butterick
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research 151, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN USA 55417
| | - Charles J. Billington
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research 151, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN USA 55417
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 225 Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN USA 55108
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Suite 14-110 Phillips-Wangensteen Bldg, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 194, Minneapolis, MN USA 55455
| | - Catherine M. Kotz
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research 151, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN USA 55417
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 225 Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN USA 55108
| | - Joshua P. Nixon
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research 151, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN USA 55417
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 225 Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN USA 55108
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Perez-Leighton CE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Orexin modulation of adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:440-5. [PMID: 23791983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The orexins are neuropeptides with critical functions in the central nervous system. These neuropeptides have important roles in energy balance and obesity, and therefore on the accumulation of adipose tissue. Rodents lacking orexins, typically through genetic knockouts, experience increased weight gain and accumulation of adipose tissue. Evidence indicates that the lack of the orexins increase adiposity as a result of decreased energy expenditure, principally through a reduction of physical activity. Different lines of evidence suggest that other mechanisms are likely also in play, and neural influences on both white and brown adipose tissues remain to be fully and functionally defined. In addition, the orexin peptides and their receptors are expressed in adipose tissue, with little available information as to their significance. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the orexin peptides affect adipose tissue. We provide a brief introduction to the physiology of orexins and their effects on white and brown adipose tissues in the context of energy balance. We conclude this review by integrating this information in the context of the known physiology of the orexins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio E Perez-Leighton
- Veterans Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, Santiago, 8370071, Chile.
| | - Charles J Billington
- Veterans Health Care System, Endocrinology, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Veterans Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA
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