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Abrosimov R, Baeken MW, Hauf S, Wittig I, Hajieva P, Perrone CE, Moosmann B. Mitochondrial complex I inhibition triggers NAD +-independent glucose oxidation via successive NADPH formation, "futile" fatty acid cycling, and FADH 2 oxidation. GeroScience 2024; 46:3635-3658. [PMID: 38267672 PMCID: PMC11226580 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) is the primary mechanism of the antidiabetic drug metformin and various unrelated natural toxins. Complex I inhibition can also be induced by antidiabetic PPAR agonists, and it is elicited by methionine restriction, a nutritional intervention causing resistance to diabetes and obesity. Still, a comprehensible explanation to why complex I inhibition exerts antidiabetic properties and engenders metabolic inefficiency is missing. To evaluate this issue, we have systematically reanalyzed published transcriptomic datasets from MPP-treated neurons, metformin-treated hepatocytes, and methionine-restricted rats. We found that pathways leading to NADPH formation were widely induced, together with anabolic fatty acid biosynthesis, the latter appearing highly paradoxical in a state of mitochondrial impairment. However, concomitant induction of catabolic fatty acid oxidation indicated that complex I inhibition created a "futile" cycle of fatty acid synthesis and degradation, which was anatomically distributed between adipose tissue and liver in vivo. Cofactor balance analysis unveiled that such cycling would indeed be energetically futile (-3 ATP per acetyl-CoA), though it would not be redox-futile, as it would convert NADPH into respirable FADH2 without any net production of NADH. We conclude that inhibition of NADH dehydrogenase leads to a metabolic shift from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (both generating NADH) towards the pentose phosphate pathway, whose product NADPH is translated 1:1 into FADH2 by fatty acid cycling. The diabetes-resistant phenotype following hepatic and intestinal complex I inhibition is attributed to FGF21- and GDF15-dependent fat hunger signaling, which remodels adipose tissue into a glucose-metabolizing organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Abrosimov
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marius W Baeken
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Samuel Hauf
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Parvana Hajieva
- Institute for Translational Medicine, MSH Medical School, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carmen E Perrone
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Cold Spring-On-Hudson, NY, USA
| | - Bernd Moosmann
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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2
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Palfrey HA, Kumar A, Pathak R, Stone KP, Gettys TW, Murthy SN. Adverse cardiac events of hypercholesterolemia are enhanced by sitagliptin in sprague dawley rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:54. [PMID: 39080769 PMCID: PMC11290187 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects millions worldwide and is the leading cause of death among non-communicable diseases. Western diets typically comprise of meat and dairy products, both of which are rich in cholesterol (Cho) and methionine (Met), two well-known compounds with atherogenic capabilities. Despite their individual effects, literature on a dietary combination of the two in the context of CVD are limited. Therefore, studies on the combined effects of Cho and Met were carried out using male Sprague Dawley rats. An additional interest was to investigate the cardioprotective potential of sitagliptin, an anti-type 2 diabetic drug. We hypothesized that feeding a dietary combination of Cho and Met would result in adverse cardiac effects and would be attenuated upon administration of sitagliptin. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control (Con), high Met (1.5%), high Cho (2.0%), or high Met (1.5%) + high Cho (2.0%) diet for 35 days. They were orally gavaged with an aqueous preparation of sitagliptin (100 mg/kg/d) or vehicle (water) from day 10 through 35. On day 36, rats were euthanized, and tissues were collected for analysis. RESULTS Histopathological evaluation revealed a reduction in myocardial striations and increased collagen deposition in hypercholesterolemia (HChol), responses that became exacerbated upon sitagliptin administration. Cardiac pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses were adversely impacted in similar fashion. The addition of Met to Cho (MC) attenuated all adverse structural and biochemical responses, with or without sitagliptin. CONCLUSIONS Adverse cardiac outcomes in HChol were enhanced by the administration of sitagliptin, and such effects were alleviated by Met. Our findings could be significant for understanding or revisiting the risk-benefit evaluation of sitagliptin in type 2 diabetics, and especially those who are known to consume atherogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Palfrey
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Rashmi Pathak
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Kirsten P Stone
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Subramanyam N Murthy
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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Mann CG, MacArthur MR, Zhang J, Gong S, AbuSalim JE, Hunter CJ, Lu W, Agius T, Longchamp A, Allagnat F, Rabinowitz J, Mitchell JR, De Bock K, Mitchell SJ. Sulfur Amino Acid Restriction Enhances Exercise Capacity in Mice by Boosting Fat Oxidation in Muscle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.27.601041. [PMID: 39005372 PMCID: PMC11244859 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.27.601041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Dietary restriction of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine (SAAR) improves body composition, enhances insulin sensitivity, and extends lifespan; benefits seen also with endurance exercise. Yet, the impact of SAAR on skeletal muscle remains largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate that one week of SAAR in sedentary, young, male mice increases endurance exercise capacity. Indirect calorimetry showed that SAAR increased lipid oxidation at rest and delayed the onset of carbohydrate utilization during exercise. Transcriptomic analysis revealed increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid catabolism especially in glycolytic muscle following SAAR. These findings were functionally supported by increased fatty acid circulatory turnover flux and muscle β-oxidation. Reducing lipid uptake from circulation through endothelial cell (EC)-specific CD36 deletion attenuated the running phenotype. Mechanistically, VEGF-signaling inhibition prevented exercise increases following SAAR, without affecting angiogenesis, implicating noncanonical VEGF signaling and EC CD36-dependent fatty acid transport in regulating exercise capacity by influencing muscle substrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G Mann
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Michael R MacArthur
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Songlin Gong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jenna E AbuSalim
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Craig J. Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Thomas Agius
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - James R Mitchell
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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4
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Palfrey HA, Kumar A, Pathak R, Stone KP, Gettys TW, Murthy SN. Adverse Cardiac Events of Hypercholesterolemia Are Enhanced by Sitagliptin Administration in Sprague Dawley Rats. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4075353. [PMID: 38562676 PMCID: PMC10984018 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4075353/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects millions worldwide and is the leading cause of death among non-communicable diseases. Western diets typically comprise of meat and dairy products, both of which are rich in cholesterol (Cho) and methionine (Met), two well-known compounds with atherogenic capabilities. Despite their individual effects, literature on a dietary combination of the two in the context of CVD are limited. An additional interest was to investigate the cardioprotective potential of sitagliptin, an anti-type 2 diabetic drug. Thus, we hypothesized that atherogenic feeding would result in adverse cardiac effects and would attenuate upon sitagliptin administration. Methods Six-week-old adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control (Con), high Met (1.5%), high Cho (2.0%), or high Met (1.5%) + high Cho (2.0%) diet for 35 days. They were orally gavaged with vehicle (water) or sitagliptin (100 mg/kg/d) from day 10 through 35. On day 36, rats were euthanized, and tissues were collected for analysis. Results Histopathological evaluation revealed a reduction in myocardial striations and increased collagen deposition in hypercholesterolemia (HChol), responses that became exacerbated upon sitagliptin administration. Cardiac pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses were adversely impacted in similar fashion. The addition of Met to Cho (MC) attenuated all adverse structural and biochemical responses, with or without sitagliptin. Conclusion Adverse cardiac outcomes in HChol were enhanced with sitagliptin administration and such effects were alleviated by Met. Our findings could be significant for understanding the risk-benefit of sitagliptin in type 2 diabetics who are known to consume atherogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
| | - Rashmi Pathak
- Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
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Taibl KR, Bellissimo MP, Smith MR, Liu KH, Tran VT, Jones DP, Ziegler TR, Alvarez JA. Characterizing substrate utilization during the fasted state using plasma high-resolution metabolomics. Nutrition 2023; 116:112160. [PMID: 37566924 PMCID: PMC10787037 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-resolution metabolomics enables global assessment of metabolites and molecular pathways underlying physiologic processes, including substrate utilization during the fasted state. The clinical index for substrate utilization, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), is measured via indirect calorimetry. The aim of this pilot study was to use metabolomics to identify metabolic pathways and plasma metabolites associated with substrate utilization in healthy, fasted adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 33 adults (mean age 27.7 ± 4.9 y, mean body mass index 24.8 ± 4 kg/m2). Participants underwent indirect calorimetry to determine resting RER after an overnight fast. Untargeted metabolomics was performed on fasted plasma samples using dual-column liquid chromatography and ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Linear regression and pathway enrichment analyses identified pathways and metabolites associated with substrate utilization measured with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS RER was significantly associated with 1389 metabolites enriched within 13 metabolic pathways (P < 0.05). Lipid-related findings included general pathways, such as fatty acid activation, and specific pathways, such as C21-steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, butyrate metabolism, and carnitine shuttle. Amino acid pathways included those central to metabolism, such as glucogenic amino acids, and pathways needed to maintain reduction-oxidation reactions, such as methionine and cysteine metabolism. Galactose and pyrimidine metabolism were also associated with RER (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The fasting plasma metabolome reflects the diverse macronutrient pathways involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism during the fasted state in healthy adults. Future studies should consider the utility of metabolomics to profile individual nutrient requirements and compare findings reported here to clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R Taibl
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Moriah P Bellissimo
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ken H Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - ViLinh T Tran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Thomas R Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States; Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jessica A Alvarez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States; Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
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6
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Lail H, Mabb AM, Parent MB, Pinheiro F, Wanders D. Effects of Dietary Methionine Restriction on Cognition in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4950. [PMID: 38068808 PMCID: PMC10707861 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction of the essential amino acid, methionine, has been shown to induce unique metabolic protection. The peripheral benefits of methionine restriction (MR) are well established and include improvements in metabolic, energy, inflammatory, and lifespan parameters in preclinical models. These benefits all occur despite MR increasing energy intake, making MR an attractive dietary intervention for the prevention or reversal of many metabolic and chronic conditions. New and emerging evidence suggests that MR also benefits the brain and promotes cognitive health. Despite widespread interest in MR over the past few decades, many findings are limited in scope, and gaps remain in our understanding of its comprehensive effects on the brain and cognition. This review details the current literature investigating the impact of MR on cognition in various mouse models, highlights some of the key mechanisms responsible for its cognitive benefits, and identifies gaps that should be addressed in MR research moving forward. Overall findings indicate that in animal models, MR is associated with protection against obesity-, age-, and Alzheimer's disease-induced impairments in learning and memory that depend on different brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. These benefits are likely mediated by increases in fibroblast growth factor 21, alterations in methionine metabolism pathways, reductions in neuroinflammation and central oxidative stress, and potentially alterations in the gut microbiome, mitochondrial function, and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lail
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (H.L.); (F.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave., Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Angela M. Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave., Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (A.M.M.); (M.B.P.)
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Marise B. Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave., Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (A.M.M.); (M.B.P.)
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Filipe Pinheiro
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (H.L.); (F.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (H.L.); (F.P.)
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Sonsalla MM, Lamming DW. Geroprotective interventions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2023; 45:1343-1381. [PMID: 37022634 PMCID: PMC10400530 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease. As the population ages, the increasing prevalence of AD threatens massive healthcare costs in the coming decades. Unfortunately, traditional drug development efforts for AD have proven largely unsuccessful. A geroscience approach to AD suggests that since aging is the main driver of AD, targeting aging itself may be an effective way to prevent or treat AD. Here, we discuss the effectiveness of geroprotective interventions on AD pathology and cognition in the widely utilized triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) which develops both β-amyloid and tau pathologies characteristic of human AD, as well as cognitive deficits. We discuss the beneficial impacts of calorie restriction (CR), the gold standard for geroprotective interventions, and the effects of other dietary interventions including protein restriction. We also discuss the promising preclinical results of geroprotective pharmaceuticals, including rapamycin and medications for type 2 diabetes. Though these interventions and treatments have beneficial effects in the 3xTg-AD model, there is no guarantee that they will be as effective in humans, and we discuss the need to examine these interventions in additional animal models as well as the urgent need to test if some of these approaches can be translated from the lab to the bedside for the treatment of humans with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2500 Overlook Terrace, VAH C3127 Research 151, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2500 Overlook Terrace, VAH C3127 Research 151, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Zhang Y, Jelleschitz J, Grune T, Chen W, Zhao Y, Jia M, Wang Y, Liu Z, Höhn A. Methionine restriction - Association with redox homeostasis and implications on aging and diseases. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102464. [PMID: 36152485 PMCID: PMC9508608 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine is an essential amino acid, involved in the promotion of growth, immunity, and regulation of energy metabolism. Over the decades, research has long focused on the beneficial effects of methionine supplementation, while data on positive effects of methionine restriction (MR) were first published in 1993. MR is a low-methionine dietary intervention that has been reported to ameliorate aging and aging-related health concomitants and diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive disorders. In addition, MR seems to be an approach to prolong lifespan which has been validated extensively in various animal models, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, yeast, and murine models. MR appears to be associated with a reduction in oxidative stress via so far mainly undiscovered mechanisms, and these changes in redox status appear to be one of the underlying mechanisms for lifespan extension and beneficial health effects. In the present review, the association of methionine metabolism pathways with redox homeostasis is described. In addition, the effects of MR on lifespan, age-related implications, comorbidities, and diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Julia Jelleschitz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany; NutriAct-Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Nutrition, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yihang Zhao
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mengzhen Jia
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Annika Höhn
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Prida E, Álvarez-Delgado S, Pérez-Lois R, Soto-Tielas M, Estany-Gestal A, Fernø J, Seoane LM, Quiñones M, Al-Massadi O. Liver Brain Interactions: Focus on FGF21 a Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113318. [PMID: 36362103 PMCID: PMC9658462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a pleiotropic hormone secreted mainly by the liver in response to metabolic and nutritional challenges. Physiologically, fibroblast growth factor 21 plays a key role in mediating the metabolic responses to fasting or starvation and acts as an important regulator of energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, in part by its direct action on the central nervous system. Accordingly, pharmacological recombinant fibroblast growth factor 21 therapies have been shown to counteract obesity and its related metabolic disorders in both rodents and nonhuman primates. In this systematic review, we discuss how fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates metabolism and its interactions with the central nervous system. In addition, we also state our vision for possible therapeutic uses of this hepatic-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Prida
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Álvarez-Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Pérez-Lois
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mateo Soto-Tielas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Estany-Gestal
- Unidad de Metodología de la Investigación, Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Santiago (FIDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5201 Bergen, Norway
| | - Luisa María Seoane
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (O.A.-M.); Tel.: +34-981955708 (M.Q.); +34-981955522 (O.A.-M.)
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (O.A.-M.); Tel.: +34-981955708 (M.Q.); +34-981955522 (O.A.-M.)
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10
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Martinez W, Zhang Q, Linden MA, Schacher N, Darvish S, Mirek ET, Levy JL, Jonsson WO, Anthony TG, Hamilton KL. Rates of protein synthesis are maintained in brain but reduced in skeletal muscle during dietary sulfur amino acid restriction. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:975129. [PMID: 36091469 PMCID: PMC9450999 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.975129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary interventions such as sulfur amino acid restriction (SAAR) target multiple drivers of aging, and show promise for preventing or delaying the onset of chronic diseases. SAAR promotes metabolic health and longevity in laboratory animals. The effects of SAAR on proteostasis remain relatively unexplored. We previously reported that SAAR promotes mitochondrial proteostatic maintenance, despite suppression of global protein synthesis, in two peripheral tissues, the liver and skeletal muscle. However, the brain, a tissue vulnerable to age-related neurodegenerative diseases due to the loss of proteostasis, has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, we sought to reveal proteostatic responses in the brains of mice fed SAAR for 35 days. Here, we demonstrate that male C57Bl/6J mice fed two levels of SAAR maintained rates of protein synthesis in all sub-cellular fractions of the pre-frontal cortex. In comparison, rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in SAAR fed mice were slower than control-fed mice. To gain mechanistic insight, we examined several key nutrient/energy sensitive signaling proteins: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), and ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6). SAAR had minimal to modest effects on the total abundance and phosphorylation of these proteins in both tissues. Our results indicate that the pre-frontal cortex in brain is resistant to perturbations in protein synthesis in mice fed SAAR, unlike skeletal muscle, which had a reduction in global protein synthesis. The results from this study demonstrate that proteostatic control in brain is of higher priority than skeletal muscle during dietary SAAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenceslao Martinez
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Melissa A. Linden
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nate Schacher
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sanna Darvish
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Emily T. Mirek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NB, United States
| | - Jordan L. Levy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NB, United States
| | - William O. Jonsson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NB, United States
| | - Tracy G. Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NB, United States
| | - Karyn L. Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States,Columbine Health Systems Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Karyn L. Hamilton,
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11
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Fang H, Stone KP, Wanders D, Forney LA, Gettys TW. The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Dietary Methionine Restriction. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:201-226. [PMID: 35588443 PMCID: PMC9936953 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062320-111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The original description of dietary methionine restriction (MR) used semipurified diets to limit methionine intake to 20% of normal levels, and this reduction in dietary methionine increased longevity by ∼30% in rats. The MR diet also produces paradoxical increases in energy intake and expenditure and limits fat deposition while reducing tissue and circulating lipids and enhancing overall insulin sensitivity. In the years following the original 1993 report, a comprehensive effort has been made to understand the nutrient sensing and signaling systems linking reduced dietary methionine to the behavioral, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional components of the response. Recent work has shown that transcriptional activation of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key event linking the MR diet to many but not all components of its metabolic phenotype. These findings raise the interesting possibility of developing therapeutic, MR-based diets that produce the beneficial effects of FGF21 by nutritionally modulating its transcription and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fang
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
| | - Kirsten P Stone
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura A Forney
- Department of Kinesiology, Houston Baptist University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
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12
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Longo VD, Anderson RM. Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions. Cell 2022; 185:1455-1470. [PMID: 35487190 PMCID: PMC9089818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diet as a whole, encompassing food composition, calorie intake, and the length and frequency of fasting periods, affects the time span in which health and functional capacity are maintained. Here, we analyze aging and nutrition studies in simple organisms, rodents, monkeys, and humans to link longevity to conserved growth and metabolic pathways and outline their role in aging and age-related disease. We focus on feasible nutritional strategies shown to delay aging and/or prevent diseases through epidemiological, model organism, clinical, and centenarian studies and underline the need to avoid malnourishment and frailty. These findings are integrated to define a longevity diet based on a multi-pillar approach adjusted for age and health status to optimize lifespan and healthspan in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute and Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milano, Italy.
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, SMPH, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; GRECC, William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity develops due to an imbalance in energy homeostasis, wherein energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Accumulating evidence shows that manipulations of dietary protein and their component amino acids affect the energy balance, resulting in changes in fat mass and body weight. Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signals regulating multiple biological pathways. SCOPE OF REVIEW We present the currently available evidence regarding the effects of dietary alterations of a single essential amino acid (EAA) on energy balance and relevant signaling mechanisms at both central and peripheral levels. We summarize the association between EAAs and obesity in humans and the clinical use of modifying the dietary EAA composition for therapeutic intervention in obesity. Finally, similar mechanisms underlying diets varying in protein levels and diets altered of a single EAA are described. The current review would expand our understanding of the contribution of protein and amino acids to energy balance control, thus helping discover novel therapeutic approaches for obesity and related diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Changes in circulating EAA levels, particularly increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), have been reported in obese human and animal models. Alterations in dietary EAA intake result in improvements in fat and weight loss in rodents, and each has its distinct mechanism. For example, leucine deprivation increases energy expenditure, reduces food intake and fat mass, primarily through regulation of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Methionine restriction by 80% decreases fat mass and body weight while developing hyperphagia, primarily through fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) signaling. Some effects of diets with different protein levels on energy homeostasis are mediated by similar mechanisms. However, reports on the effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary EAA imbalances on human body weight are few, and more investigations are needed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China.
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14
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Rome FI, Hughey CC. Disrupted Liver Oxidative Metabolism in Glycine N-Methyltransferase-Deficient Mice is Mitigated by Dietary Methionine Restriction. Mol Metab 2022; 58:101452. [PMID: 35121169 PMCID: PMC8866067 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Khan MS, Spann RA, Münzberg H, Yu S, Albaugh VL, He Y, Berthoud HR, Morrison CD. Protein Appetite at the Interface between Nutrient Sensing and Physiological Homeostasis. Nutrients 2021; 13:4103. [PMID: 34836357 PMCID: PMC8620426 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior is guided by multiple competing physiological needs, as animals must sense their internal nutritional state and then identify and consume foods that meet nutritional needs. Dietary protein intake is necessary to provide essential amino acids and represents a specific, distinct nutritional need. Consistent with this importance, there is a relatively strong body of literature indicating that protein intake is defended, such that animals sense the restriction of protein and adaptively alter feeding behavior to increase protein intake. Here, we argue that this matching of food consumption with physiological need requires at least two concurrent mechanisms: the first being the detection of internal nutritional need (a protein need state) and the second being the discrimination between foods with differing nutritional compositions. In this review, we outline various mechanisms that could mediate the sensing of need state and the discrimination between protein-rich and protein-poor foods. Finally, we briefly describe how the interaction of these mechanisms might allow an animal to self-select between a complex array of foods to meet nutritional needs and adaptively respond to changes in either the external environment or internal physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher D. Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (M.S.K.); (R.A.S.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (V.L.A.); (Y.H.); (H.-R.B.)
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16
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Fang H, Stone KP, Ghosh S, Forney LA, Gettys TW. The Role of Reduced Methionine in Mediating the Metabolic Responses to Protein Restriction Using Different Sources of Protein. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082609. [PMID: 34444768 PMCID: PMC8399679 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction and dietary methionine restriction (MR) produce a comparable series of behavioral, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional responses. Both dietary regimens produce a similar reduction in intake of sulfur amino acids (e.g., methionine and cystine), and both diets increase expression and release of hepatic FGF21. Given that FGF21 is an essential mediator of the metabolic phenotype produced by both diets, an important unresolved question is whether dietary protein restriction represents de facto methionine restriction. Using diets formulated from either casein or soy protein with matched reductions in sulfur amino acids, we compared the ability of the respective diets to recapitulate the metabolic phenotype produced by methionine restriction using elemental diets. Although the soy-based control diets supported faster growth compared to casein-based control diets, casein-based protein restriction and soy-based protein restriction produced comparable reductions in body weight and fat deposition, and similar increases in energy intake, energy expenditure, and water intake. In addition, the prototypical effects of dietary MR on hepatic and adipose tissue target genes were similarly regulated by casein- and soy-based protein restriction. The present findings support the feasibility of using restricted intake of diets from various protein sources to produce therapeutically effective implementation of dietary methionine restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fang
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing & Adipocyte Signaling, 6400 Perkins Road, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (H.F.); (K.P.S.)
| | - Kirsten P. Stone
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing & Adipocyte Signaling, 6400 Perkins Road, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (H.F.); (K.P.S.)
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Laura A. Forney
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Thomas W. Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing & Adipocyte Signaling, 6400 Perkins Road, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (H.F.); (K.P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Babygirija R, Lamming DW. The regulation of healthspan and lifespan by dietary amino acids. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2021; 5:17-30. [PMID: 34263088 PMCID: PMC8277109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key macronutrient and source of essential macromolecules, dietary protein plays a significant role in health. For many years, protein-rich diets have been recommended as healthy due to the satiety-inducing and muscle-building effects of protein, as well as the ability of protein calories to displace allegedly unhealthy calories from fats and carbohydrates. However, clinical studies find that consumption of dietary protein is associated with an increased risk of multiple diseases, especially diabetes, while studies in rodents have demonstrated that protein restriction can promote metabolic health and even lifespan. Emerging evidence suggests that the effects of dietary protein on health and longevity are not mediated simply by protein quantity but are instead mediated by protein quality - the specific amino acid composition of the diet. Here, we discuss how dietary protein and specific amino acids including methionine, the branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine), tryptophan and glycine regulate metabolic health, healthspan, and aging, with attention to the specific molecular mechanisms that may participate in these effects. Finally, we discuss the potential applicability of these findings to promoting healthy aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji Babygirija
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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18
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Hepatic Nfe2l2 Is Not an Essential Mediator of the Metabolic Phenotype Produced by Dietary Methionine Restriction. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061788. [PMID: 34073838 PMCID: PMC8225036 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal sensing of dietary methionine restriction (MR) occurs in the liver, where it activates multiple transcriptional programs that mediate various biological components of the response. Hepatic Fgf21 is a key target and essential endocrine mediator of the metabolic phenotype produced by dietary MR. The transcription factor, Nfe2l2, is also activated by MR and functions in tandem with hepatic Atf4 to transactivate multiple, antioxidative components of the integrated stress response. However, it is unclear whether the transcriptional responses linked to Nfe2l2 activation by dietary MR are essential to the biological efficacy of the diet. Using mice with liver-specific deletion of Nfe2l2 (Nfe2l2fl/(Alb)) and their floxed littermates (Nfe2l2fl/fl) fed either Control or MR diets, the absence of hepatic Nfe2l2 had no effect on the ability of the MR diet to increase FGF21, reduce body weight and adiposity, and increase energy expenditure. Moreover, the primary elements of the hepatic transcriptome were similarly affected by MR in both genotypes, with the only major differences occurring in induction of the P450-associated drug metabolism pathway and the pentose glucuronate interconversion pathway. The biological significance of these pathways is uncertain but we conclude that hepatic Nfe2l2 is not essential in mediating the metabolic effects of dietary MR.
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19
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Fang H, Stone KP, Forney LA, Sims LC, Gutierrez GC, Ghosh S, Gettys TW. Implementation of dietary methionine restriction using casein after selective, oxidative deletion of methionine. iScience 2021; 24:102470. [PMID: 34113817 PMCID: PMC8169944 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction (MR) is normally implemented using diets formulated from elemental amino acids (AA) that reduce methionine content to ∼0.17%. However, translational implementation of MR with elemental AA-based diets is intractable due to poor palatability. To solve this problem and restrict methionine using intact proteins, casein was subjected to mild oxidation to selectively reduce methionine. Diets were then formulated using oxidized casein, adding back methionine to produce a final concentration of 0.17%. The biological efficacy of dietary MR using the oxidized casein (Ox Cas) diet was compared with the standard elemental MR diet in terms of the behavioral, metabolic, endocrine, and transcriptional responses to the four diets. The Ox Cas MR diet faithfully reproduced the expected physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional responses in liver and inguinal white adipose tissue. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that dietary MR can be effectively implemented using casein after selective oxidative reduction of methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fang
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Kirsten P. Stone
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Laura A. Forney
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Landon C. Sims
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Gabriela C. Gutierrez
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas W. Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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20
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Ren B, Wang L, Shi L, Jin X, Liu Y, Liu RH, Yin F, Cadenas E, Dai X, Liu Z, Liu X. Methionine restriction alleviates age-associated cognitive decline via fibroblast growth factor 21. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101940. [PMID: 33765615 PMCID: PMC8022247 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine restriction (MR) extends lifespan and delays the onset of aging-associated pathologies. However, the effect of MR on age-related cognitive decline remains unclear. Here, we find that a 3-month MR ameliorates working memory, short-term memory, and spatial memory in 15-month-old and 18-month-old mice by preserving synaptic ultrastructure, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and reducing the brain MDA level in aged mice hippocampi. Transcriptome data suggest that the receptor of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)-related gene expressions were altered in the hippocampi of MR-treated aged mice. MR increased FGF21 expression in serum, liver, and brain. Integrative modelling reveals strong correlations among behavioral performance, MR altered nervous structure-related genes, and circulating FGF21 levels. Recombinant FGF21 treatment balanced the cellular redox status, prevented mitochondrial structure damages, and upregulated antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1 expression by transcriptional activation of Nrf2 in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, knockdown of Fgf21 by i.v. injection of adeno-associated virus abolished the neuroprotective effects of MR in aged mice. In conclusion, the MR exhibited the protective effects against age-related behavioral disorders, which could be partly explained by activating circulating FGF21 and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, and consequently suppressing the neuroinflammation and oxidative damages. These results demonstrate that FGF21 can be used as a potential nutritional factor in dietary restriction-based strategies for improving cognition associated with neurodegeneration disorders. MR suppresses age-associated cognitive impairment. MR improves synapse ultrastructure and mitochondrial biogenesis in the hippocampus. FGF21 is required for the beneficial effects of MR. FGF21 activates Nrf2 signaling and alleviates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ren
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Luanfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853-7201, NY, USA
| | - Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Dai
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853-7201, NY, USA.
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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21
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Stone KP, Ghosh S, Kovalik JP, Orgeron M, Wanders D, Sims LC, Gettys TW. The acute transcriptional responses to dietary methionine restriction are triggered by inhibition of ternary complex formation and linked to Erk1/2, mTOR, and ATF4. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3765. [PMID: 33580171 PMCID: PMC7880992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial sensing of dietary methionine restriction (MR) occurs in the liver where it activates an integrated stress response (ISR) that quickly reduces methionine utilization. The ISR program is regulated in part by ATF4, but ATF4's prototypical upstream regulator, eIF2α, is not acutely activated by MR. Bioinformatic analysis of RNAseq and metabolomics data from liver samples harvested 3 h and 6 h after initiating MR shows that general translation is inhibited at the level of ternary complex formation by an acute 50% reduction of hepatic methionine that limits formation of initiator methionine tRNA. The resulting ISR is induced by selective expression of ATF4 target genes that mediate adaptation to reduced methionine intake and return hepatic methionine to control levels within 4 days of starting the diet. Complementary in vitro experiments in HepG2 cells after knockdown of ATF4, or inhibition of mTOR or Erk1/2 support the conclusion that the early induction of genes by MR is partially dependent on ATF4 and regulated by both mTOR and Erk1/2. Taken together, these data show that initiation of dietary MR induces an mTOR- and Erk1/2-dependent stress response that is linked to ATF4 by the sharp, initial drop in hepatic methionine and resulting repression of translation pre-initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten P Stone
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean Paul Kovalik
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manda Orgeron
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Landon C Sims
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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22
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Spann RA, Morrison CD, den Hartigh LJ. The Nuanced Metabolic Functions of Endogenous FGF21 Depend on the Nature of the Stimulus, Tissue Source, and Experimental Model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:802541. [PMID: 35046901 PMCID: PMC8761941 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.802541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone that is involved in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Pharmacological FGF21 administration promotes weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. However, pharmacologic effects of FGF21 likely differ from its physiological effects. Endogenous FGF21 is produced by many cell types, including hepatocytes, white and brown adipocytes, skeletal and cardiac myocytes, and pancreatic beta cells, and acts on a diverse array of effector tissues such as the brain, white and brown adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle. Different receptor expression patterns dictate FGF21 function in these target tissues, with the primary effect to coordinate responses to nutritional stress. Moreover, different nutritional stimuli tend to promote FGF21 expression from different tissues; i.e., fasting induces hepatic-derived FGF21, while feeding promotes white adipocyte-derived FGF21. Target tissue effects of FGF21 also depend on its capacity to enter the systemic circulation, which varies widely from known FGF21 tissue sources in response to various stimuli. Due to its association with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the metabolic effects of endogenously produced FGF21 during the pathogenesis of these conditions are not well known. In this review, we will highlight what is known about endogenous tissue-specific FGF21 expression and organ cross-talk that dictate its diverse physiological functions, with particular attention given to FGF21 responses to nutritional stress. The importance of the particular experimental design, cellular and animal models, and nutritional status in deciphering the diverse metabolic functions of endogenous FGF21 cannot be overstated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redin A. Spann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Christopher D. Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Laura J. den Hartigh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Laura J. den Hartigh,
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Fang H, Stone KP, Forney LA, Wanders D, Gettys TW. Nutritional Regulation of Hepatic FGF21 by Dietary Restriction of Methionine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:773975. [PMID: 34917032 PMCID: PMC8669746 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.773975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF21 is a potent metabolic regulator of energy balance, body composition, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Initial studies reported that it was increased by fasting and the associated increase in ketones, but more recent work points to the importance of dietary protein and sensing of essential amino acids in FGF21 regulation. For example, dietary restriction of methionine produces a rapid transcriptional activation of hepatic FGF21 that results in a persistent 5- to 10-fold increase in serum FGF21. Although FGF21 is a component of a complex transcriptional program activated by methionine restriction (MR), loss-of-function studies show that FGF21 is an essential mediator of the resulting effects of the MR diet on energy balance, remodeling of adipose tissue, and enhancement of insulin sensitivity. These studies also show that FGF21 signaling in the brain is required for the MR diet-induced increase in energy expenditure (EE) and reduction of adiposity. Collectively, the evidence supports the view that the liver functions as a sentinel to detect and respond to changes in dietary amino acid composition, and that the resulting mobilization of hepatic FGF21 is a key element of the homeostatic response. These findings raise the interesting possibility that therapeutic diets could be developed that produce sustained, biologically effective increases in FGF21 by nutritionally modulating its transcription and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fang
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Kirsten P. Stone
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Laura A. Forney
- Department of Kinesiology, Houston Baptist University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas W. Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas W. Gettys,
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