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Cui Y, Auclair H, He R, Zhang Q. GPCR-mediated regulation of beige adipocyte formation: Implications for obesity and metabolic health. Gene 2024; 915:148421. [PMID: 38561165 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications pose a significant burden on health. The non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and metabolic capacity properties of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are distinct from those of white adipose tissue (WAT), in combating obesity and its related metabolic diseases has been well documented. However, beige adipose tissue, the third and relatively novel type of adipose tissue, which emerges in extensive presence of WAT and shares similar favorable metabolic properties with BAT, has garnered considerable attention in recent years. In this review, we focused on the role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest receptor family and the most successful class of drug targets in humans, in the induction of beige adipocytes. More importantly, we highlight researchers' clinical treatment attempts to ameliorate obesity and other related metabolic diseases through the formation and activation of beige adipose tissue. In summary, this review provides valuable insights into the formation of beige adipose tissue and the involvement of GPCRs, based on the latest advancements in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxu Cui
- Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hugo Auclair
- Faculty of Medicine, François-Rabelais University, Tours, France
| | - Rong He
- Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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2
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Carpentier AC, Blondin DP. Is stimulation of browning of human adipose tissue a relevant therapeutic target? ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024; 85:184-189. [PMID: 38871497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipose tissues are important contributors to cold-induced whole body thermogenesis in rodents. The documentation in humans of cold- and ß-adrenergic receptor agonist-stimulated BAT glucose uptake using positron emission tomography (PET) and of a decrease of this response in individuals with cardiometabolic disorders led to the suggestion that BAT/beige adipose tissues could be relevant targets for prevention and treatment of these conditions. In this brief review, we will critically assess this question by first describing the basic rationale for this affirmation, second by examining the evidence in human studies, and third by discussing the possible means to activate the thermogenic response of these tissues in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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3
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Venkatakrishna SSB, Takahashi MS, Calle-Toro JS, Schoeman S, Saavedra JSM, Alkhulaifat D, Serai SD, Andronikou S. Frequency of MRI Low Signal Intensity in the Buccal Fat of Fetuses and Speculation as to What It May Reflect. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:463. [PMID: 38671680 PMCID: PMC11048762 DOI: 10.3390/children11040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to characterize the fetal buccal fat pad (BFP) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the frequency and types of sequences on which the BFP demonstrates low signal intensity and determine any possible correlation with timing of the MRI during fetal development. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of all fetal MR studies was performed, and a pediatric radiologist blinded to the referring and final fetal diagnosis as well as outcome evaluated the included cases. A positive buccal fat pad sign (BFS) was recorded as present if a round, symmetric, and bilateral area was seen in the submalar region of the face with the following signal characteristics: T1 hyperintensity, low signal on echo planar imaging (EPI), low signal on true fast imaging with steady-state free precession (TRUFI), and with restriction on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). RESULTS A total of one hundred sixty-seven (167) fetal MRI studies: one hundred fourteen (114) body (68%) and fifty-three (53) neuro (32%) scans were reviewed during the study period. The BFS was most commonly seen on EPI (63%) and TRUFI (49%) sequences. Substantial agreement between TRUFI and EPI (κ = 0.68; p < 0.01); moderate agreement between TRUFI and T1 (κ = 0.53; p < 0.01) as well as T1 and EPI (κ = 0.53; p < 0.01), and fair agreement between EPI and Diffusion (κ = 0.28; p < 0.01) was observed. The median gestational age (GA) was 24 weeks (IQR 22-30 weeks). The fetuses with a positive BFS were significantly older (mean GA of 27 weeks or higher) than those without, for each sequence. CONCLUSIONS The focal low signal in the fetal buccal fat pad, termed the fetal BFS, is a commonly encountered normal finding in the majority of fetal MRI scans on TRUFI and EPI sequences. This finding may be related to the presence and development of brown adipose tissue in the buccal fat pad resulting in T2* effects, but further studies are needed in order to confirm this. Further work can incorporate any of the sensitive sequences demonstrating low signal in brown adipose tissue to map its distribution and development in the fetus and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo S. Takahashi
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Juan S. Calle-Toro
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sean Schoeman
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Dana Alkhulaifat
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Suraj D. Serai
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Ma L, Xiong L, Huang G. Effects of mirabegron on brown adipose tissue and metabolism in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:317-333. [PMID: 38159219 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders due to its thermogenic and anti-obesity properties. β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonists have also gained attention as potential agents for BAT activation and metabolic regulation. Mirabegron, a selective β3-AR-agonist used clinically for overactive bladder syndrome, has been explored for its utility in metabolic disorders. However, the controversy surrounding the ability of mirabegron to activate BAT to accelerate metabolism requires further investigation. The aim of this systematic review is to characterize comprehensively the impact of mirabegron on human BAT and its metabolism. METHODS We searched PubMed Central, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant papers published from the date of database inception to March 2023 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We extracted data on primary outcome indicators such as BAT volume, BAT activity, body temperature, and resting energy expenditure (REE), as well as secondary outcome indicators such as heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), blood glucose, and blood insulin from relevant studies. For studies that did not provide suitable data for meta-analysis, we used narrative data synthesis. For studies that provided suitable data for meta-analysis, we conducted meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software. RESULTS We reviewed 10 papers and included 6 in our meta-analysis. Our findings revealed no significant changes in BAT volume (p = 0.72) or blood glucose (p = 0.52) with mirabegron when compared to the placebo or pre-dose population. However, patients showed significant increases in BAT activity (p < 0.01), blood NEFA (p < 0.01), body temperature (p < 0.01), REE (p < 0.01), HR (p < 0.01), DBP (p < 0.01), SBP (p = 0.25), and blood insulin (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Through our meta-analysis of 6 papers, we found that mirabegron has the potential to increase human BAT activity, REE, NEFA content, body temperature, HR, blood pressure, and blood insulin content. These effects may lead to reductions in blood glucose levels in obese/overweight and diabetic patients. Additionally, the activation of BAT by mirabegron could represent a novel approach for treating obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE CRD42023413446, 04/11/2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lianqiu Xiong
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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5
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Gyurina K, Yarmak M, Sasi-Szabó L, Molnár S, Méhes G, Röszer T. Loss of Uncoupling Protein 1 Expression in the Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Predicts Childhood Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16706. [PMID: 38069028 PMCID: PMC10706300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of thermogenesis by inducing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in adipocytes is thought to promote weight loss by increasing energy expenditure, and it is postulated that the human newborn has thermogenic subcutaneous fat depots. However, it remains unclear whether a relevant number of UCP1-expressing (UCP1+) adipocytes exist in the early postnatal life. Here we studied the distribution of UCP1 and the expression of thermogenic genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissues of the human fetus, infant and child. We show that the deep layer of human fetal and neonatal subcutaneous fat, particularly the abdominal wall, is rich in UCP1+ adipocytes. These adipocytes develop in the late third trimester and persist throughout childhood, expressing a panel of genes linked to mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis. During the early childhood adiposity rebound-a critical phase that determines obesity risk later in life-the absence of adipose tissue UCP1 expression in children with normal body mass index (BMI) correlates with an obesity-associated gene expression signature. Finally, UCP1 expression is negatively correlated with BMI z-score and adipocyte size in infants and children. Overall, our results show that the absence of UCP1 expression in adipose tissue is an early indicator of adipose tissue expansion in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Gyurina
- Institute and University Clinics of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (L.S.-S.)
| | - Mariia Yarmak
- Institute and University Clinics of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (L.S.-S.)
| | - László Sasi-Szabó
- Institute and University Clinics of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (L.S.-S.)
| | - Sarolta Molnár
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (S.M.)
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (S.M.)
| | - Tamás Röszer
- Institute and University Clinics of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (L.S.-S.)
- Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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6
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Jun S, Angueira AR, Fein EC, Tan JME, Weller AH, Cheng L, Batmanov K, Ishibashi J, Sakers AP, Stine RR, Seale P. Control of murine brown adipocyte development by GATA6. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2195-2205.e5. [PMID: 37647897 PMCID: PMC10842351 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that protects animals against hypothermia and obesity. BAT derives from the multipotent paraxial mesoderm; however, the identity of embryonic brown fat progenitor cells and regulators of adipogenic commitment are unclear. Here, we performed single-cell gene expression analyses of mesenchymal cells during mouse embryogenesis with a focus on BAT development. We identified cell populations associated with the development of BAT, including Dpp4+ cells that emerge at the onset of adipogenic commitment. Immunostaining and lineage-tracing studies show that Dpp4+ cells constitute the BAT fascia and contribute minorly as adipocyte progenitors. Additionally, we identified the transcription factor GATA6 as a marker of brown adipogenic progenitor cells. Deletion of Gata6 in the brown fat lineage resulted in a striking loss of BAT. Together, these results identify progenitor and transitional cells in the brown adipose lineage and define a crucial role for GATA6 in BAT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Jun
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anthony R Angueira
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ethan C Fein
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Josephine M E Tan
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angela H Weller
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kirill Batmanov
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeff Ishibashi
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander P Sakers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel R Stine
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Penhaligan J, Sequeira-Bisson IR, Miles-Chan JL. The role of postprandial thermogenesis in the development of impaired glucose tolerance and type II diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E171-E179. [PMID: 37378621 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00113.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Accounting for 5%-15% of total daily energy expenditure, postprandial thermogenesis (PPT) refers to an acute increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the hours after eating. This is largely explained by the energy costs of processing the macronutrients of a meal. Most individuals spend the majority of the day in the postprandial state, thus over one's lifetime even minor differences in PPT may possess true clinical significance. In contrast to RMR, research indicates that PPT may be reduced in the development of both prediabetes and type II diabetes (T2D). The present analysis of existing literature has found that this impairment may be exaggerated in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies compared with food and beverage consumption studies. Nonetheless, it is estimated that daily PPT following carbohydrate consumption alone is approximately 150 kJ lower among individuals with T2D. This estimate fails to consider protein intake, which is notably more thermogenic than carbohydrate intake (20%-30% vs. 5%-8%, respectively). Putatively, dysglycemic individuals may lack the insulin sensitivity required to divert glucose toward storage-a more energy-taxing pathway. Accordingly, the majority of findings has associated an impaired PPT with a reduced "obligatory" energy output (i.e., the energy costs associated with nutrient processing). More recently, it has been reported that "facultative" thermogenesis [e.g., the energy costs associated with sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation] may also contribute to any impairment in PPT among individuals with prediabetes and T2D. Further longitudinal research is required to truly ascertain whether meaningful changes in PPT manifest in the prediabetic state, before the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Penhaligan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ivana R Sequeira-Bisson
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Riddet Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE) for Food and Nutrition, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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8
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Nie T, Lu J, Zhang H, Mao L. Latest advances in the regulatory genes of adipocyte thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1250487. [PMID: 37680891 PMCID: PMC10482227 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1250487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An energy imbalance cause obesity: more energy intake or less energy expenditure, or both. Obesity could be the origin of many metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. UCP1 (uncoupling protein1), which is highly and exclusively expressed in the thermogenic adipocytes, including beige and brown adipocytes, can dissipate proton motive force into heat without producing ATP to increase energy expenditure. It is an attractive strategy to combat obesity and its related metabolic disorders by increasing non-shivering adipocyte thermogenesis. Adipocyte thermogenesis has recently been reported to be regulated by several new genes. This work provided novel and potential targets to activate adipocyte thermogenesis and resist obesity, such as secreted proteins ADISSP and EMC10, enzyme SSU72, etc. In this review, we have summarized the latest research on adipocyte thermogenesis regulation to shed more light on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Nie
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jinli Lu
- Scientific Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Medical Iconography, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liufeng Mao
- Scientific Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Mietzsch U, Flibotte JJ, Law JB, Puia-Dumitrescu M, Juul SE, Wood TR. Temperature dysregulation during therapeutic hypothermia predicts long-term outcome in neonates with HIE. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1180-1193. [PMID: 36883364 PMCID: PMC10291460 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231162174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Few reliable or easily obtainable biomarkers to predict long-term outcome in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) have been identified. We previously showed that mattress temperature (MT), as proxy for disturbed temperature regulation during therapeutic hypothermia (TH), predicts injury on early MRI and holds promise as physiologic biomarker. To determine whether MT in neonates treated with TH for moderate-severe HIE is associated with long-term outcome at 18-22 months, we performed a secondary analysis of the Optimizing Cooling trial using MT data from 167 infants treated at a core temperature of 33.5°C. Median MTs from four time-epochs (0-6 h, 6-24 h, 24-48 h, and 48-72 h of TH) were used to predict death or moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI), using epoch-specific derived and validated MT cutoffs. Median MT of infants who died or survived with NDI was consistently 1.5-3.0°C higher throughout TH. Infants requiring a median MT above the derived cut-offs had a significantly increased odds of death or NDI, most notably at 0-6 h (aOR 17.0, 95%CI 4.3-67.4). By contrast, infants who remained below cut-offs across all epochs had 100% NDI-free survival. MTs in neonates with moderate-severe HIE during TH are highly predictive of long-term outcome and can be used as physiologic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mietzsch
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John J Flibotte
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janessa B Law
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mihai Puia-Dumitrescu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas R Wood
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Blondin DP. Human thermogenic adipose tissue. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 80:102054. [PMID: 37269791 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human thermogenic adipose tissue has long been touted as a promising therapeutic target for obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current knowledge of in vivo human thermogenic adipose tissue metabolism. We explore the evidence provided by retrospective and prospective studies describing the association of brown adipose tissue (BAT) [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation and various cardiometabolic risk factors. Although these studies have been invaluable in generating hypothesis, it has also raised some questions about the reliability of this method as an indicator of BAT thermogenic capacity. We discuss the evidence in support of human BAT functioning as a local thermogenic organ and energy sink, as an endocrine organ, and as a biomarker of adipose tissue health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave North, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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11
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Correspondence: André C. Carpentier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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12
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Li L, Wan Q, Long Q, Nie T, Zhao S, Mao L, Cheng C, Zou C, Loomes K, Xu A, Lai L, Liu X, Duan Z, Hui X, Wu D. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of rabbit interscapular brown adipose tissue whitening under physiological conditions. Adipocyte 2022; 11:529-549. [PMID: 36000239 PMCID: PMC9427046 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) of both rabbits and humans exhibits a similar whitening phenomenon under physiological conditions. However, a detailed characterization of iBAT whitening in them is still lacking. Here, we chose rabbits as a model to gain a better understanding of the molecular signature changes during the whitening process of iBAT by transcriptomic analysis of rabbit iBAT at day 1, day 14, 1 month and 4 months after birth. We applied non-invasive MRI imaging to monitor the whitening process and correlated these changes with analysis of morphological, histological and molecular features. Principal component analysis (PCA) of differentially expressed genes delineated three major phases for the whitening process as Brown, Transition and Whitened BAT phases. RNA-sequencing data revealed that whitening of iBAT was an orchestrated process where multiple types of cells and tissues participated in a variety of physiological processes including neovascularization, formation of new nervous networks and immune regulation. Several key metabolic and signalling pathways contributed to whitening of iBAT, and immune cells and immune regulation appeared to play an overarching role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaoyun Long
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tao Nie
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liufeng Mao
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanli Cheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Zou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kerry Loomes
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziyuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Ziyuan Duan Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Xiaoyan Hui
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Donghai Wu
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13
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Frank L, Brandt S, Wabitsch M. Subcutaneous fat necrosis in newborns: a systematic literature review of case reports and model of pathophysiology. Mol Cell Pediatr 2022; 9:18. [PMID: 36427118 PMCID: PMC9700527 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SCFN) is a rare disease occurring in the first days of life. Characteristically, the infants show hard nodules in subcutaneous tissue, purple or erythematous in color and appear on the upper back, cheeks, buttocks and limbs. In most cases, SCFN is a self-limiting disease, as the nodules disappear in up to 6 months. A severe complication associated with SCFN is hypercalcaemia. Pathophysiological mechanisms causing SCFN or associated hypercalcaemia are not fully understood yet. METHODS A systematic literature research including the six biggest databases for medical research has been used to identify all published case reports of SCFN. N = 206 publications has been identified containing n = 320 case reports. All cases have been classified into four subgroups (depending on reported serum-calcium-level): hypercalcaemia, normocalcaemia, hypocalcaemia or no information given. Reported maternal factors, birth characteristics, details about SCFN, diagnostics, therapy and long-term observations have been extracted from publications. RESULTS This is the first systematic literature research that summed up all published cases of SCFN from 1948 up to 2018. Information about serum calcium level was given in 64.3% of the cases. From those, the majority showed hypercalcaemia (70.5%) (normocalcaemia 25.1%, hypocalcemia 4.3%). 89.3% of newborns with hypercalcaemia showed suppressed levels of the parathormone. Maternal gestational diabetes, maternal hypertensive diseases during pregnancy, macrosomia (> 4000g), asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia are risk factors for SCFN. Histological findings showed a granulomatous inflammation in 98% of cases. CONCLUSION We identified that maternal, birth characteristics and therapeutic measures are probably risk factors for SCFN. These risk factors should be taken into account within the care of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Frank
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Oberschwaben Clinic Wangen im Allgäu, Wangen im Allgäu, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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14
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The Role and Regulatory Mechanism of Brown Adipose Tissue Activation in Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169448. [PMID: 36012714 PMCID: PMC9408971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been considered a vital organ in response to non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis, which could be activated during cold exposure through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or under postprandial conditions contributing to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Humans prefer to live within their thermal comfort or neutral zone with minimal energy expenditure created by wearing clothing, making shelters, or using an air conditioner to regulate their ambient temperature; thereby, DIT would become an important mechanism to counter-regulate energy intake and lipid accumulation. In addition, there has been a long interest in the intriguing possibility that a defect in DIT predisposes one to obesity and other metabolic diseases. Due to the recent advances in methodology to evaluate the functional activity of BAT and DIT, this updated review will focus on the role and regulatory mechanism of BAT biology in DIT in health and diseases and whether these mechanisms are applicable to humans.
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15
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Tews D, Wabitsch M. Brown Adipose Tissue in Children and Its Metabolic Function. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 95:104-111. [PMID: 34348306 DOI: 10.1159/000518353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To regulate body temperature, mammals possess brown adipose tissue (BAT), which converts significant amounts of chemical energy into heat. Due to its remarkable energy demand, BAT is currently discussed as a target organ to treat obesity and obesity-related disorders. SUMMARY Although BAT is predominantly present in infants and its relative mass declines with age, new findings suggest that BAT has a relevant role in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as in the regulation of the energy substrates glucose and lipids in older children, adolescents, and adults. In this overview, we will outline basic mechanisms of BAT thermogenesis and the recently described physiological relevance of BAT in metabolism in children and adolescents. KEY MESSAGE The connection of BAT activity with glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity seems to be evident from recent studies, implicating BAT as an important influencing factor in the context of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tews
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Hibernoma is an uncommon benign tumor of brown fat cells that consistently expresses uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Herein, we clinicopathologically characterized 16 liposarcomas, for which histology, at least focally, closely resembled that of hibernoma, including sheets of brown fat-like, finely multivacuolated-to-eosinophilic tumor cells with no or minimal nuclear atypia. The cohort consisted of 4 well-differentiated liposarcomas (WDLSs), 6 dedifferentiated liposarcomas with a concomitant WDLS component, and 6 myxoid liposarcomas (MLSs). For all dedifferentiated liposarcoma cases, hibernoma-like histology was present only in the WDLS component. All tumors presented as large, deep-seated masses. Hibernoma-like histology resembled the pale cell, mixed cell, eosinophilic cell, or spindle cell subtypes of hibernoma, and it was a focal observation, with conventional liposarcoma histology coexisting in all cases. However, a few biopsy samples were predominated by hibernoma-like patterns, and 1 case was initially interpreted as hibernoma. Hibernoma-like components in WDLS immunohistochemically coexpressed MDM2 and CDK4 in most cases and harboredMDM2amplification in tested cases, whereas half of the cases expressed UCP1. The hibernoma-like components of MLS expressed DDIT3, andDDIT3rearrangements were present in the tested cases, whereas only negative or equivocal UCP1 expression was observed. In summary, WDLS and MLS focally demonstrate hibernoma-like histology on rare occasions. These elements are neoplastic, and some such areas in WDLS likely represent true brown fat differentiation, as supported by UCP1 expression. This pattern requires recognition to avoid the misdiagnosis as hibernoma, especially in biopsies. A careful search for classic liposarcoma histology and additional work-ups for the MDM2/CDK4 or DDIT3 status will be helpful for an accurate diagnosis.
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Kuroiwa M, Hamaoka‐Fuse S, Amagasa S, Kime R, Endo T, Tanaka R, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Impact of brown adipose tissue vascular density on body adiposity in healthy Japanese infants and children. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:190-198. [PMID: 35388351 PMCID: PMC8976546 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The importance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well recognized in healthy infants and children. However, information regarding age‐related changes in BAT vascular density (BAT‐d) and the impact of BAT‐d on body adiposity are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the normal values of BAT‐d, factors influencing BAT‐d, and the impact of BAT‐d on body adiposity in healthy infants and children. Methods This study included 240 participants (127 girls and 113 boys) aged 1 month to 5 years. The tissue total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region adjusted according to the subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) ([total‐Hb‐Adj]sup) as BAT‐d. SAT in the deltoid and interscapular regions (SATdel+int), the Kaup index (body weight [g]/height or length [cm]/height or length [cm] × 10) as body adiposity, and fertilization season were also measured. Results The [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup of boys was higher than that of girls (r = 0.277, p = 0.009). Younger children had a significantly higher Kaup index (r = 0.495, p < 0.001) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001) than older children. Children who had higher [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup had a significantly lower Kaup index (r = 0.495, p = 0.037) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001). Conclusion The [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup, as a parameter of BAT‐d, is negatively correlated with body adiposity in children aged 1 month to 5 years, and BAT might affect human obesity to a much greater extent than expected. To prevent or treat obesity in early childhood, the level of BAT‐d should be considered when using a dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamaoka‐Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
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18
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Li Y, Fromme T. Uncoupling Protein 1 Does Not Produce Heat without Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2406. [PMID: 35269549 PMCID: PMC8910648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is the crucial mechanistic component of heat production in classical brown fat and the newly identified beige or brite fat. Thermogenesis inevitably comes at a high energetic cost and brown fat, ultimately, is an energy-wasting organ. A constrained strategy that minimizes brown fat activity unless obligate will have been favored during natural selection to safeguard metabolic thriftiness. Accordingly, UCP1 is constitutively inhibited and is inherently not leaky without activation. It follows that increasing brown adipocyte number or UCP1 abundance genetically or pharmacologically does not lead to an automatic increase in thermogenesis or subsequent metabolic consequences in the absence of a plausible route of concomitant activation. Despite its apparent obviousness, this tenet is frequently ignored. Consequently, incorrect conclusions are often drawn from increased BAT or brite/beige depot mass, e.g., predicting or causally linking beneficial metabolic effects. Here, we highlight the inherently inactive nature of UCP1, with a particular emphasis on the molecular brakes and releases of UCP1 activation under physiological conditions. These controls of UCP1 activity represent potential targets of therapeutic interventions to unlock constraints and efficiently harness the energy-expending potential of brown fat to prevent and treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguo Li
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was first identified by Conrad Gessner in 1551, but it was only in 1961 that it was firmly identified as a thermogenic organ. Key developments in the subsequent two decades demonstrated that: (1) BAT is quantitatively important to non-shivering thermogenesis in rodents, (2) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation through a mitochondrial proton conductance pathway is the central mechanism by which heat is generated, (3) uncoupling protein-1 is the critical factor regulating proton leakage in BAT mitochondria. Following pivotal studies on cafeteria-fed rats and obese ob/ob mice, BAT was then shown to have a central role in the regulation of energy balance and the etiology of obesity. The application of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the late 2000s confirmed that BAT is present and active in adults, resulting in renewed interest in the tissue in human energetics and obesity. Subsequent studies have demonstrated a broad metabolic role for BAT, the tissue being an important site of glucose disposal and triglyceride clearance, as well as of insulin action. BAT continues to be a potential target for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Trayhurn
- Obesity Biology Unit, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
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20
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Tanaka-Yachi R, Otsu R, Takahashi-Muto C, Kiyose C. Delta-Tocopherol Suppresses the Dysfunction of Thermogenesis due to Inflammatory Stimulation in Brown Adipocytes. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1647-1653. [PMID: 36310052 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions as a radiator for thermogenesis and helps maintain body temperature and regulate metabolism. Inflammatory signals have been reported to inhibit PGC-1α activation and UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. Inflammation is mainly caused by cell hypertrophy and macrophage invasion due to obesity, and invading macrophages secrete inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL1β, and IL6, which suppress the thermogenesis in BAT. Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble vitamin with anti-inflammatory effects is expected to contribute to the suppression of inflammation in adipose tissue. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of tocopherols, α-tocopherol (α-toc) and δ-tocopherol (δ-toc), against brown adipocyte inflammation and thermogenesis dysfunction.Inflammatory stimulation by TNF-α, a major inflammatory cytokine, significantly decreased the protein expression levels of UCP1 and PGC-1α in rat primary brown adipocytes. The pre-incubation of α-toc or δ-toc significantly suppressed the decrease in UCP1 and PGC-1α expression and lipid accumulation. Additionally, α-toc and δ-toc suppress the induction of ERK1/2 gene expression, implying that an antiinflammatory effect is involved in this protective effect. We fed mice a high-fat diet for 16 weeks and investigated the effects of α-toc and δ-toc in the diet. Intake of α-toc and δ-toc significantly suppressed weight gain and hypertrophy of brown adipocytes. Our results suggest that α-toc and δ-toc suppress the dysfunction of thermogenesis in brown adipocytes due to inflammation and contribute to the treatment of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Tanaka-Yachi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Rena Otsu
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
| | - Chie Takahashi-Muto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Kitasato Junior College of Health and Hygienic Sciences
| | - Chikako Kiyose
- Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
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21
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Niclou A, Ocobock C. Weather permitting: Increased seasonal efficiency of nonshivering thermogenesis through brown adipose tissue activation in the winter. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23716. [PMID: 34942026 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated seasonal changes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and metabolism in a temperate-climate Albany, NY population. METHODS Data were collected among 58 participants (21 males, 37 females, ages: 18-51) in the summer and 59 participants (23 males, 36 females, ages: 18-63) in the winter in Albany, New York. BAT activity was inferred by comparing metabolic rate, heat dissipation in the supraclavicular area, and respiratory quotient at room temperature and cold exposure. Seasonal variation in BAT was determined by comparing these measurements from summer and winter. RESULTS At mild cold exposure, heat dissipation of the supraclavicular area was significantly greater in the winter compared to summer (p < .001); however, no significant differences were found between seasons in metabolic rate measurements. This suggests BAT activation may be metabolically more efficient in the winter, due to prolonged lower seasonal temperatures relative to summer. Respiratory quotient significantly increased upon mild cold exposure in the winter compared to summer (p < .001). While carbohydrate utilization increased in the winter, fat remained the primary metabolic substrate for BAT activity across both seasons. CONCLUSION The seasonal variations in the effects of nonshivering thermogenesis on metabolic rate and substrate metabolism suggest a buffering of energy expenditure and an increased use of glucose as fuel by BAT as a result of acclimatization to cold in the winter. These findings point towards a potential role of BAT in human whole-body mediated glucose disposal and cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Niclou
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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22
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Levy SB, Leonard WR. The evolutionary significance of human brown adipose tissue: Integrating the timescales of adaptation. Evol Anthropol 2021; 31:75-91. [PMID: 34910348 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While human adaptability is regarded as a classical topic in anthropology, recent work provides new insight into metabolic adaptations to cold climates and the role of phenotypic plasticity in human evolution. A growing body of literature demonstrates that adults retain brown adipose tissue (BAT) which may play a role in non-shivering thermogenesis. In this narrative review, we apply the timescales of adaptation framework in order to explore the adaptive significance of human BAT. Human variation in BAT is shaped by multiple adaptive modes (i.e., allostasis, acclimatization, developmental adaptation, epigenetic inheritance, and genetic adaptation), and together the adaptive modes act as an integrated system. We hypothesize that plasticity in BAT facilitated the successful expansion of human populations into circumpolar regions, allowing for selection of genetic adaptations to cold climates to take place. Future research rooted in human energetics and biocultural perspectives is essential for understanding BAT's adaptive and health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Levy
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - William R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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23
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Cheng L, Wang J, Dai H, Duan Y, An Y, Shi L, Lv Y, Li H, Wang C, Ma Q, Li Y, Li P, Du H, Zhao B. Brown and beige adipose tissue: a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adipocyte 2021; 10:48-65. [PMID: 33403891 PMCID: PMC7801117 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1870060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adipose tissue can be divided into two major types, namely, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). According to classical view, the main function of WAT is to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, while BAT is a thermogenic tissue that acts a pivotal part in maintaining the core body temperature. White adipocytes display high plasticity and can transdifferentiate into beige adipocytes which have many similar morphological and functional properties with brown adipocytes under the stimulations of exercise, cold exposure and other factors. This phenomenon is also known as 'browning of WAT'. In addition to transdifferentiation, beige adipocytes can also come from de novo differentiation from tissue-resident progenitors. Activating BAT and inducing browning of WAT can accelerate the intake of glycolipids and reduce the insulin secretion requirement, which may be a new strategy to improve glycolipids metabolism and insulin resistance of obese and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This review mainly discusses the significance of brown and beige adipose tissues in the treatment of obesity and T2DM, and focuses on the effect of the browning agent on obesity and T2DM, which provides a brand-new theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Yuhui Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Yongcheng An
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Yinglan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quantao Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Haifeng Du
- The Third Municipal Hospital of Chengde, Chengde, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
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24
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Oyama S, Arslanian KJ, Levy SB, Ocobock CJ, Fidow UT, Naseri T, Hawley NL. Feasibility of using infrared thermal imaging to examine brown adipose tissue in infants aged 18 to 25 months. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:374-381. [PMID: 34781801 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1985607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in adults indicate that cold-induced temperature change of supraclavicular skin corresponds with brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. AIM This study examined the feasibility of using thermography to assess temperature changes in infants aged 18-25 months after mild cooling. Further, this study sought to evaluate whether cold exposure induces a thermal response suggestive of BAT activity underlying the supraclavicular region. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Changes in maximum skin temperature at the supraclavicular and interscapular regions were determined using thermal imaging following a mild 5-minute cooling condition (by removal of clothes in a climate-controlled room) in 67 Samoan infants. Temperature changes of the forehead and hand, known BAT-free regions, served as indicators of cooling efficacy. RESULTS Infants with increased hand and forehead temperatures after cold exposure were excluded from analysis, reducing the effective sample size to 19 infants. On average, forehead (p < 0.001), hand (p < 0.001) and back (0.029) temperatures dropped significantly while supraclavicular temperatures remained constant. Participants with greater decreases in forehead temperature tended to exhibit greater supraclavicular thermogenesis (p = 0.084), suggesting potential BAT activity in this region. CONCLUSIONS While further work is necessary to develop a reliable cooling condition, this study provides proof-of-concept for non-invasive assessment of BAT activity in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Oyama
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kendall J Arslanian
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie B Levy
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Cara J Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ulai T Fidow
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tupua Tamasese Meaole Hospital, Samoa National Health Service, Apia, Samoa
| | | | - Nicola L Hawley
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Röszer T. Co-Evolution of Breast Milk Lipid Signaling and Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1705. [PMID: 34827703 PMCID: PMC8615456 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is a unique and defining behavior of mammals and has a fundamental role in nourishing offspring by supplying a lipid-rich product that is utilized to generate heat and metabolic fuel. Heat generation from lipids is a feature of newborn mammals and is mediated by the uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration in specific fat depots. Breastfeeding and thermogenic adipose tissue have a shared evolutionary history: both have evolved in the course of homeothermy evolution; breastfeeding mammals are termed "thermolipials", meaning "animals with warm fat". Beyond its heat-producing capacity, thermogenic adipose tissue is also necessary for proper lipid metabolism and determines adiposity in offspring. Recent advances have demonstrated that lipid metabolism in infants is orchestrated by breast milk lipid signals, which establish mother-to-child signaling and control metabolic development in the infant. Breastfeeding rates are declining worldwide, and are paralleled by an alarming increase in childhood obesity, which at least in part may have its roots in the impaired metabolic control by breast milk lipid signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Science, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Yang H, Ma C, Zi Y, Zhang M, Liu Y, Wu K, Gao F. Effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on the regulatory factors involved in growth and development in ovine fetal perirenal brown adipose tissue. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:1010-1020. [PMID: 34530507 PMCID: PMC9271387 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on the expressions of genes involved in growth and development in ovine fetal perirenal brown adipose tissue (BAT). Methods Eighteen ewes with singleton fetuses were allocated to three groups at day 90 of pregnancy: restricted group 1 (RG1, 0.33 MJ metabolisable energy [ME]/kg body weight [BW]0.75/d, n = 6), restricted group 2 (RG2, 0.18 MJ ME/kg BW0.75/d, n = 6), and a control group (CG, ad libitum, 0.67 MJ ME/kg BW0.75/d, n = 6). The fetuses were removed at day 140 of pregnancy. All data were analyzed by using the analysis of variance procedure. Results The perirenal fat weight (p = 0.0077) and perirenal fat growth rate (p = 0.0074) were reduced in RG2 compared to CG. In fetal perirenal BAT, the protein level of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) (p = 0.0001) was lower in RG1 and RG2 compared with CG and UCP1 mRNA expression (p = 0.0265) was decreased in RG2. The protein level of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) was also decreased in RG2 (p = 0.0001). In addition, mRNA expressions of CyclinA (p = 0.0109), CyclinB (p = 0.0019), CyclinD (p = 0.0015), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) (p = 0.0001), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) (p = 0.0323), E2F4 (p = 0.0101), and E2F5 (p = 0.0018) were lower in RG1 and RG2. There were decreased protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) (p = 0.0043) and mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) (p = 0.0307) in RG2 and decreased PPARγ mRNA expression (p = 0.0008) and C/EBPα protein expression (p = 0.0015) in both RG2 and RG1. Furthermore, mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) (p = 0.0083) and BMP7 (p = 0.0330) decreased in RG2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) reduced in RG2 and RG1. Conclusion Our observations support that repression of regulatory factors promoting differentiation and development results in the inhibition of BAT maturation in fetal perirenal fat during late pregnancy with maternal undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of animal nutrition and feed, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Chi Ma
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of animal nutrition and feed, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Yang Zi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of animal nutrition and feed, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of animal nutrition and feed, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Biomanufacturing, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Biomanufacturing, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of animal nutrition and feed, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China.,Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018 China
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Greenfield AM, Charkoudian N, Alba BK. Influences of ovarian hormones on physiological responses to cold in women. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:23-45. [DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1953688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin Greenfield
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie Katherine Alba
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Hoang AC, Yu H, Röszer T. Transcriptional Landscaping Identifies a Beige Adipocyte Depot in the Newborn Mouse. Cells 2021; 10:2368. [PMID: 34572017 PMCID: PMC8470180 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to identify gene networks that are hallmarks of the developing inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue (iWAT) and the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the mouse. RNA profiling revealed that the iWAT of postnatal (P) day 6 mice expressed thermogenic and lipid catabolism transcripts, along with the abundance of transcripts associated with the beige adipogenesis program. This was an unexpected finding, as thermogenic BAT was believed to be the only site of nonshivering thermogenesis in the young mouse. However, the transcriptional landscape of BAT in P6 mice suggests that it is still undergoing differentiation and maturation, and that the iWAT temporally adopts thermogenic and lipolytic potential. Moreover, P6 iWAT and adult (P56) BAT were similar in their expression of immune gene networks, but P6 iWAT was unique in the abundant expression of antimicrobial proteins and virus entry factors, including a possible receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In summary, postnatal iWAT development is associated with a metabolic shift from thermogenesis and lipolysis towards fat storage. However, transcripts of beige-inducing signal pathways including β-adrenergic receptors and interleukin-4 signaling were underrepresented in young iWAT, suggesting that the signals for thermogenic fat differentiation may be different in early postnatal life and in adulthood.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Beige/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Ontology
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.C.H.); (H.Y.)
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29
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Abstract
The classical dogma states that brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a major role in the regulation of temperature in neonates. However, although BAT has been studied in infants for more than a century, the knowledge about its physiological features at this stage of life is rather limited. This has been mainly due to the lack of appropriate investigation methods, ethically suitable for neonates. Here, we have applied non-invasive infrared thermography (IRT) to investigate neonatal BAT activity. Our data show that BAT temperature correlates with body temperature and that mild cold stimulus promotes BAT activation in newborns. Notably, a single short-term cold stimulus during the first day of life improves the body temperature adaption to a subsequent cold event. Finally, we identify that bone morphogenic protein 8B (BMP8B) is associated with the BAT thermogenic response in neonates. Overall, our data uncover key features of the setup of BAT thermogenesis in newborns.
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30
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Wang Z, Wang QA, Liu Y, Jiang L. Energy metabolism in brown adipose tissue. FEBS J 2021; 288:3647-3662. [PMID: 34028971 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well known to burn calories through uncoupled respiration, producing heat to maintain body temperature. This 'calorie wasting' feature makes BAT a special tissue, which can function as an 'energy sink' in mammals. While a combination of high energy intake and low energy expenditure is the leading cause of overweight and obesity in modern society, activating a safe 'energy sink' has been proposed as a promising obesity treatment strategy. Metabolically, lipids and glucose have been viewed as the major energy substrates in BAT, while succinate, lactate, branched-chain amino acids, and other metabolites can also serve as energy substrates for thermogenesis. Since the cataplerotic and anaplerotic reactions of these metabolites interconnect with each other, BAT relies on its dynamic, flexible, and complex metabolism to support its special function. In this review, we summarize how BAT orchestrates the metabolic utilization of various nutrients to support thermogenesis and contributes to whole-body metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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31
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Jackson TC, Gorse K, Herrmann JR, Kochanek PM. Hippocampal and Prefrontal Cortical Brain Tissue Levels of Irisin and GDF15 Receptor Subunits in Children. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2145-2157. [PMID: 33411243 PMCID: PMC7788542 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cold-stress hormones (CSHs) stimulate thermogenesis and have direct neuroprotective effects on the brain. The obligatory receptor components of two new CSHs (irisin and growth differentiation factor-15 [GDF15]) were recently discovered. Irisin binds integrin-αV/β5 heterodimers while GDF-15 binds to the orphan receptor glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α-like (GFRAL). In addition, integrin-αV/β5 was just identified as the key receptor mediating Zika virus infection in the CNS. We measured integrin-αV, integrin-β5, and GFRAL protein levels across 78 high-quality human male/female brain tissues in infants, toddlers, preschoolers, adolescent, and adults-providing the most robust analysis to date on their levels in the human cortex and hippocampus. We report that integrin-αV was detected at all ages in the prefrontal cortex with levels greatest in adults. Integrin-αV was also detected in the hippocampus in all age groups. In contrast, integrin-β5 was detected in cortex and hippocampus largely restricted to infants. Co-expression of integrin-αV/β5 in the human infant hippocampus and cortex suggests the possibility that irisin has a more robust effect on the developing vs. the adult brain and may have implications for Zika virus infection in infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Jackson
- University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, MDD 0742, 560 Channelside Dr, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs BLVD, MDC 2532, Tampa, FL, 33612-4799, USA.
| | - Kiersten Gorse
- University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, MDD 0742, 560 Channelside Dr, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs BLVD, MDC 2532, Tampa, FL, 33612-4799, USA
| | - Jeremy R Herrmann
- School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, John G. Rangos Research Center - 6th Floor, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, John G. Rangos Research Center - 6th Floor, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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32
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Desoye G, Herrera E. Adipose tissue development and lipid metabolism in the human fetus: The 2020 perspective focusing on maternal diabetes and obesity. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101082. [PMID: 33383022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During development, the human fetus accrues the highest proportion of fat of all mammals. Precursors of fat lobules can be found at week 14 of pregnancy. Thereafter, they expand, filling with triacylglycerols during pregnancy. The resultant mature lipid-filled adipocytes emerge from a developmental programme of embryonic stem cells, which is regulated differently than adult adipogenesis. Fetal triacylglycerol synthesis uses glycerol and fatty acids derived predominantly from glycolysis and lipogenesis in liver and adipocytes. The fatty acid composition of fetal adipose tissue at the end of pregnancy shows a preponderance of palmitic acid, and differs from the mother. Maternal diabetes mellitus does not influence this fatty acid profile. Glucose oxidation is the main source of energy for the fetus, but mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation also contributes. Indirect evidence suggests the presence of lipoprotein lipase in fetal adipose tissue. Its activity may be increased under hyperinsulinemic conditions as in maternal diabetes mellitus and obesity, thereby contributing to increased triacylglycerol deposition found in the newborns of such pregnancies. Fetal lipolysis is low. Changes in the expression of genes controlling metabolism in fetal adipose tissue appear to contribute actively to the increased neonatal fat mass found in diabetes and obesity. Many of these processes are under endocrine regulation, principally by insulin, and show sex-differences. Novel fatty acid derived signals such as oxylipins are present in cord blood with as yet undiscovered function. Despite many decades of research on fetal lipid deposition and metabolism, many key questions await answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - E Herrera
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
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33
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El‐Dib M, Munster C, Szakmar E, Inder T, Gunn AJ. Late onset oxygen requirement following neonatal therapeutic hypothermia. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:2258-2265. [PMID: 32043655 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the characteristics of infants with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) receiving therapeutic hypothermia (TH) who developed late onset oxygen requirement during or after rewarming. METHODS Infants were stratified by receiving (a) new onset isolated oxygen requirements during or after rewarming; (b) no respiratory support during hospital stay; and (c) invasive and/or non-invasive respiratory support before or during cooling. RESULTS Of 136 infants treated with TH, 49 (36%) did not require any respiratory support, and 78 (57.4%) received invasive or non-invasive support before or during cooling. Nine infants (6.6%) developed late onset oxygen requirement. The late onset oxygen requirement started at median age of 3.8 days (IQR 3.6-5.2) and ended at median 7.5 days (IQR 5.8-12.7). Total hours of O2 exposure were median 62.0 (IQR 24.4-112.6). Maximum support was low-flow nasal cannula from 100% oxygen source with a flow rate of 40-250 mL/min. Infants in this group had higher Apgar scores, milder metabolic acidosis and no seizures. Three infants had diagnostic investigations without significant findings. CONCLUSION A small percentage of neonates with NE developed late onset oxygen requirement during or after rewarming. Late oxygen requirement was associated with evidence of less severe perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El‐Dib
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Chelsea Munster
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Eniko Szakmar
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
- 1st Department of Pediatrics Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary
| | - Terrie Inder
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology School of Medical Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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34
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Lundbäck V, Kulyté A, Dahlman I, Marcus C. Adipose-specific inactivation of thyroid stimulating hormone receptors in mice modifies body weight, temperature and gene expression in adipocytes. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14538. [PMID: 32812397 PMCID: PMC7435038 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In obesity, the expression level of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor in adipose tissue is reduced and the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are often elevated within the normal range. PURPOSE/AIM To investigate the role of TSHR in brown and white adipose tissue (AT) using TSHR knockout (KO) mice and the physiological phenotypes affected by the TSHR knockout. METHODS AT-specific TSHR KO male mice and wild type (WT) controls were given a high-fat diet (HFD) or a control diet (CD). Body weights and food consumption were recorded for 20 weeks and body temperatures for the first 3 weeks. At termination, white and brown adipocytes were isolated. Gene expressios was investigated using real-time PCR. In a subgroup of female KO mice, glucose tolerance was investigated. RESULTS TSHR were partially knocked out in KO mice, which gained more weight than WT mice when fed both a CD (p = .03) and HFD (p = .003). Body temperatures were lower in KO mice on CD (p <.001) and on HFD (p <.001) than WT controls. This was in agreement with reduced gene expression of UCP1 in brown adipocytes in the KO mice. Glucose tolerance was significantly impaired in KO mice on CD mice before termination (p <.01). Expression of adipogenic and lipolytic genes were reduced in KO mice, which was exacerbated by HFD. The mRNA levels of adipokines including ADIPOQ and LEP were altered in white adipocytes of KO mice. CONCLUSIONS TSHR KO led to dysfunction of both white and brown AT and predisposition to excess body weight gain in mice. Our data show that TSHR in AT regulates glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, adipokine profile, and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veroniqa Lundbäck
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agné Kulyté
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claude Marcus
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology University Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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36
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González-García I, Milbank E, Martinez-Ordoñez A, Diéguez C, López M, Contreras C. HYPOTHesizing about central comBAT against obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:193-211. [PMID: 31845114 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region in charge of many vital functions. Among them, BAT thermogenesis represents an essential physiological function to maintain body temperature. In the metabolic context, it has now been established that energy expenditure attributed to BAT function can contribute to the energy balance in a substantial extent. Thus, therapeutic interest in this regard has increased in the last years and some studies have shown that BAT function in humans can make a real contribution to improve diabetes and obesity-associated diseases. Nevertheless, how the hypothalamus controls BAT activity is still not fully understood. Despite the fact that much has been known about the mechanisms that regulate BAT activity in recent years, and that the central regulation of thermogenesis offers a very promising target, many questions remain still unsolved. Among them, the possible human application of knowledge obtained from rodent studies, and drug administration strategies able to specifically target the hypothalamus. Here, we review the current knowledge of homeostatic regulation of BAT, including the molecular insights of brown adipocytes, its central control, and its implication in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Edward Milbank
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Martinez-Ordoñez
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Ferreira V, Grajales D, Valverde ÁM. Adipose tissue as a target for second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics: A molecular view. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158534. [PMID: 31672575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder that chronically affects 21 million people worldwide. Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the cornerstone in the management of schizophrenia. However, despite their efficacy in counteracting both positive and negative symptomatology of schizophrenia, recent clinical observations have described an increase in the prevalence of metabolic disturbances in patients treated with SGAs, including abnormal weight gain, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. While the molecular mechanisms responsible for these side-effects remain poorly understood, increasing evidence points to a link between SGAs and adipose tissue depots of white, brown and beige adipocytes. In this review, we survey the present knowledge in this area, with a particular focus on the molecular aspects of adipocyte biology including differentiation, lipid metabolism, thermogenic function and the browning/beiging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Grajales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Enweronu‐Laryea C, Martinello KA, Rose M, Manu S, Tann CJ, Meek J, Ahor‐Essel K, Boylan GB, Robertson NJ. Core temperature after birth in babies with neonatal encephalopathy in a sub-Saharan African hospital setting. J Physiol 2019; 597:4013-4024. [PMID: 31168907 PMCID: PMC6767688 DOI: 10.1113/jp277820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) to 33.0-34.0°C for 72 h provides optimal therapy for infants with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) in high-resource settings. HT is not universally implemented in low- and middle-income countries as a result of both limited resources and evidence. Facilitated passive cooling, comprising infants being allowed to passively lower their body temperature in the days after birth, is an emerging practice in some West African neonatal units. In this observational study, we demonstrate that infants undergoing facilitated passive cooling in a neonatal unit in Accra, Ghana, achieve temperatures within the HT target range ∼20% of the 72 h. Depth of HT fluctuates and can be excessive, as well as not maintained, especially after 24 h. Sustained and deeper passive cooling was evident for severe NE and for those that died. It is important to prevent excessive cooling, to understand that severe NE babies cool more and to be aware of facilitated passive cooling with respect to the design of clinical trials in low- and mid-resource settings. ABSTRACT Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a significant worldwide problem with the greatest burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT), comprising the standard of care for infants with moderate-to-severe NE in settings with sophisticated intensive care, is not available to infants in many sub-Saharan African countries, including Ghana. We prospectively assessed the temperature response in relation to outcome in the 80 h after birth in a cohort of babies with NE undergoing 'facilitated passive cooling' at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. We hypothesized that NE infants demonstrate passive cooling. Thirteen infants (69% male) ≥36 weeks with moderate-to-severe NE were enrolled. Ambient mean ± SD temperature was 28.3 ± 0.7°C. Infant core temperature was 34.2 ± 1.2°C over the first 24 h and 35.0 ± 1.0°C over 80 h. Nadir mean temperature occurred at 15 h. Temperatures were within target range for HT with respect to 18 ± 14% of measurements within the first 72 h. Axillary temperature was 0.5 ± 0.2°C below core. Three infants died before discharge. Core temperature over 80 h for surviving infants was 35.3 ± 0.9°C and 33.96 ± 0.7°C for those that died (P = 0.043). Temperature profile negatively correlated with Thompson NE score on day 4 (r2 = 0.66): infants with a Thompson score of 0-6 had higher temperatures than those with a score of 7-15 (P = 0.021) and a score of 16+/deceased (P = 0.007). More severe NE was associated with lower core temperatures. Passive cooling is a physiological response after hypoxia-ischaemia; however, the potential neuroprotective effect of facilitated passive cooling is unknown. An awareness of facilitated passive cooling in babies with NE is important for the design of clinical trials of neuroprotection in low and mid resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabel Enweronu‐Laryea
- Department of Child HealthUniversity of Ghana School of Medicine and DentistryAccraGhana
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitKorle Bu Teaching HospitalAccraGhana
| | - Kathryn A Martinello
- Institute for Women's HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Robinson Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- NeonatologyUniversity College London Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Maggie Rose
- NeonatologyUniversity College London Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Sally Manu
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitKorle Bu Teaching HospitalAccraGhana
| | - Cally J Tann
- NeonatologyUniversity College London Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health Centre, Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Judith Meek
- NeonatologyUniversity College London Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Kojo Ahor‐Essel
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitKorle Bu Teaching HospitalAccraGhana
| | - Geraldine B Boylan
- INFANT Research CentreUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Paediatrics & Child HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Institute for Women's HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Division of NeonatologySidra MedicineDohaQatar
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Pattnaik P, Levin T, Gagne S, Angert R. Case 2: Rapidly Growing Neck Mass in an Extremely Preterm Infant with Pulmonary Hypertension. Neoreviews 2019; 20:e226-e228. [PMID: 31261064 DOI: 10.1542/neo.20-4-e226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry Levin
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY
| | - Samuel Gagne
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Robert Angert
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
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40
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Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Browning of White Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30804796 PMCID: PMC6370737 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest has been focused on differentiating anatomical, molecular, and physiological characteristics of the types of mammalian adipose tissues. White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are the two main forms of adipose tissue in humans. WAT functions as an endocrine organ and serves as a reservoir of energy in the form of triglycerides. The hormones released by WAT are called adipokines. BAT consists of a group of specialized cells with abundant uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane and also fulfills endocrine functions. Following the identification of functional (BAT) in human adults, there has been a great deal of interest in finding out how it is induced, its localization, and the mechanisms by which it regulates thermogenesis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key regulator of the differentiation to brown adipocytes. The main mechanisms occur through enhancing UCP1 expression. In addition, following exposure to cold or exercise, FGF21 induces upregulation of local peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator (PGC)-1-alfa and thus promotes thermogenesis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. FGF21 integrates several pathways allowing the regulation of human energy balance, glucose levels, and lipid metabolism. Such mechanisms and their clinical relevance are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Mehta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Tec Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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41
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Sellayah D. The Impact of Early Human Migration on Brown Adipose Tissue Evolution and Its Relevance to the Modern Obesity Pandemic. J Endocr Soc 2018; 3:372-386. [PMID: 30723844 PMCID: PMC6354082 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors are believed to be primarily responsible for obesity; however, an understanding of how genes for obesity have become so prevalent in modern society has proved elusive. Several theories have attempted to explain the genetic basis for obesity, but none of these appear to factor in the interethnic variation in obesity. Emerging evidence is increasingly pointing to a link between reduced basal metabolism and ineffective brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. In fact, BAT presence and function are strongly correlated with metabolic rates and directly influence obesity susceptibility. My colleagues and I recently theorized that ancestral exposure to cold necessitated the evolution of enhanced BAT thermogenesis, which, with today’s hypercaloric and sedentary lifestyle, becomes advantageous, because thermogenesis is energetically wasteful, raising basal metabolism and burning excess calories. The opposite may be true for the descendants of heat-adapted populations. This review further reconciles global evolutionary climatic exposures with obesity demographics to understand the genetic basis for the obesity pandemic, and new insights from the most recent studies are provided, including those assessing archaic human admixture. Key genetic variants influencing BAT thermogenesis are outlined that have also been linked with climatic exposure to cold and appear to support the theory that evolutionary factors relevant to climate may have shaped the modern obesity pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan Sellayah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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42
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Jackson TC, Kotermanski SE, Kochanek PM. Infants Uniquely Express High Levels of RBM3 and Other Cold-Adaptive Neuroprotectant Proteins in the Human Brain. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:325-336. [PMID: 30399610 DOI: 10.1159/000493637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective cold-shock proteins (CSPs) are abundant in the normothermic neonatal rodent brain but decrease with advancing neurodevelopmental age and are low or absent in the adult brain. It has not been established if neurodevelopmental age alters the baseline expression of CSPs in the human brain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that protein levels of RNA-binding motif 3 (RBM3), reticulon-3 (RTN3), and cold-induced RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) are abundant in the normothermic developing human brain but low-to-absent in adults. We also tested if β-klotho (KLB) is expressed in the developing brain; KLB functions as a coreceptor that controls tissue-specific binding and activity of the systemically circulating thermogenic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and is predominantly expressed in the liver, pancreas, and in adipose cells. Methods: Hippocampi and anterior prefrontal cortices (aPFCs/BA10) from a total of 20 male and 20 female subjects were obtained from the NIH NeuroBioBank. CSP and KLB levels were measured in: infants < 1 year old (n = 8), toddlers aged 1-2 years (n = 8), children aged 3-5 years (n = 7), 18-year-old adolescents (n = 8), and adults aged 31-34 years (n = 8). An equal number of male and female (n = 4 each) samples were pooled into each age group, except in the 3- to 5-year-olds which comprised 3 male and 4 female specimens due to sample availability. In total, 78 whole-brain tissues were dissociated using a bead-based Precellys homogenizer to generate equivalent homogenates, and levels of protein targets subsequently analyzed by Western blotting. Results: Infants had the highest levels of RBM3 and other CSPs in the brain compared to all other ages. In the hippocampus, CSPs were detected predominantly in infants. In the aPFC, CSP levels were highest in infants, moderate-to-low in toddlers/children, and below assay detection limits in adolescents/adults. Germane to the thermogenic FGF21/KLB signaling axis, our results confirm that KLB is absent in the adult hippocampus/aPFC as reported by others. In contrast, we report for the first time that KLB is abundant in the early developing human brain; KLB levels were highest in the infant hippocampus/aPFC and moderately expressed in toddlers. RBM3 is a potent neuroprotective CSP. Thus, the impact of these findings on the observed efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia in neonatal brain injury merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Jackson
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, John G. Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,
| | - Shawn E Kotermanski
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Bridgeside Point Building 1, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, John G. Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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43
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Carpentier AC, Blondin DP, Virtanen KA, Richard D, Haman F, Turcotte ÉE. Brown Adipose Tissue Energy Metabolism in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:447. [PMID: 30131768 PMCID: PMC6090055 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The demonstration of metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans primarily using positron emission tomography coupled to computed tomography (PET/CT) with the glucose tracer 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) has renewed the interest of the scientific and medical community in the possible role of BAT as a target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we offer a comprehensive review of BAT energy metabolism in humans. Considerable advances in methods to measure BAT energy metabolism, including nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), chylomicron-triglycerides (TG), oxygen, Krebs cycle rate, and intracellular TG have led to very good quantification of energy substrate metabolism per volume of active BAT in vivo. These studies have also shown that intracellular TG are likely the primary energy source of BAT upon activation by cold. Current estimates of BAT's contribution to energy expenditure range at the lower end of what would be potentially clinically relevant if chronically sustained. Yet, 18FDG PET/CT remains the gold-standard defining method to quantify total BAT volume of activity, used to calculate BAT's total energy expenditure. Unfortunately, BAT glucose metabolism better reflects BAT's insulin sensitivity and blood flow. It is now clear that most glucose taken up by BAT does not fuel mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and that BAT glucose uptake can therefore be disconnected from thermogenesis. Furthermore, BAT thermogenesis is efficiently recruited upon repeated cold exposure, doubling to tripling its total oxidative capacity, with reciprocal reduction of muscle thermogenesis. Recent data suggest that total BAT volume may be much larger than the typically observed 50-150 ml with 18FDG PET/CT. Therefore, the current estimates of total BAT thermogenesis, largely relying on total BAT volume using 18FDG PET/CT, may underestimate the true contribution of BAT to total energy expenditure. Quantification of the contribution of BAT to energy expenditure begs for the development of more integrated whole body in vivo methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C. Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kirsi A. Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - François Haman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Éric E. Turcotte
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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44
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Symonds ME, Aldiss P, Dellschaft N, Law J, Fainberg HP, Pope M, Sacks H, Budge H. Brown adipose tissue development and function and its impact on reproduction. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R53-R62. [PMID: 29789429 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) is one of the smallest organs in the body, it has the potential to have a substantial impact on both heat production as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism. This is most apparent at birth, which is characterised with the rapid appearance and activation of the BAT specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)1 in many large mammals. The amount of brown fat then gradually declines with age, an adaptation that can be modulated by the thermal environment. Given the increased incidence of maternal obesity and its potential transmission to the mother's offspring, increasing BAT activity in the mother could be one mechanism to prevent this cycle. To date, however, all rodent studies investigating maternal obesity have been conducted at standard laboratory temperature (21°C), which represents an appreciable cold challenge. This could also explain why offspring weight is rarely increased, suggesting that future studies would benefit from being conducted at thermoneutrality (~28°C). It is also becoming apparent that each fat depot has a unique transcriptome and show different developmental pattern, which is not readily apparent macroscopically. These differences could contribute to the retention of UCP1 within the supraclavicular fat depot, the most active depot in adult humans, increasing heat production following a meal. Despite the rapid increase in publications on BAT over the past decade, the extent to which modifications in diet and/or environment can be utilised to promote its activity in the mother and/or her offspring remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research CentreSchool of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Aldiss
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neele Dellschaft
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Law
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hernan P Fainberg
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Pope
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Harold Sacks
- VA Endocrinology and Diabetes DivisionVA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Fuller-Jackson JP, Henry BA. Adipose and skeletal muscle thermogenesis: studies from large animals. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R99-R115. [PMID: 29703782 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The balance between energy intake and energy expenditure establishes and preserves a 'set-point' body weight. The latter is comprised of three major components including metabolic rate, physical activity and thermogenesis. Thermogenesis is defined as the cellular dissipation of energy via heat production. This process has been extensively characterised in brown adipose tissue (BAT), wherein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) creates a proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane, diverting protons away from ATP synthesis and resulting in heat dissipation. In beige adipocytes and skeletal muscle, thermogenesis can occur independent of UCP1. Beige adipocytes have been shown to produce heat via UCP1 as well as via both futile creatine and calcium cycling pathways. On the other hand, the UCP1 homologue UCP3 is abundant in skeletal muscle and post-prandial thermogenesis has been associated with UCP3 and the futile calcium cycling. This review will focus on the differential contributions of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in determining total thermogenic output and energy expenditure in large mammals. Sheep and pigs do not have a circumscribed brown fat depot but rather possess white fat depots that contain brown and beige adipocytes interspersed amongst white adipose tissue. This is representative of humans, where brown, beige and white adipocytes have been identified in the neck and supraclavicular regions. This review will describe the mechanisms of thermogenesis in pigs and sheep and the relative roles of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue thermogenesis in controlling body weight in larger mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belinda A Henry
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Shao M, Gupta RK. Transcriptional brakes on the road to adipocyte thermogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:20-28. [PMID: 29800720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
White adipocytes represent the principle site for energy storage whereas brown/beige adipocytes emerge from seemingly distinct cellular lineages and burn chemical energy to produce heat. Thermogenic adipocytes utilize cell-type selective master regulatory transcription factors to drive the expression of their adipocyte thermogenic gene program. White adipocytes harbor transcriptional mechanisms to suppress the thermogenic gene program and maintain an energy-storing function. Here, we summarize some of the key developmental and transcriptional mechanisms leading to the postnatal recruitment of thermogenic adipocytes under physiological conditions, with a particular emphasis on the transcriptional "brakes" on the thermogenic gene program. We highlight a number of recent studies, including our own work on the transcription factor, ZFP423, that illustrate the potential to engineer the subcutaneous and visceral white fat lineages to adopt a thermogenic fat cell fate by releasing the inhibition of the adipocyte thermogenic gene program. These transcriptional brakes on adipocyte thermogenesis may represent potential targets of therapeutic interventions designed to combat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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47
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Golden ET, Dickson P, Simoneaux S. Brown fat necrosis with calcifications in the newborn: Risk factors, radiographic findings, and clinical course. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2018; 28:107-110. [PMID: 29692537 PMCID: PMC5894305 DOI: 10.4103/ijri.ijri_67_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe the radiographic appearance of subclinical calcified brown fat necrosis and the associated clinical and laboratory findings. Materials and Methods: Picture Archiving and Communications Sytem (PACS) was searched using keywords “soft tissue calcification” and “chest.” The clinical record was searched for prior cardiac surgery, bypass, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygentation (ECMO) and prostaglandin use. Age when calcifications were first detected, location, resolution, and associated laboratory abnormalities were recorded. Results: Nine patients were identified. None had skin lesions. All patients had congenital heart disease and had experienced cardiac/respiratory arrest and/or severe hypotension 1–6 weeks before soft tissue calcifications occurred. Calcifications resolved by 9 weeks to 5 months in 3 patients. The remaining were either deceased or lacked follow-up imaging. Renal ultrasound was performed in all but 1 patient. Nephrocalcinosis was only seen in 1 patient. Conclusion: Brown fat necrosis is subclinical, diagnosed on plain film, and likely self-limited. It occurs in term and preterm infants who have undergone significant systemic stress and carries a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleza T Golden
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Paula Dickson
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Stephen Simoneaux
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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50
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Law J, Chalmers J, Morris DE, Robinson L, Budge H, Symonds ME. The use of infrared thermography in the measurement and characterization of brown adipose tissue activation. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:147-161. [PMID: 30393752 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1397085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in brown adipose tissue has increased in recent years as a potential target for novel obesity, diabetes and metabolic disease treatments. One of the significant limitations to rapid progress has been the difficulty in measuring brown adipose tissue activity, especially in humans. Infrared thermography (IRT) is being increasingly recognized as a valid and complementary method to standard imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT). In contrast to PET/CT, it is non-invasive, cheap and quick, allowing, for the first time, the possibility of large studies of brown adipose tissue (BAT) on healthy populations and children. Variations in study protocols and analysis methods currently limit direct comparison between studies but IRT following appropriate BAT stimulation consistently shows a change in supraclavicular skin temperature and a close association with results from BAT measurements from other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Law
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Chalmers
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham
| | - David E Morris
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Robinson
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham
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