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Dulińska-Litewka J, Felkle D, Dykas K, Handziuk Z, Krzysztofik M, Gąsiorkiewicz B. The role of cyclins in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113742. [PMID: 36179490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cyclins in hormone-dependent neoplasms is crucial in the development of the disease that is resistant to first-line therapy, as the example of breast cancer shows. However, in prostate cancer, cyclins are studied to a lesser extent. There are some well-described molecular pathways, including cyclins A1 and D1 signaling, however the role of other cyclins, e.g., D2, D3, E, and H, still requires further investigation. Recent studies indicate that cyclins regulate various cellular processes, not only the cell cycle. Furthermore, they remain in cross-talk with many other signaling pathways, e.g., MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, and Notch. The androgen signaling axis, which is pivotal in prostate cancer progression, interferes with cyclin pathways at many levels. This article summarizes current knowledge on the influence of cyclins on prostate cancer progression by describing interactions between the androgen receptor and cyclins, as well as mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to currently used therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dulińska-Litewka
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Mikołaja Kopernika Street 7C, Poland.
| | - Dominik Felkle
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Mikołaja Kopernika Street 7C, Poland
| | - Kacper Dykas
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Mikołaja Kopernika Street 7C, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Handziuk
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Mikołaja Kopernika Street 7C, Poland
| | - Marta Krzysztofik
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Mikołaja Kopernika Street 7C, Poland
| | - Bartosz Gąsiorkiewicz
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Mikołaja Kopernika Street 7C, Poland
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2
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Jafari H, Hussain S, Campbell MJ. Nuclear Receptor Coregulators in Hormone-Dependent Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2402. [PMID: 35626007 PMCID: PMC9139824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) function collectively as a transcriptional signaling network that mediates gene regulatory actions to either maintain cellular homeostasis in response to hormonal, dietary and other environmental factors, or act as orphan receptors with no known ligand. NR complexes are large and interact with multiple protein partners, collectively termed coregulators. Coregulators are essential for regulating NR activity and can dictate whether a target gene is activated or repressed by a variety of mechanisms including the regulation of chromatin accessibility. Altered expression of coregulators contributes to a variety of hormone-dependent cancers including breast and prostate cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which coregulators interact with and modulate the activity of NRs provides opportunities to develop better prognostic and diagnostic approaches, as well as novel therapeutic targets. This review aims to gather and summarize recent studies, techniques and bioinformatics methods used to identify distorted NR coregulator interactions that contribute as cancer drivers in hormone-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Jafari
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Moray J. Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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3
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SRC-3, a Steroid Receptor Coactivator: Implication in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094760. [PMID: 33946224 PMCID: PMC8124743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), also known as amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1), is a member of the SRC family. SRC-3 regulates not only the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors but also many other transcription factors. Besides the essential role of SRC-3 in physiological functions, it also acts as an oncogene to promote multiple aspects of cancer. This review updates the important progress of SRC-3 in carcinogenesis and summarizes its mode of action, which provides clues for cancer therapy.
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4
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Fang T, Xue ZS, Li JX, Liu JK, Wu D, Li MQ, Song YT, Yun SF, Yan J. Rauwolfia vomitoria extract suppresses benign prostatic hyperplasia by reducing expression of androgen receptor and 5α-reductase in a rat model. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 19:258-264. [PMID: 33341427 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Herbal medicine is an important therapeutic option for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common disease in older men that can seriously affect their quality of life. Currently, it is crucial to develop agents with strong efficacy and few side effects. Herein we investigated the effects of the extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria, a shrub grown in West Africa, on BPH. METHODS Rats with testosterone-induced BPH were treated with R. vomitoria. Prostates were histologically analyzed by Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Proliferation index and the expression levels of androgen receptor and its associated proteins were quantified through immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Androgen receptor target genes were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The sperm count and body weight of rats were also measured. RESULTS The oral administration of R. vomitoria extract significantly reduced the prostate weight and prostate weight index in BPH rats, supported by the decreased thickness of the prostate epithelial layer and increased lumen size. Similar effects were observed in the BPH rats treated with the reference drug, finasteride. R. vomitoria extract significantly reduced the testosterone-induced proliferation markers, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1, in the prostate glands of BPH rats; it also reduced levels of androgen receptor, its associated protein steroid 5α-reductase 1 and its downstream target genes (FK506-binding protein 5 and matrix metalloproteinase 2). Notably, compared with the finasteride group, R. vomitoria extract did not significantly reduce sperm count. CONCLUSION R. vomitoria suppresses testosterone-induced BPH development. Due to its milder side effects, R. vomitoria could be a promising therapeutic agent for BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Fang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ze-Sheng Xue
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Li
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Kuan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Information, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei-Qian Li
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ting Song
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Feng Yun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, Jiangsu Province, China.
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5
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Shah N, Kesten N, Font-Tello A, Chang MEK, Vadhi R, Lim K, Flory MR, Cejas P, Mohammed H, Long HW, Brown M. ERG-Mediated Coregulator Complex Formation Maintains Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4612-4619. [PMID: 32934023 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The TMPRSS2-ERG fusion is the most common genomic rearrangement in human prostate cancer. However, in established adenocarcinoma, it is unknown how the ERG oncogene promotes a cancerous phenotype and maintains downstream androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways. In this study, we utilized a murine prostate organoid system to explore the effects of ERG on tumorigenesis and determined the mechanism underlying prostate cancer dependence on ERG. Prostate organoids lacking PTEN and overexpressing ERG (Pten-/- R26-ERG) faithfully recapitulated distinct stages of prostate cancer disease progression. In this model, deletion of ERG significantly dampened AR-dependent gene expression. While ERG was able to reprogram the AR cistrome in the process of prostate carcinogenesis, ERG knockout in established prostate cancer organoids did not drastically alter AR binding, H3K27ac enhancer, or open chromatin profiles at these reprogrammed sites. Proteomic analysis of DNA-bound AR complexes demonstrated that ERG deletion causes a loss of recruitment of critical AR coregulators and basal transcriptional machinery, including NCOA3 and RNA polymerase II, but does not alter AR binding itself. Together, these data reveal a novel mechanism of ERG oncogene addiction in prostate cancer, whereby ERG facilitates AR signaling by maintaining coregulator complexes at AR bound sites across the genome. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings exploit murine organoid models to uncover the mechanism of ERG-mediated tumorigenesis and subsequent oncogenic dependencies in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Shah
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikolas Kesten
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alba Font-Tello
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew E K Chang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, Oregon
| | - Raga Vadhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Klothilda Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark R Flory
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, Oregon
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, Oregon.,Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Liu J, Fang T, Li M, Song Y, Li J, Xue Z, Li J, Bu D, Liu W, Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Yun S, Huang R, Yan J. Pao Pereira Extract Attenuates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats by inhibiting 5α-Reductase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19703. [PMID: 31873149 PMCID: PMC6928012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in the urinary system of elderly men. Pao extract is an herbal preparation of the bark of the Amazon rainforest tree Pao Pereira (Geissospermum vellosii), which was reported to inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation. Herein we investigated the therapeutic potential of Pao extract against BPH development in a testosterone-induced BPH rat model. The administration of testosterone induced the prostate enlargement, compared with the sham operated group with vehicle treatment. The BPH/Pao group showed reduced prostate weight comparable with BPH/finasteride group. Notably, Pao treatment did not significantly reduce body weights and sperm number of rats, compared with the control group. Furthermore, Pao extract treatment reduced the proliferative index in prostate glands and testosterone-induced expression levels of AR, as well as androgen-associated proteins such as SRD5A1 and PSA. Moreover, Pao extract and its active component, flavopereirine, induced cytotoxicity on human prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner with G2/M arrest. Consistently, Pao extract and flavopereirine suppressed the expression levels of SRD5A1, AR and PSA, respectively. Together, these data demonstrated that Pao extract suppresses testosterone-induced BPH development through inhibiting AR activity and expression, and suggested that Pao extract may be a promising and relative safe agent for BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Fang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junzun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zesheng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinghe Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Life Science, Jinling College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shifeng Yun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Cheng Y, He C, Wang M, Ma X, Mo F, Yang S, Han J, Wei X. Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:62. [PMID: 31871779 PMCID: PMC6915746 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alternations concern heritable yet reversible changes in histone or DNA modifications that regulate gene activity beyond the underlying sequence. Epigenetic dysregulation is often linked to human disease, notably cancer. With the development of various drugs targeting epigenetic regulators, epigenetic-targeted therapy has been applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies and has exhibited viable therapeutic potential for solid tumors in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the aberrant functions of enzymes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation during tumor progression and highlight the development of inhibitors of or drugs targeted at epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Metzler VM, de Brot S, Robinson RS, Jeyapalan JN, Rakha E, Walton T, Gardner DS, Lund EF, Whitchurch J, Haigh D, Lochray JM, Robinson BD, Allegrucci C, Fray RG, Persson JL, Ødum N, Miftakhova RR, Rizvanov AA, Hughes IA, Tadokoro-Cuccaro R, Heery DM, Rutland CS, Mongan NP. Androgen dependent mechanisms of pro-angiogenic networks in placental and tumor development. Placenta 2017; 56:79-85. [PMID: 28238455 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The placenta and tumors share important characteristics, including a requirement to establish effective angiogenesis. In the case of the placenta, optimal angiogenesis is required to sustain the blood flow required to maintain a successful pregnancy, whereas in tumors establishing new blood supplies is considered a key step in supporting metastases. Therefore the development of novel angiogenesis inhibitors has been an area of active research in oncology. A subset of the molecular processes regulating angiogenesis are well understood in the context of both early placentation and tumorigenesis. In this review we focus on the well-established role of androgen regulation of angiogenesis in cancer and relate these mechanisms to placental angiogenesis. The physiological actions of androgens are mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand dependent transcription factor. Androgens and the AR are essential for normal male embryonic development, puberty and lifelong health. Defects in androgen signalling are associated with a diverse range of clinical disorders in men and women including disorders of sex development (DSD), polycystic ovary syndrome in women and many cancers. We summarize the diverse molecular mechanisms of androgen regulation of angiogenesis and infer the potential significance of these pathways to normal and pathogenic placental function. Finally, we offer potential research applications of androgen-targeting molecules developed to treat cancer as investigative tools to help further delineate the role of androgen signalling in placental function and maternal and offspring health in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika M Metzler
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simone de Brot
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Robert S Robinson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jennie N Jeyapalan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- School of Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Thomas Walton
- Department of Urology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - David S Gardner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Emma F Lund
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Daisy Haigh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jack M Lochray
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Brian D Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10065, USA
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rupert G Fray
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jenny L Persson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regina R Miftakhova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2TQ, UK
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10065, USA.
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9
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Tien JCY, Liao L, Liu Y, Liu Z, Lee DK, Wang F, Xu J. The steroid receptor coactivator-3 is required for developing neuroendocrine tumor in the mouse prostate. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:1116-27. [PMID: 25332686 PMCID: PMC4202028 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumor cells (NETCs) are commonly observed in prostate cancer. Their presence is associated with castration resistance, metastasis and poor prognosis. Cellular and molecular mechanisms for NETC initiation and growth are unknown. TRAMP mice develop heterogeneous adenocarcinomas induced by expression of the SV40-T/t oncogene in prostate epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrate prostate tumors in TRAMP mice with a mixed genetic background are characterized mostly by atypical hyperplasia (AH) containing steroid receptor coactiator-3-positive, androgen receptor-positive and synaptophysin-negative (SRC-3+/AR+/Syp-) cells. Few SRC-3+/AR-/Syp+ NETCs are present in their prostates. We generated TRAMP mice in which SRC-3 was specifically ablated in AR+/Syp- prostatic epithelial cells (termed PE3KOT mice). In these animals, we observed a substantial reduction in SRC-3-/AR+/Syp- AH tumor growth. There was a corresponding increase in SRC-3-/AR+/Syp- phyllodes lesions, suggesting SRC-3 knockout can convert aggressive AH tumors with mostly epithelial tumor cells into less aggressive phyllodes lesions with mostly stromal tissue. Surprisingly, PE3KOT mice developed many more SRC-3+/AR-/Syp+ NETCs versus control TRAMP mice, indicating SRC-3 expression was retained in NETCs. In contrast, TRAMP mice with global SRC-3 knockout did not develop any NETC, indicating SRC-3 is required for developing NETC. Analysis of cell-differentiating markers revealed that these NETCs might not be derived from the mature AR-/Syp+ neuroendocrine cells or the AR+/Syp- luminal epithelial tumor cells. Instead, these NETCs might originate from the SV40-T/t-transformed intermediate/progenitor epithelial cells. In summary, SRC-3 is required for both AR+/Syp- AH tumor growth and AR-/Syp+ NETC development, suggesting SRC-3 is a target for inhibiting aggressive prostate cancer containing NETCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ching-Yi Tien
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ; 2. Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ; 2. Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Liu
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ; 2. Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dong-Kee Lee
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- 2. Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ; 2. Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ; 3. Insitute for Cancer Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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10
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Zhao W, Chang C, Cui Y, Zhao X, Yang J, Shen L, Zhou J, Hou Z, Zhang Z, Ye C, Hasenmayer D, Perkins R, Huang X, Yao X, Yu L, Huang R, Zhang D, Guo H, Yan J. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 regulates glucose metabolism in bladder cancer cells through coactivation of hypoxia inducible factor 1α. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11219-11229. [PMID: 24584933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell proliferation is a metabolically demanding process, requiring high glycolysis, which is known as "Warburg effect," to support anabolic growth. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), a steroid receptor coactivator, is overexpressed and/or amplified in multiple cancer types, including non-steroid targeted cancers, such as urinary bladder cancer (UBC). However, whether SRC-3 regulates the metabolic reprogramming for cancer cell growth is unknown. Here, we reported that overexpression of SRC-3 accelerated UBC cell growth, accompanied by the increased expression of genes involved in glycolysis. Knockdown of SRC-3 reduced the UBC cell glycolytic rate under hypoxia, decreased tumor growth in nude mice, with reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and lactate dehydrogenase expression levels. We further revealed that SRC-3 could interact with hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), which is a key transcription factor required for glycolysis, and coactivate its transcriptional activity. SRC-3 was recruited to the promoters of HIF1α-target genes, such as glut1 and pgk1. The positive correlation of expression levels between SRC-3 and Glut1 proteins was demonstrated in human UBC patient samples. Inhibition of glycolysis through targeting HK2 or LDHA decelerated SRC-3 overexpression-induced cell growth. In summary, overexpression of SRC-3 promoted glycolysis in bladder cancer cells through HIF1α to facilitate tumorigenesis, which may be an intriguing drug target for bladder cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Cunjie Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Yangyan Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhao
- Departments of Urology and Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China; Nanjing Urology Research Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Lan Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhibo Hou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- the Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Changxiao Ye
- Departments of Urology and Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Donald Hasenmayer
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131, and
| | - Robert Perkins
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131, and
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Like Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131, and
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Departments of Urology and Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China; Nanjing Urology Research Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China,.
| | - Jun Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China,; the Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,.
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11
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Fenne IS, Helland T, Flågeng MH, Dankel SN, Mellgren G, Sagen JV. Downregulation of steroid receptor coactivator-2 modulates estrogen-responsive genes and stimulates proliferation of mcf-7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70096. [PMID: 23936147 PMCID: PMC3728357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The p160/Steroid Receptor Coactivators SRC-1, SRC-2/GRIP1, and SRC-3/AIB1 are important regulators of Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα) activity. However, whereas the functions of SRC-1 and SRC-3 in breast tumourigenesis have been extensively studied, little is known about the role of SRC-2. Previously, we reported that activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA, facilitates ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of SRC-2 which in turn leads to inhibition of SRC-2-coactivation of ERα and changed expression of the ERα target gene, pS2. Here we have characterized the global program of transcription in SRC-2-depleted MCF-7 breast cancer cells using short-hairpin RNA technology, and in MCF-7 cells exposed to PKA activating agents. In order to identify genes that may be regulated through PKA-induced downregulation of SRC-2, overlapping transcriptional targets in response to the respective treatments were characterized. Interestingly, we observed decreased expression of several breast cancer tumour suppressor genes (e.g., TAGLN, EGR1, BCL11b, CAV1) in response to both SRC-2 knockdown and PKA activation, whereas the expression of a number of other genes implicated in cancer progression (e.g., RET, BCAS1, TFF3, CXCR4, ADM) was increased. In line with this, knockdown of SRC-2 also stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Together, these results suggest that SRC-2 may have an antiproliferative function in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild S Fenne
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Shafi AA, Yen AE, Weigel NL. Androgen receptors in hormone-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:223-38. [PMID: 23859952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer in males and the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men. The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ and PCa is an androgen-dependent disease. Androgen action is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), a hormone activated transcription factor. The primary treatment for metastatic PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). For the most part, tumors respond to ADT, but most become resistant to therapy within two years. There is persuasive evidence that castration resistant (also termed castration recurrent) PCa (CRPC) remains AR dependent. Recent studies have shown that there are numerous factors that contribute to AR reactivation despite castrate serum levels of androgens. These include changes in AR expression and structure through gene amplification, mutation, and alternative splicing. Changes in steroid metabolism, cell signaling, and coregulator proteins are also important contributors to AR reactivation in CRPC. Most AR targeted therapies have been directed at the hormone binding domain. The finding that constitutively active AR splice variants that lack the hormone binding domain are frequently expressed in CRPC highlights the need to develop therapies that target other portions of AR. In this review, the role of AR in normal prostate, in PCa, and particularly the mechanisms for its reactivation subsequent to ADT are summarized. In addition, recent clinical trials and novel approaches to target AR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, M515, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Tien JCY, Liu Z, Liao L, Wang F, Xu Y, Wu YL, Zhou N, Ittmann M, Xu J. The steroid receptor coactivator-3 is required for the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3997-4008. [PMID: 23650284 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator SRC-3 plays a key role in enhancing prostate cancer cell proliferation. Although SRC-3 is highly expressed in advanced prostate cancer, its role in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) driven by PTEN mutation is unknown. We documented elevated SRC-3 in human CRPC and in PTEN-negative human prostate cancer. Patients with high SRC-3 and undetectable PTEN exhibited decreased recurrence-free survival. To explore the causal relationship in these observations, we generated mice in which both Pten and SRC-3 were inactivated in prostate epithelial cells (Pten3CKO mice), comparing them with mice in which only Pten was inactivated in these cells (PtenCKO mice). SRC-3 deletion impaired cellular proliferation and reduced tumor size. Notably, while castration of PtenCKO control mice increased the aggressiveness of prostate tumors relative to noncastrated counterparts, deletion of SRC-3 in Pten3CKO mice reversed all these changes. In support of this finding, castrated Pten3CKO mice also exhibited decreased levels of phospho-Akt, S6 kinase (RPS6KB1), and phosphorylated S6 protein (RPS6), all of which mediate cell growth and proliferation. Moreover, these tumors appeared to be more differentiated as evidenced by higher levels of Fkbp5, an AR-responsive gene that inhibits Akt signaling. Lastly, these tumors also displayed lower levels of certain androgen-repressed genes such as cyclin E2 and MMP10. Together, our results show that SRC-3 drives CRPC formation and offer preclinical proof of concept for a transcriptional coactivator as a therapeutic target to abrogate CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C-Y Tien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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14
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AIB1 predicts bladder cancer outcome and promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation through AKT and E2F1. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1470-9. [PMID: 23511556 PMCID: PMC3629431 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously demonstrated that AIB1 overexpression is an independent molecular marker for shortened survival of bladder cancer (BC) patients. In this study, we characterised the role and molecular mechanisms of AIB1 in BC tumorigenicity. Methods: AIB1 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry in non-muscle-invasive BC tissue and adjacent normal bladder tissue. In addition, the tumorigenicity of AIB1 was assessed with in vitro and in vivo functional assays. Results: Overexpression of AIB1 was observed in tissues from 46 out of 146 patients with non-muscle-invasive BC and was an independent predictor for poor progression-free survival. Lentivirus-mediated AIB1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, whereas AIB1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation in vitro. The growth-inhibitory effect induced by AIB1 knockdown was mediated by G1 arrest, which was caused by reduced expression of key cell-cycle regulatory proteins through the AKT pathway and E2F1. Conclusion: Our results suggest that AIB1 promotes BC cell proliferation through the AKT pathway and E2F1. Furthermore, AIB1 overexpression predicts tumour progression in patients with non-muscle-invasive BC.
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15
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Histone methyltransferase NSD2/MMSET mediates constitutive NF-κB signaling for cancer cell proliferation, survival, and tumor growth via a feed-forward loop. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3121-31. [PMID: 22645312 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00204-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive NF-κB activation by proinflammatory cytokines plays a major role in cancer progression. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. We report here that histone methyltransferase NSD2 (also known as MMSET or WHSC1), a target of bromodomain protein ANCCA/ATAD2, acts as a strong coactivator of NF-κB by directly interacting with NF-κB for activation of target genes, including those for interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), cyclin D, Bcl-2, and survivin, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. NSD2 is recruited to the target gene promoters upon induction and mediates NF-κB activation-associated elevation of histone H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 marks at the promoter, which involves its methylase activity. Interestingly, we found that NSD2 is also critical for cytokine-induced recruitment of NF-κB and acetyltransferase p300 and histone hyperacetylation. Importantly, NSD2 is overexpressed in prostate cancer tumors, and its overexpression correlates with NF-κB activation. Furthermore, NSD2 expression is strongly induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 via NF-κB and plays a crucial role in tumor growth. These results identify NSD2 to be a key chromatin regulator of NF-κB and mediator of the cytokine autocrine loop for constitutive NF-κB activation and emphasize the important roles played by NSD2 in cancer cell proliferation and survival and tumor growth.
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16
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Lee K, Lee A, Song BJ, Kang CS. Expression of AIB1 protein as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2011; 9:139. [PMID: 22035181 PMCID: PMC3235064 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-9-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AIB1 (amplified in breast cancer I) is a member of the p160 steroid receptor coactivator family. AIB1 is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and has functions that promote oncogenesis that are independent of estrogen receptor (ER) coactivation. We investigated prognostic significance of AIB1 and relationship between AIB1 and ER, progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), DAX-1, and HER2. Methods RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for AIB1, IHC staining for ER and the progesterone receptor (PR) and IHC staining and silver in situ hybridization (SISH) for HER2 were performed for 185 breast cancer cases. Results A high level of expression of AIB1 mRNA was observed in 60.0% of tumors. IHC analysis detected AIB1 positivity in 47.3% of tumors, which did not correlate with AIB1 mRNA expression (p = 0.24, r = 0.10). AIB1 protein expression correlated with AR and DAX-1 expression (p = 0.01, r = 0.22 and p = 0.02, r = 0.21, respectively) but not with ER or PR expression (p = 0.14, r = -0.13 and p = 0.16, r = -0.12, respectively). AIB1 protein expression correlated with the amplification of the HER2 gene (p = 0.03, r = 0.19). In contrast to AIB1 protein expression, AIB1 mRNA expression did not correlate with AR, DAX-1, ER, and PR expression, and the amplification of the HER2 gene (p > 0.05 for all). There were trends that strong AIB1 protein expression correlated with poorer disease free survival (p = 0.07). Strong AIB1 protein expression correlated with poorer overall survival (p = 0.04). Among the ER-negative subgroup, strong AIB1 protein expression correlated with poorer disease free survival and overall survival (p = 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions Strong AIB1 protein expression was poor prognostic factor in breast cancer, especially in ER-negative breast cancers. Further investigation is essential to determine whether AIB1 might be effective therapeutic targets for ER-negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungji Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea.
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17
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Biochemical characterization of nuclear receptors for vitamin D3 and glucocorticoids in prostate stroma cell microenvironment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Cai J, Hong Y, Weng C, Tan C, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Androgen stimulates endothelial cell proliferation via an androgen receptor/VEGF/cyclin A-mediated mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1210-21. [PMID: 21257919 PMCID: PMC3075033 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01210.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences support that androgen displays beneficial effects on cardiovascular functions although the mechanism of androgen actions remains to be elucidated. Modulation of endothelial cell growth and function is a potential mechanism of androgen actions. We demonstrated in the present study that androgens [dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone], but not 17β-estradiol, produced a time- and dose-dependent induction of cell proliferation in primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) as evident by increases in viable cell number and DNA biosynthesis. Real-time qRT-PCR analysis showed that DHT induced androgen receptor (AR), cyclin A, cyclin D1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The addition of casodex, a specific AR antagonist, or transfection of a specific AR siRNA blocked DHT-induced cell proliferation and target gene expression, indicating that the DHT effects are mediated via AR. Moreover, coadministration of SU5416 to block VEGF receptors, or transfection of a specific VEGF-A siRNA to knockdown VEGF expression, produced a dose-dependent blockade of DHT induction of cell proliferation and cyclin A gene expression. Interestingly, roscovitine, a selective cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, also blocked the DHT stimulation of cell proliferation with a selective inhibition of DHT-induced VEGF-A expression. These results indicate that androgens acting on AR stimulate cell proliferation through upregulation of VEGF-A, cyclin A, and cyclin D1 in HAECs, which may be beneficial to cardiovascular functions since endothelial cell proliferation could assist the repair of endothelial injury/damage in cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
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19
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Axlund SD, Lambert JR, Nordeen SK. HOXC8 inhibits androgen receptor signaling in human prostate cancer cells by inhibiting SRC-3 recruitment to direct androgen target genes. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1643-55. [PMID: 21047772 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HOX (homeobox) genes encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors critical to development, differentiation, and homeostasis. Their dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of cancers. Previously, we showed that a subset of genes of the HOXC cluster is upregulated in primary prostate tumors, lymph node metastases, and malignant prostate cell lines. In the present study, we show that HOXC8 inhibits androgen receptor (AR)-mediated gene induction in LNCaP prostate cancer cells and HPr-1 AR, a nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cell line. Mechanistically, HOXC8 blocks the AR-dependent recruitment of the steroid receptor coactivators steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), and CREB binding protein to the androgen-regulated prostate-specific antigen gene enhancer and inhibits histone acetylation of androgen-regulated genes. Inhibition of androgen induction by HOXC8 is reversed upon expression of SRC-3, a member of the SRC/p160 steroid receptor cofactor family. Coimmunoprecipitation studies show that HOXC8 expression inhibits the hormone-dependent interaction of AR and SRC-3. Finally, HOXC8 expression increases invasion in HPr-1 AR nontumorigenic cells. These data suggest a complex role for HOXC8 in prostate cancer, promoting invasiveness while inhibiting AR-mediated gene induction at androgen response element-regulated genes associated with differentiated function of the prostate. A greater understanding of HOXC8 actions in the prostate and its interactions with androgen signaling pathways may elucidate mechanisms driving the onset and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunshine Daddario Axlund
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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20
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Hsia EY, Goodson ML, Zou JX, Privalsky ML, Chen HW. Nuclear receptor coregulators as a new paradigm for therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1227-37. [PMID: 20933027 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complex function and regulation of nuclear receptors cannot be fully understood without a thorough knowledge of the receptor-associated coregulators that either enhance (coactivators) or inhibit (corepressors) transcription. While nuclear receptors themselves have garnered much attention as therapeutic targets, the clinical and etiological relevance of the coregulators to human diseases is increasingly recognized. Aberrant expression or function of coactivators and corepressors has been associated with malignant and metabolic disease development. Many of them are key epigenetic regulators and utilize enzymatic activities to modify chromatin through histone acetylation/deacetylation, histone methylation/demethylation or chromatin remodeling. In this review, we showcase and evaluate coregulators--such as SRCs and ANCCA--with the most promising therapeutic potential based on their physiological roles and involvement in various diseases that are revealed thus far. We also describe the structural features of the coactivator and corepressor functional domains and highlight areas that can be further explored for molecular targeting.
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21
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Zhou XE, Suino-Powell KM, Li J, He Y, Mackeigan JP, Melcher K, Yong EL, Xu HE. Identification of SRC3/AIB1 as a preferred coactivator for hormone-activated androgen receptor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9161-71. [PMID: 20086010 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.085779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription activation by androgen receptor (AR), which depends on recruitment of coactivators, is required for the initiation and progression of prostate cancer, yet the mechanisms of how hormone-activated AR interacts with coactivators remain unclear. This is because AR, unlike any other nuclear receptor, prefers its own N-terminal FXXLF motif to the canonical LXXLL motifs of coactivators. Through biochemical and crystallographic studies, we identify that steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC3) (also named as amplified in breast cancer-1 or AIB1) interacts strongly with AR via synergistic binding of its first and third LXXLL motifs. Mutagenesis and functional studies confirm that SRC3 is a preferred coactivator for hormone-activated AR. Importantly, AR mutations found in prostate cancer patients correlate with their binding potency to SRC3, corroborating with the emerging role of SRC3 as a prostate cancer oncogene. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the selective utilization of SRC3 by hormone-activated AR, and they link the functional relationship between AR and SRC3 to the development and growth of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
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22
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Hsia EYC, Zou JX, Chen HW. The roles and action mechanisms of p160/SRC coactivators and the ANCCA coregulator in cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 87:261-98. [PMID: 20374707 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)87008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations involving genes encoding members of the p160/SRC transcriptional coactivator family such as AIB1/ACTR and TIF2 implicated the coactivators in malignancy of human cells. Significant progress has been made in the last decade toward uncovering their roles in the development and progression of solid tissue tumors as well as leukemia and understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we review their genetic aberrations and dysregulation in expression in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and other nonhormone-responsive cancers. The experimental evidence gathered from studies using cell culture and animal models strongly supports a critical and, in some circumstances, their oncogenic function. We summarize results that the SRCs may contribute to tumorigenesis and disease progression through transcription factors such as E2F, PEA3, and AP-1 and through an intimate control of signaling pathways of growth factors-Akt and the receptor tyrosine kinases. The finding that a recently identified nuclear receptor coregulator ANCCA, like the SRCs, is frequently overexpressed in many types of cancers again underscores their broader roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y C Hsia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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23
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Gambogic acid induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis involving inhibition of SRC-3 and inactivation of Akt pathway in K562 leukemia cells. Toxicology 2009; 262:98-105. [PMID: 19433130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), a major active component of gamboge, exhibits potent anticancer activity in many kinds of cancer cells. However, the anticancer mechanism of GA is not clearly understood. Here we showed that GA could cause growth inhibition, induce the G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 cells. Since steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), overexpressed in many human malignancies including leukemia, is a central target for cancer therapy, we also explored the effects of GA on SRC-3 and SRC-3-regulated gene products in K562. GA treatment downregulated the expression of SRC-3 and then inhibited the activity of Akt kinase and its downstream targets p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) without changes in total protein levels of these three proteins, which thus influenced the expression of the apoptosis related gene Bcl-2 in K562 cells. These results suggest that GA might exhibit its strong antitumor effects via the interruption of SRC-3.
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24
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Karmakar S, Foster EA, Smith CL. Unique roles of p160 coactivators for regulation of breast cancer cell proliferation and estrogen receptor-alpha transcriptional activity. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1588-96. [PMID: 19095746 PMCID: PMC2659266 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Each of the three members of the p160 steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family of coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2 and SRC-3) stimulates estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha function in trans-activation assays. Consequently, we sought to elucidate their contributions to the ER-regulated processes of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of ERalpha target genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The small interfering RNA depletion of SRC-2 or SRC-3 but not SRC-1 inhibited growth of MCF-7 cells, and this was reflected in decreased cell cycle progression and increased apoptosis in SRC-2- or SRC-3-depleted cells as well as a reduction in ERalpha transcriptional activity measured on a synthetic reporter gene. However, only SRC-3 depletion blocked estradiol stimulated cell proliferation. Depletion of SRC-1 did not affect these events, and together this reveals functional differences between each of the three SRC family coactivators. Regulation of the endogenous ERalpha target gene, c-myc was not affected by depletion of any of the p160 coactivators although depletion of each of them decreased pS2 mRNA expression in estradiol-treated MCF-7 cells. Moreover, progesterone receptor and cyclin D1 gene expression were decreased in SRC-3 small interfering RNA-treated cells. Expression of mRNA and protein levels for the antiapoptotic gene, Bcl-2 was dependent on SRC-3 expression, whereas Bcl-2 protein but not mRNA expression also was sensitive to SRC-1 depletion. Together these data indicate that the closely related p160 coactivators are not functionally redundant in breast cancer cells because they play gene-specific roles in regulating mRNA and protein expression, and they therefore are likely to make unique contributions to breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipan Karmakar
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Zou JX, Guo L, Revenko AS, Tepper CG, Gemo AT, Kung HJ, Chen HW. Androgen-induced coactivator ANCCA mediates specific androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3339-46. [PMID: 19318566 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer, primarily by regulating different gene expression programs elicited by androgen, which is important for cancer cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. It is believed that the transcriptional function of AR is mediated largely by distinct nuclear coregulators. We report here the identification of ANCCA (also known as ATAD2), a new member of the AAA+ ATPase family proteins, as a novel AR coactivator. ANCCA interacts directly with AR and enhances its transcriptional activity, and is required for androgen-stimulated expression of a specific subgroup of genes including IGF1R, IRS-2, SGK1, and survivin. Upon androgen stimulation, ANCCA together with AR is recruited to the specific AR target genes. Suppression of ANCCA expression strongly inhibited the proliferation of androgen-responsive or androgen-independent, AR-positive prostate cancer cells and caused a significant increase of cellular apoptosis. Strikingly, the ANCCA gene itself, located at chromosome 8q24, is highly induced by androgen in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells and xenograft tumors. Although ANCCA is hardly detected in normal human prostate tissue, high levels of ANCCA are found in hormone-independent prostate cancer cell lines, xenograft tumor, and a subset of prostate cancers with high Gleason scores. Together, these findings suggest that ANCCA plays an important role in prostate cancer by mediating specific AR functions in cancer cell survival and proliferation. The possession of ATPase and bromodomain by ANCCA makes it an attractive target for the development of therapeutics for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- June X Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
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26
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Shi XB, Xue L, Zou JX, Gandour-Edwards R, Chen H, deVere White RW. Prolonged androgen receptor loading onto chromatin and the efficient recruitment of p160 coactivators contribute to androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2008; 68:1816-26. [PMID: 18780293 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth of most ablation-resistant prostate cancers (CaPs) is dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activity in chromatin, but cancer cells in these tumors have acquired altered AR activation. It is unclear how the aberrantly activated AR loads onto regulatory regions of AR-targeted genes. The purpose of this study was to assess the AR chromatin loading in an androgen-depleted environment. METHODS The expression of PSA in androgen-resistant CaP cells was determined using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. In order to investigate the binding of the AR to the PSA gene regulatory regions, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed in the androgen-independent cds2 cell line in the presence or absence of androgens. In addition, we examined the involvement of p160 coactivators in the chromatin loading of the AR. RESULTS It was found that constitutive activation of PSA expression was the result of sustained occupancy by the AR at the regulatory region of this gene. This stable AR loading was not blocked by the AR antagonist bicalutamide. Furthermore, androgen-resistant CaP cells highly expressed both AR and the p160 coactivators and the AR was able to recruit TIF2. Downregulation of TIF2 using short hairpin RNA disrupted the AR loading to the PSA enhancer and subsequently inhibited AR activity. CONCLUSION Prolonged AR localization to the regulatory regions of AR targeted genes and the recruitment of p160 coactivators are a potential mechanism leading to androgen-independent activation of the AR. Disruption of AR chromatin loading could therefore become an important therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bao Shi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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27
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Lin FM, Tsai CH, Yang YC, Tu WC, Chen LR, Liang YS, Wang SY, Shyur LF, Chien SC, Cha TL, Hsiao PW. A novel diterpene suppresses CWR22Rv1 tumor growth in vivo through antiproliferation and proapoptosis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6634-42. [PMID: 18701487 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is the main therapeutic target for treatment of metastatic prostate cancers (PCa). As recurrent tumors restore AR activity independent of hormones, new therapies that abolish AR activity have been sought to prevent or delay the emergence of ablation-resistant disease. Here, we report that a novel abietane diterpene, 6-hydroxy-5,6-dehydrosugiol (HDHS), isolated from the stem bark of Cryptomeria japonica, was a potent AR antagonist in PCa cells. HDHS treatment of androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen-responsive 22Rv1 cells induced apoptosis as shown by nucleosome release, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase accompanied with concomitant up-regulation of tumor suppressor p53. HDHS also decreased the protein expression of cyclins (D1 and E), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6), and retinoblastoma phosphorylation in PCa cells, which suggest cell cycle arrest in the G(1) phase. Oral administration of HDHS at 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg once daily for 24 days to 22Rv1 PCa xenografted mice suppressed tumor growth by 22% and 39%, respectively, in association with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in tumor cells, which further correlated with increased levels of HDHS in plasma and tumors. Overall, our data suggest that HDHS has potential for use in chemoprevention and chemotherapy of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Min Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Yan J, Erdem H, Li R, Cai Y, Ayala G, Ittmann M, Yu-Lee LY, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Steroid receptor coactivator-3/AIB1 promotes cell migration and invasiveness through focal adhesion turnover and matrix metalloproteinase expression. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5460-8. [PMID: 18593949 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3)/AIB1 is a member of the p160 nuclear receptor coactivator family involved in development and cell cycle progression. We previously showed that SRC-3/AIB1 is required for prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. Here, we reported that the elevated SRC-3/AIB1 expression is significantly correlated with human prostate cancer seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, SRC-3/AIB1 is associated with increased prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. SRC-3/AIB1 is required for focal adhesion turnover and focal adhesion kinase activation. In addition, SRC-3/AIB1 directly regulates transcription of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-13 through its coactivation of AP-1 and PEA3. Taken together, these data suggest that SRC-3/AIB1 plays an essential role in prostate cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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29
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Androgen receptor coactivators and prostate cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 617:245-55. [PMID: 18497048 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Li LB, Louie MC, Chen HW, Zou JX. Proto-oncogene ACTR/AIB1 promotes cancer cell invasion by up-regulating specific matrix metalloproteinase expression. Cancer Lett 2007; 261:64-73. [PMID: 18162290 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of ACTR/AIB1 is frequently found in different cancers with distant metastasis. To address its possible involvement in tumor metastasis, we performed invasion assays to examine the effect of ACTR alteration on the invasiveness of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 or T-47D) and found that high levels of ACTR are required for their strong invasiveness. Molecular analysis indicates that ACTR functions as a coactivator of AP-1 to up-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases such as MMP-7 and MMP-10 and reduce cell adhesion to specific extracellular matrix proteins. These novel findings provide a mechanistic link between ACTR and MMPs, and suggest that ACTR may also play an important role in cancer progression by facilitating tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li B Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Qiao Y, Zhang ZK, Cai LQ, Tan C, Imperato-McGinley JL, Zhu YS. 17alpha-estradiol inhibits LAPC-4 prostatic tumor cell proliferation in cell cultures and tumor growth in xenograft animals. Prostate 2007; 67:1719-28. [PMID: 17879940 PMCID: PMC2862353 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blockade of androgen activity is a major effective therapy for advanced prostate cancer. Estrogen analogs have been used for prostate cancer therapy for years presumably by inhibiting testosterone biosyntheses, but with considerable adverse events due to their classic estrogenic activity. With the discovery of the estrogen receptor (ER) beta and its presence in prostate tumor cells, evaluation of estrogen analogs with less classic estrogenic activity in prostate cancer therapy is emerging. METHODS The effects of 17alpha-estradiol (alphaE2), a stereo-isomer of 17beta-estradiol (betaE2), on dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced cell growth and gene expressions were examined in androgen-dependent LAPC-4 prostatic tumor cells and in LAPC-4 xenograft animals, and compared to those of betaE2. RESULTS Both alphaE2 and betaE2 attenuated DHT induction of PSA gene expression, cell proliferation, and cell growth in cultured LAPC-4 cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation was associated with a blockade of DHT-induced cyclin A and cyclin D1 expression by alphaE2 and betaE2. In LAPC-4 xenograft mice, alphaE2 significantly inhibited tumor growth without altering the plasma testosterone level, while betaE2 failed to inhibit tumor growth even though it significantly inhibited PSA gene expression. CONCLUSION alphaE2 is an effective agent for inhibition of DHT-induced PSA, cyclin A, cyclin D1 gene expression, and cell proliferation in LAPC-4 cells, and tumor growth in LAPC-4 xenograft mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Qiao
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Zhi-Kai Zhang
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Li-Qun Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Chen Tan
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | | | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Ko S, Shi L, Kim S, Song CS, Chatterjee B. Interplay of nuclear factor-kappaB and B-myb in the negative regulation of androgen receptor expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:273-86. [PMID: 17975021 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased androgen receptor (AR) levels are associated with prostate cancer progression to androgen independence and therapy resistance. Evidence has suggested that chronic inflammation is closely linked to various cancers including prostate cancer. Herein we show that the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha negatively regulates AR mRNA and protein expression and reduces androgen sensitivity in androgen-dependent LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Decreased AR expression results from transcription repression involving essential in cis interaction of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) with the B-myb transcription factor at a composite genomic element in the 5'-untranslated region of AR. The negative regulation was abrogated when NF-kappaB activity was inhibited by a superrepressor of the inhibitory kappaB protein. In contrast, androgen-independent C4-2 (LNCaP-derived) cells fail to show AR down-regulation by TNFalpha, despite expression of B-myb and TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activity similar to that in LNCaP cells. The negatively regulated AR gene chromatin region showed TNFalpha-dependent enrichment of B-myb and the NF-kappaB proteins p65 and p50. In parallel, the histone deacetylase 1, corepressor silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor and the corepressor-associated scaffold protein mSin3A were recruited to the inhibitory site. In C4-2 cells, neither NF-kappaB and B-myb, nor any of the corepressor components, were detected at the negative site in response to TNFalpha. Apoptosis was induced in TNFalpha-treated LNCaP cells, likely in part due to the down-regulation of AR. The androgen-independent, AR-expressing C4-2 and C4-2B (derived from C4-2) cells were resistant to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. The results linking androgen dependence to the NF-kappaB and AR pathways may be insightful in identifying novel treatment targets for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Ko
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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Liu G, Dou S, Pretorius PH, Liu X, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ. Pretargeting CWR22 prostate tumor in mice with MORF-B72.3 antibody and radiolabeled cMORF. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 35:272-80. [PMID: 17909792 PMCID: PMC2259287 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have now applied our MORF/cMORF pretargeting technology to the targeting of CWR22 prostate tumor in nude mice. METHODS The antiTAG-72 antibody B72.3 was conjugated with an 18 mer MORF while the cMORF was radiolabeled with (99m)Tc. The specific binding of the antibody to the CWR22 cells was first confirmed in an assay placing the radiolabeled B72.3 antibody in competition with increasing concentrations of native B72.3. Thereafter, a group of four CWR22 tumored mice intravenously received the MORF-B72.3 and, 3 days later, the (99m)Tc-cMORF, and were killed at 3 h postradioactivity injection. The dosage of the labeled cMORF was selected on the basis of previous experience in LS174T tumored mice. As controls, four animals received only the radiolabeled cMORF and another four received only the (111)In-B72.3. The maximum percent tumor accumulation (MPTA) of the labeled cMORF was subsequently determined by a dosage study of labeled cMORF. Both a multipinhole SPECT image and a planar gamma camera image were obtained of a representative mouse. RESULTS The CWR22 tumor was confirmed to be TAG-72-positive. The MPTA of the labeled cMORF in the CWR22 tumor was 2.22%ID/g compared to only 0.12%ID/g in control mice without pretargeting. Both the planar and tomographic images confirmed the success of the CWR22 pretargeting. CONCLUSIONS The MORF/cMORF pretargeting approach has been successfully applied to tumor targeting of the prostate xenograft CWR22. However, the MPTA in this tumor model is lower than that in the LS174T tumor model investigated earlier, possibly due to a lower tumor blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Liu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655-0243, USA.
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Li S, Shang Y. Regulation of SRC family coactivators by post-translational modifications. Cell Signal 2007; 19:1101-12. [PMID: 17368849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Initially identified as a group of auxiliary protein factors involved in transcriptional regulation by steroid hormone receptors as well as by other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) have since then been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of other transcription factors which are important components of very different signaling pathways. Members of the SRC family have been shown to interact with myogenin, MEF-2, transcriptional enhancer factor (TEF), NF-kappaB, AP-1, STAT, p53, and E2F1, suggesting that SRC coactivators participate in diverse cellular processes. Recent evidence indicates that various post-translational modifications play critical roles in determining the final transcriptional output and specificity of SRC coactivators. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge concerning post-translational modifications, dynamic interplay between different modifications, and patho-physiological relevance of the modifications of SRC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaosi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
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35
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Desai SJ, Ma AH, Tepper CG, Chen HW, Kung HJ. Inappropriate Activation of the Androgen Receptor by Nonsteroids: Involvement of the Src Kinase Pathway and Its Therapeutic Implications. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10449-59. [PMID: 17079466 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inappropriate activation of androgen receptor (AR) by nonsteroids is considered a potential mechanism in the emergence of hormone-refractory prostate tumors, but little is known about the properties of these "pseudoactivated" AR. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis closely examining the properties of AR activated by the neuropeptide bombesin that distinguish it from androgen-activated AR. We show that bombesin-activated AR (a) is required for bombesin-induced growth of LNCaP cells, (b) has a transcriptional profile overlapping with, but not identical to, androgen-activated AR, (c) activates prostate-specific antigen by preferentially binding to its proximal promoter, and (d) assembles a distinct coactivator complex. Significantly, we found that Src kinase is critical for bombesin-induced AR-mediated activity and is required for translocation and transactivation of AR. Additionally, we identify c-Myc, a Src target gene, to be activated by bombesin and a potential coactivator of AR-mediated activity specific to bombesin-induced signaling. Because Src kinase is often activated by other nonsteroids, such as other neuropeptides, growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, our findings have general applicability and provide rationale for investigating the efficacy of the Src kinase pathway as a target for the prevention of relapsed prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal J Desai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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