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Siefert P, Lau H, Leutz V, Leonhardt SD, Schneider G, Klein J, Grünewald B. Acetylcholine and choline in honey bee (Apis mellifera) worker brood food are seasonal and age-dependent. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18274. [PMID: 39107404 PMCID: PMC11303543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nursing honeybees produce brood food with millimolar concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh), which is synthesized through head gland secretions mixed with honey stomach contents. While we previously demonstrated the necessity of ACh for proper larval development, the dynamics of ACh levels throughout ontogenesis and their seasonal variations have remained unclear until now. Our HPLC analysis reveals dependencies of choline and ACh levels on larval development days (LDDs), influenced by seasonal (April-September) variations. Median ACh concentrations peak on LDD 2, declining significantly toward cell capping, while choline levels are lowest during the initial LDDs, rising markedly toward cell capping. Seasonal patterns show peak ACh levels from April to June and a low in August, paralleling choline's peak in July and low in August. This seasonality holds consistently across multiple years (2020-2022) and colonies, despite potential variations in colony performance and environmental conditions. Our analysis found no correlation between temperature, sunshine, precipitation, or favourable foraging days and ACh/choline levels, suggesting the involvement of additional factors. These findings underscore the seasonal fluctuation of ACh levels and its potential implications for the genetic programs governing winter bee development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Siefert
- Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - Helene Lau
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Vivien Leutz
- Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sara Diana Leonhardt
- Plant-Insect Interactions, TUM School of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gaby Schneider
- Institute of Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Grünewald
- Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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2
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Nanda S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Das K, Ghanty S, Biswas G, Rajak P. Chronic sub-lethal exposure to clothianidin triggers organismal and sub-organismal-level health hazards in a non-target organism, Drosophila melanogaster. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172783. [PMID: 38679102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used systemic pesticides across the world. These chemicals have gathered significant attention for their potential adverse impacts on non-target organisms. Clothianidin is a novel neonicotinoid pesticide, employed globally to control sucking and chewing types of pests. In nature, various non-target organisms can be exposed to this chemical through contaminated food, water, and air. Nonetheless, extensive investigations demonstrating the sub-lethal impacts of clothianidin on non-target entities are limited. Hence, the present study was aimed to unravel the chronic sub-lethal impacts (LC50 0.74 μg/mL) of clothianidin on a non-target organism, Drosophila melanogaster. The study parameters involved multiple tiers of life ranging from organismal level to the sub-cellular level. 1st instar larvae were exposed to the six sub-lethal concentrations viz. 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, and 0.1 μg/mL of clothianidin till their 3rd larval instar. Investigations involving organismal level have revealed clothianidin-induced significant reduction in the developmental duration, life span, phototaxis, and physical activities of the treated individuals. Interestingly, the tested compound has also altered the compound eye morphology of treated flies. Study was extended to the tissue and cellular levels where reduced cell viability in gut, brain, and fat body was apparent. Additionally, increased ROS production, nuclear disorganization, and higher lipid deposition were evident in gut of exposed individuals. Study was further extended to the sub-cellular level where chronic exposure to clothianidin up-regulated the major oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, HSP-70, SOD, catalase, GSH, and thioredoxin reductase. Furthermore, the activities of detoxifying enzymes such as CYP4501A1 and GST were also altered. Chronic exposure to clothianidin also triggered DNA fragmentation in treated larvae. In essence, results of this multi-level study depict the ROS-mediated toxicity of clothianidin on a non-target organism, D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Nanda
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Kanchana Das
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddhartha Ghanty
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Gopal Biswas
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Prem Rajak
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
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El Agrebi N, De Smet L, Douny C, Scippo ML, Svečnjak L, de Graaf DC, Saegerman C. A field realistic model to assess the effects of pesticides residues and adulterants on honey bee gene expression. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302183. [PMID: 38923973 PMCID: PMC11206931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While studies on the sublethal effects of chemical residues in beeswax on adult honey bees are increasing, the study protocols assessing the impacts on honey bee brood in realistic conditions still need to be investigated. Moreover, little is known about the residue's effect on gene expression in honey bee brood. This study reports the effects of chlorpyriphos-ethyl, acrinathrin and stearin worker pupae exposure through contaminated or adulterated beeswax on the gene expression of some key health indicators, using a novel in vivo realistic model. Larvae were reared in acrinathrin (12.5, 25, 10 and 100 ppb) and chlorpyriphos-ethyl (5, 10, 500 and 5000 ppb) contaminated or stearin adulterated beeswax (3, 4, 5, 6 and 9%) in newly formed colonies to reduce the influence of external factors. On day 11, mortality rates were assessed. Honey bee pupae were extracted from the comb after 19 days of rearing and were analysed for the gene expression profile of four genes involved in the immune response to pathogens and environmental stress factors (Imd, dorsal, domeless and defensin), and two genes involved in detoxifications mechanisms (CYP6AS14 and CYP9Q3). We found no linear relation between the increase in the pesticide concentrations and the brood mortality rates, unlike stearin where an increase in stearin percentage led to an exponential increase in brood mortality. The immune system of pupae raised in acrinathrin contaminated wax was triggered and the expression of CYP6AS14 was significantly upregulated (exposure to 12.5 and 25 ppb). Almost all expression levels of the tested immune and detoxification genes were down-regulated when pupae were exposed to chlorpyrifos-contaminated wax. The exposure to stearin triggered the immune system and detoxification system of the pupae. The identification of substance-specific response factors might ultimately serve to identify molecules that are safer for bees and the ecosystem's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëmie El Agrebi
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to Veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lina De Smet
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Sciences, Honeybee Valley, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Douny
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lidija Svečnjak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife Management and Special Zoology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dirk C. de Graaf
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Sciences, Honeybee Valley, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to Veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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4
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Desclos le Peley V, Grateau S, Moreau-Vauzelle C, Raboteau D, Chevallereau C, Requier F, Aupinel P, Richard FJ. Experimental Ecotoxicology Procedures Interfere with Honey Bee Life History. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1320-1331. [PMID: 38661473 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Apis mellifera was used as a model species for ecotoxicological testing. In the present study, we tested the effects of acetone (0.1% in feed), a solvent commonly used to dissolve pesticides, on bees exposed at different developmental stages (larval and/or adult). Moreover, we explored the potential effect of in vitro larval rearing, a commonly used technique for accurately monitoring worker exposure at the larval stage, by combining acetone exposure and treatment conditions (in vitro larval rearing vs. in vivo larval rearing). We then analyzed the life-history traits of the experimental bees using radio frequency identification technology over three sessions (May, June, and August) to assess the potential seasonal dependence of the solvent effects. Our results highlight the substantial influence of in vitro larval rearing on the life cycle of bees, with a 47.7% decrease in life span, a decrease of 0.9 days in the age at first exit, an increase of 57.3% in the loss rate at first exit, and a decrease of 40.6% in foraging tenure. We did not observe any effect of exposure to acetone at the larval stage on the capacities of bees reared in vitro. Conversely, acetone exposure at the adult stage reduced the bee life span by 21.8% to 60%, decreased the age at first exit by 1.12 to 4.34 days, and reduced the foraging tenure by 30% to 37.7%. Interestingly, we found a significant effect of season on acetone exposure, suggesting that interference with the life-history traits of honey bees is dependent on season. These findings suggest improved integration of long-term monitoring for assessing sublethal responses in bees following exposure to chemicals during both the larval and adult stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1320-1331. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Desclos le Peley
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions-UMR CNRS 7267, Laboratoire EBI-Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Stéphane Grateau
- UE 1255 Abeilles, Paysages, Interactions et Systèmes de culture,Station du Magneraud, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Surgères, France
| | - Carole Moreau-Vauzelle
- UE 1255 Abeilles, Paysages, Interactions et Systèmes de culture,Station du Magneraud, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Surgères, France
| | - Daniel Raboteau
- UE 1255 Abeilles, Paysages, Interactions et Systèmes de culture,Station du Magneraud, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Surgères, France
| | - Colombe Chevallereau
- UE 1255 Abeilles, Paysages, Interactions et Systèmes de culture,Station du Magneraud, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Surgères, France
| | - Fabrice Requier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierrick Aupinel
- UE 1255 Abeilles, Paysages, Interactions et Systèmes de culture,Station du Magneraud, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Surgères, France
| | - Freddie-Jeanne Richard
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions-UMR CNRS 7267, Laboratoire EBI-Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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5
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Asgharzadeh S, Shareghi B, Farhadian S. Probing the toxic effect of chlorpyrifos as an environmental pollutant on the structure and biological activity of lysozyme under physiological conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141724. [PMID: 38499074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The pervasive use of pesticides like chlorpyrifos (CPY) has been associated with deleterious effects on biomolecules, posing significant risks to environmental integrity, public health, and overall ecosystem equilibrium. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the potential binding interaction between the well-conserved enzyme, lysozyme (LSZ), and CPY through various spectroscopic techniques and molecular modeling. The UV-vis absorption and fluorescence experiments confirmed the complex formation and static quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence intensity. LSZ revealed a singular binding site for CPY, with binding constants around 105 M-1 across different temperature ranges. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters showed the spontaneous nature of the complexation process, while also revealing the pivotal role of hydrophobic interactions in stabilizing the LSZ-CPY system. According to circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared studies, CPY binding changed the secondary structure of LSZ by boosting α-helix presence and reducing the levels of β-sheet and β-turn content. Further, CPY decreased the stability and activity of LSZ. Computational docking delineated the specific and highly preferred binding site of CPY within the structure of LSZ. Molecular dynamic simulation indicated the enduring stability of the LSZ/CPY complex and revealed structural modifications in the LSZ after binding with CPY. This research provides a detailed understanding of the intermolecular dynamics between CPY and LSZ, concurrently elucidating the molecular-level implications for the potential hazards of pesticides in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Asgharzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box.115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behzad Shareghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box.115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Farhadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box.115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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6
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Cappellari A, Malagnini V, Fontana P, Zanotelli L, Tonidandel L, Angeli G, Ioriatti C, Marini L. Impact of landscape composition on honey bee pollen contamination by pesticides: A multi-residue analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140829. [PMID: 38042427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee is the most common and important managed pollinator of crops. In recent years, honey bee colonies faced high mortality for multiple causes, including land-use change and the use of plant protection products (hereafter pesticides). This work aimed to explore how contamination by pesticides of pollen collected by honey bees was modulated by landscape composition and seasonality. We placed two honey bee colonies in 13 locations in Northern Italy in contrasting landscapes, from which we collected pollen samples monthly during the whole flowering season in 2019 and 2020. We searched for almost 400 compounds, including fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and acaricides. We then calculated for each pollen sample the Pollen Hazard Quotient (PHQ), an index that provides a measure of multi-residue toxicity of contaminated pollen. Almost all pollen samples were contaminated by at least one compound. We detected 97 compounds, mainly fungicides, but insecticides and acaricides showed the highest toxicity. Fifteen % of the pollen samples had medium-high or high levels of PHQ, which could pose serious threats to honey bees. Fungicides showed a nearly constant PHQ throughout the season, while herbicides and insecticides and acaricides showed higher PHQ values in spring and early summer. Also, PHQ increased with increasing cover of agricultural and urban areas from April to July, while it was low and independent of landscape composition at the end of the season. The cover of perennial crops, i.e., fruit trees and vineyards, but not of annual crops, increased PHQ of pollen samples. Our work highlighted that the potential toxicity of pollen collected by honey bees was modulated by complex interactions among pesticide category, seasonality, and landscape composition. Due to the large number of compounds detected, our study should be complemented with additional experimental research on the potential interactive effects of multiple compounds on honey bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Cappellari
- University of Padova, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Valeria Malagnini
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Paolo Fontana
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Livia Zanotelli
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Loris Tonidandel
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Gino Angeli
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Claudio Ioriatti
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Research and Innovation Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- University of Padova, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Carneiro LS, Santos CG, Resende MTCSD, Souza DLLD, Souza DDS, Souza AMDC, Motta JVDO, Nere PHA, Oliveira AHD, Serrão JE. Effects of the insecticide imidacloprid on the post-embryonic development of the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167278. [PMID: 37741377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has been linked to declines in bee populations worldwide. Imidacloprid is a widely used systemic insecticide that can be found in the pollen and nectar of plants and has the potential to negatively impact the development of bee larvae. We investigated the effects of oral exposure to a realistic field concentration (20.5 ng g-1) of imidacloprid on the midgut and fat body of Apis mellifera worker larvae. Our results showed that larvae exposed to imidacloprid exhibited changes in the midgut epithelium, including disorganization of the brush border, nuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasm vacuolization, and release of cell fragments indication cell death. Additionally, histochemical analysis revealed that the midgut brush border glycocalyx was disorganized in exposed larvae. The fat body cells of imidacloprid-exposed larvae had a decrease in the size of lipid droplets from 50 to 8 μm and increase of 100 % of protein content, suggesting possible responses to the stress caused by the insecticide. However, the expression of de cdc20 gene, which plays a role in cell proliferation, was not affected in the midgut and fat body of treated larvae. These results suggest that imidacloprid negatively affects non-target organs during the larval development of A. mellifera potentially impacting this important pollinator species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise Silva Carneiro
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Diego Dos Santos Souza
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
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8
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Aldulaijan S. In-silico selection of peptides for the recognition of imidacloprid. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295619. [PMID: 38085733 PMCID: PMC10715655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensitive detection of pesticides using low-cost receptors designed from peptides can widen their uses in the environmental surveillance for emerging pollutants. In-silico selection of peptides can help accelerate the design of receptor sequence banks for a given target of interest. In this work, we started from Lymnaea stagnalis acetylcholine-binding protein Q55R mutant receptor-imidacloprid complex, available in the PDB databank, to select three primary short peptides (YSP09, DMR12, WQW13 respectively having 9, 12 and 13 amino acids (AA) in length) from the pesticide interacting zones with the A, B and C chains of the nicotinic receptor. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we showed that the three peptides can form complexes with the target imidacloprid, having energies close to that obtained from a reference RNR12 peptide. Combination of these peptides allowed preparing a new set of longer peptides (YSM21, PSM22, PSW31 and WQA34) that have higher stability and affinity as shown by the MM-PBSA calculations. In particular, the WQA34 peptide displayed an average binding free energy of -6.44±0.27 kcal/mol, which is three times higher than that of the reference RNR12 peptide (-2.29±0.25 kcal/mol) and formed a stable complex with imidacloprid. Furthermore, the dissociation constants (Kd), calculated from the binding free energy, showed that WQA32 (40 μM) has three orders of magnitude lower Kd than the reference RNR12 peptide (3.4 × 104 μM). Docking and RMSD scores showed that the WQA34 peptide is potentially selective to the target imidacloprid with respect to acetamiprid and clothianidin. Therefore, this peptide can be used in wet-lab experiments to prepare a biosensor to selectively detect imidacloprid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Aldulaijan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Paloschi CL, Tavares MHF, Berte EA, Model K, Rosa KM, Conceição FGD, Domanski FR, de Souza Vismara E, Montanher PF, Maciel RMA, Ribeiro LDS, Ramos Mertz N, Sampaio SC, Costa FM, Lozano ER, Potrich M. Imidacloprid: Impact on Africanized Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers and honey contamination. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139591. [PMID: 37478982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is fundamental in the production chain, ensuring food diversity through the ecosystem service of pollination. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of imidacloprid, orally, topically, and by contact, on A. mellifera workers and to verify the presence of this active ingredient in honey. Toxicity levels were verified by bioassays. In bioassay 1, the levels correspond to the percentages of 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01% of the recommended concentration for field application of the commercial product Nortox® (active ingredient imidacloprid), with which we obtained the mean lethal concentration (LC50) in 48 h for A. mellifera, determining the concentration ranges to be used in the subsequent bioassays. Bioassays 2 and 3 followed the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which specify the LC50 (48 h). In bioassay 4, the LC50 (48 h) and the survival rate of bees for a period of 120 h were determined by contact with a surface contaminated with imidacloprid, and in bioassay 5, the interference of the insecticide with the flight behavior of bees was evaluated. Honey samples were collected in agroecological and conventional georeferenced apiaries and traces of the imidacloprid were detected by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) with extraction by SPE C18. Bee survival was directly affected by the concentration and exposure time, as well behavioral performance, demonstrating the residual effect of imidacloprid on A. mellifera workers. Honey samples from a conventional apiary showed detection above the maximum residue limits (MRL) allowed by the European Union (0.05 μg mL-1), but samples from other apiaries showed no traces of this insecticide. Imidacloprid affects the survival rate and behavior of Africanized A. mellifera and honey quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathleen Model
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele Potrich
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil.
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Pons DG, Herrera C, Torrens-Mas M, Leza M, Sastre-Serra J. Sublethal doses of glyphosate modulates mitochondria and oxidative stress in honeybees by direct feeding. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22028. [PMID: 37259187 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees are essential for the ecosystem maintenance and for plant production in agriculture. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide widely used in crops to control weeds and could affect honeybees' health in sublethal doses. Our aim was to study how sublethal doses of glyphosate affects to oxidative stress and mitochondrial homeostasis in honeybees. We exposed honeybees to glyphosate at 5 and 10 mg·l-1 for 2 and 10 h for the gene expression analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and for 48 and 72 h for the antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation determination. We observed a general increase in antioxidant- and mitochondrial-related genes expression in honeybees after 2 h of exposition to glyphosate, as well as a rise in catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity after 48 h and an increment in lipid peroxidation adducts generation after 72 h. These results suggest a direct effect of glyphosate on honeybees' health, with an insufficient response of the antioxidant system to the generated oxidative stress, resulting in an increase in lipid peroxidation and, therefore, oxidative damage. Altogether, results obtained in this work demonstrate that sublethal treatments of glyphosate could directly affect honeybee individuals under laboratory conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate alternatives to glyphosate to determine if they are less harmful to non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gabriel Pons
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d´Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Cayetano Herrera
- Department of Biology (Zoology), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d´Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Translational Research In Aging and Longevity (TRIAL) Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mar Leza
- Department of Biology (Zoology), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Jorge Sastre-Serra
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d´Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Odemer R, Friedrich E, Illies I, Berg S, Pistorius J, Bischoff G. Potential Risk of Residues From Neonicotinoid-Treated Sugar Beet Flowering Weeds to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1167-1177. [PMID: 36861216 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2018 the European Union (EU) banned the three neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, clothianidin (CLO), and thiamethoxam (TMX), but they can still be used if an EU Member State issues an emergency approval. Such an approval went into effect in 2021 for TMX-coated sugar beet seeds in Germany. Usually, this crop is harvested before flowering without exposing non-target organisms to the active ingredient or its metabolites. In addition to the approval, strict mitigation measures were imposed by the EU and the German federal states. One of the measures was to monitor the drilling of sugar beet and its impact on the environment. Hence we took residue samples from different bee and plant matrices and at different dates to fully map beet growth in the German states of Lower Saxony, Bavaria, and Baden-Württemberg. A total of four treated and three untreated plots were surveyed, resulting in 189 samples. Residue data were evaluated using the US Environmental Protection Agency BeeREX model to assess acute and chronic risk to honey bees from the samples, because oral toxicity data are widely available for both TMX and CLO. Within treated plots, we found no residues either in pools of nectar and honey crop samples (n = 24) or dead bee samples (n = 21). Although 13% of beebread and pollen samples and 88% of weed and sugar beet shoot samples were positive, the BeeREX model found no evidence of acute or chronic risk. We also detected neonicotinoid residues in the nesting material of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis, probably from contaminated soil of a treated plot. All control plots were free of residues. Currently, there are insufficient data on wild bee species to allow for an individual risk assessment. In terms of the future use of these highly potent insecticides, therefore, it must be ensured that all regulatory requirements are complied with to mitigate any unintentional exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1167-1177. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Odemer
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn-Institut-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elsa Friedrich
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ingrid Illies
- Institute for Bee Research and Beekeeping, Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture, Veitshöchheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Berg
- Institute for Bee Research and Beekeeping, Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture, Veitshöchheim, Germany
| | - Jens Pistorius
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn-Institut-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabriela Bischoff
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn-Institut-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Fu H, Liu H, Ge Y, Chen Y, Tan P, Bai J, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu Z. Chitosan oligosaccharide alleviates and removes the toxicological effects of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos residues. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130669. [PMID: 36586336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of chlorpyrifos (CHP), a commonly used organophosphorus pesticide, has caused many environmental pollution problems, especially its toxicological effects on non-target organisms. First, CHP enriched on the surface of plants enters ecosystem circulation along the food chain. Second, direct inflow of CHP into the water environment under the action of rainwater runoff inevitably causes toxicity to non-target organisms. Therefore, we used rats as a model to establish a CHP exposure toxicity model and studied the effects of CHP in rats. In addition, to alleviate and remove the injuries caused by residual chlorpyrifos in vivo, we explored the alleviation effect of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on CHP toxicity in rats by exploiting its high water solubility and natural biological activity. The results showed that CHP can induce the toxicological effects of intestinal antioxidant changes, inflammation, apoptosis, intestinal barrier damage, and metabolic dysfunction in rats, and COS has excellent removal and mitigation effects on the toxic damage caused by residual CHP in the environment. In summary, COS showed significant biological effects in removing and mitigating blood biochemistry, antioxidants, inflammation, apoptosis, gut barrier structure, and metabolic function changes induced by residual CHP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, #1, Yuda Road, Pinggu, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Haozhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yao Ge
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, #1, Yuda Road, Pinggu, Beijing 101200, China.
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13
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Afza R, Afzal A, Riaz MA, Majeed MZ, Idrees A, Qadir ZA, Afzal M, Hassan B, Li J. Sublethal and transgenerational effects of synthetic insecticides on the biological parameters and functional response of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory conditions. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1088712. [PMID: 36726846 PMCID: PMC9885102 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1088712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides have been an inevitable part of plant protection throughout the world. Sublethal effects of these chemicals on beneficial insect species are one of the contemporary issues these days. Using the age-stage, two-sex life table model, this study evaluated the sublethal and transgenerational effects of six synthetic insecticides (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and profenofos) commonly applied to winter vegetables, on the fitness and predation of the seven-spotted ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata, which is an efficient predator of aphids worldwide. According to results, all insecticides at their sublethal doses (LC30) significantly suppressed the emergence of adults, adult weight, fertility and fecundity of the parental generation compared to control treatment. The larval stage was prolonged and oviposition, fecundity and total longevity of the adult beetles were decreased in unexposed progeny whose parents were exposed to sublethal doses of all insecticides. Moreover, the biological parameters of adults, including the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R 0) were significantly reduced when exposed to sublethal doses of insecticides. The predation rate of the F1 generation adults was also decreased after exposure to the sublethal doses of insecticides. However, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin exhibited more deleterious effects on the fitness and population parameters of beetles than imidacloprid and thiamethoxam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Afza
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1-Km Defense Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asam Riaz
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management, Institute of Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Atif Idrees, ; Jun Li,
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan,Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Babar Hassan
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Atif Idrees, ; Jun Li,
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14
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Wueppenhorst K, Eckert JH, Steinert M, Erler S. What about honey bee jelly? Pesticide residues in larval food jelly of the Western honey bee Apis mellifera. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158095. [PMID: 35987228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Wueppenhorst
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jakob H Eckert
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvio Erler
- Institute for Bee Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Ghasemi V, Salehinejad A, Ghadamyari M, Jack CJ, Sharifi M. Toxic evaluation of Proclaim Fit ® on adult and larval worker honey bees. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1441-1449. [PMID: 36301371 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Impacts to honey bees due to exposure to agricultural pesticides is one of the most serious threats to the beekeeping industry. Our research evaluated toxicity of the formulated insecticides Lufenuron+Emamectin benzoate (Proclaim Fit®) on the European honey bee Apis mellifera L. at field-realistic concentration (worst-case scenario). Newly emerged (≤24-h old) and forager (unknown age) worker bees were treated with the field recommended concentration of Proclaim Fit® using three routes of exposure including residual contact, oral, and spray within the laboratory. We also assessed the effects of Proclaim Fit® on the specific activity of some well-known detoxifying enzymes including α-esterase, β-esterase, and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the honey bees. In addition, toxicity of the formulation was tested on 4th instar larvae within the hive. Based on estimated median survival times (MSTs), Proclaim Fit® was highly toxic to the bees, especially when applied as spray. According to our estimated relative median potency (RMP) values, newly emerged bees were 1.72× more susceptible than foragers to Proclaim Fit® applied orally. Enzyme assays revealed the considerable involvement of the enzymes, especially GST and α-esterase, in detoxification of the Proclaim Fit®, but their activities were significantly influenced by route of exposure and age of bee. Notably, Proclaim Fit® was highly toxic to 4th instar honey bee larvae. Our results generally indicate a potent toxicity of Proclaim Fit® toward honey bees. Therefore, its application requires serious consideration and adherence to strict guidelines, especially during the flowering time of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ghasemi
- Division of Honey Bee, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Ali Salehinejad
- Department of Plant Protection, Baharan Institute of Higher Education, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghadamyari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Cameron J Jack
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mahboobeh Sharifi
- Plant Protection Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
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16
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Combined transcriptome and metabolite profiling analyses provide insights into the chronic toxicity of carbaryl and acetamiprid to Apis mellifera larvae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16898. [PMID: 36207421 PMCID: PMC9543932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many studies have revealed that developing honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae are posting a high risk on exposure to insecticides, the toxicology information on bee larvae remain limited. The present study demonstrated the first assessment of the effects of no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of carbaryl (CR) and acetamiprid (ACE) on transcriptome and metabolome in honeybee larvae reared in vitro. Chronic exposure to carbaryl caused transcriptional disorders associated with oxidative stress. In addition, a series of metabolic homeostasis were disrupted by carbaryl stress, such amino acid metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. The activities of enzymic biomarkers including GST, P450, CAT, AChE and SOD were not influenced by ACE stress, while the CR exposure slightly decreased the activity of CAT and SOD. Our results clearly show that ACE and CR display different potential to modulate transcriptome and metabolome associated with their different toxicity against bee larvae.
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17
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Pesticide risk to managed bees during blueberry pollination is primarily driven by off-farm exposures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7189. [PMID: 35504929 PMCID: PMC9065077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When managed bee colonies are brought to farms for crop pollination, they can be exposed to pesticide residues. Quantifying the risk posed by these exposures can indicate which pesticides are of the greatest concern and helps focus efforts to reduce the most harmful exposures. To estimate the risk from pesticides to bees while they are pollinating blueberry fields, we sampled blueberry flowers, foraging bees, pollen collected by returning honey bee and bumble bee foragers at colonies, and wax from honey bee hives in blooming blueberry farms in southwest Michigan. We screened the samples for 261 active ingredients using a modified QuEChERS method. The most abundant pesticides were those applied by blueberry growers during blueberry bloom (e.g., fenbuconazole and methoxyfenozide). However, we also detected highly toxic pesticides not used in this crop during bloom (or other times of the season) including the insecticides chlorpyrifos, clothianidin, avermectin, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid. Using LD50 values for contact and oral exposure to honey bees and bumble bees, we calculated the Risk Quotient (RQ) for each individual pesticide and the average sample RQ for each farm. RQ values were considered in relation to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acute contact level of concern (LOC, 0.4), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) acute contact LOC (0.2) and the EFSA chronic oral LOC (0.03). Pollen samples were most likely to exceed LOC values, with the percent of samples above EFSA’s chronic oral LOC being 0% for flowers, 3.4% for whole honey bees, 0% for whole bumble bees, 72.4% for honey bee pollen in 2018, 45.4% of honey bee pollen in 2019, 46.7% of bumble bee pollen in 2019, and 3.5% of honey bee wax samples. Average pollen sample RQ values were above the EFSA chronic LOC in 92.9% of farms in 2018 and 42.9% of farms in 2019 for honey bee collected pollen, and 46.7% of farms for bumble bee collected pollen in 2019. Landscape analyses indicated that sample RQ was positively correlated with the abundance of apple and cherry orchards located within the flight range of the bees, though this varied between bee species and landscape scale. There was no correlation with abundance of blueberry production. Our results highlight the need to mitigate pesticide risk to bees across agricultural landscapes, in addition to focusing on the impact of applications on the farms where they are applied.
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Wu T, Han B, Wang X, Tong Y, Liu F, Diao Q, Dai P. Chlorothalonil alters the gut microbiota and reduces the survival of immature honey bees reared in vitro. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1976-1981. [PMID: 35088523 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorothalonil is a nonsystemic fungicide, and it is one of the most widely detected pesticides in bee hives. The effect of chlorothalonil on the survival, weight, and gut microbiota of immature Apis mellifera L. reared in vitro was studied. RESULTS Larvae were fed 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 μg/mL chlorothalonil and compared with larvae fed the negative control (diet without any additives), positive control (45 mg/L dimethoate), and solvent control (2% acetone). Compared with the control groups, the survival of the 2, 4, 8, and 16 μg/mL chlorothalonil treatments was significantly reduced. The no-observed-adverse-effect concentration of chlorothalonil was 1 μg/mL. Chlorothalonil had no significant effect on larval weight. The gut bacterial community composition of newly emerged bees was determined by PacBio 16S rDNA gene sequencing. linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEFSe) analysis showed that Pseudomonadales and Burkholderiales were affected by exposure to chlorothalonil. CONCLUSION Chlorothalonil reduced the survival of honey bee larvae and altered the gut microbiota of newly emerged bees. The risk of pesticides to honey bees is related to their toxicity and exposure dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Apicultural Station, Beijing, China
| | - Yuemin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangxi Institute of Apicultural Research, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Zheng X, Liu F, Shi M, Li S, Xie X, Li G, Zhang X, Zhu Y. Transcriptome analysis of the reproduction of silkworm (Bombyx mori) under dimethoate stress. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 183:105081. [PMID: 35430071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dimethoate (DMT) is an organophosphorus pesticide which is widely used to prevent and control agricultural diseases and pests. But it also remains in crops and the environment, affecting other non-target organisms. Existing research mainly focuses on aquatic invertebrates, and research on terrestrial invertebrates is still relatively weak. This study selected the lepidopteran model insect silkworm (Bombyx mori) as the research object and revealed the influence of DMT on the reproduction of silkworms. This study used digital gene expression (DGE) and RT-qPCR analysis to compare gene expression changes in eggs laid by silkworms under the exposure of DMT (200 mg/L). A total of 320 differential genes were detected, of which 211 genes were up-regulated and 109 genes were down-regulated. The GO enrichment analysis bar graph shows those differential genes enriched in the BP's metabolic process, cellular process, CC's membrane part, cell, MF's catalytic activity, binding. KEGG enrichment analysis showed more differential genes enriched in signal transduction, endocrine system, cancers: Overview pathway. The results showed that the differential genes were mainly concentrated on promoting trehalase transporter genes, stress response-related genes, zinc finger protein genes, epidermal protein genes, and 5-HT pathway-related genes. The results of this study will provide important gene sequence information for insect toxicology studies, and also clarify the mechanism of influence of DMT on silkworm reproduction at the transcription level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fengdan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Shi
- Chongqing Wanzhou NO1. Senior High School, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Chongqing Sericulture Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Xiaofan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Démares FJ, Schmehl D, Bloomquist JR, Cabrera AR, Huang ZY, Lau P, Rangel J, Sullivan J, Xie X, Ellis JD. Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Exposure to Pesticide Residues in Nectar and Pollen in Urban and Suburban Environments from Four Regions of the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:991-1003. [PMID: 35262221 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The risk of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) exposure to pesticide residues while foraging for nectar and pollen is commonly explored in the context of agroecosystems. However, pesticides are also used in urban and suburban areas for vegetation management, vector control, and the management of ornamental plants in public and private landscapes. The extent to which pesticides pose a health risk to honey bees in these settings remains unclear. We addressed this at a landscape scale by conducting pesticide residue screening analyses on 768 nectar and 862 pollen samples collected monthly over 2 years from honey bee colonies located in urban and suburban areas in eight medium to large cities in California, Florida, Michigan, and Texas (USA). A risk assessment was performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency's BeeREX model whenever an oral toxicity value was available for a compound. Chemical analyses detected 17 pesticides in nectar and 60 in pollen samples during the survey. Approximately 73% of all samples contained no detectable pesticide residues. Although the number of detections varied among the sampled regions, fewer pesticides were detected in nectar than in pollen. Per BeeREX, four insecticides showed a potential acute risk to honey bees: imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and esfenvalerate in nectar, and deltamethrin in nectar and pollen. In general, exposure of honey bees to pesticides via nectar and pollen collection was low in urban and suburban areas across the United States, and no seasonal or spatial trends were evident. Our data suggest that honey bees are exposed to fewer pesticides in developed areas than in agricultural ones. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:991-1003. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien J Démares
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Schmehl
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Zachary Y Huang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Pierre Lau
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- US Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Juliana Rangel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Xianbing Xie
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - James D Ellis
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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He Q, Yang Q, Liu Q, Hu Z, Gao Q, Dong Y, Xiao J, Yu L, Cao H. The effects of beta-cypermethrin, chlorbenzuron, chlorothalonil, and pendimethalin on Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis cerana cerana larvae reared in vitro. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1407-1416. [PMID: 34897947 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declines in bee populations and diversity have drawn international attention. The long-term use of chemical pesticides has affected bee behavior and physiology. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to four commonly used chemical pesticides (beta-cypermethrin, chlorbenzuron, chlorothalonil and pendimethalin) on the growth of Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis cerana cerana larvae reared in vitro. RESULTS Pesticide type and concentration were the main factors affecting honeybee fitness. Beta-cypermethrin and chlorbenzuron had chronic toxic effects on bee larvae. They reduced the fitness of A. m. ligustica and A. c. cerana even at low doses of 323.5 ng g-1 for beta-cypermethrin and 62.6 ng g-1 for chlorbenzuron in bee bread. The effects were positively associated with the dietary amounts of pesticides. By contrast, chlorothalonil and pendimethalin exposure did not affect bee larvae despite changes in enzyme activities. Caution is still needed with chlorothalonil, which led to a decrease in harvest adult bee numbers at a high dose (6937.2 ng g-1 ). Furthermore, a difference in pesticide resistance was observed, suggesting that A. m. ligustica may tolerate toxic effects better than A. c. cerana. CONCLUSION This study sheds new light on chronic toxicity in bee larvae exposed to residues in bee bread. The results could guide the scientific and rational use of chemical pesticides to reduce the potential risks to A. m. ligustica and A. c. cerana. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibao He
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiongqiong Liu
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoyin Hu
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Quan Gao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongcheng Dong
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinjing Xiao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Linsheng Yu
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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22
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Xiao J, He Q, Liu Q, Wang Z, Yin F, Chai Y, Yang Q, Jiang X, Liao M, Yu L, Jiang W, Cao H. Analysis of honey bee exposure to multiple pesticide residues in the hive environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150292. [PMID: 34536857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the loss of honeybees in hives could have a greater impact on colony health than those of their foraging bees, it is imperative to know beehives' pesticide exposure via oral ingestion of contaminated in-hive matrices. Here, a 4-year monitoring survey of 64 pesticide residues in pollen, nectar and related beehive matrices (beebread and honey) from China's main honey producing areas was carried out using a modified version of the QuEChERS multi-residue method. The results showed that 93.6% of pollen, 81.5% of nectar, 96.6% of beebread, and 49.3% of honey containing at least one target pesticide were detected either at or above the method detection limits (MDLs), respectively, with up to 19 pesticides found per sample. Carbendazim was the most frequently detected pesticide (present in >85% of the samples), and pyrethroids were also abundant (median concentration = 134.3-279.0 μg/kg). The transfer of pesticides from the environment into the beehive was shown, but the pesticide transference ratio may be affected by complex factors. Although the overall risk to colony health from pesticides appears to be at an acceptable level, the hazard quotient/hazard index (HQ/HI) value revealed that pyrethroids were clearly the most influential contributor, accounting for up to 45% of HI. Collectively, these empirical findings provide further insights into the extent of contamination caused by agricultural pesticide use on honeybee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Qibao He
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Qiongqiong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Fang Yin
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Yuhao Chai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Xingchuan Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Linsheng Yu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Wayne Jiang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China.
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23
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Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16857. [PMID: 34413379 PMCID: PMC8377133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bees are critical for crop pollination, but there is limited information on levels and sources of pesticide exposure in commercial agriculture. We collected pollen from foraging honey bees and bumble bees returning to colonies placed in blooming blueberry fields with different management approaches (conventional, organic, unmanaged) and located across different landscape settings to determine how these factors affect pesticide exposure. We also identified the pollen and analyzed whether pesticide exposure was correlated with corbicular load composition. Across 188 samples collected in 2 years, we detected 80 of the 259 pesticide active ingredients (AIs) screened for using a modified QuEChERS method. Detections included 28 fungicides, 26 insecticides, and 21 herbicides. All samples contained pesticides (mean = 22 AIs per pollen sample), with pollen collected from bees on conventional fields having significantly higher average concentrations (2019 mean = 882.0 ppb) than those on unmanaged fields (2019 mean = 279.6 ppb). Pollen collected by honey bees had more AIs than pollen collected by bumble bees (mean = 35 vs. 19 AIs detected at each farm, respectively), whereas samples from bumble bees had higher average concentrations, likely reflecting differences in foraging behavior. Blueberry pollen was more common in pollen samples collected by bumble bees (25.9% per sample) than honey bees (1.8%), though pesticide concentrations were only correlated with blueberry pollen for honey bees. Pollen collected at farms with more blueberry in the surrounding landscape had higher pesticide concentrations, mostly AIs applied for control of blueberry pathogens and pests during bloom. However, for honey bees, the majority of AIs detected at each farm are not registered for use on blueberry at any time (55.2% of AIs detected), including several highly toxic insecticides. These AIs therefore came from outside the fields and farms they are expected to pollinate. For bumble bees, the majority of AIs detected in their pollen are registered for use on blueberry during bloom (56.9% of AIs detected), though far fewer AIs were sprayed at the focal farm (16.7%). Our results highlight the need for integrated farm and landscape-scale stewardship of pesticides to reduce exposure to pollinators during crop pollination.
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Zhu H, Yu X, Xu Y, Yan B, Bañuelos G, Shutes B, Wen Z. Removal of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolytic metabolite in microcosm-scale constructed wetlands under soda saline-alkaline condition: Mass balance and intensification strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:145956. [PMID: 33676222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a typical organophosphorus insecticide, which poses serious threats to the natural environment and human health. Strategies for the fast elimination of CP and its toxic hydrolytic metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2(1H)-pyridianol (TCP) in drainage water are urgently needed. The fate of CP and TCP in microcosm-scale subsurface batch constructed wetlands (SSBCWs) was quantified with different macrophyte species under soda saline-alkaline (SSA) condition and effective intensification strategies were developed. The macrophyte species Canna indica outperformed Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis for CP and TCP removal in SSBCWs. Mass balance calculation indicates the fate of CP in SSBCWs was residue in water (≤8%), alkaline hydrolysis (18.93-57.42%), microbial degradation (37.75-61.91%), substrate adsorption (~4-14%), and macrophyte uptake (≤3%). The addition of ferric-carbon (Fe-C) as a substrate amendment in SSBCWs increased the CP removal percentage by 35% and reduced the effluent TCP concentration by ~70% during Day 1-4 on average compared with the unintensified control. Fe-C addition simplified the microbial community diversity, while increasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria which tolerates the microelectrolytic environment. A single application of liquid microbial agent improved CP removal percentage by 84% and decreased the effluent TCP concentration by two orders of magnitude during Day 1-4. The hydraulic retention time for thorough removal of TCP reduced from over 8 d to 4 d. Although only two dominant microbial genera (i.e., Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas) adapted to the environment with CP and SSA, they accelerated CP and TCP degradation via their own metabolism and co-metabolism with other indigenous microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Xiangfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, PR China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China.
| | - Yingying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Gary Bañuelos
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Science Centre, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757, USA
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Zhidan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China
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Kim J, Chon K, Kim BS, Oh JA, Yoon CY, Park HH, Choi YS. Horizontal Honey-Bee Larvae Rearing Plates Can Increase the Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Honey Bees. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070603. [PMID: 34357263 PMCID: PMC8305557 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rearing honey bee larvae in vitro is an ideal method to study honey bee larval diseases or the toxicity of pesticides on honey bee larvae under standardized conditions. However, recent studies reported that a horizontal position may cause the deformation of emerged bees. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the emergence and deformation rates of honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) larvae reared in horizontal and vertical positions. The study was conducted under the same laboratory conditions with three experimental groups, non-capped or capped horizontal plates and capped vertical plates. However, our results demonstrated that the exhibited adult deformation rates of the horizontal plates were significantly higher (27.8% and 26.1%) than those of the vertical plates (11.9%). In particular, the most common symptoms were deformed wings and an abnormal abdomen in the horizontal plates. Additionally, adults reared on horizontal plates were substantially smaller (10.88 and 10.82 mm) than those on vertical plates (11.55 mm). Considering these conclusions, we suggest that a vertical rearing method is more suitable when considering the deformation rates of the control groups to verify the sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeong Kim
- Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-A.O.); (C.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.P.)
| | - Kyongmi Chon
- Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-A.O.); (C.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bo-Seon Kim
- Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-A.O.); (C.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.P.)
| | - Jin-A Oh
- Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-A.O.); (C.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.P.)
| | - Chang-Young Yoon
- Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-A.O.); (C.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.P.)
| | - Hong-Hyun Park
- Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (J.K.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-A.O.); (C.-Y.Y.); (H.-H.P.)
| | - Yong-Soo Choi
- Sericulture and Apiculture Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
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Mokkapati JS, Bednarska AJ, Laskowski R. The development of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis is affected by some insecticide agrochemicals at environmentally relevant concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145588. [PMID: 33611176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solitary bees provide essential pollination services for many arable crops, but are prone to global decline. Agricultural intensification, which is connected with pesticide usage, is among major threats to bees and, thus, to the food security and ecosystem stability. As it may not be possible to cease pesticide usage currently because of the growing demand for food, it is crucial to understand the pesticide toxicities to bees for better protection of pollinator populations. The majority of studies have focused on social bees, and those on solitary bees studied effects of adult exposure, whereas these bees are also likely to be exposed as larvae via the consumption of contaminated pollen. Here, the effects of three commonly used insecticide-based plant protection products on the development of the solitary bee, Osmia bicornis (red mason bee), were studied by exposing larvae to insecticide-contaminated multifloral pollen. The tested insecticides were: Dursban480EC, containing the organophosphate chlorpyrifos (CHP), Sherpa100EC, containing the pyrethroid cypermethrin (CYP), and Mospilan20SP with the neonicotinoid acetamiprid (ACT). When compared to the control larvae fed with uncontaminated-pollen, both CHP and CYP significantly reduced the O. bicornis larval survival and their body mass at all tested concentrations. In contrast, ACT did not affect either larval survival or body mass, but the length of larval stage to cocoon formation was significantly shortened compared to controls. None of studied insecticides affected the mass of cocooned individuals. However, at least 80% of individuals exposed to any of the tested insecticides died before reaching the adult stage, whereas 43% of the controls emerged successfully after overwintering. Although no clear monotonic dose-response relationships were found, our study showed that at least some insecticide formulations affect the development of O. bicornis even at concentrations actually found in pollen in the field, indicating an urgent need for revising current pesticide usage recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Sravanthi Mokkapati
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka J Bednarska
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Laskowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Wilmart O, Legrève A, Scippo ML, Reybroeck W, Urbain B, de Graaf DC, Spanoghe P, Delahaut P, Saegerman C. Honey bee exposure scenarios to selected residues through contaminated beeswax. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145533. [PMID: 33770874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two pesticides and veterinary drugs of which residues were detected in beeswax in Europe were selected according to different criteria. The risk to honey bee health posed by the presence of these residues in wax was assessed based on three exposure scenarios. The first one corresponds to the exposure of larvae following their close contact with wax constituting the cells in which they develop. The second one corresponds to the exposure of larvae following consumption of the larval food that was contaminated from contact with contaminated wax. The third one corresponds to the exposure of adult honey bees following wax chewing when building cells and based on a theoretical worst-case scenario (= intake of contaminants from wax). Following these three scenarios, maximum concentrations which should not be exceeded in beeswax in order to protect honey bee health were calculated for each selected substance. Based on these values, provisional action limits were proposed. Beeswax exceeding these limits should not be put on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Wilmart
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC), Directorate Control Policy, Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, 55 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne Legrève
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Earth & Life Institute (ELI), 2 bte L7.05.03 Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Scientific Committee, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, 55 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; University of Liège (ULiège), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Sciences - Laboratory of Food Analysis, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, 10 Avenue de Cureghem, B43bis, B-4000 Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Wim Reybroeck
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, 370 Brusselsesteenweg, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Bruno Urbain
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Eurostation II, 40/40 Place Victor Horta, B-1060 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk C de Graaf
- Ghent University (UGent), Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, 281 S2 Krijgslaan, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Scientific Committee, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, 55 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University (UGent), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, 653 Coupure links, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- Scientific Committee, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, 55 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; Centre d'Economie Rurale (CER), Département Santé, 8 Rue de la Science, B-6900 Aye, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Scientific Committee, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, 55 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; University of Liège (ULiège), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to Veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Quartier Vallée 2, 7A Avenue de Cureghem, B42, B-4000 Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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Abati R, Sampaio AR, Maciel RMA, Colombo FC, Libardoni G, Battisti L, Lozano ER, Ghisi NDC, Costa-Maia FM, Potrich M. Bees and pesticides: the research impact and scientometrics relations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14224-7. [PMID: 33961189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bees are fundamental insects in agroecosystems, mainly due to pollination. However, its decline has been observed in recent years, and the contamination by pesticides is suspected to be responsible. This relationship is the objective of our research, which is the first scientometric study on this subject. The data were obtained from the Web of Science database (1231) and were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel and CiteSpace. The results point to a significant increase in pesticide and bee reseach in the last 15 years in the most influential scientific journals. The USA and France have the largest number of publications and a moderade relationship between this trait and GDP (gross domestic product) was observed (r = 0.80; r2 = 0.60). There is no correlation between the use of pesticides and studies of the effects on pollinators and the use of pesticides and the countries' GDP. In general, studies have shown the negative effects of the contamination by pesticides on bees; however, most publications are with bees of the Apis genus, and therefore it is necessary to explore the action of pesticides on bumble bees and wild bees, as well furthur as studies are needed regarding the sublethal effects of these products on bees as the number of molecules used in the management of agricultural crops is vast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiza Abati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04 CEP, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Amanda Roberta Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04 CEP, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Mendes Antunes Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico - Jardim das Américas, Cx, 1903, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Caroline Colombo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Câmpus Universitário Cx, 10.011, CEP 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Libardoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Câmpus Universitário Cx, 10.011, CEP 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Lucas Battisti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Câmpus Universitário Cx, 10.011, CEP 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Everton Ricardi Lozano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04 CEP, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04, CEP 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Martins Costa-Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04, CEP 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Michele Potrich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04 CEP, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil.
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Traynor KS, vanEngelsdorp D, Lamas ZS. Social disruption: Sublethal pesticides in pollen lead to Apis mellifera queen events and brood loss. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112105. [PMID: 33690003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eusocial Apis mellifera colonies depend on queen longevity and brood viability to survive, as the queen is the sole reproductive individual and the maturing brood replenishes the shorter-lived worker bees. Production of many crops rely on both pesticides and bee pollination to improve crop quantity and quality, yet sublethal impacts of this pesticide exposure is often poorly understood. We investigated the resiliency of queens and their brood after one month of sublethal exposure to field relevant doses of pesticides that mimic exposure during commercial pollination contracts. We exposed full size colonies to pollen contaminated with field-relevant doses of the fungicides (chlorothalonil and propicanizole), insecticides (chlorypyrifos and fenpropathrin) or both, noting a significant reduction in pollen consumption in colonies exposed to fungicides compared to control. While we found no difference in the total amount of pollen collected per colony, a higher proportion of pollen to non-pollen foragers was detected in all pesticide exposed colonies. After ceasing treatments, we measured brood development, discovering a significant increase in brood loss and/or cannibalism across all pesticide exposed groups. Sublethal pesticide exposure in general was linked to reduced production of replacement workers and a change in protein acquisition (pollen vs. non-pollen foraging). Fungicide exposure also resulted in increased loss of the reproductive queen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten S Traynor
- Global Biosocial Complexity Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Bee Research, Celle, Germany.
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Guo Y, Diao QY, Dai PL, Wang Q, Hou CS, Liu YJ, Zhang L, Luo QH, Wu YY, Gao J. The Effects of Exposure to Flupyradifurone on Survival, Development, and Foraging Activity of Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera L.) under Field Conditions. INSECTS 2021; 12:357. [PMID: 33923512 PMCID: PMC8074100 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Flupyradifurone (FPF) is a novel systemic nAChR agonist that interferes with signal transduction in the central nervous system of sucking pests. Despite claims that FPF is potentially "bee-safe" by risk assessments, laboratory data have suggested that FPF has multiple sub-lethal effects on individual honey bees. Our study aimed to expand the studies to the effects of field-realistic concentration of FPF. We found a statistically significant decrease in the survival rate of honey bees exposed to FPF, whereas there were no significantly negative effects on larvae development durations nor foraging activity. In addition, we found that the exposed foragers showed significantly higher expression of ApidNT, CYP9Q2, CYP9Q3, and AmInR-2 compared to the CK group (control group), but no alteration in the gene expression was observed in larvae. The exposed newly emerged bees showed significantly higher expression of Defensin and ApidNT. These results indicate that the chronic exposure to the field-realistic concentration of FPF has negligible effects, but more important synergistic and behavioral effects that can affect colony fitness should be explored in the future, considering the wide use of FPF on crops pollinated and visited by honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qing-Yun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ping-Li Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Chun-Sheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qi-Hua Luo
- Bureau of Landscape and Forestry, Miyun District, Beijing 101500, China;
| | - Yan-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.G.); (Q.-Y.D.); (P.-L.D.); (Q.W.); (C.-S.H.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.Z.)
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Mahé C, Jumarie C, Boily M. The countryside or the city: Which environment is better for the honeybee? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110784. [PMID: 33497676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For a number of years, the decline of honeybee (Apis mellifera) in North America and Europe has been the subject of much debate. Among the many factors proposed by hundreds of studies to explain this phenomenon is the hypothesis that agricultural activities using pesticides contribute to the weakness of bee colonies. Moreover, while urban beekeeping is presently booming in several cities, we do not know if this environment is more beneficial for bees than the typical, rural area. In the summer of 2018, we sampled honeybees (foragers and larvae) in rural (Laurentians) and urban (city of Montreal) areas and compared them using the following biomarkers: carotenoids, retinoids, α-tocopherol, metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs), lipid peroxidation, triglycerides, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and proteins. Pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and metals were also quantified in honeybees' tissues. Our result revealed that, globally, urban foragers had higher levels of insecticides and PPCPs and that metals were in greater concentrations in urban larvae. Compared to rural foragers, urban foragers had higher concentrations of MTLPs, triglycerides, protein and AChE activity. The multifactorial analysis confirmed that insecticides, some metals and PPCPs were the most influential components in the contaminant‒biomarker relationships for both foragers and larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mahé
- Groupe de Recherche en Toxicologie de L'environnement (TOXEN). Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8
| | - C Jumarie
- Groupe de Recherche en Toxicologie de L'environnement (TOXEN). Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8
| | - M Boily
- Groupe de Recherche en Toxicologie de L'environnement (TOXEN). Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8.
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Ma S, Yang Y, Fu Z, Diao Q, Wang M, Luo Q, Wang X, Dai P. A combination of Tropilaelaps mercedesae and imidacloprid negatively affects survival, pollen consumption and midgut bacterial composition of honey bee. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129368. [PMID: 33360943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropilaelaps mercedesae is not only a major threat to honey bees in Asia but also a potential risk to global apiculture due to trade. Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide that negatively affects individual bees. Moreover, the health of honey bees may be threatened by imidacloprid exposure and T. mercedesae infestation. We studied the effects of T. mercedesae and imidacloprid on the survival, food consumption and midgut bacterial diversity of Apis mellifera in the laboratory. Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine the bacterial composition in the honey bee midgut. T. mercedesae decreased survival in parasitized honey bees compared with nonparasitized honey bees, but there was no significant difference in food consumption. The imidacloprid 50 μg/L diet significantly decreased syrup consumption of A. mellifera compared with the control diet. The combination of T. mercedesae infestation and imidacloprid 50 μg/L exposure reduced survival and increased pollen consumption of A. mellifera. T. mercedesae infestation or a combination of T. mercedesae infestation and exposure to 25 μg/L imidacloprid affected the midgut bacterial composition of honey bees. T. mercedesae infestation and imidacloprid exposure may reduce the survival and affect honey bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongmin Fu
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qihua Luo
- Miyun Apicultural Station, Beijing, 101500, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Apicultural Station, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Guo C, Li G, Lin Q, Wu X, Wang J. Residual dynamics and dietary exposure risk of dimethoate and its metabolite in greenhouse celery. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10789. [PMID: 33717673 PMCID: PMC7934647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the residual dynamics and dietary risk of dimethoate and its metabolite omethoate in celery. Celery was sprayed with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate (EC) at either a low concentration of 600 g a.i./ha or a high concentration of 900 g a.i./ha. Plants in the seedling, transplanting, or middle growth stages were sprayed once, and the samples were collected 90 days after transplantation. Plants in the harvesting stage were sprayed two or three times. The samples were collected on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 after the last pesticide application. The dimethoate and omethoate compounds were extracted from the celery samples using acetonitrile, and their concentrations were detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Also, the dietary risk assessments of dimethoate and omethoate were conducted in various populations and on different foods in China. The metabolism led to the formation of omethoate from dimethoate in the celery. The degradation dynamics of dimethoate and total residues in greenhouse celery followed the first-order kinetic equation. The half-lives of the compounds were 2.42 days and 2.92 days, respectively. The celery which received one application during the harvesting stage had a final residue of dimethoate after 14 days, which was lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) 0.5 mg kg−1 for Chinese celery. The final deposition of the metabolite omethoate after 28 days was less than the maximum residue limit of 0.02 mg kg−1 for Chinese celery. Furthermore, the risk quotients of dimethoate in celery were less than 1; therefore, the level of chronic risk was acceptable after day 21. Only children aged 2–7 years had an HQ of dimethoate more than 1 (an unacceptable level of acute risk), while the acute dietary risks to other populations were within acceptable levels. It was recommended that any dimethoate applications to celery in greenhouses should happen before the celery reached the harvesting stage, with a safety interval of 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Li
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
| | - Qiujun Lin
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
| | - Xianxin Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
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Dorneles AL, Rosa-Fontana ADS, Dos Santos CF, Blochtein B. Larvae of stingless bee Scaptotrigona bipunctata exposed to organophosphorus pesticide develop into lighter, smaller and deformed adult workers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116414. [PMID: 33445151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides such as chlorpyrifos are often used in agriculture due to their broad spectrum of action. However, this insecticide and acaricide is considered highly toxic to the environment and can cause toxicity in nontarget insects such as bees. In addition to adult individuals, immature can also be exposed to residues of this insecticide by larval food. Thus, we investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos concentrations on the larval development of stingless bee Scaptotrigona bipunctata workers reared in vitro. We evaluated four different biomarkers: a) survival, b) development time, c) body mass and d) morphological characteristics (head width, intertegular distance, wing area and proportion of deformed bees). The exposure of the larvae to different doses of chlorpyrifos significantly reduced survival probability but did not cause changes in the development time. Regarding morphometric analysis, bees exposed to chlorpyrifos showed a reduction in body mass and size, and 28% of the emerged adults showed a reduction in wing area and deformations. Therefore, this work shows that S. bipunctata larvae exposed to the sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos are likely to have reduced chances of survival. However, if they emerge, they will be lighter, smaller and less able than equivalent but not exposed workers. These impaired attributes have the potential to compromise the future workforce in colonies exposed to this pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Linhares Dorneles
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Charles Fernando Dos Santos
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Betina Blochtein
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
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Huang Y, Zhang W, Pang S, Chen J, Bhatt P, Mishra S, Chen S. Insights into the microbial degradation and catalytic mechanisms of chlorpyrifos. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110660. [PMID: 33387540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is extensively used worldwide as an insecticide to control various insect pests. Long-term and irregular applications of chlorpyrifos have resulted in large-scale soil, groundwater, sediment, and air pollution. Numerous studies have shown that chlorpyrifos and its major intermediate metabolite 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP) accumulate in non-target organisms through biomagnification and have a strong toxic effect on non-target organisms, including human beings. Bioremediation based on microbial metabolism is considered an eco-friendly and efficient strategy to remove chlorpyrifos residues. To date, a variety of bacterial and fungal species have been isolated and characterized for the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and TCP. The metabolites and degradation pathways of chlorpyrifos have been investigated. In addition, the chlorpyrifos-degrading enzymes and functional genes in microbes have been reported. Hydrolases can catalyze the first step in ester-bond hydrolysis, and this initial regulatory metabolic reaction plays a key role in the degradation of chlorpyrifos. Previous studies have shown that the active site of hydrolase contains serine residues, which can initiate a catalytic reaction by nucleophilic attack on the P-atom of chlorpyrifos. However, few reviews have focused on the microbial degradation and catalytic mechanisms of chlorpyrifos. Therefore, this review discusses the deep understanding of chlorpyrifos degradation mechanisms with microbial strains, metabolic pathways, catalytic mechanisms, and their genetic basis in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Han B, Cao B, Yang Y, Wang X, Geng L, Diao Q, Dai P. Effects of Bt Cry78Ba1 Toxin on Larvae and Adults of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:403-408. [PMID: 33179737 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cry78Ba1 is Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) (Bt) protein found with high insecticidal activity against the piercing-sucking insect Laodelphax striatellus Fallén (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and has broad application prospects for control of the rice planthopper. As honey bees may be exposed to Bt Cry78Ba1 rice pollen by feeding, we evaluated the risk of Bt Cry78Ba1 toxin to Apis mellifera L. workers. A dietary exposure experiment was conducted on worker larvae and adults under controlled laboratory conditions to examine the effects of Cry78Ba1 toxin on honey bees. Worker bee larvae were fed a diet containing Cry78Ba1 toxin (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/liter) on day 2 through day 5 after grafting, and adults were exposed to syrup containing Cry78Ba1 for up to 16 d. Negative control (no test substance added), solvent control (1 mM Tris-HCl), and positive control (dimethoate 45 mg/liter for the larva test, 1 and 45 mg/liter for the adult test) groups were established. Compared with the negative control, larvae and adults that consumed food containing Cry78Ba1 toxin exhibited no significant differences in survival, larval weight, or pollen or syrup consumption. This result indicates that chronic oral exposure to Cry78Ba1 toxin has no negative effects on honey bees at the maximum tested concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kadlikova K, Vaclavikova M, Halesova T, Kamler M, Markovic M, Erban T. The investigation of honey bee pesticide poisoning incidents in Czechia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128056. [PMID: 33297064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees are major pollinators of crops with high economic value. Thus, bees are considered to be the most important nontarget organisms exposed to adverse effects of plant protection product use. The side effects of pesticides are one of the major factors often linked to colony losses. Fewer studies have researched acute poisoning incidents in comparison to the study of the sublethal effects of pesticides. Here, we compared pesticides in dead/dying bees from suspected poisoning incidents and the suspected crop source according to government protocols. Additionally, we analyzed live bees and bee bread collected from the brood comb to determine recent in-hive contamination. We used sites with no reports of poisoning for reference. Our analysis confirmed that not all of the suspected poisonings correlated with the suspected crop. The most important pesticides related to the poisoning incidents were highly toxic chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and imidacloprid and slightly toxic prochloraz and thiacloprid. Importantly, poisoning was associated with pesticide cocktail application. Almost all poisoning incidents were investigated in relation to rapeseed. Some sites were found to be heavily contaminated with several pesticides, including a reference site. However, other sites were moderately contaminated despite agricultural use, including rapeseed cultivation sites, which can influence the extent of pesticide use, including tank mixes and other factors. We suggest that the analysis of pesticides in bee bread and in bees from the brood comb is a useful addition to dead bee and suspected crop analysis in poisoning incidents to inform the extent of recent in-hive contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Kadlikova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia; Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Plant Protection, Prague 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czechia
| | - Marta Vaclavikova
- ALS Limited, ALS Czech Republic, Na Harfe 336/9, Prague 9-Vysocany, CZ-190 00, Czechia
| | - Tatana Halesova
- ALS Limited, ALS Czech Republic, Na Harfe 336/9, Prague 9-Vysocany, CZ-190 00, Czechia
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, Libcice nad Vltavou, CZ-252 66, Czechia
| | - Martin Markovic
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
| | - Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.
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Siefert P, Hota R, Ramesh V, Grünewald B. Chronic within-hive video recordings detect altered nursing behaviour and retarded larval development of neonicotinoid treated honey bees. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8727. [PMID: 32457387 PMCID: PMC7251098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk evaluations for agricultural chemicals are necessary to preserve healthy populations of honey bee colonies. Field studies on whole colonies are limited in behavioural research, while results from lab studies allow only restricted conclusions on whole colony impacts. Methods for automated long-term investigations of behaviours within comb cells, such as brood care, were hitherto missing. In the present study, we demonstrate an innovative video method that enables within-cell analysis in honey bee (Apis mellifera) observation hives to detect chronic sublethal neonicotinoid effects of clothianidin (1 and 10 ppb) and thiacloprid (200 ppb) on worker behaviour and development. In May and June, colonies which were fed 10 ppb clothianidin and 200 ppb thiacloprid in syrup over three weeks showed reduced feeding visits and duration throughout various larval development days (LDDs). On LDD 6 (capping day) total feeding duration did not differ between treatments. Behavioural adaptation was exhibited by nurses in the treatment groups in response to retarded larval development by increasing the overall feeding timespan. Using our machine learning algorithm, we demonstrate a novel method for detecting behaviours in an intact hive that can be applied in a versatile manner to conduct impact analyses of chemicals, pests and other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Siefert
- Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Rudra Hota
- Center for Cognition and Computation, Institut für Informatik, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Visvanathan Ramesh
- Center for Cognition and Computation, Institut für Informatik, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Grünewald
- Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wood SC, Chalifour JC, Kozii IV, Medici de Mattos I, Klein CD, Zabrodski MW, Moshynskyy I, Guarna MM, Wolf Veiga P, Epp T, Simko E. In Vitro Effects of Pesticides on European Foulbrood in Honeybee Larvae. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040252. [PMID: 32316434 PMCID: PMC7240397 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid and fungicide exposure has been linked to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera). European foulbrood, caused by the bacterium Melissococcus plutonius, is a disease of honeybee larvae which causes economic hardship for commercial beekeepers, in particular those whose colonies pollinate blueberries. We report for the first time in Canada, an atypical variant of M. plutonius isolated from a blueberry-pollinating colony. With this isolate, we used an in vitro larval infection system to study the effects of pesticide exposure on the development of European foulbrood disease. Pesticide doses tested were excessive (thiamethoxam and pyrimethanil) or maximal field-relevant (propiconazole and boscalid). We found that chronic exposure to the combination of thiamethoxam and propiconazole significantly decreased the survival of larvae infected with M. plutonius, while larvae chronically exposed to thiamethoxam and/or boscalid or pyrimethanil did not experience significant increases in mortality from M. plutonius infection in vitro. Based on these results, individual, calculated field-realistic residues of thiamethoxam and/or boscalid or pyrimethanil are unlikely to increase mortality from European foulbrood disease in honeybee worker brood, while the effects of field-relevant exposure to thiamethoxam and propiconazole on larval mortality from European foulbrood warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jocelyne C. Chalifour
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Ivanna V. Kozii
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Igor Medici de Mattos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Colby D. Klein
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Michael W. Zabrodski
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Igor Moshynskyy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - M. Marta Guarna
- Beaverlodge Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Research Road, Beaverlodge, AB T0H 0C0, Canada;
| | - Patricia Wolf Veiga
- National Bee Diagnostic Centre, Grand Prairie Regional College, 1 Research Road, Beaverlodge, AB T0H 0C0, Canada;
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Elemir Simko
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
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40
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Meikle WG, Weiss M, Beren E. Landscape factors influencing honey bee colony behavior in Southern California commercial apiaries. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5013. [PMID: 32193405 PMCID: PMC7081305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony brood levels, frames of bees (adult bee mass) and internal hive temperature were monitored for 60 colonies for each of two years as they were moved from agricultural, tree crop and mountain landscapes in southern California to blueberry and almond pollination sites. Hive weight was also continuously monitored for 20 of those hives for 6 weeks for both years, during commercial pollination. Pesticide residues in wax, honey and beebread samples were analyzed by composite apiary samples. While colonies in mountain sites had more adult bees and brood than those in agricultural sites in August, by October brood levels were higher in colonies from agricultural sites. Though hives from different original landscapes differed in size in October, hive assessments revealed no differences between the groups after co-wintering when graded for commercial almond pollination. Beebread from hives in agricultural sites had greater agrochemical diversity and in general higher pesticide hazard quotients than those from mountain sites, but those hives also had higher and more constant temperatures from September until January than hives from mountain sites. Hives placed in commercial almond pollination gained on average 287 g per d, compared to an average loss of 68 g per d for colonies in commercial blueberry pollination, although weight data indicated greater foraging effort by colonies in blueberries, possibly due to the proximity and abundance of almond pollen during bloom. Temperature monitoring was effective at distinguishing hive groups and had the best overall value in terms of equipment, installation, colony disturbance and information yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milagra Weiss
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eli Beren
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Yang Y, Ma S, Liu F, Wang Q, Wang X, Hou C, Wu Y, Gao J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Diao Q, Dai P. Acute and chronic toxicity of acetamiprid, carbaryl, cypermethrin and deltamethrin to Apis mellifera larvae reared in vitro. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:978-985. [PMID: 31486576 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of exposing Apis mellifera larvae to common insecticides were tested in the laboratory. RESULTS The acute toxicity values of the four insecticides that we tested ranged from high toxicity to low toxicity: deltamethrin > cypermethrin > carbaryl > acetamiprid. The NOAEC (no observed adverse effect concentration) values of the chronic toxicity tests for each compound are 5 mg L-1 for acetamiprid, 2 mg L-1 for carbaryl, 1 mg L-1 for cypermethrin, and 0.2 mg L-1 for deltamethrin. CONCLUSION According to the risk quotient (RQ) values of acute and chronic toxicity that we obtained, the risk is acceptable at exposure rates that have been identified in the field. Overall, our results are valuable for evaluating the acute and chronic toxicities of these insecticides to developing honey bees. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Bee Academy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangxi Institute of Apicultural Research, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing of Apicultural Station, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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42
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Cao X, Yan C, Yang X, Zhou L, Zou W, Xiu G. Photolysis-Induced Neurotoxicity Enhancement of Chlorpyrifos in Aquatic System: A Case Investigation on Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:461-470. [PMID: 31868356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment by toxic pesticides has become of great concern in agricultural countries. Chlorpyrifos (CP) is among the pesticides most commonly detected in the environment owing to its wide agricultural applications. The aim of this study was to compare potential changes in the toxicity of CP after irradiation. To this end, photolysis of CP was conducted under simulated sunlight, and neurotoxicity assessment was carried out at CP of 20 and 50 μg L-1 and its corresponding irradiated mixture solutions which contain a mixture of identified intermediates using the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Photodegradation of 20 μg L-1 CP for 1 h produced no obvious reduction of physiological damage, and more serious effects on animal movement were detected after exposure of the animals to a solution of 50 μg L-1 for 1 h irradiation compared with unirradiated solution. GABAergic and cholinergic neurons were selectively vulnerable to CP exposure, and maximal neuropathological alterations were observed after 1 h irradiation of the CP solutions in coherence with the behavioral impairment. The generation of photoproducts was considered to be responsible for the enhanced disturbance on those biological processes. This work provided useful information on the toxicological assessments of chemicals that were produced during the environmental transformation of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Chenzhi Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Xuerui Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , PR China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , PR China
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Tomé HVV, Schmehl DR, Wedde AE, Godoy RSM, Ravaiano SV, Guedes RNC, Martins GF, Ellis JD. Frequently encountered pesticides can cause multiple disorders in developing worker honey bees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113420. [PMID: 31813703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is regarded as a contributing factor to the high gross loss rates of managed colonies of Apis mellifera. Pesticides enter the hive through contaminated nectar and pollen carried by returning forager honey bees or placed in the hive by beekeepers when managing hive pests. We used an in vitro rearing method to characterize the effects of seven pesticides on developing brood subjected dietary exposure at worse-case environmental concentrations detected in wax and pollen. The pesticides tested included acaricides (amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate), insecticides (chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid), one fungicide (chlorothalonil), and one herbicide (glyphosate). The larvae were exposed chronically for six days of mimicking exposure during the entire larval feeding period, which is the worst possible scenario of larval exposure. Survival, duration of immature development, the weight of newly emerged adult, morphologies of the antenna and the hypopharyngeal gland, and gene expression were recorded. Survival of bees exposed to amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil was the most sensitive endpoint despite observed changes in many developmental and physiological parameters across the seven pesticides. Our findings suggest that pesticide exposure during larvae development may affect the survival and health of immature honey bees, thus contributing to overall colony stress or loss. Additionally, pesticide exposure altered gene expression of detoxification enzymes. However, the tested exposure scenario is unlikely to be representative of real-world conditions but emphasizes the importance of proper hive management to minimize pesticide contamination of the hive environment or simulates a future scenario of increased contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson V V Tomé
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil; Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Daniel R Schmehl
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ashlyn E Wedde
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Raquel S M Godoy
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Samira V Ravaiano
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Raul N C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - James D Ellis
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Wood SC, de Mattos IM, Kozii IV, Klein CD, Dvylyuk I, Folkes CDA, de Carvalho Macedo Silva R, Moshynskyy I, Epp T, Simko E. Effects of chronic dietary thiamethoxam and prothioconazole exposure on Apis mellifera worker adults and brood. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:85-94. [PMID: 31149754 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and the fungicide prothioconazole is common during foraging in agricultural landscapes. We evaluated the survival and hypopharyngeal gland development of adult worker honey bees, and the survival of the worker brood when chronically exposed to thiamethoxam or thiamethoxam and prothioconazole in combination. RESULTS We found that 30 days of exposure to 40 μg kg-1 of thiamethoxam significantly (P < 0.001) increased the frequency of death in worker adults by four times relative to solvent control. The worker brood required 23 times higher doses of thiamethoxam (1 mg L-1 or 909 μg kg-1 ) before a significant (P = 0.04), 3.9 times increase in frequency of death was observed relative to solvent control. No additive effects of simultaneous exposure of worker adults or brood to thiamethoxam and prothioconazole were observed. At day 8 and day 12, the hypopharyngeal gland acinar diameter was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between controls and adult workers exposed to thiamethoxam and/or prothioconazole. CONCLUSION These results indicate that chronic exposure to field-realistic doses of thiamethoxam and/or prothioconazole are unlikely to affect the survival of adult workers and brood. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Wood
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Igor Medici de Mattos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ivanna V Kozii
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Colby D Klein
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ihor Dvylyuk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Crystani D A Folkes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Roney de Carvalho Macedo Silva
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Igor Moshynskyy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elemir Simko
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Grünewald B, Siefert P. Acetylcholine and Its Receptors in Honeybees: Involvement in Development and Impairments by Neonicotinoids. INSECTS 2019; 10:E420. [PMID: 31771114 PMCID: PMC6955729 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the insect central nervous system (CNS). However, besides the neuronal expression of ACh receptors (AChR), the existence of non-neuronal AChR in honeybees is plausible. The cholinergic system is a popular target of insecticides because the pharmacology of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) differs substantially from their vertebrate counterparts. Neonicotinoids are agonists of the nAChR and are largely used in crop protection. In contrast to their relatively high safety for humans and livestock, neonicotinoids pose a threat to pollinating insects such as bees. In addition to its effects on behavior, it becomes increasingly evident that neonicotinoids affect developmental processes in bees that appear to be independent of neuronal AChRs. Brood food (royal jelly, worker jelly, or drone jelly) produced in the hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees contains millimolar concentrations of ACh, which is required for proper larval development. Neonicotinoids reduce the secreted ACh-content in brood food, reduce hypopharyngeal gland size, and lead to developmental impairments within the colony. We assume that potential hazards of neonicotinoids on pollinating bees occur neuronally causing behavioral impairments on adult individuals, and non-neuronally causing developmental disturbances as well as destroying gland functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Grünewald
- Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft, FB Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany;
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46
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Payne AN, Walsh EM, Rangel J. Initial Exposure of Wax Foundation to Agrochemicals Causes Negligible Effects on the Growth and Winter Survival of Incipient Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera) Colonies. INSECTS 2019; 10:E19. [PMID: 30626042 PMCID: PMC6359559 DOI: 10.3390/insects10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Widespread use of agrochemicals in the U.S. has led to nearly universal contamination of beeswax in honey bee hives. The most commonly found agrochemicals in wax include beekeeper-applied miticides containing tau-fluvalinate, coumaphos, or amitraz, and field-applied pesticides containing chlorothalonil or chlorpyrifos. Wax contaminated with these pesticides negatively affects the reproductive quality of queens and drones. However, the synergistic effects of these pesticides on the growth and survival of incipient colonies remain understudied. We established new colonies using frames with wax foundation that was pesticide free or contaminated with field-relevant concentrations of amitraz alone, a combination of tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos, or a combination of chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos. Colony growth was assessed by estimating comb and brood production, food storage, and adult bee population during a colony's first season. We also measured colony overwintering survival. We found no significant differences in colony growth or survivorship between colonies established on pesticide-free vs. pesticide-laden wax foundation. However, colonies that had Varroa destructor levels above 3% in the fall were more likely to die over winter than those with levels below this threshold, indicating that high Varroa infestation in the fall played a more important role than initial pesticide exposure of wax foundation in the winter survival of newly established colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria N Payne
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA.
| | - Elizabeth M Walsh
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA.
| | - Juliana Rangel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA.
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Jiang X, Wang Z, He Q, Liu Q, Li X, Yu L, Cao H. The Effect of Neonicotinoid Insecticide and Fungicide on Sugar Responsiveness and Orientation Behavior of Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera) in Semi-Field Conditions. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040130. [PMID: 30274315 PMCID: PMC6316467 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are in widespread use around the world, cause pollinator decline. We used semi-field conditions to determine the effect of sublethal insecticide, thiamethoxam, exposure on orientation behavior and sugar responsiveness. Bees could not reject the non-treated flower or the insecticide or insecticide/fungicide treated flower. After bees consumed the insecticide or insecticide/fungicide treated nectar, they could not discriminate between a flower odor or blank control in a Y-maze when making a first choice. We also found that treated bees wander back and forth in both arms to make a final decision about food location, and used longer duration in the Y maze than the control group. Sugar responsiveness was also reduced after bees were fed with insecticide or insecticide/fungicide treated food, one week was needed for them to display the same level of responsiveness as the control group. The thiamethoxam or thiamethoxam/carbendazol treated crop field does not act as an olfactory repellent to the bee, but it does affect its post-consumption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchuan Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Zhengwei Wang
- Chemical Ecology Group, CAS Key laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650000, China.
| | - Qibao He
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Qiongqiong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xinyang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Linsheng Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Haiqun Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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