1
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Ayreen Z, Khatoon U, Kirti A, Sinha A, Gupta A, Lenka SS, Yadav A, Mohanty R, Naser SS, Mishra R, Chouhan RS, Samal SK, Kaushik NK, Singh D, Suar M, Verma SK. Perilous paradigm of graphene oxide and its derivatives in biomedical applications: Insight to immunocompatibility. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116842. [PMID: 38810404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
With advancements in nanotechnology and innovative materials, Graphene Oxide nanoparticles (GONP) have attracted lots of attention among the diverse types of nanomaterials owing to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics. However, the usage at scientific and industrial level has also raised concern to their toxicological interaction with biological system. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing guidelines and recommendations for applications of GONP in various sectors, like biomedicine and environmental technologies. This review offers crucial insights and an in-depth analysis to the biological processes associated with GONP immunotoxicity with multiple cell lines including human whole blood cultures, dendritic cells, macrophages, and multiple cancer cell lines. The complicated interactions between graphene oxide nanoparticles and the immune system, are highlighted in this work, which reveals a range of immunotoxic consequences like inflammation, immunosuppression, immunostimulation, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and cellular malfunction. Moreover, the immunotoxic effects are also highlighted with respect to in vivo models like mice and zebrafish, insighting GO Nanoparticles' cytotoxicity. The study provides invaluable review for researchers, policymakers, and industrialist to understand and exploit the beneficial applications of GONP with a controlled measure to human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobia Ayreen
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Uzma Khatoon
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Apoorv Kirti
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Adrija Sinha
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Abha Gupta
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Sudakshya S Lenka
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Anu Yadav
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Rupali Mohanty
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Shaikh Sheeran Naser
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Raghuraj Singh Chouhan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | | | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deobrat Singh
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden.
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
| | - Suresh K Verma
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
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2
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Lin H, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Kaur J, Wick P, Pelin M, Tubaro A, Carniel FC, Tretiach M, Flahaut E, Iglesias D, Vázquez E, Cellot G, Ballerini L, Castagnola V, Benfenati F, Armirotti A, Sallustrau A, Taran F, Keck M, Bussy C, Vranic S, Kostarelos K, Connolly M, Navas JM, Mouchet F, Gauthier L, Baker J, Suarez-Merino B, Kanerva T, Prato M, Fadeel B, Bianco A. Environmental and Health Impacts of Graphene and Other Two-Dimensional Materials: A Graphene Flagship Perspective. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6038-6094. [PMID: 38350010 PMCID: PMC10906101 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous interest ever since the isolation of atomically thin sheets of graphene in 2004 due to the specific and versatile properties of these materials. However, the increasing production and use of 2D materials necessitate a thorough evaluation of the potential impact on human health and the environment. Furthermore, harmonized test protocols are needed with which to assess the safety of 2D materials. The Graphene Flagship project (2013-2023), funded by the European Commission, addressed the identification of the possible hazard of graphene-based materials as well as emerging 2D materials including transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, and others. Additionally, so-called green chemistry approaches were explored to achieve the goal of a safe and sustainable production and use of this fascinating family of nanomaterials. The present review provides a compact survey of the findings and the lessons learned in the Graphene Flagship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Lin
- CNRS,
UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jasreen Kaur
- Nanosafety
& Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT,
Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT,
UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Daniel Iglesias
- Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Giada Cellot
- International
School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International
School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Center
for
Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for
Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical
Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Mona Connolly
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
Agraria
y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Maria Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
Agraria
y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Mouchet
- Laboratoire
Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Laury Gauthier
- Laboratoire
Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - James Baker
- TEMAS Solutions GmbH, 5212 Hausen, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomi Kanerva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety
& Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS,
UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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3
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Vakili B, Karami-Darehnaranji M, Mirzaei E, Hosseini F, Nezafat N. Graphene oxide as novel vaccine adjuvant. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111062. [PMID: 37866317 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
To improve antigen immunogenicity and promote long-lasting immunity, vaccine formulations have been appropriately supplemented with adjuvants. Graphene has been found to enhance the presentation of antigens to CD8+ T cells, as well as stimulating innate immune responses and inflammatory factors. Its properties, such as large surface area, water stability, and high aspect ratio, make it a suitable candidate for delivering biological substances. Graphene-based nanomaterials have recently attracted significant attention as a new type of vaccine adjuvants due to their potential role in the activation of immune responses. Due to the limited functionality of some approved human adjuvants for use, the development of new all-purpose adjuvants is urgently required. Research on the immunological and biomedical use of graphene oxide (GO) indicates that these nanocarriers possess excellent physicochemical properties, acceptable biocompatibility, and a high capacity for drug loading. Graphene-based nanocarriers also could improve the function of some immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages through specific signaling pathways. However, GO injection can lead to significant oxidative stress and inflammation. Various surface functionalization protocols have been employed to reduce possible adverse effects of GO, such as aggregation of GO in biological liquids and induce cell death. Furthermore, these modifications enhance the properties of functionalized-GO's qualities, making it an excellent carrier and adjuvant. Shedding light on different physicochemical and structural properties of GO and its derivatives has led to their application in various therapeutic and drug delivery fields. In this review, we have endeavored to elaborate on different aspects of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Karami-Darehnaranji
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Hosseini
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Computational Vaccine and Drug Design Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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4
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Zarepour A, Karasu Ç, Mir Y, Nematollahi MH, Iravani S, Zarrabi A. Graphene- and MXene-based materials for neuroscience: diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6687-6710. [PMID: 37646462 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
MXenes and graphene are two-dimensional materials that have gained increasing attention in neuroscience, particularly in sensing, theranostics, and biomedical engineering. Various composites of graphene and MXenes with fascinating thermal, optical, magnetic, mechanical, and electrical properties have been introduced to develop advanced nanosystems for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, as exemplified in the case of biosensors for neurotransmitter detection. These biosensors display high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, making them promising tools for neuroscience research. MXenes have been employed to create high-resolution neural interfaces for neuroelectronic devices, develop neuro-receptor-mediated synapse devices, and stimulate the electrophysiological maturation of neural circuits. On the other hand, graphene/derivatives exhibit therapeutic applicability in neuroscience, as exemplified in the case of graphene oxide for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. While MXenes and graphene have potential benefits in neuroscience, there are also challenges/limitations associated with their use, such as toxicity, environmental impacts, and limited understanding of their properties. In addition, large-scale production and commercialization as well as optimization of reaction/synthesis conditions and clinical translation studies are very important aspects. Thus, it is important to consider the use of these materials in neuroscience research and conduct further research to obtain an in-depth understanding of their properties and potential applications. By addressing issues related to biocompatibility, long-term stability, targeted delivery, electrical interfaces, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, MXenes and graphene have the potential to greatly advance the field of neuroscience and pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders. Herein, recent advances in therapeutic and diagnostic applications of graphene- and MXene-based materials in neuroscience are discussed, focusing on important challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Çimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yousof Mir
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396 Istanbul, Turkey.
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5
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Ou L, Tan X, Qiao S, Wu J, Su Y, Xie W, Jin N, He J, Luo R, Lai X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Liu J, Kang Y, Shao L. Graphene-Based Material-Mediated Immunomodulation in Tissue Engineering and Regeneration: Mechanism and Significance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18669-18687. [PMID: 37768738 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine hold promise for improving or even restoring the function of damaged organs. Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have become a key player in biomaterials applied to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A series of cellular and molecular events, which affect the outcome of tissue regeneration, occur after GBMs are implanted into the body. The immunomodulatory function of GBMs is considered to be a key factor influencing tissue regeneration. This review introduces the applications of GBMs in bone, neural, skin, and cardiovascular tissue engineering, emphasizing that the immunomodulatory functions of GBMs significantly improve tissue regeneration. This review focuses on summarizing and discussing the mechanisms by which GBMs mediate the sequential regulation of the innate immune cell inflammatory response. During the process of tissue healing, multiple immune responses, such as the inflammatory response, foreign body reaction, tissue fibrosis, and biodegradation of GBMs, are interrelated and influential. We discuss the regulation of these immune responses by GBMs, as well as the immune cells and related immunomodulatory mechanisms involved. Finally, we summarize the limitations in the immunomodulatory strategies of GBMs and ideas for optimizing GBM applications in tissue engineering. This review demonstrates the significance and related mechanism of the immunomodulatory function of GBM application in tissue engineering; more importantly, it contributes insights into the design of GBMs to enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ou
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xiner Tan
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shijia Qiao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Stomatology Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528399, China
| | - Wenqiang Xie
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Nianqiang Jin
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiankang He
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ruhui Luo
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xuan Lai
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Fujian Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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6
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Lin G, Wang J, Yang YG, Zhang Y, Sun T. Advances in dendritic cell targeting nano-delivery systems for induction of immune tolerance. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1242126. [PMID: 37877041 PMCID: PMC10593475 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1242126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), play a key role in initiating the body's immune response, maintain the balance of immunity. DCs can also induce immune tolerance by rendering effector T cells absent and anergy, and promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells. Induction of tolerogenic DCs has been proved to be a promising strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and allergic diseases by various laboratory researches and clinical trials. The development of nano-delivery systems has led to advances in situ modulation of the tolerance phenotype of DCs. By changing the material composition, particle size, zeta-potential, and surface modification of nanoparticles, nanoparticles can be used for the therapeutic payloads targeted delivery to DCs, endowing them with great potential in the induction of immune tolerance. This paper reviews how nano-delivery systems can be modulated for targeted delivery to DCs and induce immune tolerance and reviews their potential in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Zhao X, Amevor FK, Xue X, Wang C, Cui Z, Dai S, Peng C, Li Y. Remodeling the hepatic fibrotic microenvironment with emerging nanotherapeutics: a comprehensive review. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:121. [PMID: 37029392 PMCID: PMC10081370 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis could be the last hope for treating liver cancer and remodeling of the hepatic microenvironment has emerged as a strategy to promote the ablation of liver fibrosis. In recent years, especially with the rapid development of nanomedicine, hepatic microenvironment therapy has been widely researched in studies concerning liver cancer and fibrosis. In this comprehensive review, we summarized recent advances in nano therapy-based remodeling of the hepatic microenvironment. Firstly, we discussed novel strategies for regulatory immune suppression caused by capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and macrophage polarization. Furthermore, metabolic reprogramming and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition are caused by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, recent advances in ROS, hypoxia, and impaired vascular remodeling in the hepatic fibrotic microenvironment due to ECM deposition have also been summarized. Finally, emerging nanotherapeutic approaches based on correlated signals were discussed in this review. We have proposed novel strategies such as engineered nanotherapeutics targeting antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or direct targeting T cells in liver fibrotic immunotherapy to be used in preventing liver fibrosis. In summary, this comprehensive review illustrated the opportunities in drug targeting and nanomedicine, and the current challenges to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Felix Kwame Amevor
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhifu Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- , No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang district, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Pondman K, Le Gac S, Kishore U. Nanoparticle-induced immune response: Health risk versus treatment opportunity? Immunobiology 2023; 228:152317. [PMID: 36592542 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are not only employed in many biomedical applications in an engineered form, but also occur in our environment, in a more hazardous form. NPs interact with the immune system through various pathways and can lead to a myriad of different scenarios, ranging from their quiet removal from circulation by macrophages without any impact for the body, to systemic inflammatory effects and immuno-toxicity. In the latter case, the function of the immune system is affected by the presence of NPs. This review describes, how both the innate and adaptive immune system are involved in interactions with NPs, together with the models used to analyse these interactions. These models vary between simple 2D in vitro models, to in vivo animal models, and also include complex all human organ on chip models which are able to recapitulate more accurately the interaction in the in vivo situation. Thereafter, commonly encountered NPs in both the environment and in biomedical applications and their possible effects on the immune system are discussed in more detail. Not all effects of NPs on the immune system are detrimental; in the final section, we review several promising strategies in which the immune response towards NPs can be exploited to suit specific applications such as vaccination and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Pondman
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, U.A.E. University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Huang J, Jian X, Xu M, Wang H, Liao Z, Lan H, Wang L, Hu J, Yu Q, Liao H. Muscle cytotoxicity and immuno-reactivity analysis of the porous carbon nanospheres fabricated by high temperature calcination. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102632. [PMID: 36435365 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials have a high specific surface area, biocompatibility, and controlled mesopore structures. These characteristics make carbon nanospheres excellent carriers for drugs, biological dyes, photosensitizers, etc. Nevertheless, little is known about the impact of topological features on the surface of carbon nanomaterials on their in vivo immunoreactivity. In this study, we fabricated mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNs) and solvent-processable carbon vesicles (CVs) by high-temperature calcination. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining suggested CVs' relatively poor dispersion capacity compared to MCNs and carbon precursors (CPs), leading to more severe muscle inflammation and necrosis. Immunostaining and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) analysis further showed that both MCNs and CVs triggered a transient immune response in transplanted muscle and muscle-draining lymph nodes, but did not alter muscle resistance to exogenous viruses. In conclusion, this study provides insights into how carbon nanoparticles modulate the activation of immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingWen Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - XiaoTing Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - MengMeng Xu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Han Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - ZhaoHong Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - HaiQiang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - LinGe Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - JiJie Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - QianQian Yu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Hua Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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10
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Huang S, Zhong Y, Fu Y, Zheng X, Feng Z, Mo A. Graphene and its derivatives: "one stone, three birds" strategy for orthopedic implant-associated infections. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:380-399. [PMID: 36453143 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01507b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Orthopedic implants provide an avascular surface for microbial attachment and biofilm formation, impeding the entry of immune cells and the diffusion of antibiotics. The above is an important cause of dental and orthopedic implant-associated infection (IAI). For the prevention and treatment of IAI, the drawbacks of antibiotic resistance and surgical treatment are increasingly apparent. Due to their outstanding biological properties such as biocompatibility, immunomodulatory effects, and antibacterial properties, graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) have been applied to bone tissue engineering to deal with IAI, and in particular have great potential application in drug/gene carriers, multi-functional platforms, and coating forms. Here we review the latest research progress and achievements in GBNs for the prevention and treatment of IAI, mainly including their biomedical applications for antibacterial and immunomodulation effects, and for inducing osteogenesis. Furthermore, the biosafety of graphene family materials in bone tissue regeneration and the feasibility of clinical application are critically analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongjin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zeru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Anchun Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Zschiesche L, Janko C, Friedrich B, Frey B, Band J, Lyer S, Alexiou C, Unterweger H. Biocompatibility of Dextran-Coated 30 nm and 80 nm Sized SPIONs towards Monocytes, Dendritic Cells and Lymphocytes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:14. [PMID: 36615924 PMCID: PMC9823599 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONDex) of various sizes can be used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of different tissues, e.g., liver or atherosclerotic plaques, after intravenous injection. In previous studies, the blood compatibility and the absence of immunogenicity of SPIONDex was demonstrated. The investigation of the interference of SPIONDex with stimulated immune cell activation is the aim of this study. For this purpose, sterile and endotoxin-free SPIONDex with different hydrodynamic sizes (30 and 80 nm) were investigated for their effect on monocytes, dendritic cells (DC) and lymphocytes in concentrations up to 200 µg/mL, which would be administered for use as an imaging agent. The cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and brightfield microscopy. We found that SPIONDex were hardly taken up by THP-1 monocytes and did not reduce cell viability. In the presence of SPIONDex, the phagocytosis of zymosan and E. coli by THP-1 was dose-dependently reduced. SPIONDex neither induced the maturation of DCs nor interfered with their stimulated maturation. The particles did not induce lymphocyte proliferation or interfere with lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation. Since SPIONDex rapidly distribute via the blood circulation in vivo, high concentrations were only reached locally at the injection site immediately after application and only for a very limited time. Thus, SPIONDex can be considered immune compatible in doses required for use as an MRI contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zschiesche
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Band
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Professorship for AI-Controlled Nanomaterials, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Professorship for AI-Controlled Nanomaterials, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Parker H, Gravagnuolo AM, Vranic S, Crica LE, Newman L, Carnell O, Bussy C, Dookie RS, Prestat E, Haigh SJ, Lozano N, Kostarelos K, MacDonald AS. Graphene oxide modulates dendritic cell ability to promote T cell activation and cytokine production. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17297-17314. [PMID: 36374249 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02169b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An important aspect of immunotherapy is the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to prime T cell immunity, an approach that has yielded promising results in some early phase clinical trials. However, novel approaches are required to improve DC therapeutic efficacy by enhancing their uptake of, and activation by, disease relevant antigens. The carbon nano-material graphene oxide (GO) may provide a unique way to deliver antigen to innate immune cells and modify their ability to initiate effective adaptive immune responses. We have assessed whether GO of various lateral sizes affects DC activation and function in vitro and in vivo, including their ability to take up, process and present the well-defined model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). We have found that GO flakes are internalised by DCs, while having minimal effect on their viability, activation phenotype or cytokine production. Although adsorption of OVA protein to either small or large GO flakes promoted its uptake into DCs, large GO interfered with OVA processing. In terms of modulation of DC function, delivery of OVA via small GO flakes significantly enhanced DC ability to induce proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells, promoting granzyme B secretion in vitro. On the other hand, delivery of OVA via large GO flakes augmented DC ability to induce proliferation of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells, and their production of IFN-γ and granzyme B. Together, these data demonstrate the capacity of GO of different lateral dimensions to act as a promising delivery platform for DC modulation of distinct facets of the adaptive immune response, information that could be exploited for future development of targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Parker
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Alfredo Maria Gravagnuolo
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Livia Elena Crica
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Leon Newman
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver Carnell
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca S Dookie
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Eric Prestat
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
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13
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Lin H, Peng S, Guo S, Ma B, Lucherelli MA, Royer C, Ippolito S, Samorì P, Bianco A. 2D Materials and Primary Human Dendritic Cells: A Comparative Cytotoxicity Study. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107652. [PMID: 35451183 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human health can be affected by materials indirectly through exposure to the environment or directly through close contact and uptake. With the ever-growing use of 2D materials in many applications such as electronics, medical therapeutics, molecular sensing, and energy storage, it has become more pertinent to investigate their impact on the immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly important, considering their role as the main link between the innate and the adaptive immune system. By using primary human DCs, it is shown that hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), graphene oxide (GO) and molybdenum disulphide have minimal effects on viability. In particular, it is evidenced that hBN and GO increase DC maturation, while GO leads to the release of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. hBN and MoS2 increase T cell proliferation with and without the presence of DCs. hBN in particular does not show any sign of downstream T cell polarization. The study allows ranking of the three materials in terms of inherent toxicity, providing the following trend: GO > hBN ≈ MoS2 , with GO the most cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Lin
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Shiyuan Peng
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Shi Guo
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Baojin Ma
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Matteo Andrea Lucherelli
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Cathy Royer
- Plateforme Imagerie In Vitro de l'ITI Neurostra, CNRS UAR 3156, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | | | - Paolo Samorì
- CNRS, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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14
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Uzhviyuk SV, Bochkova MS, Timganova VP, Khramtsov PV, Shardina KY, Kropaneva MD, Nechaev AI, Raev MB, Zamorina SA. Interaction of Human Dendritic Cells with Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 172:664-670. [PMID: 35353288 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of graphene oxide nanoparticles on the differentiation of human dendritic cells and uptake of nanoparticles by these cells in vitro. The objects of the study were mononuclear cells from healthy donors induced into the phenotype of dendritic cells by cytokines (IL-6 and GM-CSF). We used graphene oxide nanoparticles of different sizes functionalized with linear or branched PEG (P-GO or bP-GO) in concentrations of 5 and 25 μg/ml. It was found that graphene oxide nanoparticles did not affect the viability and percentage of dendritic cells in the culture. However, P-GO nanoparticles (25 μg/ml) suppressed the expression of CD83 on the surface of dendritic cells in cultures, thereby suppressing cell differentiation. Dendritic cells internalized P-GO nanoparticles, particles in high concentration were more actively engulfed, but the size of the particles and the type of PEG did not affect the intensity of this process. In general, P-GO nanoparticles in a concentration of 25 μg/ml can regulate differentiation of dendritic cells by suppressing their maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Uzhviyuk
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
| | - M S Bochkova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - V P Timganova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - P V Khramtsov
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - K Yu Shardina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - M D Kropaneva
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - A I Nechaev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - M B Raev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - S A Zamorina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Affiliated Branch of Perm' Federal Research Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
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15
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Est-Witte SE, Livingston NK, Omotoso MO, Green JJ, Schneck JP. Nanoparticles for generating antigen-specific T cells for immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2021; 56:101541. [PMID: 34922816 PMCID: PMC8900015 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
T cell therapy shows promise as an immunotherapy in both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive applications. However, the forms of T cell-based therapy that are currently in the clinic, such as adoptive cell transfer and vaccines, are limited by cost, time-to-treatment, and patient variability. Nanoparticles offer a modular, universal platform to improve the efficacy of various T cell therapies as nanoparticle properties can be easily modified for enhanced cell targeting, organ targeting, and cell internalization. Nanoparticles can enhance or even replace endogenous cells during each step of generating an antigen-specific T cell response - from antigen presentation and T cell activation to T cell maintenance. In this review, we discuss the unique applications of nanoparticles for antigen-specific T cell therapy, focusing on nanoparticles as vaccines (to activate endogenous antigen presenting cells (APCs)), as artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPCs, to directly activate T cells), and as drug delivery vehicles (to support activated T cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah E Est-Witte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, USA, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Natalie K Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, USA, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mary O Omotoso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, USA, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology, Oncology, Neurosurgery, Materials Science & Engineering, and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and The Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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16
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Lan H, Huang T, Xiao J, Liao Z, Ouyang J, Dong J, Xian CJ, Hu J, Wang L, Ke Y, Liao H. The immuno-reactivity of polypseudorotaxane functionalized magnetic CDMNP-PEG-CD nanoparticles. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:561-574. [PMID: 33210833 PMCID: PMC7810964 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
pH‐magnetic dual‐responsive nanocomposites have been widely used in drug delivery and gene therapy. Recently, a polypseudorotaxane functionalized magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) was developed by synthesizing the magnetic nanoparticles with cyclodextrin (CD) molecules (CDMNP) via polyethylene glycol (PEG) (CDMNP‐PEG‐CD). The purpose of this study was to explore the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the nanoparticles in vivo prior to their further application explorations. Here, nanoparticles were assessed in vivo for retention, bio‐distribution and immuno‐reactivity. The results showed that, once administered intravenously, CDMNP‐PEG‐CD induced a temporary blood monocyte response and was cleared effectively from the body through the urine system in mice. The introduction of β‐CD and PEG/β‐CD polypseudorotaxane on SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles (SOMNP) limited particle intramuscular dispersion after being injected into mouse gastrocnemius muscle (GN), which led to the prolonged local inflammation and muscle toxicity by CDMNP and CDMNP‐PEG‐CD. In addition, T cells were found to be more susceptible for β‐CD–modified CDMNP; however, polypseudorotaxane modification partially attenuated β‐CD–induced T cell response in the implanted muscle. Our results suggested that CDMNP‐PEG‐CD nanoparticles or the decomposition components have potential to prime antigen‐presenting cells and to break the muscle autoimmune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangwei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohong Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianghui Dong
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cory J Xian
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jijie Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Wang
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yu Ke
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Ren M, Zeng W, Li Z, Cao S, Liu C, Ouyang S, Zhang T, Cui Y, Yuan H. CoAl-layered double hydroxide nanosheet-based fluorescence assay for fast DNA detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 240:118618. [PMID: 32599482 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the study, CoAl-layered double hydroxide (CoAl-LDH) was prepared as a fluorescence quenching agent to detect DNA molecules. Because of its simple preparation for a large scale, excellent surface effect, good biocompatibility and high fluorescence quenching capability, the effective, rapid, and sensitive DNA detection was realized. The fluorescence quenching efficiency of LDH to 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein attached to single stranded DNA (FAM-ssDNA) was as high as 88%, and after FAM-ssDNA hybridized with the complementary DNA oligonucleotide, that to FAM-dsDNA was about 33%. The quenching mechanisms of LDH for ssDNA and dsDNA were discussed. Phosphate exposed of ssDNA played an important role in quenching effect. Compared to dsDNA, more exposed phosphate groups in ssDNA resulted in the stronger electrostatic interaction between ssDNA and LDH, and thus the higher quenching efficiency. Under optimal conditions, the linear equation was y = 38.26 + 3.37x in a linear relationship of 1-50 nM, and the correlation coefficient R2 corresponded to 0.999, and the limit of detection was calculated to be 0.79 nM (3σ). Cytotoxicity studies have shown that LDH has good biocompatibility. The study provides an effective, sensitive and safe approach for DNA detection and gives an insight for the design of LDH-based biosensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Weili Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shiqin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Chunrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shuxin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yanfang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Hong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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18
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Emadi F, Emadi A, Gholami A. A Comprehensive Insight Towards Pharmaceutical Aspects of Graphene Nanosheets. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1016-1027. [PMID: 32188383 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200318131422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphene Derivatives (GDs) have captured the interest and imagination of pharmaceutical scientists. This review exclusively provides pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics information with a particular focus on biopharmaceuticals. GDs can be used as multipurpose pharmaceutical delivery systems due to their ultra-high surface area, flexibility, and fast mobility of charge carriers. Improved effects, targeted delivery to tissues, controlled release profiles, visualization of biodistribution and clearance, and overcoming drug resistance are examples of the benefits of GDs. This review focuses on the application of GDs for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Also, the pharmacokinetic properties and the advantage of using GDs in pharmaceutics will be reviewed to achieve a comprehensive understanding about the GDs in pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Emadi
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Iran
| | - Arash Emadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, P.O. Box: 7146864685, Iran
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19
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Zhu S, Li L, Gu Z, Chen C, Zhao Y. 15 Years of Small: Research Trends in Nanosafety. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000980. [PMID: 32338444 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the field of nano- and microscale science and technology, Small has become one of the worldwide leading journals since its initiation 15 years ago. Among all the topics covered in Small, "nanosafety" has received growing interest over the years, which accounts for a large proportion of the total publications of Small. Herein, inspired by its coming Special Issue "Rethinking Nanosafety," a general bibliometric overview of the nanosafety studies that have been published in Small is presented. Using the data derived from the Web of Science Core Collection, the annual publication growth, most influential countries/institutions as well as the visualized collaborations between different countries and institutions based on CiteSpace software are presented. A special emphasis on the impact of the previous Special Issue from Small that is related to nanosafety research is given and the research trend from the most highly cited papers during last 15 years is analyzed. Lastly, future research directions are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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20
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Johnson L, Duschl A, Himly M. Nanotechnology-Based Vaccines for Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Potentials and Challenges of Conventional and Novel Adjuvants under Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020237. [PMID: 32443671 PMCID: PMC7349961 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases demands efficient therapeutic strategies for their mitigation. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only causal rather than symptomatic treatment method available for allergy. Currently, AIT is being administered using immune response modifiers or adjuvants. Adjuvants aid in the induction of a vigorous and long-lasting immune response, thereby improving the efficiency of AIT. The successful development of a novel adjuvant requires a thorough understanding of the conventional and novel adjuvants under development. Thus, this review discusses the potentials and challenges of these adjuvants and their mechanism of action. Vaccine development based on nanoparticles is a promising strategy for AIT, due to their inherent physicochemical properties, along with their ease of production and ability to stimulate innate immunity. Although nanoparticles have provided promising results as an adjuvant for AIT in in vivo studies, a deeper insight into the interaction of nanoparticle-allergen complexes with the immune system is necessary. This review focuses on the methods of harnessing the adjuvant effect of nanoparticles by detailing the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response, which includes allergen uptake, processing, presentation, and induction of T cell differentiation.
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21
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Shields CW, Wang LLW, Evans MA, Mitragotri S. Materials for Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901633. [PMID: 31250498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in materials engineering have accelerated the progress of immunotherapy in preclinical studies. The interplay of chemistry and materials has resulted in improved loading, targeting, and release of immunomodulatory agents. An overview of the materials that are used to enable or improve the success of immunotherapies in preclinical studies is presented, from immunosuppressive to proinflammatory strategies, with particular emphasis on technologies poised for clinical translation. The materials are organized based on their characteristic length scale, whereby the enabling feature of each technology is organized by the structure of that material. For example, the mechanisms by which i) nanoscale materials can improve targeting and infiltration of immunomodulatory payloads into tissues and cells, ii) microscale materials can facilitate cell-mediated transport and serve as artificial antigen-presenting cells, and iii) macroscale materials can form the basis of artificial microenvironments to promote cell infiltration and reprogramming are discussed. As a step toward establishing a set of design rules for future immunotherapies, materials that intrinsically activate or suppress the immune system are reviewed. Finally, a brief outlook on the trajectory of these systems and how they may be improved to address unsolved challenges in cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael A Evans
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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22
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Svadlakova T, Hubatka F, Turanek Knotigova P, Kulich P, Masek J, Kotoucek J, Macak J, Motola M, Kalbac M, Kolackova M, Vankova R, Vicherkova P, Malkova A, Simeckova P, Volkov Y, Prina-Mello A, Kratochvilova I, Fiala Z, Raska M, Krejsek J, Turanek J. Proinflammatory Effect of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: In Vitro Study on Stimulation of Inflammasome NLRP3 via Destabilisation of Lysosomes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E418. [PMID: 32120988 PMCID: PMC7152843 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (C-BNM) have recently attracted an increased attention as the materials with potential applications in industry and medicine. Bioresistance and proinflammatory potential of C-BNM is the main obstacle for their medicinal application which was documented in vivo and in vitro. However, there are still limited data especially on graphene derivatives such as graphene platelets (GP). In this work, we compared multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and two different types of pristine GP in their potential to activate inflammasome NLRP3 (The nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3) in vitro. Our study is focused on exposure of THP-1/THP1-null cells and peripheral blood monocytes to C-BNM as representative models of canonical and alternative pathways, respectively. Although all nanomaterials were extensively accumulated in the cytoplasm, increasing doses of all C-BNM did not lead to cell death. We observed direct activation of NLRP3 via destabilization of lysosomes and release of cathepsin B into cytoplasm only in the case of MWCNTs. Direct activation of NLRP3 by both GP was statistically insignificant but could be induced by synergic action with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), as a representative molecule of the family of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study demonstrates a possible proinflammatory potential of GP and MWCNT acting through NLRP3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Svadlakova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (Z.F.)
| | - Frantisek Hubatka
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Pavlina Turanek Knotigova
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Josef Masek
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Jan Kotoucek
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Jan Macak
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Motola
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Kalbac
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martina Kolackova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Radka Vankova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Petra Vicherkova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Andrea Malkova
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (Z.F.)
| | - Pavlina Simeckova
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Yuri Volkov
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland; (Y.V.); (A.P.-M.)
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, First Moscow State Sechenov Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland; (Y.V.); (A.P.-M.)
| | - Irena Kratochvilova
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdenek Fiala
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (Z.F.)
| | - Milan Raska
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejsek
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Jaroslav Turanek
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
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23
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Malachowski T, Hassel A. Engineering nanoparticles to overcome immunological barriers for enhanced drug delivery. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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24
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Paital B, Guru D, Mohapatra P, Panda B, Parida N, Rath S, Kumar V, Saxena PS, Srivastava A. Ecotoxic impact assessment of graphene oxide on lipid peroxidation at mitochondrial level and redox modulation in fresh water fish Anabas testudineus. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:796-804. [PMID: 30851531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly expanding nanoparticle industries are predicted to have turnover of ∼$173.95 billion by 2025, indicating an urgency to study their comprehensive toxicological impact(s). Toxic effects of Graphene Oxide (GO) on oxidative stress physiology especially at mitochondrial level and redox modulation in fish in general and in climbing perch Anabas testudineus is absent. Therefore, we have investigated the toxic impacts of sub lethal doses of GO on selected oxidative stress physiology markers, protein and nucleic acid content along with haematological parameters in A. testudineus. Discriminant function and correlation analyses suggest that GO had toxic effects on the fish, as revealed from the studied parameters. Liver and gill tissues had shown strong response to GO than muscle. Augmented gradual accumulation of cellular lipid peroxides, specifically in mitochondria, was noticed. Activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase was augmented in contrast to the lowered level of the reduced glutathione titre. Alleviated total red blood corpuscle count and haemoglobin titre was parallel with an augmentation of white blood corpuscle count under GO administration. The protein level was also alleviated gradually in liver with clear changes in tissue specific nucleic acid levels, which was reduced under GO treatment. Results of the present study indicate that GO induces oxidative stress in cell and mitochondria in fish. Therefore, very careful future practices of use of GO directly, or as cargo in environmental monitoring processes in aquatic models in vitro in general and Pisces model in particular are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Deeptimayee Guru
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Priyadarsini Mohapatra
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Nibedita Parida
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Sasmita Rath
- Department of Zoology, Centurion University, Odisha, 761211, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India; Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Preeti S Saxena
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anchal Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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25
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Lasocka I, Jastrzębska E, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Skibniewski M, Pasternak I, Kalbacova MH, Skibniewska EM. The effects of graphene and mesenchymal stem cells in cutaneous wound healing and their putative action mechanism. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2281-2299. [PMID: 31015759 PMCID: PMC6448540 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s190928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a review of the therapeutic potential of graphene dressing scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their synergistic effects with respect to cutaneous wound healing. This study also considers their putative action mechanism based on the antibacterial, immunomodulating, angiogenic, matrix remodeling effects of materials belonging to the graphene family and MSCs during the wound healing process. In addition, this study discusses the cytocompatibility of graphene, its uses as a platform for skin substitutes, the properties it possesses with respect to providing protection against microbial invasion as well as strategies aimed at minimizing the chance of the occurrence of sepsis. MSCs are capable of secreting several factors that exert a therapeutic impact on reparative processes and tissue regeneration. In light of experiments conducted to date, graphene combined with MSCs appears to have the potential to enhance both the wound healing process and infection control at the injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Lasocka
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jastrzębska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Skibniewski
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland,
| | - Iwona Pasternak
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marie Hubalek Kalbacova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic,
| | - Ewa M Skibniewska
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Palmieri V, Perini G, De Spirito M, Papi M. Graphene oxide touches blood: in vivo interactions of bio-coronated 2D materials. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2019; 4:273-290. [PMID: 32254085 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide is the hot topic in biomedical and pharmaceutical research of the current decade. However, its complex interactions with human blood components complicate the transition from the promising in vitro results to clinical settings. Even though graphene oxide is made with the same atoms as our organs, tissues and cells, its bi-dimensional nature causes unique interactions with blood proteins and biological membranes and can lead to severe effects like thrombogenicity and immune cell activation. In this review, we will describe the journey of graphene oxide after injection into the bloodstream, from the initial interactions with plasma proteins to the formation of the "biomolecular corona", and biodistribution. We will consider the link between the chemical properties of graphene oxide (and its functionalized/reduced derivatives), protein binding and in vivo response. We will also summarize data on biodistribution and toxicity in view of the current knowledge of the influence of the biomolecular corona on these processes. Our aim is to shed light on the unsolved problems regarding the graphene oxide corona to build the groundwork for the future development of drug delivery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCSS-Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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27
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Jia J, Zhang Y, Xin Y, Jiang C, Yan B, Zhai S. Interactions Between Nanoparticles and Dendritic Cells: From the Perspective of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:404. [PMID: 30319969 PMCID: PMC6167641 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the primary antigen-presenting cells and play key roles in the orchestration of the innate and adaptive immune system. Targeting DCs by nanotechnology stands as a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) influence their interactions with DCs, thus altering the immune outcome of DCs by changing their functions in the processes of maturation, homing, antigen processing and antigen presentation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in targeting DCs using NPs as a drug delivery carrier in cancer immunotherapy, the recognition of NPs by DCs, and the ways the physicochemical properties of NPs affect DCs' functions. Finally, the molecular pathways in DCs that are affected by NPs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Jia
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cuijuan Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shumei Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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28
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Lee SW, Park HJ, Van Kaer L, Hong S, Hong S. Graphene oxide polarizes iNKT cells for production of TGFβ and attenuates inflammation in an iNKT cell-mediated sepsis model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10081. [PMID: 29973666 PMCID: PMC6031608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) modulates the functions of antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells (DCs). Although carbon nanotubes affect expression of the MHC class I-like CD1d molecule, whether GO can influence immune responses of CD1d-dependent invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells remains unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of GO on inflammatory responses mediated by α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), an iNKT cell agonist. We found that in vivo GO treatment substantially inhibited the capacity of α-GalCer to induce the iNKT cell-mediated trans-activation of and cytokine production by innate and innate-like cells, including DCs, macrophages, NK cells, and γδ T cells. Such effects of GO on α-GalCer-induced inflammatory responses closely correlated with iNKT cell polarization towards TGFβ production, which also explains the capacity of GO to expand regulatory T cells. Interestingly, the absence of TLR4, a receptor for GO, failed to downregulate, and instead partially enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of GO against α-GalCer-elicited responses, implying negative effects of TLR4 signaling on the anti-inflammatory properties of GO. By employing an α-GalCer-induced sepsis model, we further demonstrated that GO treatment significantly protected mice from α-GalCer-induced lethality. Taken together, we provide strong evidence that GO holds promise as an adjuvant to modulate iNKT cell responses for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
- Graphene Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Suklyun Hong
- Graphene Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea.
- Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea.
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea.
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Guazzo R, Gardin C, Bellin G, Sbricoli L, Ferroni L, Ludovichetti FS, Piattelli A, Antoniac I, Bressan E, Zavan B. Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering in the Dental Field. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E349. [PMID: 29783786 PMCID: PMC5977363 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The world of dentistry is approaching graphene-based nanomaterials as substitutes for tissue engineering. Apart from its exceptional mechanical strength, electrical conductivity and thermal stability, graphene and its derivatives can be functionalized with several bioactive molecules. They can also be incorporated into different scaffolds used in regenerative dentistry, generating nanocomposites with improved characteristics. This review presents the state of the art of graphene-based nanomaterial applications in the dental field. We first discuss the interactions between cells and graphene, summarizing the available in vitro and in vivo studies concerning graphene biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. We then highlight the role of graphene-based nanomaterials in stem cell control, in terms of adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Particular attention will be given to stem cells of dental origin, such as those isolated from dental pulp, periodontal ligament or dental follicle. The review then discusses the interactions between graphene-based nanomaterials with cells of the immune system; we also focus on the antibacterial activity of graphene nanomaterials. In the last section, we offer our perspectives on the various opportunities facing the use of graphene and its derivatives in associations with titanium dental implants, membranes for bone regeneration, resins, cements and adhesives as well as for tooth-whitening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Guazzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Pia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 10132 Torino, Italy.
| | - Gloria Bellin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Pia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 10132 Torino, Italy.
| | - Luca Sbricoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Pia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 10132 Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Adriano Piattelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Iulian Antoniac
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060032 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Eriberto Bressan
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Ravenna, Italy.
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30
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Shurin MR, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA. Ins and Outs in Environmental and Occupational Safety Studies of Asthma and Engineered Nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7565-7571. [PMID: 28737932 PMCID: PMC6481664 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 25 million Americans suffer from asthma. The disease total annual cost is about $56 billion and includes both the direct and indirect costs of medications, hospital stays, missed work, and decreased productivity. Air pollution with xenobiotics, bacterial agents, and industrial nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, contribute to the exacerbation of this condition and are a point of particular attention in environmental toxicology as well as in occupational health and safety research. Mast cell degranulation and activation of Th2 cells triggered either by allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) or by alternative mechanisms, such as locally produced neurotransmitters, underlie the pathophysiological process of airway constriction during an asthma attack. Other immune and non-immune cell types, including basophils, eosinophils, Th1, Th17, Th9, macrophages, dendritic cells, and smooth muscle cells, are involved in the inflammatory and allergic responses during asthma, which, under chronic conditions, may progress without mast cells, the key trigger of the acute asthma attack. To decipher complex molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms, many researchers have attempted to develop in vitro and in vivo models to study asthma. Herein, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various models and their applicability to nanoparticle evaluation in asthma research. We further suggest that a framework for both in vitro and in vivo methods should be used to study the impact of engineered nanomaterials on asthma etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Chemistry and Radiation Oncology and Center for Free and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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31
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Mukherjee SP, Bottini M, Fadeel B. Graphene and the Immune System: A Romance of Many Dimensions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:673. [PMID: 28659915 PMCID: PMC5468375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are emerging as attractive materials for biomedical applications. Understanding how these materials are perceived by and interact with the immune system is of fundamental importance. Phagocytosis is a major mechanism deployed by the immune system to remove pathogens, particles, and cellular debris. Here, we discuss recent studies on the interactions of GBMs with different phagocytic cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. The importance of assessing GBMs for endotoxin contamination is discussed as this may skew results. We also explore the role of the bio-corona for interactions of GBMs with immune cells. Finally, we highlight recent evidence for direct plasma membrane interactions of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav P Mukherjee
- Nanosafety and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Consecutive evaluation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets immunotoxicity on monocytes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 153:300-309. [PMID: 28285061 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatibilities of graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) should be thoroughly evaluated before their application in drug delivery and anticancer therapy. The present study aimed to consecutively assess the immunotoxicity of graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONPs) and reduced GONPs (rGONPs) on THP-1 cells, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. GONPs induced the expression of antioxidative enzymes and inflammatory factors, whereas rGONPs had substantially higher cellular uptake rate, higher levels of NF-κB expression. These distinct toxic mechanisms were observed because the two nanomaterials differ in their oxidation state, which imparts different affinities for the cell membrane. Because GONPs have a higher cell membrane affinity and higher impact on membrane proteins compared with rGONPs, macrophages (THP-1a) derived from GONPs treated THP-1cells showed a severer effect on phagocytosis. By consecutive evaluation the effects of GONPs and rGONPs on THP-1 and THP-1a, we demonstrated that their surface oxidation states may cause GFNs to behave differently and cause different immunotoxic effects.
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33
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Russier J, León V, Orecchioni M, Hirata E, Virdis P, Fozza C, Sgarrella F, Cuniberti G, Prato M, Vázquez E, Bianco A, Delogu LG. Few-Layer Graphene Kills Selectively Tumor Cells from Myelomonocytic Leukemia Patients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Russier
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS; Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572; 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Verónica León
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Eri Hirata
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS; Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572; 67000 Strasbourg France
- Department of Oral Functional Science; Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Hokkaido University; 060-8586 Sapporo Japan
| | - Patrizia Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Claudio Fozza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Francesco Sgarrella
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science; Dresden University of Technology; 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Trieste; 34127 Trieste Italy
- CIC BiomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián; Paseo Miramón, 182 20009 San Sebastián (Guipúzcoa) Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque; 48013 Bilbao Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS; Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572; 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Lucia G. Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science; Dresden University of Technology; 01069 Dresden Germany
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34
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Russier J, León V, Orecchioni M, Hirata E, Virdis P, Fozza C, Sgarrella F, Cuniberti G, Prato M, Vázquez E, Bianco A, Delogu LG. Few-Layer Graphene Kills Selectively Tumor Cells from Myelomonocytic Leukemia Patients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3014-3019. [PMID: 28156035 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the cure of cancer, a major cause of today's mortality, chemotherapy is the most common treatment, though serious frequent challenges are encountered by current anticancer drugs. We discovered that few-layer graphene (FLG) dispersions have a specific killer action on monocytes, showing neither toxic nor activation effects on other immune cells. We confirmed the therapeutic application of graphene on an aggressive type of cancer that is myelomonocytic leukemia, where the monocytes are in their malignant form. We demonstrated that graphene has the unique ability to target and boost specifically the necrosis of monocytic cancer cells. Moreover, the comparison between FLG and a common chemotherapeutic drug, etoposide, confirmed the higher specificity and toxicity of FLG. Since current chemotherapy treatments of leukemia still cause serious problems, these findings open the way to new and safer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Russier
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Verónica León
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CienciasyTecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eri Hirata
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8586, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Patrizia Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudio Fozza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sgarrella
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,CIC BiomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón, 182, 20009, San Sebastián (Guipúzcoa), Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CienciasyTecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucia G Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy.,Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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35
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Hirai T, Yoshioka Y, Udaka A, Uemura E, Ohe T, Aoshima H, Gao JQ, Kokubo K, Oshima T, Nagano K, Higashisaka K, Mashino T, Tsutsumi Y. Potential Suppressive Effects of Two C 60 Fullerene Derivatives on Acquired Immunity. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:449. [PMID: 27709563 PMCID: PMC5052157 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of fullerene derivatives on many models of inflammatory disease have been demonstrated. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of these nanoparticles remain to be elucidated, though their beneficial roles in allergy and autoimmune diseases suggest their suppressive potential in acquired immunity. Here, we evaluated the effects of C60 pyrrolidine tris-acid (C60-P) and polyhydroxylated fullerene (C60(OH)36) on the acquired immune response in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, both C60 derivatives had dose-dependent suppressive effects on T cell receptor-mediated activation of T cells and antibody production by B cells under anti-CD40/IL-4 stimulation, similar to the actions of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. In addition, C60-P suppressed ovalbumin-specific antibody production and ovalbumin-specific T cell responses in vivo, although T cell-independent antibodies responses were not affected by C60-P. Together, our data suggest that fullerene derivatives can suppress acquired immune responses that require T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Asako Udaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Eiichiro Uemura
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512 Japan
| | - Hisae Aoshima
- Vitamin C60 BioResearch Corporation, 1-3-19 Yaesu, Chuo-ku Tokyo, 103-0028 Japan
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Ken Kokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takumi Oshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512 Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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36
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Jin P, Wei P, Zhang Y, Lin J, Sha R, Hu Y, Zhang J, Zhou W, Yao H, Ren L, Yang JY, Liu Y, Wen L. Autophagy-mediated clearance of ubiquitinated mutant huntingtin by graphene oxide. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18740-18750. [PMID: 27790650 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many of the neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease (HD) are caused by the accumulation of intracytoplasmic aggregate-prone proteins. These toxic protein aggregates are mainly degraded by autophagy, thus elevating the autophagy level to enhance the degradation of these proteins representing an emerging viable approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this report we showed that graphene oxide (GO), an engineered nanomaterial with enormous potential in biomedical applications, effectively enhanced the clearance of mutant huntingtin (Htt), the aggregate-prone protein underlying the pathogenesis of HD. This enhancing effect of GO was autophagy-mediated, as blocking autophagy by chemical inhibitors at either the autophagosome formation stage or the autophagosome-lysosome fusion stage, or more specifically by knocking-down an essential autophagy gene, led to a significant reduction in the ability of GO to elicit Htt degradation. Interestingly, the autophagy induced by GO had the normal capacity to degrade its cargo including LC3-II and Htt, but not p62/SQSTM1 (p62), and was dependent on the activation of class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) and MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways, without mTOR involvement. GO also increased ubiquitination of Htt, an event necessary for Htt's clearance. Furthermore, ubiquitinated huntingtin protein preferentially binds to GO, and abundant GO was found in autophagosomes and autolysosomes, thus raising the possibility that GO may directly deliver the bound protein to autophagosomes for degradation. Our results revealed a novel biological function of GO and may have implications for developing nanomaterial-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Jin
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Pengfei Wei
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Yunjiao Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Rui Sha
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Jiqian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Han Yao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Li Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China.
| | - James Y Yang
- School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanchun Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Energy-Efficient Functional Ceramics and Applied Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Redsun Gas Applications Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510435, China
| | - Longping Wen
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
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37
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Orecchioni M, Ménard-Moyon C, Delogu LG, Bianco A. Graphene and the immune system: Challenges and potentiality. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 105:163-175. [PMID: 27235665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the growing area of nanomedicine, graphene-based materials (GBMs) are some of the most recent explored nanomaterials. For the majority of GBM applications in nanomedicine, the immune system plays a fundamental role. It is necessary to well understand the complexity of the interactions between GBMs, the immune cells, and the immune components and how they could be of advantage for novel effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this review, we aimed at painting the current picture of GBMs in the background of the immune system. The picture we have drawn looks like a cubist image, a sort of Picasso-like portrait looking at the topic from all perspectives: the challenges (due to the potential toxicity) and the potentiality like the conjugation of GBMs to biomolecules to develop advanced nanomedicine tools. In this context, we have described and discussed i) the impact of graphene on immune cells, ii) graphene as immunobiosensor, and iii) antibodies conjugated to graphene for tumor targeting. Thanks to the huge advances on graphene research, it seems realistic to hypothesize in the near future that some graphene immunoconjugates, endowed of defined immune properties, can go through preclinical test and be successfully used in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Orecchioni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et de Chimie Thérapeutique, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucia Gemma Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et de Chimie Thérapeutique, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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38
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Interactions of graphene with mammalian cells: Molecular mechanisms and biomedical insights. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 105:145-162. [PMID: 27569910 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based functional nanomaterials have attracted immense scientific interest from many disciplines and, due to their extraordinary properties, have offered tremendous potential in a diverse range of applications. Among the different carbon nanomaterials, graphene is one of the newest and is considered the most important. Graphene, a monolayer material composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms hexagonally arranged in a two-dimensional structure, can be easily functionalized by chemical modification. Functionalized graphene and its derivatives have been used in diverse nano-biotechnological applications, such as in environmental engineering, biomedicine, and biotechnology. However, the prospective use of graphene-related materials in a biological context requires a detailed comprehension of these materials, which is essential for expanding their biomedical applications in the future. In recent years, the number of biological studies involving graphene-related nanomaterials has rapidly increased. These studies have documented the effects of the biological interactions between graphene-related materials and different organizational levels of living systems, ranging from biomolecules to animals. In the present review, we will summarize the recent progress in understanding mainly the interactions between graphene and cells. The impact of graphene on intracellular components, and especially the uptake and transport of graphene by cells, will be discussed in detail.
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39
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Lalwani G, D'Agati M, Khan AM, Sitharaman B. Toxicology of graphene-based nanomaterials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 105:109-144. [PMID: 27154267 PMCID: PMC5039077 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene based nanomaterials possess remarkable physiochemical properties suitable for diverse applications in electronics, telecommunications, energy and healthcare. The human and environmental exposure to graphene-based nanomaterials is increasing due to advancements in the synthesis, characterization and large-scale production of graphene and the subsequent development of graphene based biomedical and consumer products. A large number of in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies have evaluated the interactions of graphene-based nanomaterials with various living systems such as microbes, mammalian cells, and animal models. A significant number of studies have examined the short- and long-term in vivo toxicity and biodistribution of graphene synthesized by variety of methods and starting materials. A key focus of these examinations is to properly associate the biological responses with chemical and morphological properties of graphene. Several studies also report the environmental and genotoxicity response of pristine and functionalized graphene. This review summarizes these in vitro and in vivo studies and critically examines the methodologies used to perform these evaluations. Our overarching goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex interplay of biological responses of graphene as a function of their physiochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Lalwani
- Theragnostic Technologies Inc., Long Island High Technology Incubator Suite 123, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA.
| | - Michael D'Agati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Amit Mahmud Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Theragnostic Technologies Inc., Long Island High Technology Incubator Suite 123, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA.
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Park EJ, Choi J, Kim JH, Lee BS, Yoon C, Jeong U, Kim Y. Subchronic immunotoxicity and screening of reproductive toxicity and developmental immunotoxicity following single instillation of HIPCO-single-walled carbon nanotubes: purity-based comparison. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1188-202. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1202348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Je Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Uiseok Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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41
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Graphene in therapeutics delivery: Problems, solutions and future opportunities. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 104:235-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lebre F, Hearnden CH, Lavelle EC. Modulation of Immune Responses by Particulate Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5525-5541. [PMID: 27167228 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many biomaterials that are in both preclinical and clinical use are particulate in nature and there is a growing appreciation that the physicochemical properties of materials have a significant impact on their efficacy. The ability of particulates to modulate adaptive immune responses has been recognized for the past century but it is only in recent decades that a mechanistic understanding of how particulates can regulate these responses has emerged. It is now clear that particulate characteristics including size, charge, shape and porosity can influence the scale and nature of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The potential to tailor biomaterials in order to regulate the type of innate immune response induced, offers significant opportunities in terms of designing systems with increased immune-mediated efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Lebre
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) & Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Claire H Hearnden
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) & Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
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Park EJ, Kim SN, Kang MS, Lee BS, Yoon C, Jeong U, Kim Y, Lee GH, Kim DW, Kim JS. A higher aspect ratio enhanced bioaccumulation and altered immune responses due to intravenously-injected aluminum oxide nanoparticles. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:439-48. [PMID: 27042761 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AlO NP) have been widely utilized in a variety of areas, including in the optical, biomedical and electronic fields and in the overall development of nanotechnologies. However, their toxicological profiles are still not fully developed. This study compared the distribution and immunotoxicity of two rod-types of AlO NP. As reported previously, the two types of AlO NP had different aspect ratios (long-type: 6.2 ± 0.6, short-type: 2.1 ± 0.4), but the size and surface charge were very similar. On Day 14 after a single intravenous (IV) injection (1.25 or 5 mg/kg), both AlO NP accumulated primarily in the liver and spleen and altered the levels of redox response-related elements. The accumulated level was higher in mice exposed to the long-type AlO NP compared to the short-type. Additionally, it was noted that the levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and MCP-1 were enhanced in the blood of mice exposed to both types of AlO NP and the percentages of neutrophils and monocytes among all white blood cells were increased only in mice injected with the long-type AlO NP (5 mg/kg). In addition, as compared to the control, co-expression of CD80 and CD86 (necessary for antigen presentation) on splenocytes together with a decreased expression of chemotaxis-related marker (CD195) was attenuated by exposure to the AlO NP, especially the long-type. Taken together, the data suggest that accumulation following a single IV injection with rod-types of AlO NP is strengthened by a high aspect ratio and, subsequently, this accumulation has the potential to influence immune functions in an exposed host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- a Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Soo Nam Kim
- b Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- b Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- b Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- c Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , Seoul , Korea
| | - Uiseok Jeong
- d Department of Chemical Engineering , Kwangwoon University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- d Department of Chemical Engineering , Kwangwoon University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- e School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- e School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- f Department of Community Health and Epidemiology , Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
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Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhai G. Biomedical applications of the graphene-based materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:953-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Orecchioni M, Jasim DA, Pescatori M, Manetti R, Fozza C, Sgarrella F, Bedognetti D, Bianco A, Kostarelos K, Delogu LG. Molecular and Genomic Impact of Large and Small Lateral Dimension Graphene Oxide Sheets on Human Immune Cells from Healthy Donors. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:276-87. [PMID: 26687729 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is attracting great interest in biomedical sciences. The impact of GO on immune cells is one fundamental area of study that is often overlooked, but critical in terms of clinical translation. This work investigates the effects of two types of thoroughly characterized GO sheets, different in their lateral dimension, on human peripheral immune cells provided from healthy donors using a wide range of assays. After evaluation of cell viability, the gene expression was analyzed, following GO exposure on 84 genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses. Exposure to GO small sheets was found to have a more significant impact on immune cells compared to GO large sheets, reflected in the upregulation of critical genes implicated in immune responses and the release of cytokines IL1β and TNFα. These findings were further confirmed by whole-genome microarray analysis of the impact of small GO sheets on T cells and monocytes. Activation in both cell types was underlined by the overexpression of genes such as CXCL10 and receptor CXCR3. Significant energy-dependent pathway modulation was identified. These findings can potentially pave the foundations for further design of graphene that can be used for immune modulation applications, for example in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Orecchioni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Dhifaf A. Jasim
- Nanomedicine Lab; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Mario Pescatori
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
- Heath-E-Solutions; Rotterdam 3016 DL The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Manetti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Experimental Oncology; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Claudio Fozza
- Department of Biomedical Science; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Francesco Sgarrella
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | | | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; Laboratorie d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique; 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Lucia Gemma Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari; 07100 Sassari Italy
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Yoshioka Y, Higashisaka K, Tsutsumi Y. Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3121-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bhattacharya K, Mukherjee SP, Gallud A, Burkert SC, Bistarelli S, Bellucci S, Bottini M, Star A, Fadeel B. Biological interactions of carbon-based nanomaterials: From coronation to degradation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:333-51. [PMID: 26707820 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Carbon-based nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, fullerenes and nanodiamonds are potential candidates for various applications in medicine such as drug delivery and imaging. However, the successful translation of nanomaterials for biomedical applications is predicated on a detailed understanding of the biological interactions of these materials. Indeed, the potential impact of the so-called bio-corona of proteins, lipids, and other biomolecules on the fate of nanomaterials in the body should not be ignored. Enzymatic degradation of carbon-based nanomaterials by immune-competent cells serves as a special case of bio-corona interactions with important implications for the medical use of such nanomaterials. In the present review, we highlight emerging biomedical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials. We also discuss recent studies on nanomaterial 'coronation' and how this impacts on biodistribution and targeting along with studies on the enzymatic degradation of carbon-based nanomaterials, and the role of surface modification of nanomaterials for these biological interactions. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Advances in technology have produced many carbon-based nanomaterials. These are increasingly being investigated for the use in diagnostics and therapeutics. Nonetheless, there remains a knowledge gap in terms of the understanding of the biological interactions of these materials. In this paper, the authors provided a comprehensive review on the recent biomedical applications and the interactions of various carbon-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Bhattacharya
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sourav P Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Audrey Gallud
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seth C Burkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Silvia Bistarelli
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics-INFN, Frascati, Province of Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bellucci
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics-INFN, Frascati, Province of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Park EJ, Kim SW, Yoon C, Kim Y, Kim JS. Disturbance of ion environment and immune regulation following biodistribution of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles injected intravenously. Toxicol Lett 2015; 243:67-77. [PMID: 26687879 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is expected that accumulation of metal oxide nanoparticles that can induce redox reaction in the biological system may influence ion homeostasis and immune regulation through generation of free radicals, the relationship is still unclear. In this study, mice received magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (M-FeNPs, 2 and 4 mg/kg) a single via the tail vein, and their distribution in tissues was investigated over time (1, 4, and 13 weeks). In addition, we evaluated the effects on homeostasis of redox reaction-related elements, the ion environment and immune regulation. The iron level in tissues reached at the maximum on 4 weeks after injection and M-FeNPs the most distributed in the spleen at 13 weeks. Additionally, levels of redox reaction-related elements in tissues were notably altered since 1 week post-injection. While levels of K(+) and Na(+) in tissue tended to decrease with time, Ca(2+) levels reached to the maximum at 4 weeks post-injection. On 13 weeks post-injection, the increased percentages of neutrophils and eosinophils, the enhanced release of LDH, and the elevated secretion of IL-8 and IL-6 were clearly observed in the blood of M-FeNP-treated mice compared to the control. While expression of antigen presentation related-proteins and the maturation of dendritic cells were markedly inhibited following distribution of M-FeNPs, the expression of several chemokines, including CXCR2, CCR5, and CD123, was enhanced on the splenocytes of the treated groups. Taken together, we suggest that accumulation of M-FeNPs may induce adverse health effects by disturbing homeostasis of the immune regulation and ion environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 126-16, South Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, South Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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49
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Park EJ, Oh SY, Lee SJ, Lee K, Kim Y, Lee BS, Kim JS. Chronic pulmonary accumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles induced Th1-type immune response stimulating the function of antigen-presenting cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:138-147. [PMID: 26492398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although there is growing evidence that suggests that pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles causes adverse health effects by modulating immune system of the body, available information is very limited. In this study, we investigated immune response following chronic pulmonary accumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs, Fe2O3). FeNPs have a needle-like shape in suspension (101.3±4.2 nm). On day 90 after a single intratracheal instillation (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg), the FeNPs remained in the lung and particle-laden macrophages were clearly observed in the BAL fluid of the treated-mice. The number of total cells and proportions of neutrophils and lymphocytes significantly increased at 2 mg/kg dose, and the percentage of apoptotic cells and LDH release increased in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that Th1-polarized inflammatory response was induced in the lung of the treated group accompanying the elevated secretion of chemokines, including GM-CSF, MCP-1, and MIP-1. Additionally, FeNPs enhanced the expression of antigen presentation-related proteins, including CD80, CD86, and MHC class II, on antigen-presenting cells in BAL fluid. Taken together, we suggest that chronic pulmonary accumulation of FeNPs may induce Th1-polarized immune response augmenting the function of antigen-presenting cells in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University, 685, Gasuwon-dong, Seo-Gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Yun Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Dudek I, Skoda M, Jarosz A, Szukiewicz D. The Molecular Influence of Graphene and Graphene Oxide on the Immune System Under In Vitro and In Vivo Conditions. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:195-215. [PMID: 26502273 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene oxide (GO), due to their physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, can be used as an innovative biomedical material in biodetection, drug distribution in the body, treating neoplasms, regenerative medicine, and in implant surgery. Research on the biomedical use of graphene and GO that has been carried out until now is very promising and shows that carbon nanomaterials present high biocompatibility. However, the intolerance of the immune system to graphene nanomaterials, however low, may in consequence make it impossible to use them in medicine. This paper shows the specific mechanism of the molecular influence of graphene and GO on macrophages and lymphocytes under in vitro and in vivo conditions and their practical application in medicine. Under in vitro conditions graphene and GO cause an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, as a result of the activation of Toll-like receptors in macrophages. Graphene activates apoptosis in macrophages through the TGFbr/Smad/Bcl-2 pathway and also through JNK kinases that are stimulated by an increase of ROS in the cell or through a signal received by Smad proteins. Under in vivo conditions, graphene nanomaterials induce the development of the local inflammatory reaction and the development of granulomas in parenchymal organs. However, there is a huge discrepancy between the results obtained by different research groups, which requires a detailed analysis. In this work we decided to collect and analyze existing research and tried to explain the discrepancies. Understanding the precise mechanism of how this nanomaterial influences immune system cells allows estimating the potential influence of grapheme and GO on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Dudek
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Skoda
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jarosz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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