1
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Cebrian-Silla A, Assis Nascimento M, Mancia W, Gonzalez-Granero S, Romero-Rodriguez R, Obernier K, Steffen DM, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Neural Stem Cell Relay from B1 to B2 cells in the adult mouse Ventricular-Subventricular Zone. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.600695. [PMID: 39005355 PMCID: PMC11244865 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.600695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Neurogenesis and gliogenesis continue in the Ventricular-Subventricular Zone (V-SVZ) of the adult rodent brain. B1 cells are astroglial cells derived from radial glia that function as primary progenitors or neural stem cells (NSCs) in the V-SVZ. B1 cells, which have a small apical contact with the ventricle, decline in numbers during early postnatal life, yet neurogenesis continues into adulthood. Here we found that a second population of V-SVZ astroglial cells (B2 cells), that do not contact the ventricle, function as NSCs in the adult brain. B2 cell numbers increase postnatally, remain constant in 12-month-old mice and decrease by 18 months. Transcriptomic analysis of ventricular-contacting and non-contacting B cells revealed key molecular differences to distinguish B1 from B2 cells. Transplantation and lineage tracing of B2 cells demonstrate their function as primary progenitors for adult neurogenesis. This study reveals how NSC function is relayed from B1 to B2 progenitors to maintain adult neurogenesis.
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2
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Huang LC, McKeown CR, He HY, Ta AC, Cline HT. BRCA1 and ELK-1 regulate neural progenitor cell fate in the optic tectum in response to visual experience in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316542121. [PMID: 38198524 PMCID: PMC10801852 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316542121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In developing Xenopus tadpoles, the optic tectum begins to receive patterned visual input while visuomotor circuits are still undergoing neurogenesis and circuit assembly. This visual input regulates neural progenitor cell fate decisions such that maintaining tadpoles in the dark increases proliferation, expanding the progenitor pool, while visual stimulation promotes neuronal differentiation. To identify regulators of activity-dependent neural progenitor cell fate, we profiled the transcriptomes of proliferating neural progenitor cells and newly differentiated neurons using RNA-Seq. We used advanced bioinformatic analysis of 1,130 differentially expressed transcripts to identify six differentially regulated transcriptional regulators, including Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) and the ETS-family transcription factor, ELK-1, which are predicted to regulate the majority of the other differentially expressed transcripts. BRCA1 is known for its role in cancers, but relatively little is known about its potential role in regulating neural progenitor cell fate. ELK-1 is a multifunctional transcription factor which regulates immediate early gene expression. We investigated the potential functions of BRCA1 and ELK-1 in activity-regulated neurogenesis in the tadpole visual system using in vivo time-lapse imaging to monitor the fate of GFP-expressing SOX2+ neural progenitor cells in the optic tectum. Our longitudinal in vivo imaging analysis showed that knockdown of either BRCA1 or ELK-1 altered the fates of neural progenitor cells and furthermore that the effects of visual experience on neurogenesis depend on BRCA1 and ELK-1 expression. These studies provide insight into the potential mechanisms by which neural activity affects neural progenitor cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Chien Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Caroline R. McKeown
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Hai-Yan He
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Aaron C. Ta
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Hollis T. Cline
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
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3
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Péron S, Miyakoshi LM, Brill MS, Manzano-Franco D, Serrano-López J, Fan W, Marichal N, Ghanem A, Conzelmann KK, Karow M, Ortega F, Gascón S, Berninger B. Programming of neural progenitors of the adult subependymal zone towards a glutamatergic neuron lineage by neurogenin 2. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2418-2433. [PMID: 37995703 PMCID: PMC10724369 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although adult subependymal zone (SEZ) neural stem cells mostly generate GABAergic interneurons, a small progenitor population expresses the proneural gene Neurog2 and produces glutamatergic neurons. Here, we determined whether Neurog2 could respecify SEZ neural stem cells and their progeny toward a glutamatergic fate. Retrovirus-mediated expression of Neurog2 induced the glutamatergic lineage markers TBR2 and TBR1 in cultured SEZ progenitors, which differentiated into functional glutamatergic neurons. Likewise, Neurog2-transduced SEZ progenitors acquired glutamatergic neuron hallmarks in vivo. Intriguingly, they failed to migrate toward the olfactory bulb and instead differentiated within the SEZ or the adjacent striatum, where they received connections from local neurons, as indicated by rabies virus-mediated monosynaptic tracing. In contrast, lentivirus-mediated expression of Neurog2 failed to reprogram early SEZ neurons, which maintained GABAergic identity and migrated to the olfactory bulb. Our data show that NEUROG2 can program SEZ progenitors toward a glutamatergic identity but fails to reprogram their neuronal progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Péron
- Research Group "Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming", Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leo M Miyakoshi
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika S Brill
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Manzano-Franco
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Serrano-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wenqiang Fan
- Research Group "Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming", Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolás Marichal
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Ghanem
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marisa Karow
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Nürnberg-Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Gascón
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute - CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Research Group "Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming", Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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4
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Marcy G, Foucault L, Babina E, Capeliez T, Texeraud E, Zweifel S, Heinrich C, Hernandez-Vargas H, Parras C, Jabaudon D, Raineteau O. Single-cell analysis of the postnatal dorsal V-SVZ reveals a role for Bmpr1a signaling in silencing pallial germinal activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq7553. [PMID: 37146152 PMCID: PMC10162676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) is the largest neurogenic region of the postnatal forebrain, containing neural stem cells (NSCs) that emerge from both the embryonic pallium and subpallium. Despite of this dual origin, glutamatergic neurogenesis declines rapidly after birth, while GABAergic neurogenesis persists throughout life. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of the postnatal dorsal V-SVZ for unraveling the mechanisms leading to pallial lineage germinal activity silencing. We show that pallial NSCs enter a state of deep quiescence, characterized by high bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, reduced transcriptional activity and Hopx expression, while in contrast, subpallial NSCs remain primed for activation. Induction of deep quiescence is paralleled by a rapid blockade of glutamatergic neuron production and differentiation. Last, manipulation of Bmpr1a demonstrates its key role in mediating these effects. Together, our results highlight a central role of BMP signaling in synchronizing quiescence induction and blockade of neuronal differentiation to rapidly silence pallial germinal activity after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marcy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bioinformatic Platform of the Labex Cortex, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Louis Foucault
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Elodie Babina
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Timothy Capeliez
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Emeric Texeraud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bioinformatic Platform of the Labex Cortex, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Stefan Zweifel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Christophe Heinrich
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, UCBL1, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Carlos Parras
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
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5
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Favaloro F, DeLeo AM, Delgado AC, Doetsch F. miR-17∼92 exerts stage-specific effects in adult V-SVZ neural stem cell lineages. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111773. [PMID: 36476846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) generate neurons and glia throughout life. MicroRNAs are important post-transcriptional regulators frequently acting in a context-dependent manner. Here, microRNA profiling defines cohorts of miRNAs in quiescent and activated NSCs, with miR-17∼92 highly upregulated in activated NSCs and transit amplifying cells (TACs) versus quiescent NSCs. Conditional miR-17∼92 deletion in the adult V-SVZ results in stage-specific effects. In NSCs, it reduces proliferation in vitro and in vivo, whereas in TACs, it selectively shifts neurogenic OLIG2- DLX2+ toward oligodendrogenic OLIG2+ DLX2- TACs, due to de-repression of an oligodendrogenic program, leading to increased oligodendrogenesis in vivo. This differential regulation of TAC subpopulations highlights the importance of TAC heterogeneity. Finally, in the NSC lineage for intraventricular oligodendrocyte progenitors, miR-17∼92 deletion decreases proliferation and maturation. Together, these findings reveal multiple stage-specific functions of the miR-17∼92 cluster within different adult V-SVZ lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annina M DeLeo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ana C Delgado
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Doetsch
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Targeting the Subventricular Zone to Promote Myelin Repair in the Aging Brain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111809. [PMID: 35681504 PMCID: PMC9180001 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest and most active germinal zone in the adult forebrain. Neural stem cells (NSCs) of the SVZ generate olfactory interneurons throughout life and retain the intrinsic ability to generate oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. OLs and myelin are targets in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Remyelination is dependent on the ability of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to proliferate, migrate, and terminally differentiate into myelinating OLs. During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the regenerative capacity of OPCs, and the consequent loss of OLs and myelin is a contributing factor in cognitive decline and the failure of remyelination in MS and other pathologies with aging contexts, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and stroke. The age-related decrease in oligodendrogenesis has not been fully characterised but is known to reflect changes in intrinsic and environmental factors affecting the ability of OPCs to respond to pro-differentiation stimuli. Notably, SVZ-derived OPCs are an important source of remyelinating OLs in addition to parenchymal OPCs. In this mini-review, we briefly discuss differences between SVZ-derived and parenchymal OPCs in their responses to demyelination and highlight challenges associated with their study in vivo and how they can be targeted for regenerative therapies in the aged brain.
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7
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Rivera AD, Pieropan F, Williams G, Calzolari F, Butt AM, Azim K. Drug connectivity mapping and functional analysis reveal therapeutic small molecules that differentially modulate myelination. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 145:112436. [PMID: 34813998 PMCID: PMC8664715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption or loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin has devastating effects on CNS function and integrity, which occur in diverse neurological disorders, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. Hence, there is a need to develop new therapies that promote oligodendrocyte regeneration and myelin repair. A promising approach is drug repurposing, but most agents have potentially contrasting biological actions depending on the cellular context and their dose-dependent effects on intracellular pathways. Here, we have used a combined systems biology and neurobiological approach to identify compounds that exert positive and negative effects on oligodendroglia, depending on concentration. Notably, next generation pharmacogenomic analysis identified the PI3K/Akt modulator LY294002 as the most highly ranked small molecule with both pro- and anti-oligodendroglial concentration-dependent effects. We validated these in silico findings using multidisciplinary approaches to reveal a profoundly bipartite effect of LY294002 on the generation of OPCs and their differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes in both postnatal and adult contexts. Finally, we employed transcriptional profiling and signalling pathway activity assays to determine cell-specific mechanisms of action of LY294002 on oligodendrocytes and resolve optimal in vivo conditions required to promote myelin repair. These results demonstrate the power of multidisciplinary strategies in determining the therapeutic potential of small molecules in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Rivera
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, UK; Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - F Pieropan
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, UK
| | - G Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - F Calzolari
- Research Group Adult Neurogenesis & Cellular Reprogramming Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A M Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, UK
| | - K Azim
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Defteralı Ç, Moreno-Estellés M, Crespo C, Díaz-Guerra E, Díaz-Moreno M, Vergaño-Vera E, Nieto-Estévez V, Hurtado-Chong A, Consiglio A, Mira H, Vicario C. Neural stem cells in the adult olfactory bulb core generate mature neurons in vivo. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1253-1269. [PMID: 33963799 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies suggest that neural stem cells (NSCs) exist in the adult olfactory bulb (OB), their location, identity, and capacity to generate mature neurons in vivo has been little explored. Here, we injected enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing retroviral particles into the OB core of adult mice to label dividing cells and to track the differentiation/maturation of any neurons they might generate. EGFP-labeled cells initially expressed adult NSC markers on days 1 to 3 postinjection (dpi), including Nestin, GLAST, Sox2, Prominin-1, and GFAP. EGFP+ -doublecortin (DCX) cells with a migratory morphology were also detected and their abundance increased over a 7-day period. Furthermore, EGFP-labeled cells progressively became NeuN+ neurons, they acquired neuronal morphologies, and they became immunoreactive for OB neuron subtype markers, the most abundant representing calretinin expressing interneurons. OB-NSCs also generated glial cells, suggesting they could be multipotent in vivo. Significantly, the newly generated neurons established and received synaptic contacts, and they expressed presynaptic proteins and the transcription factor pCREB. By contrast, when the retroviral particles were injected into the subventricular zone (SVZ), nearly all (98%) EGFP+ -cells were postmitotic when they reached the OB core, implying that the vast majority of proliferating cells present in the OB are not derived from the SVZ. Furthermore, we detected slowly dividing label-retaining cells in this region that could correspond to the population of resident NSCs. This is the first time NSCs located in the adult OB core have been shown to generate neurons that incorporate into OB circuits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Defteralı
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Moreno-Estellés
- Unidad de Neurobiología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, CNM-ISCIII, Majadahonda, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-CSIC (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Estructura de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Díaz-Guerra
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Moreno
- Unidad de Neurobiología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, CNM-ISCIII, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Eva Vergaño-Vera
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Nieto-Estévez
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anahí Hurtado-Chong
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonella Consiglio
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Helena Mira
- Unidad de Neurobiología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, CNM-ISCIII, Majadahonda, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-CSIC (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicario
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Reiche L, Göttle P, Lane L, Duek P, Park M, Azim K, Schütte J, Manousi A, Schira-Heinen J, Küry P. C21orf91 Regulates Oligodendroglial Precursor Cell Fate-A Switch in the Glial Lineage? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:653075. [PMID: 33796011 PMCID: PMC8008080 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.653075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently associated with impaired differentiation of the oligodendroglial cell lineage and subsequent alterations in white matter structure and dynamics. Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause for cognitive impairments and intellectual disability (ID) and is associated with a reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, as well as with hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Recent studies mainly focused on neuronal development in DS and underestimated the role of glial cells as pathogenic players. This also relates to C21ORF91, a protein considered a key modulator of aberrant CNS development in DS. We investigated the role of C21orf91 ortholog in terms of oligodendrogenesis and myelination using database information as well as through cultured primary oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). Upon modulation of C21orf91 gene expression, we found this factor to be important for accurate oligodendroglial differentiation, influencing their capacity to mature and to myelinate axons. Interestingly, C21orf91 overexpression initiates a cell population coexpressing astroglial- and oligodendroglial markers indicating that elevated C21orf91 expression levels induce a gliogenic shift towards the astrocytic lineage reflecting non-equilibrated glial cell populations in DS brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lydie Lane
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mina Park
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Schütte
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Manousi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Wang LJ, Li XX, Hou J, Song XH, Xie WH, Shen L. Integrated Analyses of Mouse Stem Cell Transcriptomes Provide Clues for Stem Cell Maintenance and Transdifferentiation. Front Genet 2020; 11:563798. [PMID: 33101382 PMCID: PMC7500244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.563798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo cell fate reprogramming has emerged as a new method for understanding cell plasticity and as potential treatment for tissue regeneration. Highly efficient and precise reprogramming requires fully understanding of the transcriptomes which function within different cell types. Here, we adopt weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to explore the molecular mechanisms of self-renewal in several well-known stem cell types, including embryonic stem cells (ESC), primordial germ cells (PGC), spermatogonia stem cells (SSC), neural stem cells (NSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). We identified 37 core genes that were up-regulated in all of the stem cell types examined, as well as stem cell correlated gene co-expression networks. The validation of the co-expression genes revealed a continued protein-protein interaction network that included 823 nodes and 3113 edges. Based on the topology, we identified six densely connected regions within the continued protein-protein interaction network. The SSC specific genes Itgam, Cxcr6, and Agtr2 bridged four densely connected regions that consisted primarily of HSC-, NSC-, and MSC-correlated genes. The expression levels of identified stem cell related transcription factors were confirmed consistent with bioinformatics prediction in ESCs and NSCs by qPCR. Exploring the mechanisms underlying adult stem cell self-renewal will aid in the understanding of stem cell pool maintenance and will promote more accurate and efficient strategies for tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Wang
- Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatics Engineering and Technique, Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Li
- Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatics Engineering and Technique, Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Jie Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xin-Hua Song
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wen-Hai Xie
- Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatics Engineering and Technique, Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatics Engineering and Technique, Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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11
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Mira H, Morante J. Neurogenesis From Embryo to Adult - Lessons From Flies and Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:533. [PMID: 32695783 PMCID: PMC7339912 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is composed of billions of cells, including neurons and glia, with an undetermined number of subtypes. During the embryonic and early postnatal stages, the vast majority of these cells are generated from neural progenitors and stem cells located in all regions of the neural tube. A smaller number of neurons will continue to be generated throughout our lives, in localized neurogenic zones, mainly confined at least in rodents to the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. During neurogenesis, a combination of extrinsic cues interacting with temporal and regional intrinsic programs are thought to be critical for increasing neuronal diversity, but their underlying mechanisms need further elucidation. In this review, we discuss the recent findings in Drosophila and mammals on the types of cell division and cell interactions used by neural progenitors and stem cells to sustain neurogenesis, and how they are influenced by glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Morante
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
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12
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Quiescent Neural Stem Cells for Brain Repair and Regeneration: Lessons from Model Systems. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:213-226. [PMID: 32209453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent progenitors that are responsible for producing all of the neurons and macroglia in the nervous system. In adult mammals, NSCs reside predominantly in a mitotically dormant, quiescent state, but they can proliferate in response to environmental inputs such as feeding or exercise. It is hoped that quiescent NSCs could be activated therapeutically to contribute towards repair in humans. This will require an understanding of quiescent NSC heterogeneities and regulation during normal physiology and following brain injury. Non-mammalian vertebrates (zebrafish and salamanders) and invertebrates (Drosophila) offer insights into brain repair and quiescence regulation that are difficult to obtain using rodent models alone. We review conceptual progress from these various models, a first step towards harnessing quiescent NSCs for therapeutic purposes.
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13
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Mizrak D, Levitin HM, Delgado AC, Crotet V, Yuan J, Chaker Z, Silva-Vargas V, Sims PA, Doetsch F. Single-Cell Analysis of Regional Differences in Adult V-SVZ Neural Stem Cell Lineages. Cell Rep 2020; 26:394-406.e5. [PMID: 30625322 PMCID: PMC6368857 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) harbors adult neural stem cells. V-SVZ neural stem cells exhibit features of astrocytes, have a regional identity, and depending on their location in the lateral or septal wall of the lateral ventricle, generate different types of neuronal and glial progeny. We performed large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing to provide a molecular atlas of cells from the lateral and septal adult V-SVZ of male and female mice. This revealed regional and sex differences among adult V-SVZ cells. We uncovered lineage potency bias at the single-cell level among lateral and septal wall astrocytes toward neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, respectively. Finally, we identified transcription factor co-expression modules marking key temporal steps in neurogenic and oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Our data suggest functionally important spatial diversity in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in the adult brain and reveal molecular correlates of adult NSC dormancy and lineage specialization. Mizrak et al. performed large-scale, single-cell RNA sequencing of the adult ventricular-subventricular zone neural stem cell niche. They identify regional differences between the lateral wall and septal wall, as well as sex differences in cell types and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogukan Mizrak
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanna Mendes Levitin
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ana C Delgado
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Crotet
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jinzhou Yuan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zayna Chaker
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Fiona Doetsch
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Del Sol A, Okawa S, Ravichandran S. Computational Strategies for Niche-Dependent Cell Conversion to Assist Stem Cell Therapy. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:687-696. [PMID: 30782480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has blossomed in recent decades. However, the ultimate goal of tissue regeneration - replacing damaged or aged cells with healthy functioning cells - still faces a number of challenges. In particular, better understanding of the role of the cellular niche in shaping stem cell phenotype and conversion would aid in improving current protocols for stem cell therapies. In this regard, the implementation of novel computational approaches that consider the niche effect on stem cells would be valuable. Here we discuss current problems in stem cell transplantation and rejuvenation, and we propose computational strategies to control niche-dependent cell conversion to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Sol
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg,7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; CIC bioGUNE,Bizkaia Technology Park, 801 Building, 48160 Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia.
| | - Satoshi Okawa
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg,7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Srikanth Ravichandran
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg,7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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15
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"FlashMap" - A Semi-Automatic Tool for Rapid and Accurate Spatial Analysis of Marker Expression in the Subventricular Zone. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16086. [PMID: 30382117 PMCID: PMC6208407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region of ongoing postnatal germinal activity that shows complex spatial heterogeneity. For instance, different SVZ microdomains contain neural stem cells that express distinct transcription factors and generate different glial and neuronal progenies. These unique characteristics call for the development of new methods to integrate a spatial dimension to histological analyses performed in this germinal region. We developed “FlashMap”, a semi-automatic software that allows the segmentation and rapid measurement of optical densities throughout the full SVZ coordinates. “FlashMap” generates easily readable two-dimensional heatmaps that can be superimposed onto three-dimensional reconstructions of the ventricular system for optimal spatial exploration. Accurate heatmaps can be obtained, even following serial section subsampling thereby reducing the amount of tissue and time required for histological analysis. We first illustrate the potential of “FlashMap” by spatially exploring the correlation of SVZ thickness and cellular density with germinal activity throughout its rostro-caudal coordinates. We then used “FlashMap” to analyse the spatial expression of the transcription factors Dlx2, Tbr2 and Hopx as well as of the immature neuronal marker Dcx, to demonstrate the suitability of this approach to explore the regional production of cells of distinct lineages by defined SVZ microdomains.
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16
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Gaborieau E, Hurtado-Chong A, Fernández M, Azim K, Raineteau O. A dual role for the transcription factor Sp8 in postnatal neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14560. [PMID: 30266956 PMCID: PMC6162233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) of the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) continue producing distinct subtypes of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons throughout life. Understanding the transcriptional coding of this diversity remains a great challenge of modern neurosciences. Interneurons expressing calretinin (CalR) represent the main interneuron subtype produced in the glomerular cell layer (GL) after birth. Previous studies have suggested that their specification relies on expression of the transcription factor Sp8 by SVZ NSCs. In this study, we performed fate mapping of NSCs that generate CalR+ or non-CalR+ interneurons, in order to assess the pattern of Sp8 expression during postnatal neurogenesis. We highlight a complex pattern of Sp8 expression, which appears to be expressed in all interneurons lineages, before getting gradually restricted to maturing CalR+ interneurons. To decipher the early and late functions of Sp8 in postnatal OB neurogenesis, we combined transient, permanent and conditional genetic approaches to manipulate Sp8 at distinct neurogenic stages. While Sp8 plays an early role in controlling proliferation in all lineages, it is not involved in the early specification of CalR+ periglomerular interneurons, but plays a crucial role in their long term survival. Together, our results highlight a crucial and dual role for Sp8 during postnatal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gaborieau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France.
| | | | - Maria Fernández
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kasum Azim
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France. .,Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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HOPX Defines Heterogeneity of Postnatal Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:770-783. [PMID: 30174314 PMCID: PMC6135899 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest diversity of neural lineages generated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) occurs early after birth and is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner depending on the expression of specific transcriptional cues. Transcriptomics and fate-mapping approaches were employed to explore the relationship between regional expression of transcription factors by neural stem cells (NSCs) and the specification of distinct neural lineages. Our results support an early priming of NSCs for the genesis of defined cell types depending on their spatial location in the SVZ and identify HOPX as a marker of a subpopulation primed toward astrocytic fates. Manipulation of HOPX expression, however, showed no effect on astrogenesis but resulted in marked changes in the number of NSCs and of their progenies. Taken together, our results highlight transcriptional and spatial heterogeneity of postnatal NSCs and reveal a key role for HOPX in controlling SVZ germinal activity.
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18
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Azim K, Akkermann R, Cantone M, Vera J, Jadasz JJ, Küry P. Transcriptional Profiling of Ligand Expression in Cell Specific Populations of the Adult Mouse Forebrain That Regulates Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:220. [PMID: 29740265 PMCID: PMC5925963 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult central nervous system (CNS), the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain is the largest and most active source of neural stem cells (NSCs) that generates mainly neurons and few glial cells lifelong. A large body of evidence has shed light on the distinct families of signaling ligands (i.e., morphogens, growth factors, secreted molecules that alter signaling pathways) in regulating NSC biology. However, most of the research has focused on the mRNA expression of individual or few signaling ligands and their pathway components in specific cell types of the CNS in the context of neurogenesis. A single unifying study that underlines the expression of such molecules comprehensively in different cell types in spatial contexts has not yet been reported. By using whole genome transcriptome datasets of individual purified cell specific populations of the adult CNS, the SVZ niche, NSCs, glial cells, choroid plexus, and performing a bioinformatic meta-analysis of signaling ligands, their expression in the forebrain was uncovered. Therein, we report that a large plethora of ligands are abundantly expressed in the SVZ niche, largely from the vasculature than from other sources that may regulate neurogenesis. Intriguingly, this sort of analysis revealed a number of ligands with unknown functions in neurogenesis contexts that warrants further investigations. This study therefore serves as a framework for investigators in the field for understanding the expression patterns of signaling ligands and pathways regulating neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Akkermann
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Cantone
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janusz J. Jadasz
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Angelova A, Tiveron MC, Cremer H, Beclin C. Neuronal Subtype Generation During Postnatal Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518755670. [PMID: 29511358 PMCID: PMC5833171 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518755670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the perinatal and adult forebrain, regionalized neural stem cells lining the ventricular walls produce different types of olfactory bulb interneurons. Although these postnatal stem cells are lineage related to their embryonic counterparts that produce, for example, cortical, septal, and striatal neurons, their output at the level of neuronal phenotype changes dramatically. Tiveron et al. investigated the molecular determinants underlying stem cell regionalization and the gene expression changes inducing the shift from embryonic to adult neuron production. High-resolution gene expression analyses of different lineages revealed that the zinc finger proteins, Zic1 and Zic2, are postnatally induced in the dorsal olfactory bulb neuron lineage. Functional studies demonstrated that these factors confer a GABAergic and calretinin-positive phenotype to neural stem cells while repressing dopaminergic fate. Based on these findings, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that allow acquisition of new traits during the transition from embryonic to adult neurogenesis. We focus on the involvement of epigenetic marks and emphasize why the identification of master transcription factors, that instruct the fate of postnatally generated neurons, can help in deciphering the mechanisms driving fate transition from embryonic to adult neuron production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harold Cremer
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
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20
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Pediatric brain repair from endogenous neural stem cells of the subventricular zone. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:385-396. [PMID: 29028220 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in the regenerative potential of the neural stem cells and progenitors that populate the germinal zones of the immature brain. Studies using animal models of pediatric brain injuries have provided a clearer understanding of the responses of these progenitors to injury. In this review, we have compared and contrasted the responses of the endogenous neural stem cells and progenitors of the subventricular zone in animal models of neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, neonatal stroke, congenital cardiac disease, and pediatric traumatic brain injury. We have reviewed the dynamic shifts that occur within this germinal zone with injury as well as changes in known signaling molecules that affect these progenitors. Importantly, we have summarized data on the extent to which cell replacement occurs in response to each of these injuries, opportunities available, and obstacles that will need to be overcome to improve neurological outcomes in survivors.
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21
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Zic-Proteins Are Repressors of Dopaminergic Forebrain Fate in Mice and C. elegans. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10611-10623. [PMID: 28972122 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3888-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the postnatal forebrain regionalized neural stem cells along the ventricular walls produce olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons with varying neurotransmitter phenotypes and positions. To understand the molecular basis of this region-specific variability we analyzed gene expression in the postnatal dorsal and lateral lineages in mice of both sexes from stem cells to neurons. We show that both lineages maintain transcription factor signatures of their embryonic site of origin, the pallium and subpallium. However, additional factors, including Zic1 and Zic2, are postnatally expressed in the dorsal stem cell compartment and maintained in the lineage that generates calretinin-positive GABAergic neurons for the OB. Functionally, we show that Zic1 and Zic2 induce the generation of calretinin-positive neurons while suppressing dopaminergic fate in the postnatal dorsal lineage. We investigated the evolutionary conservation of the dopaminergic repressor function of Zic proteins and show that it is already present in C. elegansSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The vertebrate brain generates thousands of different neuron types. In this work we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this variability. Using a genomics approach we identify the transcription factor signatures of defined neural stem cells and neuron populations. Based thereon we show that two related transcription factors, Zic1 and Zic2, are essential to control the balance between two defined neuron types in the postnatal brain. We show that this mechanism is conserved in evolutionary very distant species.
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22
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Hu XL, Chen G, Zhang S, Zheng J, Wu J, Bai QR, Wang Y, Li J, Wang H, Feng H, Li J, Sun X, Xia Q, Yang F, Hang J, Qi C, Phoenix TN, Temple S, Shen Q. Persistent Expression of VCAM1 in Radial Glial Cells Is Required for the Embryonic Origin of Postnatal Neural Stem Cells. Neuron 2017; 95:309-325.e6. [PMID: 28728023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During development, neural stem cells (NSCs) undergo transitions from neuroepithelial cells to radial glial cells (RGCs), and later, a subpopulation of slowly dividing RGCs gives rise to the quiescent adult NSCs that populate the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). Here we show that VCAM1, a transmembrane protein previously found in quiescent adult NSCs, is expressed by a subpopulation of embryonic RGCs, in a temporal and region-specific manner. Loss of VCAM1 reduced the number of active embryonic RGCs by stimulating their premature neuronal differentiation while preventing quiescence in the slowly dividing RGCs. This in turn diminished the embryonic origin of postnatal NSCs, resulting in loss of adult NSCs and defective V-SVZ regeneration. VCAM1 affects the NSC fate by signaling through its intracellular domain to regulate β-catenin signaling in a context-dependent manner. Our findings provide new insight on how stem cells in the embryo are preserved to meet the need for growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Hu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sanguo Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangli Zheng
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Ran Bai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; PTN graduate program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Feng
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; PTN graduate program, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xicai Sun
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijun Xia
- Department of General Surgery, PLA Rocket General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Qi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Qin Shen
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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23
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Choubey L, Collette JC, Smith KM. Quantitative assessment of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 expression in neurons and glia. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3173. [PMID: 28439461 PMCID: PMC5398288 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) have numerous functions in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). For example, the FGFR1 receptor is important for proliferation and fate specification of radial glial cells in the cortex and hippocampus, oligodendrocyte proliferation and regeneration, midline glia morphology and soma translocation, Bergmann glia morphology, and cerebellar morphogenesis. In addition, FGFR1 signaling in astrocytes is required for postnatal maturation of interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV). FGFR1 is implicated in synapse formation in the hippocampus, and alterations in the expression of Fgfr1 and its ligand, Fgf2 accompany major depression. Understanding which cell types express Fgfr1 during development may elucidate its roles in normal development of the brain as well as illuminate possible causes of certain neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods Here, we used a BAC transgenic reporter line to trace Fgfr1 expression in the developing postnatal murine CNS. The specific transgenic line employed was created by the GENSAT project, tgFGFR1-EGFPGP338Gsat, and includes a gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the regulation of the Fgfr1 promoter, to trace Fgfr1 expression in the developing CNS. Unbiased stereological counts were performed for several cell types in the cortex and hippocampus. Results This model reveals that Fgfr1 is primarily expressed in glial cells, in both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, along with some neurons. Dual labeling experiments indicate that the proportion of GFP+ (Fgfr1+) cells that are also GFAP+ increases from postnatal day 7 (P7) to 1 month, illuminating dynamic changes in Fgfr1 expression during postnatal development of the cortex. In postnatal neurogenic areas, GFP expression was also observed in SOX2, doublecortin (DCX), and brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP) expressing cells. Fgfr1 is also highly expressed in DCX positive cells of the dentate gyrus (DG), but not in the rostral migratory stream. Fgfr1 driven GFP was also observed in tanycytes and GFAP+ cells of the hypothalamus, as well as in Bergmann glia and astrocytes of the cerebellum. Conclusions The tgFGFR1-EGFPGP338Gsat mouse model expresses GFP that is congruent with known functions of FGFR1, including hippocampal development, glial cell development, and stem cell proliferation. Understanding which cell types express Fgfr1 may elucidate its role in neuropsychiatric disorders and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Choubey
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States of America
| | - Jantzen C Collette
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States of America
| | - Karen Müller Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States of America
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24
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Azim K, Angonin D, Marcy G, Pieropan F, Rivera A, Donega V, Cantù C, Williams G, Berninger B, Butt AM, Raineteau O. Pharmacogenomic identification of small molecules for lineage specific manipulation of subventricular zone germinal activity. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2000698. [PMID: 28350803 PMCID: PMC5370089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies for promoting neural regeneration are hindered by the difficulty of manipulating desired neural fates in the brain without complex genetic methods. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest germinal zone of the forebrain and is responsible for the lifelong generation of interneuron subtypes and oligodendrocytes. Here, we have performed a bioinformatics analysis of the transcriptome of dorsal and lateral SVZ in early postnatal mice, including neural stem cells (NSCs) and their immediate progenies, which generate distinct neural lineages. We identified multiple signaling pathways that trigger distinct downstream transcriptional networks to regulate the diversity of neural cells originating from the SVZ. Next, we used a novel in silico genomic analysis, searchable platform-independent expression database/connectivity map (SPIED/CMAP), to generate a catalogue of small molecules that can be used to manipulate SVZ microdomain-specific lineages. Finally, we demonstrate that compounds identified in this analysis promote the generation of specific cell lineages from NSCs in vivo, during postnatal life and adulthood, as well as in regenerative contexts. This study unravels new strategies for using small bioactive molecules to direct germinal activity in the SVZ, which has therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest germinal zone of the postnatal and adult brain. It contains neural stem cells (NSCs) that give rise to neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs) in a region-specific manner. Here, we use a bioinformatics approach to identify multiple signaling pathways that regulate the diversity of cell lineages that originate from different subregions of the SVZ. We further use a computational-based drug-discovery strategy to identify a catalogue of small molecules that can be used to manipulate the regionalization of the SVZ. We provide proof that, by administration of small molecules in vivo, it is possible to promote the specific generation of neurons and OLs from NSCs in both the postnatal and adult brain, as well as in regenerative contexts after lesion. This study unravels novel strategies for using small bioactive molecules to direct germinal activity in the SVZ, which has therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasum Azim
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich/ETHZ, Zürich, Switzerland
- Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (KA); (OR); (AMB)
| | - Diane Angonin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Guillaume Marcy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Francesca Pieropan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Rivera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Donega
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | | | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Arthur M. Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KA); (OR); (AMB)
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich/ETHZ, Zürich, Switzerland
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
- * E-mail: (KA); (OR); (AMB)
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25
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Llorens-Bobadilla E, Martin-Villalba A. Adult NSC diversity and plasticity: the role of the niche. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 42:68-74. [PMID: 27978480 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult somatic stem cells are generally defined as cells with the ability to differentiate into multiple different lineages and to self-renew during long periods of time. These features were long presumed to be represented in one single tissue-specific stem cell. Recent development of single-cell technologies reveals the existence of diversity in fate and activation state of somatic stem cells within the blood, skin and intestinal compartments [1] but also in the adult brain. Here we review how recent advances have expanded our view of neural stem cells (NSCs) as a diverse pool of cells and how the specialized microenvironment in which they reside acts to maintain this diversity. In addition, we discuss the plasticity of the system in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Llorens-Bobadilla
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Bohrer C, Schachtrup C. ID(ealizing) control of adult subventricular zone neural stem/precursor cell differentiation for CNS regeneration. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1223532. [PMID: 27882335 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1223532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The adult central nervous system (CNS) was considered a comparatively static tissue with little cell turnover. It is now well established that there is more plasticity than previously thought and that astrocytes act as neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ). The discovery that these NSPCs can give rise to a limited number of new neurons, reactive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes contributing to brain repair in CNS disease, has raised hopes toward harnessing these cells for therapeutic interventions. Here, we will discuss the transcriptional control of adult NSPC differentiation into astrocytes in CNS disease focusing on the helix-loop-helix transcription factor protein family. In our recent study, we reported that elevated BMP-2 levels are translated into an increase in Id3 expression in adult NSPC subpopulations after cortical injury. Id3 then heterodimerizes with the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor E47 and releases the E47-mediated repression of astrocyte-specific gene expression. Consequently, adult NSPCs preferentially differentiate into astrocytes. We believe that understanding the in vivo differentiation potential and the molecular underpinnings of NSPCs in the adult mammalian brain will help us to evaluate their contributions to brain repair and may lead to new concepts in treating human CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bohrer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg , Germany
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27
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Akkermann R, Jadasz JJ, Azim K, Küry P. Taking Advantage of Nature's Gift: Can Endogenous Neural Stem Cells Improve Myelin Regeneration? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111895. [PMID: 27854261 PMCID: PMC5133894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreversible functional deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) are directly correlated to axonal damage and loss. Neurodegeneration results from immune-mediated destruction of myelin sheaths and subsequent axonal demyelination. Importantly, oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glial cells of the central nervous system, can be replaced to some extent to generate new myelin sheaths. This endogenous regeneration capacity has so far mainly been attributed to the activation and recruitment of resident oligodendroglial precursor cells. As this self-repair process is limited and increasingly fails while MS progresses, much interest has evolved regarding the development of remyelination-promoting strategies and the presence of alternative cell types, which can also contribute to the restoration of myelin sheaths. The adult brain comprises at least two neurogenic niches harboring life-long adult neural stem cells (NSCs). An increasing number of investigations are beginning to shed light on these cells under pathological conditions and revealed a significant potential of NSCs to contribute to myelin repair activities. In this review, these emerging investigations are discussed with respect to the importance of stimulating endogenous repair mechanisms from germinal sources. Moreover, we present key findings of NSC-derived oligodendroglial progeny, including a comprehensive overview of factors and mechanisms involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Akkermann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Janusz Joachim Jadasz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Kasum Azim
- Focus Translational Neuroscience, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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28
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Fujiwara N, Cave JW. Partial Conservation between Mice and Humans in Olfactory Bulb Interneuron Transcription Factor Codes. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:337. [PMID: 27489533 PMCID: PMC4951497 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian main olfactory bulb (OB) has a large population of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that contains several subtypes defined by the co-expression other neurotransmitters and calcium binding proteins. The three most commonly studied OB interneuron subtypes co-express either Calretinin, Calbindin, or Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th). Combinations of transcription factors used to specify the phenotype of progenitors are referred to as transcription factor codes, and the current understanding of transcription factor codes that specify OB inhibitory neuron phenotypes are largely based on studies in mice. The conservation of these transcription factor codes in the human OB, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether transcription factor codes in OB interneurons are conserved between mice and humans. This study compared the co-expression of Foxp2, Meis2, Pax6, and Sp8 transcription factors with Calretinin, Calbindin, or Th in human and mouse OB interneurons. This analysis found strong conservation of Calretinin co-expression with Sp8 and Meis2 as well as Th co-expression with Pax6 and Meis2. This analysis also showed that selective Foxp2 co-expression with Calbindin was conserved between mice and humans, which suggests Foxp2 is a novel determinant of the OB Calbindin interneuron phenotype. Together, the findings in this study provide insight into the conservation of transcription codes for OB interneuron phenotypes between humans and mice, as well as reveal some important differences between the species. This advance in our understanding of transcription factor codes in OB interneurons provides an important complement to the codes that have been established for other regions within the mammalian central nervous system, such as the cortex and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Fujiwara
- Burke Medical Research Institute White Plains, NY, USA
| | - John W Cave
- Burke Medical Research InstituteWhite Plains, NY, USA; The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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29
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Azim K, Berninger B, Raineteau O. Mosaic Subventricular Origins of Forebrain Oligodendrogenesis. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:107. [PMID: 27047329 PMCID: PMC4805584 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the perinatal as well as the adult CNS, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain is the largest and most active source of neural stem cells (NSCs) that generates neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin forming cells of the CNS. Recent advances in the field are beginning to shed light regarding SVZ heterogeneity, with the existence of spatially segregated microdomains that are intrinsically biased to generate phenotypically distinct neuronal populations. Although most research has focused on this regionalization in the context of neurogenesis, newer findings underline that this also applies for the genesis of OLs under the control of specific patterning molecules. In this mini review, we discuss the origins as well as the mechanisms that induce and maintain SVZ regionalization. These come in the flavor of specific signaling ligands and subsequent initiation of transcriptional networks that provide a basis for subdividing the SVZ into distinct lineage-specific microdomains. We further emphasize canonical Wnts and FGF2 as essential signaling pathways for the regional genesis of OL progenitors from NSCs of the dorsal SVZ. This aspect of NSC biology, which has so far received little attention, may unveil new avenues for appropriately recruiting NSCs in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasum Azim
- Focus Translational Neuroscience, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Focus Translational Neuroscience, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Inserm U1208, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université Lyon 1 Bron, France
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30
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Fiorelli R, Azim K, Fischer B, Raineteau O. Adding a spatial dimension to postnatal ventricular-subventricular zone neurogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2109-20. [PMID: 26081572 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis does not stop abruptly at birth, but persists in specific brain regions throughout life. The neural stem cells (NSCs) located in the largest germinal region of the forebrain, the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), replenish olfactory neurons throughout life. However, V-SVZ NSCs are heterogeneous: they have different embryonic origins and give rise to distinct neuronal subtypes depending on their location. In this Review, we discuss how this spatial heterogeneity arises, how it affects NSC biology, and why its consideration in future studies is crucial for understanding general principles guiding NSC self-renewal, differentiation and specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fiorelli
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA
| | - Kasum Azim
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fischer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 Avenue Doyen Lépine, Bron 69500, France Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron 69500, France
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