1
|
Ahmad MH, Jatau AI, Alshargi OY, Julde SM, Mohammed M, Muhammad S, Mustapha S, Bala AA, Wada AS, Aminu M, Usman AM. Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae): a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The plant Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae) is a shrub that is widely available in Africa. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases including asthma, pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, cough, diabetes mellitus, cancer, infectious diseases, hepatic diseases, and many other diseases. Several phytochemical and pharmacological investigations were conducted on this plant. However, comprehensive information on this medicinally important plant is not available in the literature. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to provide comprehensive and critical information on all the reported ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and potential toxicity of Olax subscorpioidea to highlight its therapeutic potentials based on traditional usage and identify research gaps as a basis for further investigations to develop novel therapeutic compounds.
Main body
The available information about the plant was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) and published PhD dissertation using the search terms Olax subscorpioidea, traditional uses, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and safety. Phytochemical studies have shown that the plant contains several bioactive compounds such as rutin, morin, quercetin, caffeic acid, santalbic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, nonacosane, hentriacontane, and many more compounds. Also, pharmacological investigations revealed that Olax subscorpioidea has antidepressant, antiepileptic, anti-Alzheimer’s, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, apoptotic, antiprotease, and other CNS effects.
Conclusion
Several pharmacological studies on Olax subscorpioidea have established its ethnopharmacological uses. However, there are limited phytochemical and pharmacological studies to validate other folkloric claims of the plant. Therefore, extensive phytochemical and further pre-clinical efficacy and safety evaluations to fully establish its therapeutic potentials and elucidate its mechanisms of pharmacological actions could be necessary.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
2
|
The acidified drinking water-induced changes in the behavior and gut microbiota of wild-type mice depend on the acidification mode. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2877. [PMID: 33536529 PMCID: PMC7858586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidification of drinking water to a pH between 2.5 and 3.0 is widely used to prevent the spread of bacterial diseases in animal colonies. Besides hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is also used to acidify drinking water. Here we examined the effects of H2SO4-acidified drinking water (pH = 2.8) received from weaning (postnatal day 21) on the behavior and gut microflora of 129S6/SvEv mice, a mouse strain commonly used in transgenic studies. In contrast to HCl-acidified water, H2SO4-acidified water only temporarily impaired the pole-descending ability of mice (at 3 months of age), and did not change the performance in an accelerating rotarod test. As compared to 129S6/SvEv mice receiving non-acidified or HCl-acidified drinking water, the gut microbiota of 129S6/SvEv mice on H2SO4-acidified water displayed significant alterations at every taxonomic level especially at 6 months of age. Our results demonstrate that the effects of acidified drinking water on the behavior and gut microbiota of 129S6/SvEv mice depends on the acid used for acidification. To shed some light on how acidified drinking water affects the physiology of 129S6/SvEv mice, we analyzed the serum and fecal metabolomes and found remarkable, acidified water-induced alterations.
Collapse
|
3
|
Piotrowska A, Siwek A, Wolak M, Nowak G. Analysis of Density Changes of Selected Brain Receptors After a 14-Day Supply of Chromium(III) and Evaluation of Chromium(III) Affinity to Selected Receptors and Transporters. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:359-364. [PMID: 31732929 PMCID: PMC7306032 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chromium(III) is one of the most controversial biometals. Although, it is no longer on the list of minerals necessary for the proper functioning of the human body, and its pharmacological effect is still under discussion. One of the purposes of Cr(III) administration is to use it in patients with mood disorders and it is strictly related to its pharmacological, not dietary effect. This is because its high doses are necessary to obtain the results and additionally, no deficiencies in human population have been noted. In this study, the affinity of chromium(III) to selected receptors and transporters in the rat brain was evaluated, and the effect of the 14-day administration of this metal was assessed on the density of selected receptors. All analyses were performed in vitro using radioligand binding assays, and the results indicated lack of affinity to β1 and α1 receptors and serotonin transporter (SERT), furthermore very weak affinity to the 5-HT1A receptor (30% inhibition at 10-4 and 10-5 M). Analysis of the α1 and β1 adrenergic receptor density indicated lack of any adaptive effects after 14 days of Cr(III) administration through intraperitoneal injections (doses 6 and 12 mg/kg). The antidepressant activity of chromium(III) indicated in clinical trials concerned patients with atypical, seasonal, or dystonic symptoms. This effect, as it seems based on the presented results, does not depend on direct affinity to serotonin receptors and transporter nor is the result of adaptive changes in the adrenoreceptor system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Basics of Cosmetology, University of Physical Education, al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wolak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Neurobiology, Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effect of 25-methoxy hispidol A isolated from Poncirus trifoliate against bacteria-induced anxiety and depression by targeting neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:209-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
Lee DW, Baik J, Yun G, Jeon S, Kim HJ, Kim ES, Lee HJ, Kwon JY. A prospective pilotstudy comparing the anesthetic effects of an alpha-2 agonist during holmium laser resection of the prostate and transurethral resection for prostate surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients using selective alpha-1 blockers. BMC Anesthesiol 2018; 18:136. [PMID: 30261833 PMCID: PMC6161351 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-018-0598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the response to an α2receptor agonist used as a sedative for patients using long-term selective α1 blockers. METHODS Sixty-nine consecutive patients undergoing transurethral prostate resection or holmium laser resection of the prostateunder spinal anesthesia were divided into two groups; group N (n = 37), which did not receive α1 blockers, and group T (n = 32), which was administered tamsulosin for at least 1 month before the study. Bispectral index scores, Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale scores, heart rate, and mean blood pressure were obtained under sedation using dexmedetomidine for 30 min during surgery. RESULTS The only significant difference found between the groups were mean bloodpressure 15 min after the first loading dose injection of dexmedetomidine. Differencesbetween both groupswere noted at 15 min(group T: 100.2 ± 12.9 mmHg; group N: 90.0 ± 17.5 mmHg; P = 0.08), 20 min (group T: 99.8 ± 12.3 mmHg; group N: 87.4 ± 15.0 mmHg; P < 0.00), 25 min (group T: 99.3 ± 13.4 mmHg; group N: 85.4 ± 13.8 mmHg; P < 0.00), and 30 min (group T: 98.8 ± 13.1 mmHg; group N: 84.5 ± 13.5 mmHg; P < 0.00). CONCLUSIONS The use of α2 agonists is appropriate during surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients using tamsulosin, and there is no need to alter the dose. Alertness with anesthesia involving α2 agents was maintained for patients using long-term tamsulosin and patients who did not use tamsulosin. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered with the Clinical Research Informational Service ( KCT0002967 , July 2, 2018).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do-Won Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan-si, 49241, South Korea
| | - Jiseok Baik
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan-si, 49241, South Korea.
| | - Giyoung Yun
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan-si, 49241, South Korea
| | - Soeun Jeon
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan-si, 49241, South Korea
| | - Hyae-Jin Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan-si, 49241, South Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan-si, 49241, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan-si, 49241, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kwon
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan-si, 49241, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Umukoro S, Adebesin A, Agu G, Omorogbe O, Asehinde SB. Antidepressant-like activity of methyl jasmonate involves modulation of monoaminergic pathways in mice. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63:36-42. [PMID: 28818747 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of current antidepressant drugs has been compromised by adverse effects, low remission and delay onset of action necessitating the search for alternative agents. Methyl jasmonate (MJ), a bioactive compound isolated from Jasminum grandiflorum has been shown to demonstrate antidepressant activity but its mechanism of action remains unknown. Thus, the role of monoaminergic systems in the antidepression-like activity of MJ was investigated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were given i.p. injection of MJ (5, 10 and 20mg/kg), imipramine (10mg/kg) and vehicle (10mL/kg) 30min before the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were carried out. The involvement of monoaminergic systems in the anti-depressant-like effect of MJ (20mg/kg) was evaluated using p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), metergoline, yohimbine, prazosin, sulpiride and haloperidol in the TST. RESULTS MJ significantly decrease the duration of immobility in the FST and TST relative to control suggesting antidepressant-like property. However, pretreatment with yohimbine (1mg/kg, i.p., an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) or prazosin (62.5μg/kg, i.p., an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist) attenuated the antidepressant-like activity of MJ. Also, pCPA; an inhibitor of serotonin biosynthesis (100mg/kg, i.p) or metergoline (4mg/kg, i.p., 5-HT2 receptor antagonist) reversed the anti-immobility effect of MJ. Sulpiride (50mg/kg, i.p., a D2 receptor antagonist) or haloperidol (0.2mg/kg, i.p., a dopamine receptor antagonist) reversed the anti-immobility effect of MJ. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems may play a role in the antidepressant-like activity of MJ.
Collapse
|
7
|
Citó MCO, Silva MIG, Santos LKX, Fernandes ML, Melo FHC, Aguiar JAC, Lopes IS, Sousa PB, Vasconcelos SMM, Macêdo DS, Sousa FCF. Antidepressant-like effect of Hoodia gordonii in a forced swimming test in mice: evidence for involvement of the monoaminergic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:57-64. [PMID: 25493384 PMCID: PMC4288494 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hoodia gordonii is a plant species used traditionally in southern Africa to suppress appetite. Recently, it has been associated with a significant increase in blood pressure and pulse rate in women, suggesting sympathomimetic activity. The present study investigated the possible antidepressant-like effects of acute and repeated (15 days) administration of H. gordonii extract (25 and 50 mg/kg, po) to mice exposed to a forced swimming test (FST). Neurochemical analysis of brain monoamines was also carried out to determine the involvement of the monoaminergic system on these effects. Acute administration of H. gordonii decreased the immobility of mice in the FST without accompanying changes in general activity in the open-field test during acute treatment, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. The anti-immobility effect of H. gordonii was prevented by pretreatment of mice with PCPA [an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis], NAN-190 (a 5-HT1A antagonist), ritanserin (a 5-HT2A/2C antagonist), ondansetron (a 5-HT3A antagonist), prazosin (an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), SCH23390 (a D1 receptor antagonist), yohimbine (an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), and sulpiride (a D2 receptor antagonist). A significant increase in 5-HT levels in the striatum was detected after acute administration, while 5-HT, norepinephrine and dopamine were significantly elevated after chronic treatment. Results indicated that H. gordonii possesses antidepressant-like activity in the FST by altering the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C O Citó
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M I G Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - L K X Santos
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M L Fernandes
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F H C Melo
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - J A C Aguiar
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - I S Lopes
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P B Sousa
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S M M Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - D S Macêdo
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F C F Sousa
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Santos L, Opris I, Hampson R, Godwin DW, Gerhardt G, Deadwyler S. Functional dynamics of primate cortico-striatal networks during volitional movements. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:27. [PMID: 24653682 PMCID: PMC3947991 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The motor cortex and dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) are key regions in motor processing but the interface between the cortex and striatum is not well understood. While dorsal striatum integrates information from multiple brain regions to shape motor learning and habit formation, the disruption of cortico-striatal circuits compromises the functionality of these circuits resulting in a multitude of neurologic disorders, including Parkinson's disease. To better understand the modulation of the cortico-striatal circuits we recorded simultaneously single neuron activity from four brain regions, primary motor, and sensory cortices, together with the rostral and caudal segments of the putamen in rhesus monkeys performing a visual motor task. Results show that spatial and temporal-task related firing relationships between these cortico-striatal circuit regions were modified by the independent administration of the two drugs (cocaine and baclofen). Spatial tuning and correlated firing of neurons from motor cortex and putamen were severely disrupted by cocaine and baclofen on correct trials, while the two drugs have dramatically decreased the functional connectivity of the motor cortical-striatal network. These findings provide insight into the modulation of cortical-striatal firing related to movement with implications for therapeutic approaches to Parkinson's disease and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Medical School Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ioan Opris
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Medical School Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robert Hampson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Medical School Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dwayne W Godwin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Medical School Winston-Salem, NC, USA ; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University Medical School Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Greg Gerhardt
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Samuel Deadwyler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Medical School Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Q, McLeish MJ. Kinetic and pH studies on human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 539:1-8. [PMID: 24018397 PMCID: PMC3853373 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to epinephrine (adrenaline) while, concomitantly, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) is converted to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction represents the terminal step in catecholamine biosynthesis and inhibitors of PNMT have been investigated, inter alia, as potential antihypertensive agents. At various times the kinetic mechanism of PNMT has been reported to operate by a random mechanism, an ordered mechanism in which norepinephrine binds first, and an ordered mechanism in which AdoMet binds first. Here we report the results of initial velocity studies on human PNMT in the absence and presence of product and dead end inhibitors. These, coupled with isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence binding experiments, clearly shown that hPNMT operates by an ordered sequential mechanism in which AdoMet binds first. Although the logV pH-profile was not well defined, plots of logV/K versus pH for AdoMet and phenylethanolamine, as well as the pKi versus pH for the inhibitor, SK&F 29661, were all bell-shaped indicating that a protonated and an unprotonated group are required for catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Michael J. McLeish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St. Indianapolis, IN 46202
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ryazanova MA, Igonina TN, Alekhina TA, Prokudina OI. The increase in the proportion of nervous animals bred for catatonia: The participation of central adrenoreceptors in catatonic reactions. RUSS J GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795412100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Lin Y, Sarfraz Y, Jensen A, Dunn AJ, Stone EA. Participation of brainstem monoaminergic nuclei in behavioral depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:330-9. [PMID: 21893082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of research have now suggested the controversial hypothesis that the central noradrenergic system acts to exacerbate depression as opposed to having an antidepressant function. If correct, lesions of this system should increase resistance to depression, which has been partially but weakly supported by previous studies. The present study reexamined this question using two more recent methods to lesion noradrenergic neurons in mice: intraventricular (ivt) administration of either the noradrenergic neurotoxin, DSP4, or of a dopamine-β-hydroxylase-saporin immunotoxin (DBH-SAP ITX) prepared for mice. Both agents given 2 weeks prior were found to significantly increase resistance to depressive behavior in several tests including acute and repeated forced swims, tail suspension and endotoxin-induced anhedonia. Both agents also increased locomotor activity in the open field. Cell counts of brainstem monoaminergic neurons, however, showed that both methods produced only partial lesions of the locus coeruleus and also affected the dorsal raphe or ventral tegmental area. Both the cell damage and the antidepressant and hyperactive effects of ivt DSP4 were prevented by a prior i.p. injection of the NE uptake blocker, reboxetine. The results are seen to be consistent with recent pharmacological experiments showing that noradrenergic and serotonergic systems function to inhibit active behavior. Comparison with previous studies utilizing more complete and selective LC lesions suggest that mouse strain, lesion size or involvement of multiple neuronal systems are critical variables in the behavioral and affective effects of monoaminergic lesions and that antidepressant effects and hyperactivity may be more likely to occur if lesions are partial and/or involve multiple monoaminergic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Antidepressant-like action of intracerebral 6-fluoronorepinephrine, a selective full α-adrenoceptor agonist. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:319-31. [PMID: 20459885 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the ability of 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6FNE), a full selective α-adrenoceptor agonist, to produce antidepressant-like effects in mice. The drug, administered in the 4th ventricle, produced marked anti-immobility effects at mid-dose range in the acute forced swim, tail suspension and repeated open-space forced swim tests with minimal effect on open-field motor activity and also reversed anhedonia following lipopolysaccharide administration. Its antidepressant effects were equal to or greater than that of an established systemic antidepressant, desmethylimipramine, given subacutely. Experiments with α-adrenoceptor antagonists indicated that the drug acts primarily via the α2-receptor in contrast to endogenous catecholamines which appear to control depressive behaviour primarily via the α1-receptor. Antidepressant activity declined at higher doses signifying a possible pro-depressant effect of one of the α-adrenoceptor subtypes. Compared to the selective α2-agonist, dexmedetomidine, 6FNE showed equivalent antidepressant action in the tail suspension test but appeared to have a greater efficacy or speed of action in the repeated open-space forced swim test which produces a more sustained depression. Studies of regional brain Fos expression induced during the antidepressant tests showed that 6FNE tended to inhibit neural activity in two stress-responsive regions (locus coeruleus and paraventricular hypothalamus) but to enhance activity in two areas involved in motivated behaviour (nucleus accumbens shell and lateral septal nucleus) producing a neural pattern consistent with antidepressant action. It is concluded that 6FNE elicits a rapid and effective antidepressant and anti-stress response that may compare favourably with available antidepressants.
Collapse
|
13
|
Georgieva P, Wu Q, McLeish MJ, Himo F. The reaction mechanism of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: a density functional theory study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1831-7. [PMID: 19733262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid density functional theory methods were used to investigate the reaction mechanism of human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (hPNMT). This enzyme catalyzes the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine, which constitutes the terminal step in the catecholamine biosynthesis. Several models of the active site were constructed based on the X-ray structure. Geometries of the stationary points along the reaction path were optimized and the reaction barrier and energy were calculated and compared to the experimental values. The calculations demonstrate that the reaction takes place via an SN2 mechanism with methyl transfer being rate-limiting, a suggestion supported by mutagenesis studies. Optimal agreement with experimental data is reached using a model in which both active site glutamates are protonated. Overall, the mechanism of hPNMT is more similar to those of catechol O-methyltransferase and glycine N-methyltransferase than to that of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase in which methyl transfer is coupled to proton transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Georgieva
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cardoso CC, Lobato KR, Binfaré RW, Ferreira PK, Rosa AO, Santos ARS, Rodrigues ALS. Evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of magnesium. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:235-42. [PMID: 19059299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Literature data has shown that acute administration of magnesium reduces immobility time in the mouse forced swimming test (FST), which suggests potential antidepressant activity in humans. However, its mechanism of action is not completely understood. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the antidepressant-like action of magnesium and the possible involvement of the monoaminergic system in its effect in the FST. The immobility time in the FST was significantly reduced by magnesium chloride administration (30-100 mg/kg, i.p.) without accompanying changes in ambulation when assessed in an open-field test. The pre-treatment of mice with NAN-190 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p. a 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist), WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist), ritanserin (4 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5 mg/kg, a preferential 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist), prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p., an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist), yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p., an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist), haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p., a non selective dopaminergic receptor antagonist), SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg, s.c., a dopamine D(1) receptor antagonist) or sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p., a dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist) 30 min before the administration of magnesium chloride (30 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly prevented its anti-immobility effect in the FST. Moreover, the administration of sub-effective doses of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p., serotonin reuptake inhibitor), imipramine (5 mg/kg, i.p., a mixed serotonergic noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor), bupropion (1 mg/kg, i.p., dopamine reuptake inhibitor) was able to potentiate the action of sub-effective doses of magnesium chloride. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence indicating that the antidepressant-like effect of magnesium in the FST is dependent on its interaction with the serotonergic (5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors), noradrenergic (alpha(1)- and alpha(2)- receptors) and dopaminergic (dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptors) systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra C Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin Y, Quartermain D, Dunn AJ, Weinshenker D, Stone EA. Possible dopaminergic stimulation of locus coeruleus alpha1-adrenoceptors involved in behavioral activation. Synapse 2008; 62:516-23. [PMID: 18435418 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors of the locus coeruleus (LC) have been implicated in behavioral activation in novel surroundings, but the endogenous agonist that activates these receptors has not been established. In addition to the canonical activation of alpha(1)-receptors by norepinephrine (NE), there is evidence that dopamine (DA) may also activate certain brain alpha(1)-receptors. This study examined the contribution of DA to exploratory activity in a novel cage by determining the effect of infusion of various dopaminergic and adrenergic drugs into the mouse LC. It was found that the D2/D3 agonist, quinpirole, which selectively blocks the release of CNS DA, produced a dose-dependent and virtually complete abolition of exploration and all movement in the novel cage test. The quinpirole-induced inactivity was significantly attenuated by coinfusion of DA but not by the D1 agonist, SKF38390. Furthermore, the DA attenuation of quinpirole inactivity was blocked by coinfusion of the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist, terazosin, but not by the D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390. LC infusions of either quinpirole or terazosin also produced profound inactivity in DA-beta-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice that lack NE, indicating that their behavioral effects were not due to an alteration of the release or action of LC NE. Measurement of endogenous DA, NE, and 5HT and their metabolites in the LC during exposure to the novel cage indicated an increase in the turnover of DA and NE but not 5HT. These results indicate that DA is a candidate as an endogenous agonist for behaviorally activating LC alpha(1)-receptors and may play a role in the activation of this nucleus by novel surroundings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stone EA, Quartermain D, Lin Y, Lehmann ML. Central alpha1-adrenergic system in behavioral activity and depression. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:1063-75. [PMID: 17097068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Central alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are activated by norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI) and possibly dopamine (DA), and function in two fundamental and opposed types of behavior: (1) positively motivated exploratory and approach activities, and (2) stress reactions and behavioral inhibition. Brain microinjection studies have revealed that the positive-linked receptors are located in eight to nine brain regions spanning the neuraxis including the secondary motor cortex, piriform cortex, nucleus accumbens, preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic area, vermis cerebellum, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe and possibly the C1 nucleus of the ventrolateral medulla, whereas the stress-linked receptors are present in at least three areas including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Recent studies utilizing c-fos expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation have shown that various diverse models of depression in mice produce decreases in positive region-neural activity elicited by motivating stimuli along with increases in neural activity of stress areas. Both types of change are attenuated by various antidepressant agents. This has suggested that the balance of the two networks determines whether an animal displays depressive behavior. A central unresolved question concerns how the alpha(1)-receptors in the positive-activity and stress systems are differentially activated during the appropriate behavioral conditions and to what extent this is related to differences in endogenous ligands or receptor subtype distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Medical Center, MHL HN510, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The metabolic response to brain activation in exercise might be expressed as the cerebral metabolic ratio (MR; uptake O2/glucose + 1/2 lactate). At rest, brain energy is provided by a balanced oxidation of glucose as MR is close to 6, but activation provokes a 'surplus' uptake of glucose relative to that of O2. Whereas MR remains stable during light exercise, it is reduced by 30% to 40% when exercise becomes demanding. The MR integrates metabolism in brain areas stimulated by sensory input from skeletal muscle, the mental effort to exercise and control of exercising limbs. The MR decreases during prolonged exhaustive exercise where blood lactate remains low, but when vigorous exercise raises blood lactate, the brain takes up lactate in an amount similar to that of glucose. This lactate taken up by the brain is oxidised as it does not accumulate within the brain and such pronounced brain uptake of substrate occurs independently of plasma hormones. The 'surplus' of glucose equivalents taken up by the activated brain may reach approximately 10 mmol, that is, an amount compatible with the global glycogen level. It is suggested that a low MR predicts shortage of energy that ultimately limits motor activation and reflects a biologic background for 'central fatigue'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mads K Dalsgaard
- Department of Anaesthesia and The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sospedra M, Zhao Y, zur Hausen H, Muraro PA, Hamashin C, de Villiers EM, Pinilla C, Martin R. Recognition of conserved amino acid motifs of common viruses and its role in autoimmunity. PLoS Pathog 2005; 1:e41. [PMID: 16362076 PMCID: PMC1315278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggers of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remain elusive. Epidemiological studies suggest that common pathogens can exacerbate and also induce MS, but it has been difficult to pinpoint individual organisms. Here we demonstrate that in vivo clonally expanded CD4+ T cells isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a MS patient during disease exacerbation respond to a poly-arginine motif of the nonpathogenic and ubiquitous Torque Teno virus. These T cell clones also can be stimulated by arginine-enriched protein domains from other common viruses and recognize multiple autoantigens. Our data suggest that repeated infections with common pathogenic and even nonpathogenic viruses could expand T cells specific for conserved protein domains that are able to cross-react with tissue-derived and ubiquitous autoantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Computational and System Biology Group, Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harald zur Hausen
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo A Muraro
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christa Hamashin
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies and Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Martin
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stone EA, Lin Y, Ahsan MR, Quartermain D. Alpha(1)-adrenergic and alpha(2)-adrenergic balance in the dorsal pons and gross behavioral activity of mice in a novel environment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 183:127-32. [PMID: 16193333 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Central alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in a number of different brain regions are known to have opposing actions on gross behavioral activity, with the former stimulating and the latter inhibiting activity. Therefore, blockade of alpha(1)-receptors may induce inactivity by leading to unopposed alpha(2) activity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test if central blockade of alpha(2)-receptor function restores behavioral activity in alpha(1)-receptor-blocked mice. METHODS Dose-response studies were undertaken on the effects of alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-agonists and antagonists microinjected into the dorsal pons on gross behavioral activity in a novel cage test. RESULTS The behavioral inactivity resulting from blockade of alpha(1)-receptors in the pons with the antagonist, terazosin, was reversed by either a low dose of an alpha(2)-antagonist, atipamezole, or a low dose of an alpha(2)-agonist, dexmedetomidine, but was exacerbated by a high dose of the alpha(2)-agonist. CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that blockade of alpha(1)-receptors in the dorsal pons of mice produces inactivity by causing unopposed activity of alpha(2)-receptors. This condition may be relevant to inactive states seen after stress or during depressive illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stone EA, Lin Y, Ahsan MR, Quartermain D. Evidence of roles of central alpha1-adrenoceptors and epinephrine in orexin A-induced hyperactivity in mice. Neurosci Lett 2005; 381:325-8. [PMID: 15896493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that central alpha1-adrenoceptor activity is necessary, acutely, for gross behavioral activity in response to novel surroundings and various psychostimulants. The present experiment tested whether it is also necessary for the hyperactivity produced by the peptide, orexin A, which is present in several central monoaminergic nuclei. Mice, pretreated intraventricularly with the alpha1-antagonist, terazosin, or the alpha2-antagonist, atipamezole, were given orexin A, intraventricularly (i.v.t.), and videotaped for gross movement and locomotion in the home cage between 30 and 60 min post-infusion. The alpha1-antagonist was found to produce a significant dose-dependent decrease of orexin A-induced activity, which was first seen at the 3 nmol dose and was near total at 30 nmol. The alpha2-antagonist, at 10 nmol, had no effect on the orexin A response. Pharmacological inhibition of the synthesis of epinephrine, a potential neurotransmitter at central motoric alpha1-adrenoceptors, with 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine also significantly attenuated orexin A-induced hyperactivity. It is concluded that central alpha1-adrenoceptor activity, presumably caused by epinephrine release, is necessary for the gross behavioral activation produced by orexin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, MHL-HN510, NYU Med Centre, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grunewald GL, Romero FA, Seim MR, Criscione KR, Deupree JD, Spackman CC, Bylund DB. Exploring the active site of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase with 3-hydroxyethyl- and 3-hydroxypropyl-7-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1143-7. [PMID: 15686930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxyethyl- and 3-hydroxypropyl-7-substituted-tetrahydroisoquinolines (9, 10, 16, and 17) were synthesized and evaluated for their phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitory potency and affinity for the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. Although alpha(2)-adrenoceptor affinity decreased for these compounds, selectivity was not gained over the parent 3-hydroxymethyl compounds (1, 2) due to a loss in PNMT inhibitory potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Grunewald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stone EA, Quartermain D. Rate-dependent behavioral effects of stimulation of central motoric alpha(1)-adrenoceptors: hypothesized relation to depolarization blockade. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 178:109-14. [PMID: 15645218 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this review is to clarify how central alpha(1)-adrenoceptors control behavioral activity under varying conditions of activity and stress. METHOD The literature is reviewed regarding the behavioral actions of alpha(1)-agonists and antagonists, and alpha(2)-agonists and antagonists under conditions of high and low baseline activity and stress. RESULTS It was found that alpha(1)-receptor stimulation of active behavior has a number of similarities to rate dependency including: (1) a dependence on low-active, low-stress conditions or on the prior depletion of endogenous brain catecholamines; (2) a nonmonotonic dose-response relationship with high doses producing a fall-off or actual depression of activity; (3) a failure to be blocked at high agonist doses by alpha(1)-antagonists; and (4) a facilitation by alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists which produce an opposing hyperpolarization. DISCUSSION To explain these findings, it is proposed that high levels of stimulation of central alpha(1)-receptors produce, in host neurons, a depolarization block that impedes nerve impulse generation and inhibits active behavior. This effect is assumed to be precluded or mitigated by low-active, low-stress conditions, depletion of brain catecholamines, and by hyperpolarizing alpha(2)-agonists, and to be reversed at high agonist doses by alpha(1)-antagonists. CONCLUSION Because brain alpha(1)-receptors are not only involved in motor activity but also in the mechanism of action of antidepressant and stimulant drugs, arousal, anxiety, stress and psychosis, a depolarization block from intense stimulation of these receptors could have broad psychopharmacological consequences and underlie rate dependency to a variety of stimulant drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry MHL HN510, NYU Med Ctr, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grunewald GL, Romero FA, Criscione KR. 3-hydroxymethyl-7-(N-substituted aminosulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline inhibitors of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase that display remarkable potency and selectivity. J Med Chem 2005; 48:134-40. [PMID: 15634007 DOI: 10.1021/jm049368n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Six 3-hydroxymethyl-7-(N-substituted aminosulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (16-21) were synthesized and evaluated for their phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitory potency and affinity for the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. The addition of nonpolar substituents to the sulfonamide nitrogen of 9 (3-CH(2)OH-7-SO(2)NH(2)-THIQ) led to inhibitors (16-21) that have high PNMT inhibitory potency and high selectivity, and most of these (16-21) are predicted, on the basis of their calculated log P values, to be able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Compounds N-trifluoroethyl sulfonamide 20 (PNMT K(i) = 23 nM) and N-trifluoropropyl sulfonamide 21 (PNMT K(i) = 28 nM) are twice as potent at inhibiting PNMT compared to 9 and display excellent selectivity (alpha(2) K(i)/PNMT K(i) > or = 15,000).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Grunewald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grunewald GL, Romero FA, Chieu AD, Fincham KJ, Bhat SR, Criscione KR. Exploring the active site of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: 3-alkyl-7-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:1261-73. [PMID: 15670935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-alkyl-7-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines was synthesized and these compounds were evaluated for their PNMT inhibitory potency and affinity for the alpha2-adrenoceptor. 7-Nitro-, 7-bromo-, 7-aminosulfonyl-, or 7-N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylaminosulfonyl-THIQs that possess a 3-alkyl substituent that is longer than a methyl group showed decreased PNMT inhibitory potency, except for 3-propyl-7-aminosulfonyl-THIQ, which displayed excellent PNMT inhibitory potency. The rank order for selectivity (PNMT vs the alpha2-adrenoceptor) is 3-alkyl-7-aminosulfonyl-THIQs congruent with 3-alkyl-7-N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylaminosulfonyl-THIQs>3-alkyl-7-nitro-THIQs>3-alkyl-7-bromo-THIQs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Grunewald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Malott Hall, Room 4060, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Grunewald GL, Romero FA, Criscione KR. Nanomolar Inhibitors of CNS Epinephrine Biosynthesis: (R)-(+)-3-Fluoromethyl-7-(N-substituted aminosulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitors of Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2004; 48:1806-12. [PMID: 15771426 DOI: 10.1021/jm049594x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of (R)-(+)-3-fluoromethyl-7-(N-substituted aminosulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines has been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of PNMT and for their affinity for the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. Compounds (R)-8 and (R)-9 are remarkably potent and selective inhibitors of PNMT and are predicted to penetrate the blood-brain barrier on the basis of their calculated log P values. Conformational analysis and docking studies were performed in order to examine why the (R)-enantiomer of these 3-fluoromethyl-7-(N-substituted aminosulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines is more potent than the (S)-enantiomer and to determine the likely bound ring conformer of the (R)-enantiomer. It appears that the (R)-enantiomer participates in a water-mediated hydrogen bond in which the (S)-enantiomer cannot. The likely favored ring conformation for (R)-3-fluoromethyl-7-(N-substituted aminosulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines in the PNMT active site is similar to the ring conformation of (R)-5a as determined by gas-phase ab initio calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Grunewald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stone EA, Lin Y, Ahsan R, Quartermain D. Gross mapping of α1-adrenoceptors that regulate behavioral activation in the mouse brain. Behav Brain Res 2004; 152:167-75. [PMID: 15196784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/01/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain alpha1-adrenoceptors that participate in behavioral activation were mapped in the mouse brain by determining where microinjection of the alpha1-antagonist, terazosin, inhibited behavioral activity in a novel cage test. A total of 5 out of 23 tested regions were shown to be involved including the dorsal pons/locus coeruleus region (DP/LC), the dorsal raphe/periaqueductal gray area (DR/PAG), the vermis cerebellum (CER), the nucleus accumbens (ACC) and the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Injection in the 4th ventricle was also effective perhaps by acting on several of these regions simultaneously. A partial inhibition was obtained from the motor cortex. Coinjection of the alpha1/2-agonist, 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6FNE) but not the alpha2-agonist, dexmedetomidine (DMT) reversed the behavioral inhibition in all regions. It is hypothesized that brain motoric alpha1-receptors elicit behavioral activation by coordinately exciting several monoaminergic, motor and motivational systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dalsgaard MK, Ott P, Dela F, Juul A, Pedersen BK, Warberg J, Fahrenkrug J, Secher NH. The CSF and arterial to internal jugular venous hormonal differences during exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 2004; 89:271-7. [PMID: 15123562 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2003.026922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise increases the cerebral uptake of carbohydrate out of proportion to that of oxygen, but it is unknown whether such enhanced carbohydrate uptake is influenced by the marked endocrine response to exercise. During exhaustive exercise this study evaluated the a-v differences across the brain (a-v diff) of hormones that could influence its carbohydrate uptake (n= 9). In addition, neuroendocrine activity and a potential uptake of hormones via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were assessed by lumbar puncture postexercise and at rest (n= 6). Exercise increased the arterial concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline, but there was no cerebral uptake. However, following exercise CSF noradrenaline was 1.4 (0.73-5.5) nmol l(-1), and higher than at rest, 0.3 (0.19-1.84) nmol l(-1) (P < 0.05), whereas adrenaline could not be detected. Exercise increased both the arterial concentration of NH(4)(+) and its a-v diff, which increased from 1 (-12 to 5) to 17 (5-41) micromol l(-1) (P < 0.05), while the CSF NH(4)(+) was reduced to 7 (0-10) versus 11 (7-16) micromol l(-1) (P < 0.05). There was no release from, or accumulation in the brain of interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), heatshock protein (HSP72), insulin, or insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. The findings indicate that for maximal exercise, the concentration of noradrenaline is increased within the brain, whereas blood borne hormones and cytokines are seemingly unimportant. The results support the notion that the exercise-induced changes in brain metabolism are controlled by factors intrinsic to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mads K Dalsgaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet 2041, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stone EA, Lin Y, Ahsan R, Quartermain D. Role of locus coeruleus ?1-adrenoceptors in motor activity in rats. Synapse 2004; 54:164-72. [PMID: 15452865 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The question of whether or not the locus coeruleus (LC) participates in the control of motor activity has been controversial due to difficulties in demonstrating permanent motor deficits after neurotoxic lesions of this nucleus or of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB). In the present experiments it was shown in rats that acute local blockade (with terazosin) or stimulation (with phenylephrine) of LC alpha(1)-adrenoceptors respectively blocked or stimulated exploratory behavior in a novel cage and the home cage. Moreover, previous lesion of the DNB by i.p. DSP4 abolished the behavioral changes to local LC alpha(1)-receptor manipulation but did not affect motor activity in the novel or home cage by itself. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the intact LC does contribute to motor activity control, exerted in part by its alpha(1)-receptors; however, the permanent loss of this nucleus is compensated for by remaining CNS motor structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hague C, Chen Z, Uberti M, Minneman KP. α1-Adrenergic receptor subtypes: non-identical triplets with different dancing partners? Life Sci 2003; 74:411-8. [PMID: 14609720 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors are one of the three subfamilies of G protein coupled receptors activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine to control important functions in many target organs. Three human subtypes (alpha(1A), alpha(1B), alpha(1D)) are derived from separate genes and are highly homologous in their transmembrane domains but not in their amino or carboxyl termini. Recent advances in our understanding of these "non-identical triplets" include development of knockout mice lacking single or multiple subtypes, new insights into subcellular localization and trafficking, identification of allosteric modulators, and increasing evidence for an important role in brain function. Although all three subtypes activate the same G(q/11) signaling pathway, they also appear to interact with different protein binding partners. Recent evidence suggests they may also form dimers, and may initiate independent signals through pathways yet to be clearly elucidated. Thus, this subfamily represents a common phenomenon of a group of similar but non-identical receptor subtypes activated by the same neurotransmitter, whose individual functional roles remain to be clearly established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hague
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stone EA, Lin Y, Rosengarten H, Kramer HK, Quartermain D. Emerging evidence for a central epinephrine-innervated alpha 1-adrenergic system that regulates behavioral activation and is impaired in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1387-99. [PMID: 12813473 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, most basic and clinical research on depression is focused on either central serotonergic, noradrenergic, or dopaminergic neurotransmission as affected by various etiological and predisposing factors. Recent evidence suggests that there is another system that consists of a subset of brain alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors innervated primarily by brain epinephrine (EPI) that potentially modulates the above three monoamine systems in parallel and plays a critical role in depression. The present review covers the evidence for this system and includes findings that brain alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are instrumental in behavioral activation, are located near the major monoamine cell groups or target areas, receive EPI as their neurotransmitter, are impaired or inhibited in depressed patients or after stress in animal models, and are restored by a number of antidepressants. This "EPI-alpha(1) system" may therefore represent a new target system for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|