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Almeida MN, Alper DP, Parikh N, De Baun H, Kammien A, Persing JA, Alperovich M. Comparison of emotional and behavioral regulation between metopic and sagittal synostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:2789-2799. [PMID: 38691155 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children with surgically corrected nonsyndromic craniosynostosis have been previously found to have neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties. Children with metopic synostosis have been described to have more difficulties than children with sagittal synostosis. This study aims to characterize the behavioral differences between children with metopic and sagittal synostosis. METHODS Children with metopic and sagittal synostosis were recruited at school age. Parents completed four separated behavioral assessments: Conners-3 (evaluation of ADHD), Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2: evaluation of autism), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 (BRIEF-2: evaluation of executive function), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL: evaluation of overall behavioral problems). Children underwent intelligence quotient (IQ) testing using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II). RESULTS There were 91 children (45 with metopic and 46 with sagittal synostosis). More children with metopic synostosis reported requiring supportive services (57.7% vs 34.7%, p = 0.02) and more reached or exceeded borderline clinical levels of two executive function subscales of the BRIEF-2 (emotion regulation index: 33.3% vs 17.4%, p = 0.05; global executive composite: 33.3% vs 17.4%, p = 0.05). Children with sagittal synostosis had higher scores on the rule-breaking and externalizing problem subscales of the CBCL. Increasing age at surgery was associated with worse executive function scores. CONCLUSIONS A relationship between suture subtype and behavioral outcomes exists at school age. More children with metopic synostosis required social services indicating more overall difficulties. Children with metopic synostosis have more specific problems with executive function, while children with sagittal synostosis had more difficulties with externalizing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Almeida
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David P Alper
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Neil Parikh
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Heloise De Baun
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alex Kammien
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John A Persing
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Alperovich
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Cristi-Montero C, Martínez-Flores R, Espinoza-Puelles JP, Doherty A, Zavala-Crichton JP, Aguilar-Farias N, Reyes-Amigo T, Salvatierra-Calderon V, Ibáñez R, Sadarangani KP. Substantial parallel mediation contribution by cognitive domains in the relationship between adolescents' physical fitness and academic achievements: the Cogni-Action Project. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1355434. [PMID: 39049947 PMCID: PMC11267617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1355434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine how cognitive domains mediate the link between fitness components, their global score (GFS), and adolescents' academic achievement (ACA) across various school subjects. Methods In this study, 1,296 adolescents aged 10-14 participated. GFS was computed by three fitness components (strength, muscular, and cardiorespiratory fitness) through the ALPHA-fitness test battery. ACA was determined by five school subjects (Language, English, Mathematics, Science, and History) and two academic scores (a) "Academic Average" (five subjects) and (b) "Academic-PISA" (Language, Mathematics, and Science). A principal component analysis was performed to establish four factors (working memory [WM], cognitive flexibility [CF], inhibitory control [IC], and fluid reasoning [FR]). A parallel mediation approach was implemented with 5,000 bootstrapped samples controlled for sex, maturity, central obesity, having breakfast before cognitive tasks, schools, and school vulnerability. Total, direct, indirect effects, and mediation percentages were estimated. Results Overall, the finding showed a full parallel mediation effect for Language (92.5%) and English (53.9%), while a partial mediation for Mathematics (43.0%), Science (43.8%), History (45.9%), "Academic Average" (50.6%), and "Academic-PISA" (51.5%). In particular, WM, IC, and FR mediated all school subjects except mathematics, where IC was not significant. CF has not mediated any relationship between GF and academic performance. Conclusion This study underscores the pivotal role of cognitive domains, specifically WM, IC, and FR, in mediating the link between physical fitness and academic performance in adolescents. These insights have relevant implications for educational and public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cristi-Montero
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ricardo Martínez-Flores
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Anya Doherty
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Aguilar-Farias
- Department of Physical Education, Sports, and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Tomas Reyes-Amigo
- Observatorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Vanessa Salvatierra-Calderon
- Instituto Nacional del Fútbol, Deporte y Actividad Física (INAF), Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la actividad física y deportes. Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
| | - Romualdo Ibáñez
- Instituto de Literatura y Ciencias del Lenguaje, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Millennium Nucleus for the Science of Learning (MiNSoL), Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Kabir P. Sadarangani
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Estrada-Prat X, Estrada E, Tor J, Mezzatesta M, Aranbarri A, Aizpitarte A, Butjosa A, Albiac N, Fabrega M, Haro JM, Pineda II, Alda JA, Virgili C, Camprodon E, Dolz M, Keating C, Via E. Caregiver-reported emotional-behavioral symptoms in Spanish youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03364-4. [PMID: 38982168 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic stressors affected youth's mental health. This longitudinal study aims to explore these effects while considering predictive factors such as age and sex. METHODS An initial sample of 1502 caregivers answered a longitudinal survey evaluating their youths' (4-17 years of age) emotional/behavioral symptoms using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) screening tool. First assessment in May-July 2020 included the prior year's retrospective (TR) and since-lockdown-start (T0) PSC, followed by monthly evaluations until February 2021. RESULTS A positive screening PSC (PSC+) was reported in 13.09% of cases at TR and 35.01% at T0, but the likelihood of PSC+ quickly decreased over time. At T0, a more pronounced impact was found on children (39.7%) compared to adolescents (25.4%); male children exhibited higher risk for a PSC+ at T0 and longitudinally than females. Adolescents presented a weaker effect of time-improvement. PSC+ at TR, experienced stressors, and caregiver's stress/depressive symptoms positively predicted PSC+ at T0 and longitudinally; adolescents' unproductive coping style predicted PSC+ at T0. CONCLUSION: The study shows a caregiver-reported increase in emotional/behavioral symptoms in youths during the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting predominantly younger children in the early stages and showing gradual improvement over time, albeit possibly slower in adolescents. IMPACT The results show the anticipated surge in emotional and behavioral symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown in youth reported by caregivers, followed by subsequent amelioration. Of greater significance, the study reveals a heightened impact on young children initially, yet it suggests a slower improvement trajectory in adolescents. The study also identifies risk factors linked to emotional and behavioral symptoms within each age group. Alongside the longitudinal approach, the authors underscore the remarkable inclusion of a significant representation of young children, an unusual feature in such surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Estrada-Prat
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eduardo Estrada
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordina Tor
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Marcela Mezzatesta
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Aritz Aranbarri
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alazne Aizpitarte
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anna Butjosa
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Albiac
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marina Fabrega
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Immaculada Insa Pineda
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jose A Alda
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carles Virgili
- Independent researcher in collaboration with the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Camprodon
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Montserrat Dolz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlotte Keating
- Independent researcher in collaboration with the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Via
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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Bogataj Š, Pajek M, Kren A, Kurnik Mesarič K, Pajek J. Randomized Controlled Trial of Intradialytic Cognitive and Physical Training to Enhance Functional Capacity. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:2028-2036. [PMID: 39081752 PMCID: PMC11284388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hemodialysis (HD) patients frequently experience cognitive and physical impairments due to various factors, including age, comorbidities, and the demanding nature of the treatment. This study explores the impact of a 12 week integrated cognitive and physical training program on the functional capacity of patients on HD. Methods A single blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 44 patients on HD. Participants were divided into an experimental (EXP) group that received a combined intervention of intradialytic cycling and cognitive training, and a control (CON) group receiving standard HD treatment. The Trail Making Test (TMT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and TUG dual task test (TUG-dual) were conducted before and after the intervention. Results The EXP group demonstrated significant improvements in cognitive function, as evidenced by decreased TMT completion times (TMTA: -3.6 s, P = 0.006; TMTB: -14.0 s, P < 0.001; TMTB - TMTA: -10.4 s, P = 0.004). In contrast, the CON group experienced a significant decline in TMTA and TMTB. In addition, the EXP group exhibited enhanced mobility, with reduced TUG completion times (-0.8 s, P < 0.001) and improved cognitive motor performance in the TUG-dual (-1.0 s, P < 0.001), whereas the CON group showed no significant changes. Conclusion This study demonstrates that a 12 week combined cognitive and physical training program during HD sessions significantly enhances cognitive function and mobility in patients on HD. These findings suggest that integrated interventions can mitigate functional declines in this population and improve their overall quality of life. Further research with larger samples and active control groups is warranted to confirm and expand upon these promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Bogataj
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Pajek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aljaž Kren
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Novo mesto, Novo mesto, Slovenia
| | - Katja Kurnik Mesarič
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Pajek
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Huang H, Huang D, Luo C, Qiu Z, Zheng J. Abnormalities of regional brain activity and executive function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: A cross-sectional and longitudinal resting-state functional MRI study. Neuroradiology 2024; 66:1093-1104. [PMID: 38668803 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-024-03368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We decided to track changes in regional brain activity and executive function in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients based on cross-sectional and longitudinal designs and sought potential imaging features for follow-up observation. METHODS Thirty-two TLE patients and thirty-three healthy controls (HCs) were recruited to detect changes in fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) and to evaluate executive function both at baseline and at two-year (23.3 ± 8.3 months) follow-up. Moreover, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) was used for follow-up observation. RESULTS TLE patients displayed lower fALFF values in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and higher ReHo values in the left putamen (PUT) relative to the HCs. Longitudinal analysis revealed that TLE patients at follow-up exhibited higher fALFF values in the left postcentral gyrus (PoCG), higher ReHo values in the left PoCG and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), lower ReHo values in the bilateral PUT and the right fusiform gyrus (FFG) compared with these patients at baseline. The executive function was impaired in TLE patients but didn't deteriorate over time. No correlations were discovered between regional brain activity and executive function. The MVPA based on ReHo performed well in differentiating the follow-up group from the baseline group. CONCLUSION We revealed the abnormalities in regional brain activity and executive function as well as their longitudinal trends in TLE patients. The ReHo might be a good imaging feature for follow-up observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dongying Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Cuimi Luo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhuoyan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinou Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Nagasawa K, Matsumura K, Uchida T, Suzuki Y, Nishimura A, Okubo M, Igeta Y, Kobayashi T, Sakurai T, Mori Y. Global cognition and executive functions of older adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus without dementia. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:922-930. [PMID: 38525910 PMCID: PMC11215676 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION This study aimed to characterize the global cognition and executive functions of older adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus in comparison with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 37 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus aged ≥65 years and 37 age- and sex-matched patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with dementia scoring <24 on the Mini-Mental State Examination were excluded. General cognition, memory, classic, and practical executive function were investigated. RESULTS Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus demonstrated lower psychomotor speed scores on Trail Making Tests A and B (P < 0.001, P < 0.013) than those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The dysexecutive syndrome behavioral assessment revealed similar results in patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised verbal episodic memory and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Japanese version were similar in terms of general cognition, but worse delayed recall subset on the latter was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (P = 0.038). A worse Trail Making Test-A performance was associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus and age (P < 0.004, P < 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Executive function of psychomotor speed was worse in older outpatient adults without dementia with type 1 diabetes mellitus than in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus but with no significant differences in the comprehensive and practical behavioral assessment of dysexecutive syndrome. Patients with type 1 diabetes had more severely impaired executive function, whereas those with type 2 had greater impaired memory than executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Nagasawa
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismToranomon HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Kimio Matsumura
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismToranomon HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Takayasu Uchida
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismToranomon HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Yuya Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismToranomon HospitalTokyoJapan
| | | | - Minoru Okubo
- Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchTokyoJapan
| | | | | | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Prevention and Care Science, Research InstituteNational Center for Geriatrics and GerontologyObuJapan
| | - Yasumichi Mori
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismToranomon HospitalTokyoJapan
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Almeida MN, Alper DP, Barrero C, Parikh N, Hauc SC, Moscarelli J, Golinko M, Persing J, Swanson J, Alperovich M. Radiographic severity is associated with worse executive function in metopic craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2024:10.1007/s00381-024-06493-7. [PMID: 38904768 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with metopic synostosis have been found to have more neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties. The variables that may affect future neurodevelopmental outcomes, including presenting morphologic severity, have not been fully studied. In the largest study to date, we aimed to assess what portends worse neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes at school age. METHODS Children 6-18 years old with surgically corrected metopic nonsyndromic craniosynostosis underwent neurocognitive testing. Parents completed behavior rating surveys about their child: Conners-3 (ADHD), Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (autism spectrum disorder), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 (BRIEF-2: executive function), and Child's Behavior Checklist (overall behavior). The endocranial bifrontal angle (EBA), adjusted EBA (aEBA), frontal angle (FA), and AI-derived metopic severity score (MSS) were determined on pre-operative CT images. Multivariate linear regressions were used to evaluate the association of age at surgery and severity. RESULTS There were 87 children who underwent neurocognitive testing (average age 10.9 ± 3.3 years) of whom 67 also completed behavioral assessments. Greater phenotypical severity of metopic synostosis (lower FA, aEBA, and EBA) was associated with worse scores on the subscales of the BRIEF-2 (executive function) and executive subscale of the Conners-3. Increasing age at surgery was associated with worse executive function subscale scores of the Conners-3 when controlling for each severity measurement and sociodemographic risk. CONCLUSION Children with greater phenotypic severity of metopic synostosis have worse executive function at school age. The majority of children with metopic synostosis have signs of ADHD. Later surgeries (greater than 12 months) may impact executive functioning, regardless of the degree of severity. Future research should aim at identifying the direct structural changes to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Almeida
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - David P Alper
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Carlos Barrero
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil Parikh
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sacha C Hauc
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jake Moscarelli
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael Golinko
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John Persing
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jordan Swanson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Alperovich
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Bahameish M, Stockman T. Short-Term Effects of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback on Working Memory. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2024; 49:219-231. [PMID: 38366274 PMCID: PMC11101506 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-024-09624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Drawing upon the well-documented impact of long-term heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) on psychophysiological responses, this study seeks to explore the short-term effects arising from a single HRVB session during and after paced breathing exercise. The research aligns with the neurovisceral integration model, emphasizing the link between heart rate variability (HRV) levels and cognitive performance. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial employing a between-subjects design was conducted with 38 participants. Each participant was assigned to either the paced breathing intervention group or the spontaneous breathing control group. The study assessed various parameters such as cardiac vagal tone, evaluated through vagally mediated HRV measures, and working memory, measured using the N-back task. Additionally, participants' affective states were assessed through self-reported questionnaires, specifically targeting attentiveness, fatigue, and serenity. The results notably reveal enhancements in the working memory task and an elevated state of relaxation and attention following the HRVB session, as evidenced by higher averages of correct responses, serenity and attentiveness scores. However, the findings suggest that this observed improvement is not influenced by changes in cardiac vagal tone, as assessed using a simple mediation analysis. In conclusion, this study presents promising insights into the impact of a single HRVB session, laying the foundation for future research advancements in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Bahameish
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Tony Stockman
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Legarra-Gorgoñon G, García-Alonso Y, Ramírez-Vélez R, Alonso-Martínez L, Izquierdo M, Alonso-Martínez AM. Assessing basic motor competences, physical fitness, and executive function in 4-5-year-old children: a longitudinal study in a primary care setting. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:108. [PMID: 38816854 PMCID: PMC11140973 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the progression of physical fitness (PF), basic motor competence (BMC), and executive function (EF) over one year in children aged 4-5 years at a health center. METHODS In this longitudinal analysis, children's BMC was evaluated using the MOBAK KG test for object and self-movement. The PREFIT Battery gauged PF through handgrip strength, standing long jump, and other fitness measures, while the Early Years Toolbox appraised EF. RESULTS Adjustments for confounding factors showed notable improvements in BMC, particularly in object movement (OM; mean difference 0.789, p = 0.044) and self-movement (SM; mean difference 0.842, p = 0.037), with overall MOBAK scores also increasing (mean difference 1.632, p = 0.018). Enhancements in the standing long jump (mean difference 9.036 cm, p = 0.014) and EF tasks "Mr. Ant" (mean difference 0.669, p < 0.001) and "Go/No-Go" (mean difference 0.120, p < 0.001) were evident, signifying substantial BMC gains and some progress in PF and EF. CONCLUSION This research underscores the positive impact of regular training on BMC and PF in young children. Significant BMC development and associated improvements in PF and EF over the study period highlight the importance of structured activities in early childhood. These findings advocate for standardized training programs to enhance childhood health and encourage active lifestyles. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05741879. Registered February 14, 2023, Version 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizka Legarra-Gorgoñon
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
| | - Yesenia García-Alonso
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
| | - Loreto Alonso-Martínez
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avenida de Barañain s/n, Pamplona (Navarra), 31008, Spain.
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alicia M Alonso-Martínez
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona (Navarra), España
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10
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Li P, Alhumaid MM, Wang H, Li H, Zhao S. Correlation research on physical activity and executive function in female college students with subclinical depression. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1403471. [PMID: 38835550 PMCID: PMC11148427 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1403471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers have found that there may be a correlation between physical activity, executive function, and depression for college students with depression. However, there is limited information available regarding the relationship and interaction between subclinical depression, physical activity, and executive function among college students with subclinical depression. The purpose of this study is to assess the correlation and interaction between subclinical depression, physical activity, and executive function in female college students with subclinical depression. The ActiGraph GT3X was utilized to measure physical activity time, and the colour-word Stroop task was employed to evaluate the executive function of the participants. The findings revealed that female college students with subclinical depression had a significantly lower time for moderate-intensity physical activity compared to healthy female college students. Additionally, the subclinical depression group took significantly longer to complete the colour-word Stroop task compared to the healthy group of female college students. The results of correlation and mediation analyses suggest a negative correlation between BDI-II scores and physical activity time and executive function in female college students with subclinical depression. Moreover, executive function appears to play a partial mediating role in the relationship between physical activity and subclinical depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, China
| | - Majed M Alhumaid
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Li
- College of Sport, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China
| | - Shanguang Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Kassie SA, Astell AJ. Reimagining neuroscientific and andragogical principles for dementia care education. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38754018 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2024.2346741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This article aims to explore the integration of Louis Cozolino's (2013) andragogical strategies with the tenets of person-centered dementia care practices to enhance dementia care education. The article examines the multiple dimensions of learning in adulthood, highlighting the role of neural plasticity and lifelong brain adaptation in shaping learning and experiential strategies. This in-depth evaluation underscores the significance of tailoring andragogical approaches to the needs of adult learners, who, in this context, are care providers for persons with dementia. This is done through proper understanding of the neurobiological realities and the unique learning needs of adults. Such tailored approaches can be aligned with the brain's adaptive nature by recognizing the intricate interplay of cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions. Highlighting the need for including lessons on the person-centered approach in dementia care education, the paper argues that adult learners - who are essentially part of the dementia care workforce - first need to learn, appreciate, and embrace the approach before applying it in their caregiving practices. This article presents an overarching argument that integration of Cozolino's principles of adult learning with tenets of person-centered dementia care could provide a robust framework for dementia care education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seada A Kassie
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arlene J Astell
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Occupational Sciences and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Sasaninezhad M, Moradi A, Farahimanesh S, Choobin MH, Almasi-Dooghaee M. Enhancing cognitive flexibility and working memory in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: Exploring the impact of virtual reality on daily life activities. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 56:32-39. [PMID: 38211369 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) serving as a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. This study aimed to explore the impact of virtual reality (VR) on enhancing cognitive flexibility, working memory, and daily life activities. Forty participants diagnosed with MCI were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (N = 20) or a control group (N = 20). Evaluations were at baseline, post-training, and three months post-training using various cognitive assessment tools. Results showed that the VR-based cognitive rehabilitation significantly improved instrumental activities of daily living performance, visual and verbal working memory, and reduced anxiety and depression symptoms. While cognitive flexibility did not exhibit significant improvement, these findings highlight VR interventions as a potential avenue for improving cognitive and functional aspects, and alleviating psychological symptoms in individuals with MCI. Further research with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods is recommended to establish the long-term effectiveness of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Kharazmi University, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sharareh Farahimanesh
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Choobin
- Kharazmi University, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Almasi-Dooghaee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Bombonato C, Del Lucchese B, Ruffini C, Di Lieto MC, Brovedani P, Sgandurra G, Cioni G, Pecini C. Far Transfer Effects of Trainings on Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:98-133. [PMID: 36633797 PMCID: PMC10920464 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Executive Functions are a set of interrelated, top-down processes essential for adaptive goal-directed behaviour, frequently impaired across different neurodevelopmental disorders with variable degrees of severity. Many executive-function-training studies in children with neurodevelopmental disorders have focused on near effects, investigating post-treatment improvements on directly trained processes, while enhancements of skills not directly trained, defined as far effects, are less considered, albeit these could be extremely relevant for reducing the negative impact of a disorder's core symptomatology. This systematic review and metanalysis aims to investigate the far effect outcomes after EF training in children with different types of neurodevelopmental disorders. 17 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, while 15 studies were selected in the metanalysis. An overall statistically significant effect size was found in the majority of far effect outcome measures considered in the studies. In particular, trainings on executive functions determine significant far effects on daily life functioning (0.46, 95% CI: [0.05-0.87]) and clinical symptoms (0.33, 95% CI: [0.15-0.51]). Despite a high variability of the results, intensity, frequency and the laboratory/life contexts dimension seem to be the most influential variables in determining far effects. This systematic review and metanalysis highlights the need to measure far effects of executive function training in neurodevelopmental disorders, selecting treatments not only on directly targeted processes, but also according to far impacts on the functional weakness of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bombonato
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
- Tuscan Programme of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Pisa and Siena, Italy
| | - Benedetta Del Lucchese
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
- Tuscan Programme of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Pisa and Siena, Italy
| | - Costanza Ruffini
- Department of Education, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology (FORLIPSI), University of Florence, Languages, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Di Lieto
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Brovedani
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sgandurra
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Pecini
- Department of Education, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology (FORLIPSI), University of Florence, Languages, Florence, Italy
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14
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Raudeniece J, Vanags E, Justamente I, Skara D, Fredriksen PM, Brownlee I, Reihmane D. Relations between the levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity, BMI, dietary habits, cognitive functions and attention problems in 8 to 9 years old pupils: network analysis (PACH Study). BMC Public Health 2024; 24:544. [PMID: 38383413 PMCID: PMC10882845 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) and dietary habits (DH) play a crucial role on quality of life and health outcomes from various aspects. METHODS This study aims to investigate the relations between recommended daily levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in 8 to 9 year old pupils, and their body mass index (BMI), DH, cognitive functions and attention problem scores by network analysis. Study participants were split into two groups based on their MVPA levels on weekdays. RESULTS Our findings suggest that children who reach recommended MVPA levels consume more vegetables and fruits, eat breakfast more frequently, have better motor speed and lower impulsivity score. CONCLUSIONS The number of interlinkages between various parameters in network structure for children who do not reach recommended MVPA levels is greater and more intense, highlighting the differences between the groups and suggesting that different interventions and approaches to improve/change lifestyle habits might be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Raudeniece
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Art, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Ilze Justamente
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Dana Skara
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Art, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Per Morten Fredriksen
- Department of Biotechology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2318, Hamar, Norway
| | - Iain Brownlee
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Dace Reihmane
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.
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15
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Wu R, Kong S, Kang SJ. Physical Activity Is Associated with Physical Fitness and Executive Function among School Children in the Jiangxi Region of China. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 11:42. [PMID: 38255356 PMCID: PMC10814843 DOI: 10.3390/children11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that a positive relationship exists between physical activity (PA), physical fitness, and cognitive function in children and adolescents. However, research remains limited on the relationship among these three variables in Chinese individuals not living in big cities or specific regions. Therefore, this study investigated the association of PA with physical fitness and cognitive function (specifically, executive function) among 1100 children aged 9-12 years living in the Jiangxi region of China. Participants' PA levels were measured using the PA questionnaire for older children. Physical fitness was assessed based on cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body mass index (BMI). Executive function was assessed using the Behavior Rating in Inventory of Executive Function questionnaire. Data were analyzed using one-way analyses of variance, Scheffé tests, one-way analyses of covariance, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The results showed that PA is significantly associated (p < 0.01) with cardiorespiratory endurance (r = 0.460), muscular endurance (r = 0.270), muscle strength (r = 0.190), BMI (r = -0.114), and executive function (r = -0.140). Moreover, all components of physical fitness and executive function differed significantly based on PA level, with and without age and sex as covariates (p < 0.05). Overall, our results highlight the importance of higher PA levels during childhood to improve physical fitness and cognitive function. Including the goal of improving health-related fitness factors, such as cardiorespiratory endurance and muscle strength, is particularly important in PA programs for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renle Wu
- College of Physical Education, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China;
| | - Sunga Kong
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Suh-Jung Kang
- Sports and Health Care Major, College of Culture and Arts, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
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16
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Novikov NI, Brazhnik ES, Kitchigina VF. Pathological Correlates of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease: From Molecules to Neural Networks. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1890-1904. [PMID: 38105206 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and appearance of protein aggregates (Lewy bodies) consisting predominantly of α-synuclein in neurons. PD is currently recognized as a multisystem disorder characterized by severe motor impairments and various non-motor symptoms. Cognitive decline is one of the most common and worrisome non-motor symptoms. Moderate cognitive impairments (CI) are diagnosed already at the early stages of PD, usually transform into dementia. The main types of CI in PD include executive dysfunction, attention and memory decline, visuospatial impairments, and verbal deficits. According to the published data, the following mechanisms play an essential role demonstrates a crucial importance in the decline of the motor and cognitive functions in PD: (1) changes in the conformational structure of transsynaptic proteins and protein aggregation in presynapses; (2) synaptic transmission impairment; (3) neuroinflammation (pathological activation of the neuroglia); (4) mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress; (5) metabolic disorders (hypometabolism of glucose, dysfunction of glycolipid metabolism; and (6) functional rearrangement of neuronal networks. These changes can lead to the death of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra and affect the functioning of other neurotransmitter systems, thus disturbing neuronal networks involved in the transmission of information related to the regulation of motor activity and cognitive functions. Identification of factors causing detrimental changes in PD and methods for their elimination will help in the development of new approaches to the therapy of PD. The goal of this review was to analyze pathological processes that take place in the brain and underlie the onset of cognitive disorders in PD, as well as to describe the impairments of cognitive functions in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I Novikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Elena S Brazhnik
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Valentina F Kitchigina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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17
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Gilmour AM, MacDonald MJ, Cox A, Fairclough SJ, Tyler R. Investigating Ecological Momentary Assessed Physical Activity and Core Executive Functions in 18- to 24-Year-Old Undergraduate Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6944. [PMID: 37887683 PMCID: PMC10606779 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence for young children (<10) and older adults (>64) highlights an association between physical activity (PA) and executive functions (EFs), there is a paucity of research on adolescents aged 18-24 years. Thus, this study examined the associations between PA and EF and the difference in EF between individuals who achieve the moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) guidelines and those who do not. Forty-seven participants engaged in a Stroop task, a reverse Corsi-block test, and a task-switching test, to measure inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, respectively. An ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used to determine the participant's MVPA and step count, through the "Pathverse" app. Multiple regressions were run to predict the task-switch cost, the Stroop effect, and the backward Corsi span from time spent in MVPA. A two-way ANCOVA examined the effects of achieving the MVPA guidelines on EF. MVPA and step count did not significantly predict EF. There were no significant differences in EF between participants achieving the MVPA guidelines and those that did not. Time spent in MVPA and step count were not significantly associated with working memory, cognitive flexibility, or inhibition in adolescents. Further research is warranted to understand other factors that may significantly affect EF, within and outside an individual's control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayva-Mae Gilmour
- Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK; (M.J.M.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Mhairi J. MacDonald
- Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK; (M.J.M.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Ashley Cox
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Stuart J. Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK; (M.J.M.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Richard Tyler
- Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK; (M.J.M.); (S.J.F.)
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18
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Pelosi C, Kauling RM, Cuypers JAAE, Utens EMWJ, van den Bosch AE, Kardys I, Bogers AJJC, Helbing WA, Roos-Hesselink JW, Legerstee JS. Executive functioning of patients with congenital heart disease: 45 years after surgery. Clin Res Cardiol 2023; 112:1417-1426. [PMID: 37031447 PMCID: PMC10562274 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-023-02187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, more than 90% of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) reach adulthood. However, long-term impact on neurodevelopment and executive functioning in adults with CHD are not completely understood. PURPOSE To investigate the self- and informant-reported executive functioning in adults with CHD operated in childhood. MATERIAL AND METHODS Longitudinal study of a cohort of patients (n = 194, median age: 49.9 [46.1-53.8]) who were operated in childhood (< 15 years old) between 1968 and 1980 (median follow-up time: 45 [40-53] years) for one of the following diagnoses: atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis (PS), tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) or transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A) questionnaire was used to assess self- and informant-reported executive functioning. RESULTS 40-53 years after surgery, the CHD group did show significantly better executive functioning compared to the norm data. No significant difference was found between mild CHD (ASD, VSD and PS) and moderate/severe CHD (ToF and TGA). Higher education, NYHA class 1 and better exercise capacity were associated with better self-reported executive functioning, whereas females or patients taking psychiatric or cardiac medications reported worse executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest favorable outcomes (comparable to normative data) regarding executive functioning in adults with CHD, both self- and informant-reported. However, further study is warranted to explore more in detail the different cognitive domains of executive functioning in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pelosi
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R M Kauling
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A A E Cuypers
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M W J Utens
- Academic Center for Child Psychiatry Levvel, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - I Kardys
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J J C Bogers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W A Helbing
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen S Legerstee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Mao F, Xu Z, Li Y, Huang Y, Lu Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Cao F. Maternal Impaired Cognition and Infant Neglect: Exploring the Independent and Combined Effects of Maternal Executive Function and Reflective Function. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:8316-8331. [PMID: 36803048 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231154940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infant neglect is a common type of child maltreatment. According to the Social Information Processing theory, maternal executive function (EF) and reflective function (RF) are assumed to be important contributing factors to infant neglect. However, empirical evidence about this assumption is sparse. This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 1010 eligible women participated. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version, Parental Reflective Function Questionnaire, and Signs of Neglect in Infants Assessment Scale (SIGN) were used to assess maternal EF, RF, and infant neglect, respectively. Random forest was used to assess the relevant importance of maternal EF and RF. K-means clustering was used to identify the profiles of maternal EF and RF. Multivariable linear regression and generalized additive models were used to examine the independent and combined effects of maternal EF and RF on infant neglect. Each dimension of EF was linearly related to infant neglect. The associations between each dimension of RF and infant neglect were nonlinear. The inflection point for each dimension of RF was indicated. Random forest showed EF was more closely related to infant neglect. EF and RF had accumulative effects on infant neglect. Three profiles were identified. Among them, those with globally impaired EF had the highest level of infant neglect compared with those who had normal cognition or only impaired RF. Maternal EF and RF had independent and combined effects on infant neglect. Interventions with maternal EF and RF as targets are promising for reducing infant neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiang Mao
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Zhaojuan Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Li
- The University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | | | - Yane Lu
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Fleischmann E, Dalkner N, Fellendorf FT, Bengesser SA, Lenger M, Birner A, Queissner R, Platzer M, Tmava-Berisha A, Maget A, Wagner-Skacel J, Stross T, Schmiedhofer F, Smolle S, Painold A, Reininghaus EZ. The Big Five as Predictors of Cognitive Function in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050773. [PMID: 37239245 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The connection between cognitive function and the "Big Five" personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) in the general population is well known; however, studies researching bipolar disorder (BD) are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the Big Five as predictors of executive function, verbal memory, attention, and processing speed in euthymic individuals with BD (cross-sectional: n = 129, including time point t1; longitudinal: n = 35, including t1 and t2). Participants completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Color and Word Interference Test, the Trail Making Test, the d2 Test of Attention Revised, and the California Verbal Learning Test. The results showed a significant negative correlation between executive function and neuroticism at t1. Changes in cognitive function between t1 and t2 did not correlate with and could not be predicted by the Big Five at t1. Additionally, worse executive function at t2 was predicted by higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness at t1, and high neuroticism was a predictor of worse verbal memory at t2. The Big Five might not strongly impact cognitive function over short periods; however, they are significant predictors of cognitive function. Future studies should include a higher number of participants and more time in between points of measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fleischmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Frederike T Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Susanne A Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Armin Birner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Robert Queissner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Martina Platzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Adelina Tmava-Berisha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Alexander Maget
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Jolana Wagner-Skacel
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stross
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Franziska Schmiedhofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Stefan Smolle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Annamaria Painold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Styria, Austria
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Krell J, Dolecki PK, Todd A. School-Based Neurofeedback Training for Sustained Attention. J Atten Disord 2023:10870547231168430. [PMID: 37122234 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231168430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether in situ neurofeedback training can be used as a tool to build sustained attention in the general student population and whether gains in attention translate to more effective work habits and learning skills. METHOD Students participated in attention training game-based neurofeedback in situ for a period of 35 sessions of 25 min each. The study was built as a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. RESULTS This study supports that classroom-based neurofeedback may be an effective tool to build sustained attention and translate these gains into observable work habits and learning behaviors including planning and organization. CONCLUSION Neurofeedback has shown specificity in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Published research has not, however, focused on its efficacy in developing attentional capacities in the general population. The promising results of this exploratory investigation warrant further applied research.
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22
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Cognitive Dysfunction, an Increasingly Valued Long-Term Impairment in Acromegaly. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062283. [PMID: 36983284 PMCID: PMC10058029 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic disease caused by the overproduction of growth hormone (GH) and accompanying insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is often caused by GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. In addition to its somatic burden, a growing number of studies have found that patients suffering from acromegaly exhibit psychosocial and personality changes. Over the past 70 years, there has been increasing interest in the cognitive impairment and neuropsychological issues of patients with acromegaly, and a variety of neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests have been used to measure cognitive changes in patients. The impact of disease progression status, treatment modalities, and various comorbidities on cognitive function and the mechanisms of cognitive impairment in patients with acromegaly are therefore outlined in this review. Multidisciplinary assessment has important implications for the management of acromegaly, particularly in relation to cognitive function. Here, we summarize the relevant literature concerning cognitive-behavioral research on acromegaly to demonstrate the impact of long-term impairment caused by GH and IGF-1 on the cognitive behavior of patients.
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23
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Boerrigter MS, Vermeulen AM, Benard MR, van Dijk HJE, Marres HAM, Mylanus EAM, Langereis MC. Cochlear Implants or Hearing Aids: Speech Perception, Language, and Executive Function Outcomes. Ear Hear 2023; 44:411-422. [PMID: 36607737 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether children with severe hearing loss (HL) who use hearing aids (HAs) may experience added value in the perception of speech, language development, and executive function (EF) compared to children who are hard of hearing (HH) or children who are deaf and who use cochlear implants (CIs) and would benefit from CIs over HAs. The results contribute to the ongoing debate concerning CI criteria. We addressed the following research question to achieve this aim: Do children who are HH or deaf with CIs perform better than children with severe HL with HAs with respect to auditory speech perception, and receptive vocabulary and/or EF? DESIGN We compared two groups of children with severe HL, profound HL or deafness, with CIs or HAs, matched for gender, test age (range, 8 to 15 years), socioeconomic status, and nonverbal intelligence quotient. Forty-three children had CIs (pure-tone average at 2000 and 4000 Hz >85 dB HL), and 27 children had HAs (mean pure-tone average: 69 dB HL). We measured speech perception at the conversational level (65 dB SPL) and the soft speech perception level (45 dB SPL). We established receptive vocabulary using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III-NL. We tested EF using the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System battery and the Dutch Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. We employed the Mann-Whitney U test to compare data between the CI and HA groups. We used Chi-square goodness of fit tests to contrast the CI and HA group distributions with the norm data of children who are typically developing (TD). We harnessed Kendall's Tau-b to investigate relationships between the study variables. RESULTS Both groups of children, with CIs and Has, obtained ceiling scores for perception of speech on a conversational level. However, the HA group exhibited significantly lower perception on a soft speech level scores (68 %) than the CI group (87%). No difference was present between the receptive vocabulary distributions of the CI and HA groups. The median receptive vocabulary standard scores for both groups were well within the normal range (CI group: 93; HA group: 96). In addition, we did not find any difference in EF between the CI and HA groups. For planning and verbal memory, the distributions of observed scores for children with CIs were different from the expected distributions of children who are TD. In both groups, a large proportion of children obtained below-average scores for planning (CI: 44%; HA: 33%) and for long-term verbal memory (CI: 44%; HA: 35%). In the HA group, perception at a soft speech level was associated with receptive vocabulary and planning. In the CI group, we did not find any associations. CONCLUSIONS Both groups of children with severe and profound HL with HAs exhibit less favorable auditory perception on the soft speech level, but not at a conversational level, compared to children who are HH or deaf with CIs. Both groups, children with CIs and HAs, only exhibit more problems in planning and verbal memory than the norm groups of children who are TD. The results indicate that to obtain age-appropriate levels of receptive vocabulary and EF, the perception at the soft speech level is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Sanne Boerrigter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Henri A M Marres
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel A M Mylanus
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet C Langereis
- Pento Speech and Hearing Centers, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Sint-Michielsgestel, The Netherlands
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Moradi Siah Afshadi M, Amiri S, Talebi H. Examining the structural equation modeling between intrinsic-motivation, emotion regulation and AHDH: the mediating role of problem-solving, time-management, and behavioral-inhibition. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 43:1-15. [PMID: 36820196 PMCID: PMC9931447 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Although Executive Functions has been considered as the main correlation of ADHD few studies have examined the effect of EFs on ADHD symptoms, in the samples with ADHD. This study aimed to examine the structure of EFs on ADHD students in a hypothesized model. After careful screening of ADHD among 1368 university students (with stratified and multistage cluster sampling), out of them, 211 students with ADHD diagnosis were selected purposefully. They received scales on their emotion regulation, motivation, adult ADHD, deficits in EFs, and diagnostic interview. Emotion regulation and intrinsic motivation were considered as input; behavioral-inhibition, time-management, and problem-solving were the mediators and ADHD subscales were as the output variables. Results showed that the model adequately fit the data. The model fit indices were χ2 = 27.081, df = 1, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.97, and PGFI = 0.02. The direct effects of intrinsic-motivation and emotion-regulation on all three mediators and indirect effects of them to ADHD subscales were significant. Based on the results, time-management mediated the relationship between motivation and emotion regulation and ADHD. Among EFs, emotion-regulation and intrinsic-motivation had fundamental influence to other aspects of EFs factors such as behavioral-inhibition, time-management, problem-solving, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Moradi Siah Afshadi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jarib Street, Azady Square, Isfahan, 8174673441 Iran
| | - Shole Amiri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jarib Street, Azady Square, Isfahan, 8174673441 Iran
| | - Hooshang Talebi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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25
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Zhu F, Zhu X, Bi X, Kuang D, Liu B, Zhou J, Yang Y, Ren Y. Comparative effectiveness of various physical exercise interventions on executive functions and related symptoms in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1133727. [PMID: 37033046 PMCID: PMC10080114 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1133727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical exercise has been recommended as an important nonpharmacological therapeutic strategy for managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to assess the comparative impact of different physical exercise modalities on enhancing executive functions (EFs) and alleviating symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, CNKI, and clinical trials databases from inception to October 20, 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies investigating physical exercise for ADHD-related symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, and executive functions were included. The frequentist random-effect NMA method was applied to pool the results. Results A total of 59 studies (including 39 RCTs, 5 quasi-RCTs, and 15 self-controlled trials) published between 1983 and 2022 were incorporated into the systematic review, of which 44 studies with 1757 participants were eligible for meta-analysis. All types of physical exercise were effective in improving EFs (SMD = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.46), and open-skill activities which require participants to react in a dynamically changing and externally paced environment induced the most incredible benefits for executive functions (SUCRA = 98.0%, SMD = 1.96, and 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.77). Subgroup analyses for EFs revealed varied findings that open-skill activities were the most promising physical exercise type for improving inhibitory control (SUCRA = 99.1%, SMD = 1.94, and 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.64), and closed-skill activities dominated by aerobic exercises had a slightly higher probability of being the most promising physical exercise intervention for working memory (SUCRA = 75.9%, SMD = 1.21, and 95% CI: -0.22 to 2.65), and multicomponent physical exercise tended to be the most effective in cognitive flexibility (SUCRA = 70.3%, SMD = 1.44, and 95% CI: -0.19 to 3.07). Regarding ADHD-related symptoms, closed-skill activities dominated by aerobic exercises might be more advantageous for hyperactivity/impulsivity (SUCRA = 72.5%, SMD = -1.60, and 95% CI: -3.02 to -0.19) and inattention (SUCRA = 96.3%, SMD = -1.51, and 95% CI: -2.33 to -0.69) improvement. Conclusion Physical exercise can significantly help to alleviate the symptoms of ADHD and improve executive functions in children and adolescents with ADHD. Most of all, to promote adherence to treatment, they should be encouraged to perform the physical exercises that they enjoy most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bi
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqing Kuang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Liu
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanchun Ren
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanchun Ren,
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Self- and informant-reported executive function in young adults operated for atrial or ventricular septal defects in childhood. Cardiol Young 2022; 32:1917-1924. [PMID: 34991743 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951121005151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with simple congenital heart defects (CHD) have increased risk of neurodevelopmental challenges including executive dysfunction. It is unknown if the executive dysfunction is universal or if it is driven by dysfunction in specific clinical subscales and how it might affect psychosocial aspects of everyday life. METHODS The self-reported and informant-reported executive function of adults with an average age of 26 ± 5 (range 18-41) who underwent childhood surgery for atrial septal defects (n = 34) or ventricular septal defects (n = 32) and matched controls (n = 40) were evaluated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions - Adult version (BRIEF-A). RESULTS The CHD group reported having more executive dysfunction than controls in all BRIEF-A clinical subscales (p < 0.020) and more than their informants reported on their behalf (p < 0.006). The CHD group had received three times more special teaching (44% compared to 16%) and pedagogical psychological counselling (14% compared to none) and had a three times higher occurrence of psychiatric disorders than controls (33% compared to 11%). Lower educational levels and psychiatric disorders were associated with higher BRIEF-A scores (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Adults operated for septal defects in childhood report more challenges with all aspects of the executive functions than controls and more than relatives are aware of.
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Wagner AC, Ozturk S, Thai M, Westervelt A, Reigstad K, Cullen KR, Gunlicks-Stoessel M, Klimes-Dougan B. Executive functioning as a predictor of response to interpersonal psychotherapy in adolescents with depression: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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28
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Wu L, Chen Y, Liu X, Fang P, Feng T, Sun K, Ren L, Liang W, Lu H, Lin X, Li Y, Wang L, Li C, Zhang T, Ni C, Wu S. The influence of job burnout on the attention ability of army soldiers and officers: Evidence from ERP. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:992537. [PMID: 36419460 PMCID: PMC9676458 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.992537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Job burnout is one of the most widespread mental problems in today's society and seriously affects the mental health and combat effectiveness of soldiers and officers. Herein, the effect of burnout on individual attention is studied from the perspective of neuroelectrophysiology. A total of 1,155 army soldiers and officers were included in this investigation and completed the Job Burnout Scale for Military Personnel. A total of 42 soldiers and officers were randomly selected from those with and without burnout to participate in an event-related potential (ERP) study using a visual oddball task. The characteristics of visual P3a and P3b at Fz, FCz, Cz, CPz, and Pz were recorded and analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). P < 0.05 was the criterion for a significant difference. The total average score on the Job Burnout Scale for Military Personnel among the participants was 0.74 ± 0.46, and the detection rate of job burnout was 29.85%. In the Oddball task, the average number of target stimuli counted in the burnout group was lower than that in the control group, but no significant difference was found. For P3a, the Fz, FCz, Cz, CPz, and Pz amplitudes in the burnout group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The average amplitude of P3a evoked in the central parietal area was larger than that in the prefrontal area. For P3b, the amplitudes of the five electrodes in the burnout group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The average amplitude of P3b evoked in the parietal region was larger than those in the prefrontal and central parietal regions. A certain degree of job burnout is evident in army soldiers and officers. The voluntary attention and involuntary attention of individuals with burnout are both affected to some extent, as reflected by the lower amplitudes of P3a and P3b. The results suggest that P3a and P3b can be used as indicators to monitor cognitive neural function in soldiers and officers with burnout and can also be used as references for evaluating the effects of cognitive training and screening methods. In this study, ERP was used to research the attention ability of soldiers and officers with job burnout, and related issues were discussed from the aspects of the burnout results, behavioral results, ERP results, compensation effect of cognitive resources, application in the military field, limitations, and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Nursing School, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Fang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tingwei Feng
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kewei Sun
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinxin Lin
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunping Ni
- Nursing School, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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29
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Asbee J, Kelly K, McMahan T, Parsons TD. Factor analysis of the virtual reality Stroop task. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:604-617. [PMID: 36444652 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2150749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virtual reality (VR) offers neuropsychologists high dimensional (3D) platforms for administering cognitive tasks that balance experimental control with simulations of naturalistic activities. A virtual reality version of the Stroop task, the Virtual Reality Stroop Task (VRST), was developed that leverages technological advances to enhance the ecological validity of neuropsychological assessments. The high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV) version of the VRST includes high arousal (ambush) and low arousal (safe) zones was employed in this study. This version of the VRST contains both cognitive (Stroop) and affective (arousal) components. While the VRST has been shown to have good construct validity, the factor structure has yet to be explored. This study aimed to examine the factor structure of the VRST and compare the results with a lower dimensional (2D) computer-automated Stroop task (i.e., the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics - ANAM). METHOD Data was drawn from college-aged students who completed the VRST and ANAM Stroop tasks (N = 115). Factor analyses utilized principal axis factoring (PAF), and output variables included percent of correct responses and response times the VRST and ANAM Stroop tasks. RESULTS Results indicated that both Stroop tasks had two-factor solutions. Factor one measured response times and factor two measured accuracy. While factors respective of speed and accuracy factors were correlated across assessment modalities, within assessment factor correlations were low. CONCLUSIONS The factors possibly indicated participants response styles in that they either focus on responding accurately or responding quickly to stimuli. Therefore, including throughput in future research examining either the ANAM Stroop task or VRST may provide useful insight into participant performance. Finally, because similar factor structures were observed for both the VRST and ANAM Stroop task this study provided additional support for the construct validity of a higher dimensional Stroop task, the VRST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Asbee
- Adaptive Neural Systems Group, Institute for Integrative and Innovative Research, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.,Computational Neuropsychology and Simulation (CNS) Lab, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimberly Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.,Psychoneuroimmunology Lab: (PNI) Lab, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy McMahan
- Mixed Realities (MxR) Lab, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas D Parsons
- Computational Neuropsychology and Simulation (CNS) Lab, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Grace Center, Edson College, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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30
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Sánchez-Sánchez JL, Udina C, Medina-Rincón A, Esbrí-Victor M, Bartolomé-Martín I, Moral-Cuesta D, Marín-Epelde I, Ramon-Espinoza F, Latorre MS, Idoate F, Goñi-Sarriés A, Martínez-Martínez B, Bonet RE, Librero J, Casas-Herrero Á. Effect of a multicomponent exercise program and cognitive stimulation (VIVIFRAIL-COGN) on falls in frail community older persons with high risk of falls: study protocol for a randomized multicenter control trial. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:612. [PMID: 35870875 PMCID: PMC9308197 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls represent important drivers of intrinsic capacity losses, functional limitations and reduced quality of life in the growing older adult's population, especially among those presenting with frailty. Despite exercise- and cognitive training-based interventions have shown effectiveness for reducing fall rates, evidence around their putative cumulative effects on falls and fall-related complications (such as fractures, reduced quality of life and functional limitations) in frail individuals remains scarce. The main aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness program combining an individualized exercise program and an executive function-based cognitive training (VIVIFRAIL-COGN) compared to usual care in the prevention of falls and fall-related outcomes over a 1-year follow-up. METHODS This study is designed as a four-center randomized clinical trial with a 12-week intervention period and an additional 1-year follow-up. Three hundred twenty frail or pre-frail (≥ 1 criteria of the Frailty Phenotype) older adults (≥ 75 years) with high risk of falling (defined by fall history and gait performance) will be recruited in the Falls Units of the participating centers. They will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention group (IG) or the control group (CG). The IG will participate in a home-based intervention combining the individualized Vivifrail multicomponent (aerobic, resistance, gait and balance and flexibility) exercise program and a personalized executive function-based cognitive training (VIVIFRAIL-COGN). The CG group will receive usual care delivered in the Falls Units, including the Otago Exercise Program. Primary outcome will be the incidence of falls (event rate/year) and will be ascertained by self-report during three visits (at baseline, and 6 and 12 weeks) and telephone-based contacts at 6, 9 and 12 months after randomization. Secondarily, effects on measures of physical and cognitive function, quality of life, nutritional, muscle quality and psychological status will be evaluated. DISCUSSION This trial will provide new evidence about the effectiveness of an individualized multidomain intervention by studying the effect of additive effects of cognitive training and physical exercise to prevent falls in older frail persons with high risk of falling. Compared to usual care, the combined intervention is expected to show additive effects in the reduction of the incidence of falls and associated adverse outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04911179 02/06/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Sánchez-Sánchez
- grid.7759.c0000000103580096MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain ,grid.410476.00000 0001 2174 6440Health Sciences Department, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain ,grid.411175.70000 0001 1457 2980Insitut de Viellissement, CHU Toulouse, Gerontopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristina Udina
- grid.510965.eParc Sanitari Pere Virgili, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287RE-FiT Bcn Research Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Almudena Medina-Rincón
- grid.510965.eParc Sanitari Pere Virgili, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287RE-FiT Bcn Research Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Esbrí-Victor
- grid.411839.60000 0000 9321 9781Geriatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (CHUA), Albacete, Spain
| | - Irene Bartolomé-Martín
- grid.411098.50000 0004 1767 639XGeriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara (HUG), Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Débora Moral-Cuesta
- grid.411730.00000 0001 2191 685XGeriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), C/Irunlarrea s/n 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itxaso Marín-Epelde
- grid.411730.00000 0001 2191 685XGeriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), C/Irunlarrea s/n 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Sánchez- Latorre
- grid.411730.00000 0001 2191 685XGeriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), C/Irunlarrea s/n 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Julián Librero
- grid.410476.00000 0001 2174 6440Health Sciences Department, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Casas-Herrero
- grid.410476.00000 0001 2174 6440Health Sciences Department, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain ,grid.411730.00000 0001 2191 685XGeriatrics Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), C/Irunlarrea s/n 31008, Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yu D, Li X, Lai FHY. The effect of virtual reality on executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health 2022; 27:663-673. [PMID: 35635486 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2076202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review aimed to summarize the currently available premium evidence to determine the effect of virtual reality (VR) on executive function (EF) in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to detect what level of immersive VR would be the most beneficial. METHOD Five electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched. Our research team screened the studies and extracted data according to our inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of each study was rated using the PEDro scale. When three or more studies reported the same outcome, a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4.1. RESULTS Finally, 14 randomized controlled trials with a total of 518 participants were included. VR training had an overall positive effect on cognitive flexibility, global cognitive function, attention, and short-term memory compared to the control groups. Additionally, semi-immersive VR was more effective in improving cognitive flexibility compared to the other two types of VR. The application of non-immersive level of VR had a significant effect on global cognitive function, attention, short-term memory, and cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSION VR may be effective in improving EF in older adults with MCI. However, the level of immersive VR that would be the most beneficial on EF still needs to be investigated with a greater number of well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frank Ho-Yin Lai
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, The Northumbria Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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D’Aurizio G, Tempesta D, Saporito G, Pistoia F, Socci V, Mandolesi L, Curcio G. Can Stimulus Valence Modulate Task-Switching Ability? A Pilot Study on Primary School Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116409. [PMID: 35681994 PMCID: PMC9180860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions and emotional processes follow a time-dependent development that reflects the brain’s anatomo-functional maturation. Though the assessment of these cognitive functions is largely examined, in children the role of emotions in the mental set-shifting is still rarely investigated. The aim of this study was to assess how attention shifting can be modulated by the valence of emotional stimuli. To this end, sixty-two primary school children were tested with a new emotional task-switching paradigm obtained by manipulating the emotional valence and physical features of the stimulus pool. Thus, two tasks were alternatively presented: the Valence task and the Color task. Based on executive performance results, we found a lengthening of response times and a lower accuracy in the emotionally connoted task (Valence task), compared to the neutral task (Color task). The data demonstrate that the processing of emotional stimuli modulates the task-switching performance during development. These findings could help in the implementation of teaching strategies that can promote the development of executive functions and, therefore, functionally improve the overall academic performance of children. Finally, a better understanding of the developmental trajectories of executive functions can help neuropsychologists both in the early diagnosis and treatment of potential executive alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Aurizio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (D.T.); (G.S.); (F.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Daniela Tempesta
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (D.T.); (G.S.); (F.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Gennaro Saporito
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (D.T.); (G.S.); (F.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Francesca Pistoia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (D.T.); (G.S.); (F.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Valentina Socci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (D.T.); (G.S.); (F.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities, University Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Curcio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (D.T.); (G.S.); (F.P.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0862)-433407
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Jamro D, Zurek G, Dulnik M, Lachowicz M, Lenart D. Executive Function Level in Cadets’ Shooting Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106007. [PMID: 35627544 PMCID: PMC9140879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) are crucial to a person’s unique abilities, enabling one to achieve goals, adapt to new situations and manage social interactions. EF are also very important for the effective performance of military tasks including the shooting performance (SP) of soldiers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of EF with SP and gender differences in the level of these traits among cadets of the General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces in Wroclaw i.e., 156 persons (19 females and 137 males). The level of EF and processes related to attention was measured with usage of the Color Trails Test (CTT-1 and CTT-2). SP was assessed on the basis of scores from four different small arms and rifle shootings at a fixed target and at emerging targets. The relations between explained and explanatory variables were assessed using Spearman correlation. The variation in the mean values of CTT scores and SP of men and women was compared using the Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples. The results of the present study did not reveal any significant differences between women and men in the level of EF and SP. The key finding of the present study is that the higher SP of males in all shooting events of the study and of females in pistol shooting were significantly correlated with higher executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Jamro
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Grzegorz Zurek
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Malgorzata Dulnik
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Maciej Lachowicz
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Dariusz Lenart
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.J.); (D.L.)
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Jahn FS, Skovbye M, Obenhausen K, Jespersen AE, Miskowiak KW. Cognitive training with fully immersive virtual reality in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res 2021; 300:113928. [PMID: 33857847 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment occurs across several neuropsychiatric diseases and impede everyday functioning and quality of life. Fully immersive Virtual Reality (VR) aid motivation and engagement and therefore has a potential to help overcome the obstacles in the field of cognitive rehabilitation. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate whether VR can be a useful intervention in cognitive rehabilitation transdiagnostically. We identified nine studies with randomized controlled trials following the PRISMA guidelines in databases Pubmed, Embase and PsychInfo. The trials were all evaluated through Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias. The studies were conducted in patients with mild cognitive impairment (k=4), schizophrenia (k=3), ADHD (k=1), or stroke (k=1) and involved 6-12 weeks of training. Overall, results showed improvement in some domains of cognition, primarily executive function and attention. The studies were pilot studies with 6-34 participants per treatment group. Risk of bias was either high (k=3) or moderate (some concerns) (k=6). Key reasons were suboptimal statistical analyses and lack of clarification on randomization and blinding of participants and assessors. In conclusion, this review found promising evidence for VR cognitive rehabilitation for neuropsychiatric illnesses. However, larger and methodologically stronger studies are warranted to establish the full potential of VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Simon Jahn
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Group, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marie Skovbye
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Group, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kia Obenhausen
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Group, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Kommunikationscentret Hillerød, Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Elleby Jespersen
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Group, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Group, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Scheulin KM, Jurgielewicz BJ, Spellicy SE, Waters ES, Baker EW, Kinder HA, Simchick GA, Sneed SE, Grimes JA, Zhao Q, Stice SL, West FD. Exploring the predictive value of lesion topology on motor function outcomes in a porcine ischemic stroke model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3814. [PMID: 33589720 PMCID: PMC7884696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the maximum diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by including stroke lesion location in relation to specific structures that are associated with particular functions will likely increase the potential to predict functional deficit type, severity, and recovery in stroke patients. This exploratory study aims to identify key structures lesioned by a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) that impact stroke recovery and to strengthen the predictive capacity of neuroimaging techniques that characterize stroke outcomes in a translational porcine model. Clinically relevant MRI measures showed significant lesion volumes, midline shifts, and decreased white matter integrity post-MCAO. Using a pig brain atlas, damaged brain structures included the insular cortex, somatosensory cortices, temporal gyri, claustrum, and visual cortices, among others. MCAO resulted in severely impaired spatiotemporal gait parameters, decreased voluntary movement in open field testing, and higher modified Rankin Scale scores at acute timepoints. Pearson correlation analyses at acute timepoints between standard MRI metrics (e.g., lesion volume) and functional outcomes displayed moderate R values to functional gait outcomes. Moreover, Pearson correlation analyses showed higher R values between functional gait deficits and increased lesioning of structures associated with motor function, such as the putamen, globus pallidus, and primary somatosensory cortex. This correlation analysis approach helped identify neuroanatomical structures predictive of stroke outcomes and may lead to the translation of this topological analysis approach from preclinical stroke assessment to a clinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Samantha E Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gregory A Simchick
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sydney E Sneed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Janet A Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Aruna Bio Inc, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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36
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Qin L, Jiang W, Zheng J, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Liu J. Alterations Functional Connectivity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Their Relationships With Cognitive Function: A Longitudinal Resting-State fMRI Study. Front Neurol 2020; 11:625. [PMID: 32793090 PMCID: PMC7385240 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive impairments in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients has been described as a chronically progressive feature of the disease. However, how severe recurrent seizures modify neuronal circuits in the human brain and subsequently degrade cognitive function, remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate longitudinal alterations by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in TLE patients and to assess how those alterations are related to cognitive function performance. Methods: Sixteen TLE patients and 20 normal controls (NCs) were recruited for a study to observe longitudinal alterations in resting-state functional connectivity (FC) and to estimate alertness, orientation, and executive function both at baseline and at a follow-up time ~3 years later. Results: TLE patients, compared with NCs, showed impaired executive function, intrinsic alertness, and phasic alertness and exhibited lengthened reaction time (RT) in the spatial cue and center cue conditions at baseline. The orienting function of TLE patients was declined at follow-up compared to the baseline. Cross-sectional analysis demonstrated that TLE patients displayed significantly greater positive correlation than NCs between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and right superior frontal gyrus (SFG). Furthermore, among TLE patients, the longitudinal study revealed a decrease in correlation between the right DLPFC and the right SFG compared to the baseline. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the longitudinal change in FC and the change in orienting function in TLE subjects. Conclusions: Abnormal connectivity between the DLPFC and the SFG suggests the potential of longitudinal resting-state fMRI to delineate regions relevant to cognitive dysfunction for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qin
- Department of Neurology, Liuzhou Workers' Hospital/The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Wenyu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangbin Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jinou Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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37
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Giovannetti F, Pietto ML, Segretín MS, Lipina SJ. Impact of an Individualized Cognitive Training Intervention in Preschoolers from Poor Homes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082912. [PMID: 32340155 PMCID: PMC7215356 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, different interventions were shown to be effective in changing cognitive performance in preschoolers from poor homes undertaking tasks with executive demands. However, this evidence also showed that not all children included in the intervention groups equally increased their performance levels, which could be related to individual and contextual variability. The present study aimed to explore the impact of a computerized cognitive training intervention with lab-based tasks in preschoolers from Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) homes under the consideration of their baseline performance. In the context of a randomized controlled trial design, different interventions were administered to children according to their baseline performance in a variety of cognitive tasks (i.e., executive attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and planning demands). The results showed different patterns of impact on performance depending on the experimental group, supporting the importance of considering individual and contextual differences in the design of interventions aimed at optimizing executive functions in poverty-impacted sample populations in early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giovannetti
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA), CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1431FWO, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.S.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Marcos Luis Pietto
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA), CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1431FWO, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.S.S.)
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, FCEyN-UBA- CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Segretín
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA), CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1431FWO, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Sebastián Javier Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA), CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1431FWO, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.S.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (S.J.L.)
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Miller AL, Lo SL, Bauer KW, Fredericks EM. Developmentally informed behaviour change techniques to enhance self-regulation in a health promotion context: a conceptual review. Health Psychol Rev 2020; 14:116-131. [PMID: 31957556 PMCID: PMC7254982 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2020.1718530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation (SR), or the ability to manage thoughts, emotions, and behaviours in order to achieve a desired goal, is seen as underlying positive health behaviours. In adults, behaviour change techniques (BCTs) are recommended to promote SR across health domains; although establishing healthy habits early in life is important, studies of SR and health in children are rare. This conceptual review provides guidance on developmental considerations for applying BCTs to enhance SR capacity in children and youth with the goal of fostering positive behavioural health trajectories early in the lifespan. Key considerations include the nature of developmental changes in SR and interaction among SR processes; temporal associations between SR and health behaviours; and relevance of health goals for children and youth. Building on a meta-review of BCT's used to promote SR in adults and youth, this conceptual review highlights key SR milestones to consider in behaviour change-focused interventions from early childhood through adolescence and provides an overview of social-ecologic influences on SR development and associations between SR and health behaviours across these age periods. Implications for and examples of using developmentally-informed BCTs in interventions to enhance SR in children and youth are noted and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behaviour and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sharon L Lo
- Department of Health Behaviour and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine W Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily M Fredericks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Arfé B, Vardanega T, Montuori C, Lavanga M. Coding in Primary Grades Boosts Children's Executive Functions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2713. [PMID: 31920786 PMCID: PMC6917597 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several programs have been developed worldwide to improve children’s executive functions (EFs). Yet, the role played in EF development by learning activities embedded in the school curriculum has received scarce attention. With two studies, we recently tested the effects of computational thinking (CT) and coding—a new element of the primary school curriculum—on the development of children’s EFs. CT stimulates the ability to define a clear and orderly sequence of simple and well-specified steps to solve a complex problem. We conjecture that CT skills are associated to such EF processes as response inhibition and planning. In a first between-group cluster-randomized controlled trial, we tested the effects of 1-month coding activities on 76 first graders’ planning and response inhibition against those of 1-month standard STEM activities of a control group. In a second study, we tested the effects of 1-month coding activities of 17 second graders in two ways: within group (longitudinally), against 7 months of standard activities experienced by the same children (experimental group); and between groups, in comparison to the effects of standard STEM activities in a control group of 19 second graders. The results of the two studies show significant benefits of learning to code: children exposed to coding improved significantly more in planning and inhibition tasks than control children did. The longitudinal data showed that improvements in planning and inhibition skills after 1 month of coding activities (eight lessons) were equivalent to or greater than the improvement attained after 7 months of standard activities. These findings support the hypothesis that learning CT via coding can significantly boost children’s spontaneous development of EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Arfé
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Montuori
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Lavanga
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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40
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Lecce S, Bianco F, Ronchi L. Executive function in the school context: The role of peer relationships. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lecce
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Federica Bianco
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Luca Ronchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
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Diamond A, Ling DS. Aerobic-Exercise and resistance-training interventions have been among the least effective ways to improve executive functions of any method tried thus far. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 37:100572. [PMID: 29909061 PMCID: PMC6969311 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Diamond
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Daphne S Ling
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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de Assis GG, de Almondes KM. Exercise-dependent BDNF as a Modulatory Factor for the Executive Processing of Individuals in Course of Cognitive Decline. A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2017; 8:584. [PMID: 28469588 PMCID: PMC5395613 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aging naturally triggers a decline in cognition as result of deterioration in cerebral circuits, thus the executive functions (EFs) suffer changes that progress from mild to severe states of impairment. Exercise instead, works as a strategy for cognitive enhancement by modulating neuronal plasticity through the regulation of BDNF. However, whether the exercise-dependent BDNF may improve higher complexity processes such as the EFs is still in a studying process. Results: Current data on exercise-dependent BDNF changes for aging individuals in a course of cognitive impairment was summarized to investigate whether the exercise regulation of BDNF is effective to pronounce long term changes on executive controls. While the exercise-dependent regulation of BDNF is currently undeniable, the role of exercise dependent BDNF as a tool for the improvement of EFs in individuals with dementia is still less clear and seldom discussed. The summary of findings indicate a limited number of studies addressing exercise in order to discuss parameters related to either BDNF or executive functioning in such population conditions (n = 215), further narrowing to a total of 5 studies presenting analysis of both parameters. Nonetheless, positive outcomes from BDNF and EF variables were displayed by all the populations exposed to exercise across studies. Aerobic exercise was shown to be a major source for the enhancement of the BDNF-dependent executive functioning, when compared to cognitive stimulation. Moreover, the effect of exercise-dependent BDNF on domains of executive functioning appears to occur in a dose-dependent manner for the aging individuals, independently of cognitive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmara G. de Assis
- Department of Psychology and Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Katie Moraes de Almondes
- Department of Psychology and Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
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