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Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Płoska A, Wierońska JM, Dobrucki LW, Kalinowski L. Endothelial dysfunction due to eNOS uncoupling: molecular mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:21. [PMID: 36890458 PMCID: PMC9996905 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important molecules released by endothelial cells, and its antiatherogenic properties support cardiovascular homeostasis. Diminished NO bioavailability is a common hallmark of endothelial dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Vascular NO is synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from the substrate L-arginine (L-Arg), with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as an essential cofactor. Cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, aging, or smoking increase vascular oxidative stress that strongly affects eNOS activity and leads to eNOS uncoupling. Uncoupled eNOS produces superoxide anion (O2-) instead of NO, thus becoming a source of harmful free radicals exacerbating the oxidative stress further. eNOS uncoupling is thought to be one of the major underlying causes of endothelial dysfunction observed in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Here, we discuss the main mechanisms of eNOS uncoupling, including oxidative depletion of the critical eNOS cofactor BH4, deficiency of eNOS substrate L-Arg, or accumulation of its analog asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), and eNOS S-glutathionylation. Moreover, potential therapeutic approaches that prevent eNOS uncoupling by improving cofactor availability, restoration of L-Arg/ADMA ratio, or modulation of eNOS S-glutathionylation are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lawrence W Dobrucki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, MC-251, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland. .,BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
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2
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Sadiq IZ. Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress: Signaling Mechanisms, Redox Basis for Human Diseases, and Cell Cycle Regulation. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:13-35. [PMID: 34951363 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666211222161637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals contain one or more unpaired electrons in their valence shell, thus making them unstable, short-lived, and highly reactive species. Excessive generation of these free radicals ultimately leads to oxidative stress causing oxidation and damage to significant macromolecules in the living system and essentially disrupting signal transduction pathways and antioxidants equilibrium. At lower concentrations, ROS serves as "second messengers," influencing many physiological processes in the cell. However, higher concentrations beyond cell capacity cause oxidative stress, contributing to human pathologies such as diabetes, cancer, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cataract, asthma, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. Signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt/ mTOR, and Keap1-Nrf2- ARE modulate the detrimental effects of oxidative stress by increasing the expression of cellular antioxidant defenses, phase II detoxification enzymes, and decreased production of ROS. Free radicals such as H2O2 are indeed needed for the advancement of the cell cycle as these molecules influence DNA, proteins, and enzymes in the cell cycle pathway. In the course of cell cycle progression, the cellular redox environment becomes more oxidized, moving from the G1 phase, becoming higher in G2/M and moderate in the S phase. Signals in the form of an increase in cellular pro-oxidant levels are required, and these signals are often terminated by a rise in the amount of antioxidants and MnSOD with a decrease in the level of cyclin D1 proteins. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of cell cycle redox regulation will help in the therapy of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Zubairu Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, ADS Avenue, Roi Muhammad VI Du Maroc Maradi, Republique Du Niger
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3
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Michalski R, Smulik-Izydorczyk R, Pięta J, Rola M, Artelska A, Pierzchała K, Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B, Sikora AB. The Chemistry of HNO: Mechanisms and Reaction Kinetics. Front Chem 2022; 10:930657. [PMID: 35864868 PMCID: PMC9294461 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.930657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Azanone (HNO, also known as nitroxyl) is the protonated form of the product of one-electron reduction of nitric oxide (•NO), and an elusive electrophilic reactive nitrogen species of increasing pharmacological significance. Over the past 20 years, the interest in the biological chemistry of HNO has increased significantly due to the numerous beneficial pharmacological effects of its donors. Increased availability of various HNO donors was accompanied by great progress in the understanding of HNO chemistry and chemical biology. This review is focused on the chemistry of HNO, with emphasis on reaction kinetics and mechanisms in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Michalski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Pięta
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Rola
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Angelika Artelska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzchała
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Adam Bartłomiej Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Adam Bartłomiej Sikora,
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4
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Carcy R, Cougnon M, Poet M, Durandy M, Sicard A, Counillon L, Blondeau N, Hauet T, Tauc M, F Pisani D. Targeting oxidative stress, a crucial challenge in renal transplantation outcome. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:258-270. [PMID: 33892115 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders characterized by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) are the most common causes of debilitating diseases and death in stroke, cardiovascular ischemia, acute kidney injury or organ transplantation. In the latter example the I/R step defines both the amplitude of the damages to the graft and the functional recovery outcome. During transplantation the kidney is subjected to blood flow arrest followed by a sudden increase in oxygen supply at the time of reperfusion. This essential clinical protocol causes massive oxidative stress which is at the basis of cell death and tissue damage. The involvement of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxides (NO) has been shown to be a major cause of these cellular damages. In fact, in non-physiological situations, these species escape endogenous antioxidant control and dangerously accumulate in cells. In recent years, the objective has been to find clinical and pharmacological treatments to reduce or prevent the appearance of oxidative stress in ischemic pathologies. This is very relevant because, due to the increasing success of organ transplantation, clinicians are required to use limit organs, the preservation of which against oxidative stress is crucial for a better outcome. This review highlights the key actors in oxidative stress which could represent new pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Carcy
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Service de Réanimation Polyvalente et Service de Réanimation des Urgences Vitales, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Marc Cougnon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Mallorie Poet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Manon Durandy
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Antoine Sicard
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France; CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation, Nice, France; Clinical Research Unit of Université Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA), France
| | - Laurent Counillon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | | | - Thierry Hauet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, IRTOMIT, CHU de Poitiers, La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Tauc
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Didier F Pisani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France.
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5
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Demicheli V, Tomasina F, Sastre S, Zeida A, Tórtora V, Lima A, Batthyány C, Radi R. Cardiolipin interactions with cytochrome c increase tyrosine nitration yields and site-specificity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 703:108824. [PMID: 33675813 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between cytochrome c and cardiolipin is a relevant process in the mitochondrial redox homeostasis, playing roles in the mechanism of electron transfer to cytochrome c oxidase and also modulating cytochrome c conformation, reactivity and function. Peroxynitrite is a widespread nitrating agent formed in mitochondria under oxidative stress conditions, and can result in the formation of tyrosine nitrated cytochrome c. Some of the nitro-cytochrome c species undergo conformational changes at physiological pH and increase its peroxidase activity. In this work we evaluated the influence of cardiolipin on peroxynitrite-mediated cytochrome c nitration yields and site-specificity. Our results show that cardiolipin enhances cytochrome c nitration by peroxynitrite and targets it to heme-adjacent Tyr67. Cytochrome c nitration also modifies the affinity of protein with cardiolipin. Using a combination of experimental techniques and computer modeling, it is concluded that structural modifications in the Tyr67 region are responsible for the observed changes in protein-derived radical and tyrosine nitration levels, distribution of nitrated proteoforms and affinity to cardiolipin. Increased nitration of cytochrome c in presence of cardiolipin within mitochondria and the gain of peroxidatic activity could then impact events such as the onset of apoptosis and other processes related to the disruption of mitochondrial redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Demicheli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Sastre
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Tórtora
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Analía Lima
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Batthyány
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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6
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Comprehensive Review of Methodology to Detect Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Mammalian Species and Establish Its Relationship with Antioxidants and Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010128. [PMID: 33477494 PMCID: PMC7831054 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate tissue homeostasis, cellular signaling, differentiation, and survival. ROS and antioxidants exert both beneficial and harmful effects on cancer. ROS at different concentrations exhibit different functions. This creates necessity to understand the relation between ROS, antioxidants, and cancer, and methods for detection of ROS. This review highlights various sources and types of ROS, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; types of antioxidants, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; and abnormal ROS detoxification in cancer; and methods to measure ROS. We conclude that improving genetic screening methods and bringing higher clarity in determination of enzymatic pathways and scale-up in cancer models profiling, using omics technology, would support in-depth understanding of antioxidant pathways and ROS complexities. Although numerous methods for ROS detection are developing very rapidly, yet further modifications are required to minimize the limitations associated with currently available methods.
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7
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Tejero J, Shiva S, Gladwin MT. Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:311-379. [PMID: 30379623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the blood vessels and hence the maintenance of adequate blood flow is critical to the healthy performance of the vasculature. A novel paradigm indicates that classical NO synthesis by dedicated NO synthases is supplemented by nitrite reduction pathways under hypoxia. At the same time, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the vascular system for signaling purposes, as effectors of the immune response, or as byproducts of cellular metabolism. NO and ROS can be generated by distinct enzymes or by the same enzyme through alternate reduction and oxidation processes. The latter oxidoreductase systems include NO synthases, molybdopterin enzymes, and hemoglobins, which can form superoxide by reduction of molecular oxygen or NO by reduction of inorganic nitrite. Enzymatic uncoupling, changes in oxygen tension, and the concentration of coenzymes and reductants can modulate the NO/ROS production from these oxidoreductases and determine the redox balance in health and disease. The dysregulation of the mechanisms involved in the generation of NO and ROS is an important cause of cardiovascular disease and target for therapy. In this review we will present the biology of NO and ROS in the cardiovascular system, with special emphasis on their routes of formation and regulation, as well as the therapeutic challenges and opportunities for the management of NO and ROS in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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Vitorino PR, Gomes KP, Ghazale PP, da Silva M, Mendes EP, Dos Santos FCA, Pansani AP, de Castro CH, Scorza FA, Colugnati DB. Coronary vasodilation impairment in pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 90:7-10. [PMID: 30476810 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the coronary arteries reactivity alterations in rats with epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. To do so, male Wistar rats weighing between 250 g and 300 g were used. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced in rats using 385 mg/kg (i.p.) of pilocarpine. After 60 days from the first spontaneous seizure, rats were submitted to heart rate measurements and then, one day after, euthanized, and the heart was dissected and submitted to constant flow Langendorff approaches to evaluate coronary reactivity. Rats with epilepsy showed higher resting heart rate and impairment of coronary vasodilation induced by bradykinin. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) presented a reduced staining in coronary arteries, and eNOS expression was also reduced in the left ventricle of rats with epilepsy. Our findings demonstrated, for the first time, that epilepsy can cause impairment of coronary arteries reactivity, probably because of an endothelial dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Vitorino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Karina P Gomes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Poliana P Ghazale
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marielly da Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P Mendes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C A Dos Santos
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Histophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline P Pansani
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos H de Castro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fulvio A Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego B Colugnati
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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9
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Prolo C, Rios N, Piacenza L, Álvarez MN, Radi R. Fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches for peroxynitrite detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:59-68. [PMID: 29454880 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been a significant advance in understanding the biochemistry of peroxynitrite, an endogenously-produced oxidant and nucleophile. Its relevance as a mediator in several pathologic states and the aging process together with its transient character and low steady-state concentration, motivated the development of a variety of techniques for its unambiguous detection and estimation. Among these, fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches have represented important tools with enhanced sensitivity but usual limited specificity. In this review, we analyze selected examples of molecular probes that permit the detection of peroxynitrite by fluorescence and chemiluminescence, disclosing their mechanism of reaction with either peroxynitrite or peroxynitrite-derived radicals. Indeed, probes have been divided into 1) redox probes that yield products by a free radical mechanism, and 2) electrophilic probes that evolve to products secondary to the nucleophilic attack by peroxynitrite. Overall, boronate-based compounds are emerging as preferred probes for the sensitive and specific detection and quantitation. Moreover, novel strategies involving genetically-modified fluorescent proteins with the incorporation of unnatural amino acids have been recently described as peroxynitrite sensors. This review analyzes the most commonly used fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches for peroxynitrite detection and provides some guidelines for appropriate experimental design and data interpretation, including how to estimate peroxynitrite formation rates in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Prolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Rios
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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10
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Ferrer-Sueta G, Campolo N, Trujillo M, Bartesaghi S, Carballal S, Romero N, Alvarez B, Radi R. Biochemistry of Peroxynitrite and Protein Tyrosine Nitration. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1338-1408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Campolo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Carballal
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Romero
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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11
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Seenivasan R, Kolodziej C, Karunakaran C, Burda C. Nanotechnology for Electroanalytical Biosensors of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. CHEM REC 2017; 17:886-901. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Seenivasan
- Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland OH 44106 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Charles Kolodziej
- Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Chandran Karunakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Research Lab; VHNSN College (Autonomous); 3/151-1,College Road, Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu 626001 India
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland OH 44106 USA
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12
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Kinetics, subcellular localization, and contribution to parasite virulence of a Trypanosoma cruzi hybrid type A heme peroxidase ( TcAPx-CcP). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1326-E1335. [PMID: 28179568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618611114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosoma cruzi ascorbate peroxidase is, by sequence analysis, a hybrid type A member of class I heme peroxidases [TcAPx-cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP)], suggesting both ascorbate (Asc) and cytochrome c (Cc) peroxidase activity. Here, we show that the enzyme reacts fast with H2O2 (k = 2.9 × 107 M-1⋅s-1) and catalytically decomposes H2O2 using Cc as the reducing substrate with higher efficiency than Asc (kcat/Km = 2.1 × 105 versus 3.5 × 104 M-1⋅s-1, respectively). Visible-absorption spectra of purified recombinant TcAPx-CcP after H2O2 reaction denote the formation of a compound I-like product, characteristic of the generation of a tryptophanyl radical-cation (Trp233•+). Mutation of Trp233 to phenylalanine (W233F) completely abolishes the Cc-dependent peroxidase activity. In addition to Trp233•+, a Cys222-derived radical was identified by electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping, immunospin trapping, and MS analysis after equimolar H2O2 addition, supporting an alternative electron transfer (ET) pathway from the heme. Molecular dynamics studies revealed that ET between Trp233 and Cys222 is possible and likely to participate in the catalytic cycle. Recognizing the ability of TcAPx-CcP to use alternative reducing substrates, we searched for its subcellular localization in the infective parasite stages (intracellular amastigotes and extracellular trypomastigotes). TcAPx-CcP was found closely associated with mitochondrial membranes and, most interestingly, with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, suggesting a role at the host-parasite interface. TcAPx-CcP overexpressers were significantly more infective to macrophages and cardiomyocytes, as well as in the mouse model of Chagas disease, supporting the involvement of TcAPx-CcP in pathogen virulence as part of the parasite antioxidant armamentarium.
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Xu Y, Qian S. Techniques for Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species in Pulmonary Vasculature Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:361-372. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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BERNÁTOVÁ I, BALIŠ P, GOGA R, BEHULIAK M, ZICHA J, SEKAJ I. Lack of Reactive Oxygen Species Deteriorates Blood Pressure Regulation in Acute Stress. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S381-S390. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to blood pressure regulation in conscious adult male Wistar rats exposed to acute stress. Role of ROS was investigated in rats with temporally impaired principal blood pressure regulation systems using ganglionic blocker pentolinium (P, 5 mg/kg), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (C, 10 mg/kg), nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (L, 30 mg/kg) and superoxide dismutase mimeticum tempol (T, 25 mg/kg). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured by the carotid artery catheter and inhibitors were administered intravenously. MAP was disturbed by a 3-s air jet, which increased MAP by 35.2±3.0 % vs. basal MAP after the first exposure. Air jet increased MAP in captopril- and tempol-treated rats similarly as observed in saline-treated rats. In pentolinium-treated rats stress significantly decreased MAP vs. pre-stress value. In L-NAME-treated rats stress failed to affect MAP significantly. Treatment of rats with P+L+C resulted in stress-induced MAP decrease by 17.3±1.3 % vs. pre-stress value and settling time (20.1±4.2 s). In P+L+C+T-treated rats stress led to maximal MAP decrease by 26.4±2.2 % (p<0.005 vs. P+L+C) and prolongation of settling time to 32.6±3.3 s (p<0.05 vs. P+L+C). Area under the MAP curve was significantly smaller in P+L+C-treated rats compared to P+L+C+T-treated ones (167±43 vs. 433±69 a.u., p<0.008). In conclusion, in rats with temporally impaired blood pressure regulation, the lack of ROS resulted in greater stress-induced MAP alterations and prolongation of time required to reach new post-stress steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. BERNÁTOVÁ
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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15
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Abstract
Superoxide ion (O2(•-)) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chemical and biological systems. However, the chemistry knowledge of O2(•-) is rather scarce. In addition, numerous studies on O2(•-) were conducted within the latter half of the 20th century. Therefore, the current advancement in technology and instrumentation will certainly provide better insights into mechanisms and products of O2(•-) reactions and thus will result in new findings. This review emphasizes the state-of-the-art research on O2(•-) so as to enable researchers to venture into future research. It comprises the main characteristics of O2(•-) followed by generation methods. The reaction types of O2(•-) are reviewed, and its potential applications including the destruction of hazardous chemicals, synthesis of organic compounds, and many other applications are highlighted. The O2(•-) environmental chemistry is also discussed. The detection methods of O2(•-) are categorized and elaborated. Special attention is given to the feasibility of using ionic liquids as media for O2(•-), addressing the latest progress of generation and applications. The effect of electrodes on the O2(•-) electrochemical generation is reviewed. Finally, some remarks and future perspectives are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inas M AlNashef
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology , Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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Yamamoto Y, Oue E. Antihypertensive Effect of Quercetin in Rats Fed with a High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:933-9. [PMID: 16636461 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different levels of quercetin on the blood pressure were studied in 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were fed with a control diet or a high-fat high-sucrose (HFS) diet containing 0, 0.02, 0.07, 0.2, or 0.5% quercetin for 4 weeks. The systolic blood pressure and the lipid peroxides in the plasma were both higher in the rats fed with the HFS diet without quercetin than in the rats fed with the control diet. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the vascular tissues and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in the plasma and urine were both lower in these rats. A distinct depression of the increase in blood pressure was found in the rats fed with the HFS diets containing quercetin. Each level of quercetin examined was effective, the 0.5% level being much more effective than other levels. Dietary quercetin decreased lipid peroxidation in the plasma of the rats fed with the HFS diets. Quercetin also suppressed the decrease in NO metabolites in the plasma and urine, and the NOS activity in the vascular tissues of these rats. These results suggest that the increased NO availability caused by the elevated NOS activity, and the antioxidative activity in these rats fed with quercetin may be sources of the antihypertensive effect of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Yamamoto Y, Aoyama S, Hamaguchi N, Rhi GS. Antioxidative and Antihypertensive Effects of Welsh Onion on Rats Fed with a High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:1311-7. [PMID: 16041136 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Welsh onion on the development of hypertension and autoxidation were studied in 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were fed with a control diet or a high-fat high-sucrose (HFS) diet with or without 5% Welsh onion (green-leafy type or white-sheath type) for 4 weeks. The systolic blood pressure was elevated and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma were increased in the rats fed with the HFS diet without Welsh onion. The rats fed with the HFS diet containing Welsh onion, especially the green-leafy type, had lower blood pressure. They also had a higher level of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in both the urine and plasma, lower activity of NADH/NADPH oxidase in the aorta, and suppressed angiotensin II production. The effect of white Welsh onion on decreasing the blood pressure was not significant, although the effects on increasing NO metabolites in the urine and decreasing NADH oxidase activity in the aorta were significant. The TBARS value in the plasma was lowered in the rats fed with either green or white Welsh onion, but the in vitro radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidative activities were much higher with green Welsh onion than with the white type. These results suggest that the green-leafy Welsh onion, but not the white type, reduced superoxide generation by suppressing the angiotensine II production and then the NADH/NADPH oxidase activity, increasing the NO availability in the aorta, and consequently lowering the blood pressure in the rats fed with the HFS diet. The radical scavenging and reducing antioxidative activities of green Welsh onion may also be effective in decreasing superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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19
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Endothelial dysfunction in experimental models of arterial hypertension: cause or consequence? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014. [PMID: 24738065 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598271.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction was found in humans as well as in various commonly employed animal experimental models of arterial hypertension. Data from the literature indicate that, in general, endothelial dysfunction would not be the cause of experimental hypertension and may rather be secondary, that is, resulting from high blood pressure (BP). The initial mechanism of endothelial dysfunction itself may be associated with a lack of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (mainly nitric oxide) and/or accentuation of various endothelium-derived constricting factors. The involvement and role of endothelium-derived factors in the development of endothelial dysfunction in individual experimental models of hypertension may vary, depending on the triggering stimulus, strain, age, and vascular bed investigated. This brief review was focused on the participation of endothelial dysfunction, individual endothelium-derived factors, and their mechanisms of action in the development of high BP in the most frequently used rodent experimental models of arterial hypertension, including nitric oxide deficient models, spontaneous (pre)hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, and selected pharmacological and diet-induced models.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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21
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Domazou AS, Gebicka L, Didik J, Gebicki JL, van der Meijden B, Koppenol WH. The kinetics of the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with iron(II)- and iron(III) cytochrome c. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:172-80. [PMID: 24447894 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of NO2 with both oxidized and reduced cytochrome c at pH 7.2 and 7.4, respectively, and with N-acetyltyrosine amide and N-acetyltryptophan amide at pH 7.3 were studied by pulse radiolysis at 23 °C. NO2 oxidizes N-acetyltyrosine amide and N-acetyltryptophan amide with rate constants of (3.1±0.3)×10(5) and (1.1±0.1)×10(6) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. With iron(III)cytochrome c, the reaction involves only its amino acids, because no changes in the visible spectrum of cytochrome c are observed. The second-order rate constant is (5.8±0.7)×10(6) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.2. NO2 oxidizes iron(II)cytochrome c with a second-order rate constant of (6.6±0.5)×10(7) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.4; formation of iron(III)cytochrome c is quantitative. Based on these rate constants, we propose that the reaction with iron(II)cytochrome c proceeds via a mechanism in which 90% of NO2 oxidizes the iron center directly-most probably via reaction at the solvent-accessible heme edge-whereas 10% oxidizes the amino acid residues to the corresponding radicals, which, in turn, oxidize iron(II). Iron(II)cytochrome c is also oxidized by peroxynitrite in the presence of CO2 to iron(III)cytochrome c, with a yield of ~60% relative to peroxynitrite. Our results indicate that, in vivo, NO2 will attack preferentially the reduced form of cytochrome c; protein damage is expected to be marginal, the consequence of formation of amino acid radicals on iron(III)cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Domazou
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland.
| | - Lidia Gebicka
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Didik
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy L Gebicki
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Benjamin van der Meijden
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Willem H Koppenol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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22
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Morris G, Maes M. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Immune-Inflammatory Pathways in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:168-85. [PMID: 24669210 PMCID: PMC3964747 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131120224653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) has been classified as a disease of the central nervous system by the WHO since 1969. Many patients carrying this diagnosis do demonstrate an almost bewildering array of biological abnormalities particularly the presence of oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) and a chronically activated innate immune system. The proposal made herein is that once generated chronically activated O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways conspire to generate a multitude of self-sustaining and self-amplifying pathological processes which are associated with the onset of ME/CFS. Sources of continuous activation of O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways in ME/CFS are chronic, intermittent and opportunistic infections, bacterial translocation, autoimmune responses, mitochondrial dysfunctions, activation of the Toll-Like Receptor Radical Cycle, and decreased antioxidant levels. Consequences of chronically activated O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways in ME/CFS are brain disorders, including neuroinflammation and brain hypometabolism / hypoperfusion, toxic effects of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to DNA, secondary autoimmune responses directed against disrupted lipid membrane components and proteins, mitochondrial dysfunctions with a disruption of energy metabolism (e.g. compromised ATP production) and dysfunctional intracellular signaling pathways. The interplay between all of these factors leads to self-amplifying feed forward loops causing a chronic state of activated O&NS, immune-inflammatory and autoimmune pathways which may sustain the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ; Department of Psychiatry, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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23
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Endothelial dysfunction in experimental models of arterial hypertension: cause or consequence? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:598271. [PMID: 24738065 PMCID: PMC3971506 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction was found in humans as well as in various commonly employed animal experimental models of arterial hypertension. Data from the literature indicate that, in general, endothelial dysfunction would not be the cause of experimental hypertension and may rather be secondary, that is, resulting from high blood pressure (BP). The initial mechanism of endothelial dysfunction itself may be associated with a lack of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (mainly nitric oxide) and/or accentuation of various endothelium-derived constricting factors. The involvement and role of endothelium-derived factors in the development of endothelial dysfunction in individual experimental models of hypertension may vary, depending on the triggering stimulus, strain, age, and vascular bed investigated. This brief review was focused on the participation of endothelial dysfunction, individual endothelium-derived factors, and their mechanisms of action in the development of high BP in the most frequently used rodent experimental models of arterial hypertension, including nitric oxide deficient models, spontaneous (pre)hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, and selected pharmacological and diet-induced models.
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24
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Celano L, Carabio C, Frache R, Cataldo N, Cerecetto H, González M, Thomson L. Arylnitroalkenes as scavengers of macrophage-generated oxidants. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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La Favor JD, Anderson EJ, Hickner RC. Novel method for detection of reactive oxygen species in vivo in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Res 2014; 63:387-92. [PMID: 24564604 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous disease states. However, direct measurement of in vivo ROS in humans has remained elusive due to limited access to appropriate tissue beds and the inherently short half-lives and high reactivity of ROS. Herein, we describe a novel technique by which to measure in vivo ROS in human skeletal muscle. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the vastus lateralis of eight healthy volunteers. Amplex Ultrared, a highly specific fluorogenic substrate for hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were perfused through microdialysis probes, and outflowing dialysate was collected and fluorescence was measured. Extracellular H(2)O(2) that crossed the microdialysis membrane was measured via fluorescence of the dialysate. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was then added to the inflowing perfusion media to convert any superoxide crossing the microdialysis membrane to H(2)O(2) within the microdialysis probe. Fluorescence significantly increased (P=0.005) upon SOD addition. These data demonstrate the feasibility of measuring both in vivo H(2)O(2) and superoxide in the extracellular environment of human skeletal muscle, providing a technique with a potential application to a wide range of circulatory and metabolic studies of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D La Favor
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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26
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Armitage ME, La M, Schmidt HHHW, Wingler K. Diagnosis and individual treatment of cardiovascular diseases: targeting vascular oxidative stress. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 3:639-48. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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27
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Yamamoto Y. Effects of Dietary Chrysin Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Oxidative Status of Rats Fed a High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.20.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Peroxynitrite is the product of the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. Peroxynitrite, a reactive short-lived peroxide with a pKa of 6.8, is a good oxidant and nucleophile. It also yields secondary free radical intermediates such as nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radicals. Much of nitric oxide- and superoxide-dependent cytotoxicity resides on peroxynitrite, which affects mitochondrial function and triggers cell death via oxidation and nitration reactions. Peroxynitrite is an endogenous toxicant but is also a cytotoxic effector against invading pathogens. The biological chemistry of peroxynitrite is modulated by endogenous antioxidant mechanisms and neutralized by synthetic compounds with peroxynitrite-scavenging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Radi
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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29
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Ambikapathi G, Kempahanumakkagari SK, Ramappa Lamani B, Kuramkote Shivanna D, Bodagur Maregowda H, Gupta A, Malingappa P. Bioimaging of Peroxynitrite in MCF-7 Cells by a New Fluorescent Probe Rhodamine B Phenyl Hydrazide. J Fluoresc 2013; 23:705-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-013-1205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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De Silva TM, Faraci FM. Effects of angiotensin II on the cerebral circulation: role of oxidative stress. Front Physiol 2013; 3:484. [PMID: 23316164 PMCID: PMC3539653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has emerged as a key component of many diseases that affect the vasculature. Oxidative stress is characterized as a cellular environment where the generation of oxidant molecules overwhelms endogenous anti-oxidant defense mechanisms. NADPH oxidases are a family of enzymes whose primary purpose is generation of reactive oxygen species (oxidant molecules) and therefore are likely to be key contributors to oxidative stress. Hypertension is associated with oxidative stress in the vasculature and is a major risk factor for stroke and cognitive abnormalities. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plays a critical role in promoting oxidative stress in the vasculature. In the cerebral circulation, Ang II has been implicated in reactive oxygen species generation, alterations to vasomotor function, impaired neurovascular coupling, inflammation, and vascular remodeling. Furthermore, studies in humans have shown that cerebral blood flow is altered during hypertension and therapeutically targeting the RAS improves cerebral blood flow. Importantly, many of the aforementioned effects have been shown to be dependent on NADPH oxidases. Thus, Ang II, NADPH oxidases and oxidative stress are likely to play key roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension and associated cerebrovascular disease. This review will focus on our current understanding of the contribution of Ang II and NADPH oxidases to oxidative stress in the cerebral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michael De Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, IA, USA
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31
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Wingler K, Hermans JJR, Schiffers P, Moens A, Paul M, Schmidt HHHW. NOX1, 2, 4, 5: counting out oxidative stress. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:866-83. [PMID: 21323893 PMCID: PMC3195911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, oxidative stress has been discussed as a key mechanism of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. However, attempts to validate and exploit this hypothesis clinically by supplementing antioxidants have failed. Nevertheless, this does not disprove the oxidative stress hypothesis. As a certain degree of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation appears to be physiological and beneficial. To reduce oxidative stress therapeutically, two alternative approaches are being developed. One is the repair of key signalling components that are compromised by oxidative stress. These include uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase and oxidized/heme-free NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase. A second approach is to identify and effectively inhibit the relevant source(s) of ROS in a given disease condition. A highly likely target in this context is the family of NADPH oxidases. Animal models, including NOX knockout mice and new pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidases have opened up a new era of oxidative stress research and have paved the way for new cardiovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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32
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Yu F, Song P, Li P, Wang B, Han K. A fluorescent probe directly detect peroxynitrite based on boronate oxidation and its applications for fluorescence imaging in living cells. Analyst 2012; 137:3740-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis of Cerebral Arteries. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Oxygenated heme proteins are known to react rapidly with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite (PN) at the heme site. This process could lead either to attenuation of the effects of NO or to nitrosative protein damage. PN is a powerful nitrating and oxidizing agent that has been implicated in a variety of cell injuries. Accordingly, it is important to delineate the nature and variety of reaction mechanisms of PN interactions with heme proteins. In this Forum, we survey the range of reactions of PN with heme proteins, with particular attention to myoglobin and cytochrome c. While these two proteins are textbook paradigms for oxygen binding and electron transfer, respectively, both have recently been shown to have other important functions that involve NO and PN. We have recently described direct evidence that ferrylmyolgobin (ferrylMb) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) are both produced during the reaction of PN and metmyolgobin (metMb) (Su, J.; Groves, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12979-12988). Kinetic evidence indicates that these products evolve from the initial formation of a caged radical intermediate [Fe(IV) horizontal lineO.NO(2)]. This caged pair reacts mainly via internal return with a rate constant k(r) to form metMb and nitrate in an oxygen-rebound scenario. Detectable amounts of ferrylMb are observed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, appearing at a rate consistent with the rate, k(obs), of heme-mediated PN decomposition. Freely diffusing NO(2), which is liberated concomitantly from the radical pair (k(e)), preferentially nitrates myoglobin Tyr103 and added fluorescein. For cytochrome c, Raman spectroscopy has revealed that a substantial fraction of cytochrome c converts to a beta-sheet structure, at the expense of turns and helices at low pH (Balakrishnan, G.; Hu, Y.; Oyerinde, O. F.; Su, J.; Groves, J. T.; Spiro, T. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 504-505). It is proposed that a short beta-sheet segment, comprising residues 37-39 and 58-61, extends itself into the large 37-61 loop when the latter is destabilized by protonation of H26, which forms an anchoring hydrogen bond to loop residue P44. This conformation change ruptures the Met80-Fe bond, as revealed by changes in ligation-sensitive Raman bands. It also induces peroxidase activity with the same temperature profile. This process is suggested to model the apoptotic peroxidation of cardiolipin by cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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35
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Human endothelial dysfunction: EDRFs. Pflugers Arch 2010; 459:1005-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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36
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Vascular dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic intervention. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 119:1-17. [PMID: 20370718 DOI: 10.1042/cs20090649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium plays a crucial role in the control of vascular homoeostasis through maintaining the synthesis of the vasoprotective molecule NO* (nitric oxide). Endothelial dysfunction of cerebral blood vessels, manifested as diminished NO* bioavailability, is a common feature of several vascular-related diseases, including hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage and Alzheimer's disease. Over the past several years an enormous amount of research has been devoted to understanding the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction. As such, it has become apparent that, although the diseases associated with impaired NO* function are diverse, the underlying causes are similar. For example, compelling evidence indicates that oxidative stress might be an important mechanism of diminished NO* signalling in diverse models of cardiovascular 'high-risk' states and cerebrovascular disease. Although there are several sources of vascular ROS (reactive oxygen species), the enzyme NADPH oxidase is emerging as a strong candidate for the excessive ROS production that is thought to lead to vascular oxidative stress. The purpose of the present review is to outline some of the mechanisms thought to contribute to endothelial dysfunction in the cerebral vasculature during disease. More specifically, we will highlight current evidence for the involvement of ROS, inflammation, the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway and amyloid beta-peptides. In addition, we will discuss currently available therapies for improving endothelial function and highlight future therapeutic strategies.
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Hu TM, Chen YJ. Nitrosation-modulating effect of ascorbate in a model dynamic system of coexisting nitric oxide and superoxide. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:552-62. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003667570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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38
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Trujillo M, Alvarez B, Souza JM, Romero N, Castro L, Thomson L, Radi R. Mechanisms and Biological Consequences of Peroxynitrite-Dependent Protein Oxidation and Nitration. Nitric Oxide 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-373866-0.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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Wang J, Dang V, Zhao W, Lu D, Rivera BK, Villamena FA, Wang PG, Kuppusamy P. Perchlorotrityl radical-fluorophore conjugates as dual fluorescence and EPR probes for superoxide radical anion. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:922-9. [PMID: 19963389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorotrityl radicals, mono-substituted with a fluorophore using an amide linker of varying chain length, were synthesized and characterized. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic study indicated free-electron coupling with the aromatic hydrogen nuclei and long-range coupling with the methylene hydrogens of the linker group. Reactivity of the fluorophore-conjugated trityls with superoxide radical anion showed quenching of EPR signal and enhancement of fluorescence emission spectrum. This work presents the first example of a perchlorotrityl-fluorophore conjugate that can potentially be employed as a dual probe for the detection of superoxide under oxidative stress-mediated conditions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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40
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Celano L, Gil M, Carballal S, Durán R, Denicola A, Banerjee R, Alvarez B. Inactivation of cystathionine beta-synthase with peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 491:96-105. [PMID: 19733148 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a homocysteine metabolizing enzyme that contains pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and a six-coordinate heme cofactor of unknown function. CBS was inactivated by peroxynitrite, the product of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. The IC(50) was approximately 150microM for 5microM ferric CBS. Stopped-flow kinetics and competition experiments showed a direct reaction with a second-order rate constant of (2.4-5.0)x10(4)M(-1)s(-1) (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C). The radicals derived from peroxynitrite, nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radical, also inactivated CBS. Exposure to peroxynitrite did not modify bound PLP but led to nitration of Trp208, Trp43 and Tyr223 and alterations in the heme environment including loss of thiolate coordination, conversion to high-spin and bleaching, with no detectable formation of oxo-ferryl compounds nor promotion of one-electron processes. This study demonstrates the susceptibility of CBS to reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, with potential relevance to hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Celano
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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41
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Peroxynitrite signaling in human erythrocytes: Synergistic role of hemoglobin oxidation and band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 484:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Tardivel S, Gousset-Dupont A, Robert V, Pourci ML, Grynberg A, Lacour B. Protective effects of EPA and deleterious effects of DHA on eNOS activity in Ea hy 926 cultured with lysophosphatidylcholine. Lipids 2009; 44:225-35. [PMID: 19190950 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) is a well-established risk factor in atherosclerosis and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPtdCho) is considered to be one of the major atherogenic component of Ox-LDL. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of two membrane n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) compared to n-6 PUFA, ARA (arachidonic acid), on the activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) by histamine in Ea hy 926 endothelial cells incubated during 24 h in the presence or the absence of LysoPtdCho. DHA (50 muM) produced a ROS induction in cells and aggravated the LysoPtdCho-induced oxidative stress. It did not modify the basal eNOS activity but impaired the stimulation of eNOS induced by histamine and was unable to correct the deleterious effect of LysoPtdCho on histamine-stimulated eNOS activity or phosphorylation of Ser 1177. In contrast, EPA (90 muM) did not modify the ROS level produced in the presence or absence of LysoPtdCho or basal eNOS activity and the stimulating effect of histamine on eNOS. However, it diminished the deleterious effect of LysoPtdCho as well as on the histamine-stimulated eNOS activity on the phosphorylation on Ser 1177 of eNOS. The beneficial effect of EPA but not DHA on endothelial eNOS activity in Ea hy 926 could be also partially due to a slight decrease in membrane DHA content in EPA-treated cells. Consequently, the equilibrium between NO generated by eNOS and ROS due to oxidative stress could explain, in part, the beneficial effect of EPA on the development of cardiovascular diseases. By contrast ARA an n-6 PUFA was devoid of any effect on ROS generation or eNOS activity in the basal state or after histamine-induced stimulation. In vivo experiments should be undertaken to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Tardivel
- Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR1154, INRA-UPS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Komeima K, Usui S, Shen J, Rogers BS, Campochiaro PA. Blockade of neuronal nitric oxide synthase reduces cone cell death in a model of retinitis pigmentosa. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:905-12. [PMID: 18634866 PMCID: PMC2652417 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of diseases in which many different mutations cause rod photoreceptor cells to die and then gradually cone photoreceptors die due to progressive oxidative damage. In this study, we have shown that peroxynitrite-induced nitrosative damage also occurs. In the rd1 mouse model of RP, there was increased staining for S-nitrosocysteine and nitrotyrosine protein adducts that are generated by peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite is generated from nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide radicals. After degeneration of rods, injection of hydroethidine resulted in strong fluorescence in the retina of rd1 mice, indicating high levels of superoxide radicals, and this was reduced, as was nitrotyrosine staining, by apocynin, suggesting that overaction of NADP(H) oxidase is at least partially responsible. Treatment of rd1 mice with a mixture of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors markedly reduced S-nitrosocysteine and nitrotyrosine staining and significantly increased cone survival, indicating that NO-derived peroxynitrite contributes to cone cell death. Treatment with 7-nitroindazole, a relatively specific inhibitor of neuronal NOS, also significantly reduced cone cell death, but aminoguanidine, a relatively specific inhibitor of inducible NOS, did not. These data suggest that NO generated by neuronal NOS exacerbates oxidative damage to cones in RP and that combined therapy to reduce NO and oxidative stress should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Komeima
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Maumenee 719, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-9277, USA
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44
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Trujillo M, Ferrer-Sueta G, Radi R. Peroxynitrite detoxification and its biologic implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1607-20. [PMID: 18500925 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a cytotoxic oxidant formed in vivo from the diffusional-controlled reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. Increased peroxynitrite formation has been related to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, thus underlining the importance of understanding the mechanisms of its detoxification. In nature, different enzymatic routes for peroxynitrite decomposition have evolved. Among them, peroxiredoxins catalytically reduce peroxynitrite in vitro; modulation of their expression affects peroxynitrite-mediated cytotoxicity, and their content changes in pathologic conditions associated with increased peroxynitrite formation in vivo, thus indicating a physiologic role of these enzymes in peroxynitrite reduction. Selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase also catalyzes peroxynitrite reduction, but its role in vivo is still a matter of debate. In selected cellular systems, heme proteins also play a role in peroxynitrite detoxification, such as its isomerization by oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells. Moreover, different pharmacologic approaches have been used to decrease the toxicity related to peroxynitrite formation. Manganese or iron porphyrins catalyze peroxynitrite decomposition, and their protective role in vivo has been confirmed in biologic systems. Glutathione peroxidase mimetics also rapidly reduce peroxynitrite, but their biologic role is less well established. Flavonoids, nitroxides, and tyrosine-containing peptides decreased peroxynitrite-mediated toxicity under different conditions, but their mechanism of action is indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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45
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Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction: From Nitric Oxide Synthesis to ADMA Inhibition. Am J Ther 2008; 15:326-33. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e318160beda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Amatore C, Arbault S, Guille M, Lemaître F. Electrochemical Monitoring of Single Cell Secretion: Vesicular Exocytosis and Oxidative Stress. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2585-621. [DOI: 10.1021/cr068062g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Bagci EZ, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR, Ermentrout B, Bahar I. Computational insights on the competing effects of nitric oxide in regulating apoptosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2249. [PMID: 18509469 PMCID: PMC2386238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the establishment of the important role of nitric oxide (NO) on apoptosis, a molecular-level understanding of the origin of its dichotomous pro- and anti-apoptotic effects has been elusive. We propose a new mathematical model for simulating the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on apoptosis. The new model integrates mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways with NO-related reactions, to gain insights into the regulatory effect of the reactive NO species N(2)O(3), non-heme iron nitrosyl species (FeL(n)NO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). The biochemical pathways of apoptosis coupled with NO-related reactions are described by ordinary differential equations using mass-action kinetics. In the absence of NO, the model predicts either cell survival or apoptosis (a bistable behavior) with shifts in the onset time of apoptotic response depending on the strength of extracellular stimuli. Computations demonstrate that the relative concentrations of anti- and pro-apoptotic reactive NO species, and their interplay with glutathione, determine the net anti- or pro-apoptotic effects at long time points. Interestingly, transient effects on apoptosis are also observed in these simulations, the duration of which may reach up to hours, despite the eventual convergence to an anti-apoptotic state. Our computations point to the importance of precise timing of NO production and external stimulation in determining the eventual pro- or anti-apoptotic role of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elife Z. Bagci
- Department of Computational Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bard Ermentrout
- Department of Mathematics, Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IB); (BE)
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IB); (BE)
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48
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Minetti M, Pietraforte D, Straface E, Metere A, Matarrese P, Malorni W. Red blood cells as a model to differentiate between direct and indirect oxidation pathways of peroxynitrite. Methods Enzymol 2008; 440:253-72. [PMID: 18423223 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)00816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells are the major physiological scavengers of reactive nitrogen species and have been proposed as real-time biomarkers of some vascular-related diseases. This chapter proposes that the erythrocyte is a suitable cell model for studying the modifications induced by peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite decays both extra- and intracellularly as a function of cell density and CO(2) concentration, inducing the appearance of distinct cellular biomarkers, as well as the modulation of signaling and metabolism. Intracellular oxidations are due mostly to direct reactions of peroxynitrite with hemoglobin but also lead to the appearance of apoptotic biomarkers. Surface/membrane oxidations are due principally to indirect radical reactions generated by CO(2)-catalyzed peroxynitrite homolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Minetti
- Departments of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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49
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Goldstein S, Merényi G. The chemistry of peroxynitrite: implications for biological activity. Methods Enzymol 2008; 436:49-61. [PMID: 18237627 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)36004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In biological systems, nitric oxide (NO) combines rapidly with superoxide (O2-) to form peroxynitrite ion (ONOO-), a substance that has been implicated as a culprit in many diseases. Peroxynitrite ion is essentially stable, but its protonated form (ONOOH, pKa = 6.5 to 6.8) decomposes rapidly via homolysis of the O-O bond to form about 28% free NO2 and OH radicals. At physiological pH and in the presence of large amounts of bicarbonate, ONOO- reacts with CO2 to produce about 33% NO2 and carbonate ion radicals (CO3-) in the bulk of the solution. The quantitative role of OH/CO3(-) and NO2 radicals during the decomposition of peroxynitrite (ONOOH/ONOO-) under physiological conditions is described in detail. Specifically, the effect of the peroxynitrite dosage rate on the yield and distribution of the final products is demonstrated. By way of an example, the detailed mechanism of nitration of tyrosine, a vital aromatic amino acid, is delineated, showing the difference in the nitration yield between the addition of authentic peroxynitrite and its continuous generation by NO and O2- radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Goldstein
- Department of Physical Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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50
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Whiteman M, Dogra Y, Winyard PG, Armstrong JS. Detection and measurement of reactive oxygen intermediates in mitochondria and cells. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 476:29-50. [PMID: 19157007 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-129-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) play a key role in a number of human diseases either by inducing cell death, cellular proliferation, or by acting as mediators in cellular signaling. Therefore, their measurement in vivo and in cell culture is desirable but technically difficult and often troublesome. To address some of the key methodological issues in examining the formation of ROI in cells and mitochondria, this chapter discusses the following: (a) the cellular sources of ROI and their enzymatic removal, (b) common methods used to determine cellular and mitochondrial ROI such as chemiluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, fluorescence, and enzymatic techniques, and (c) some common problems associated with these assays and the interpretation of data. We also provide some simple protocols for the estimation of ROI production in cells and mitochondria, and when measuring ROI in cells and mitochondria, we emphasize the need for thorough understanding of results obtained and their interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Whiteman
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK
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