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Uemura T, Suzuki-Kouyama E, Kawase S, Kurihara T, Yasumura M, Yoshida T, Fukai S, Yamazaki M, Fei P, Abe M, Watanabe M, Sakimura K, Mishina M, Tabuchi K. Neurexins play a crucial role in cerebellar granule cell survival by organizing autocrine machinery for neurotrophins. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110624. [PMID: 35385735 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurexins (NRXNs) are key presynaptic cell adhesion molecules that regulate synapse formation and function via trans-synaptic interaction with postsynaptic ligands. Here, we generate cerebellar granule cell (CGC)-specific Nrxn triple-knockout (TKO) mice for complete deletion of all NRXNs. Unexpectedly, most CGCs die in these mice, and this requirement for NRXNs for cell survival is reproduced in cultured CGCs. The axons of cultured Nrxn TKO CGCs that are not in contact with a postsynaptic structure show defects in the formation of presynaptic protein clusters and in action-potential-induced Ca2+ influxes. These cells also show impaired secretion of depolarization-induced, fluorescence-tagged brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from their axons, and the cell-survival defect is rescued by the application of BDNF. These results suggest that CGC survival is maintained by autocrine neurotrophic factors and that NRXNs organize the presynaptic protein clusters and the autocrine neurotrophic-factor secretory machinery independent of contact with postsynaptic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uemura
- Division of Gene Research, Research Center for Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; JST CREST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Emi Suzuki-Kouyama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; JST CREST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shiori Kawase
- Division of Gene Research, Research Center for Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; JST CREST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Taiga Kurihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Misato Yasumura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; JST PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shuya Fukai
- JST CREST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Peng Fei
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mishina
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Brain Science Laboratory, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; JST PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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2
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Nakano T, Aochi H, Hirasaki M, Takenaka Y, Fujita K, Tamura M, Soma H, Kamezawa H, Koizumi T, Shibuya H, Inomata R, Okuda A, Murakoshi T, Shimada A, Inoue I. Effects of Pparγ1 deletion on late-stage murine embryogenesis and cells that undergo endocycle. Dev Biol 2021; 478:222-235. [PMID: 34246625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ1, a nuclear receptor, is abundant in the murine placenta during the late stage of pregnancy (E15-E16), although its functional roles remain unclear. PPARγ1 is encoded by two splicing isoforms, namely Pparγ1canonical and Pparγ1sv, and its embryonic loss leads to early (E10) embryonic lethality. Thus, we generated knockout (KO) mice that carried only one of the isoforms to obtain a milder phenotype. Pparγ1sv-KO mice were viable and fertile, whereas Pparγ1canonical-KO mice failed to recover around the weaning age. Pparγ1canonical-KO embryos developed normally up to 15.5 dpc, followed by growth delays after that. The junctional zone of Pparγ1canonical-KO placentas severely infiltrated the labyrinth, and maternal blood sinuses were dilated. In the wild-type, PPARγ1 was highly expressed in sinusoidal trophoblast giant cells (S-TGCs), peaking at 15.5 dpc. Pparγ1canonical-KO abolished PPARγ1 expression in S-TGCs. Notably, the S-TGCs had unusually enlarged nuclei and often occupied maternal vascular spaces, disturbing the organization of the fine labyrinth structure. Gene expression analyses of Pparγ1canonical-KO placentas indicated enhanced S-phase cell cycle signatures. EdU-positive S-TGCs in Pparγ1canonical-KO placentas were greater in number than those in wild-type placentas, suggesting that the cells continued to endoreplicate in the mutant placentas. These results indicate that PPARγ1, a known cell cycle arrest mediator, is involved in the transition of TGCs undergoing endocycling to the terminal differentiation stage in the placentas. Therefore, PPARγ1 deficiency, induced through genetic manipulation, leads to placental insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Aochi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takenaka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tamura
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Soma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kamezawa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Koizumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Shibuya
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reiko Inomata
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
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3
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Esumi S, Nasu M, Kawauchi T, Miike K, Morooka K, Yanagawa Y, Seki T, Sakimura K, Fukuda T, Tamamaki N. Characterization and Stage-Dependent Lineage Analysis of Intermediate Progenitors of Cortical GABAergic Interneurons. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:607908. [PMID: 34305510 PMCID: PMC8297055 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.607908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate progenitors of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, which can replenish neurons in the adult brain, were recently identified. However, the generation of intermediate progenitors of GABAergic inhibitory neurons (IPGNs) has not been studied in detail. Here, we characterized the spatiotemporal distribution of IPGNs in mouse cerebral cortex. IPGNs generated neurons during both embryonic and postnatal stages, but the embryonic IPGNs were more proliferative. Our lineage tracing analyses showed that the embryonically proliferating IPGNs tended to localize to the superficial layers rather than the deep cortical layers at 3 weeks after birth. We also found that embryonic IPGNs derived from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) but more than half of the embryonic IPGNs were derived from the CGE and broadly distributed in the cerebral cortex. Taken together, our data indicate that the broadly located IPGNs during embryonic and postnatal stages exhibit a different proliferative property and layer distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Esumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Nasu
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Koichiro Miike
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takaichi Fukuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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4
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Powerful Homeostatic Control of Oligodendroglial Lineage by PDGFRα in Adult Brain. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1073-1089.e5. [PMID: 31018125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are widely distributed cells of ramified morphology in adult brain that express PDGFRα and NG2. They retain mitotic activities in adulthood and contribute to oligodendrogenesis and myelin turnover; however, the regulatory mechanisms of their cell dynamics in adult brain largely remain unknown. Here, we found that global Pdgfra inactivation in adult mice rapidly led to elimination of OPCs due to synchronous maturation toward oligodendrocytes. Surprisingly, OPC densities were robustly reconstituted by the active expansion of Nestin+ immature cells activated in meninges and brain parenchyma, as well as a few OPCs that escaped from Pdgfra inactivation. The multipotent immature cells were induced in the meninges of Pdgfra-inactivated mice, but not of control mice. Our findings revealed powerful homeostatic control of adult OPCs, engaging dual cellular sources of adult OPC formation. These properties of the adult oligodendrocyte lineage and the alternative OPC source may be exploited in regenerative medicine.
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5
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Kawabata Galbraith K, Fujishima K, Mizuno H, Lee SJ, Uemura T, Sakimura K, Mishina M, Watanabe N, Kengaku M. MTSS1 Regulation of Actin-Nucleating Formin DAAM1 in Dendritic Filopodia Determines Final Dendritic Configuration of Purkinje Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 24:95-106.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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6
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Inoue R, Abdou K, Hayashi-Tanaka A, Muramatsu SI, Mino K, Inokuchi K, Mori H. Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated amygdalar metaplasticity underlies adaptive modulation of fear memory by stress. eLife 2018; 7:34135. [PMID: 29941090 PMCID: PMC6019067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is crucial for signaling mediated by stress-induced high levels of glucocorticoids. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a key structure underlying auditory-cued fear conditioning. Here, we demonstrate that genetic disruption of GR in the LA (LAGRKO) resulted in an auditory-cued fear memory deficit for strengthened conditioning. Furthermore, the suppressive effect of a single restraint stress (RS) prior to conditioning on auditory-cued fear memory in floxed GR (control) mice was abolished in LAGRKO mice. Optogenetic induction of long-term depression (LTD) at auditory inputs to the LA reduced auditory-cued fear memory in RS-exposed LAGRKO mice, and in contrast, optogenetic induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) increased auditory-cued fear memory in RS-exposed floxed GR mice. These findings suggest that prior stress suppresses fear conditioning-induced LTP at auditory inputs to the LA in a GR-dependent manner, thereby protecting animals from encoding excessive cued fear memory under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Inoue
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kareem Abdou
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayumi Hayashi-Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Mino
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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7
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Xu B, Kumazawa A, Kobayashi S, Hisanaga SI, Inoue T, Ohshima T. Cdk5 activity is required for Purkinje cell dendritic growth in cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manners. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1175-1187. [PMID: 28589675 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is recognized as a unique member among other Cdks due to its versatile roles in many biochemical processes in the nervous system. The proper development of neuronal dendrites is required for the formation of complex neural networks providing the physiological basis of various neuronal functions. We previously reported that sparse dendrites were observed on cultured Cdk5-null Purkinje cells and Purkinje cells in Wnt1cre -mediated Cdk5 conditional knockout (KO) mice. In the present study, we generated L7cre -mediated p35; p39 double KO (L7cre -p35f/f ; p39-/- ) mice whose Cdk5 activity was eliminated specifically in Purkinje cells of the developing cerebellum. Consequently, these mice exhibited defective Purkinje cell migration, motor coordination deficiency and a Purkinje dendritic abnormality similar to what we have observed before, suggesting that dendritic growth of Purkinje cells was cell-autonomous in vivo. We found that mixed and overlay cultures of WT cerebellar cells rescued the dendritic deficits in Cdk5-null Purkinje cells, however, indicating that Purkinje cell dendritic development was also supported by non-cell-autonomous factors. We then again rescued these abnormalities in vitro by applying exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Based on the results from culture experiments, we attempted to rescue the developmental defects of Purkinje cells in L7cre -p35f/f ; p39-/- mice by using a TrkB agonist. We observed partial rescue of morphological defects of dendritic structures of Purkinje cells. These results suggest that Cdk5 activity is required for Purkinje cell dendritic growth in cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manners. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1175-1187, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozong Xu
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kumazawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takafumi Inoue
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
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8
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Zheng Y, Yamamoto S, Ishii Y, Sang Y, Hamashima T, Van De N, Nishizono H, Inoue R, Mori H, Sasahara M. Glioma-Derived Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB Recruits Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells via Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-α and Remodels Cancer Stroma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1081-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Hayashi Y, Nishimune H, Hozumi K, Saga Y, Harada A, Yuzaki M, Iwatsubo T, Kopan R, Tomita T. A novel non-canonical Notch signaling regulates expression of synaptic vesicle proteins in excitatory neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23969. [PMID: 27040987 PMCID: PMC4819173 DOI: 10.1038/srep23969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling plays crucial roles for cellular differentiation during development through γ-secretase-dependent intramembrane proteolysis followed by transcription of target genes. Although recent studies implicate that Notch regulates synaptic plasticity or cognitive performance, the molecular mechanism how Notch works in mature neurons remains uncertain. Here we demonstrate that a novel Notch signaling is involved in expression of synaptic proteins in postmitotic neurons. Levels of several synaptic vesicle proteins including synaptophysin 1 and VGLUT1 were increased when neurons were cocultured with Notch ligands-expressing NIH3T3 cells. Neuron-specific deletion of Notch genes decreased these proteins, suggesting that Notch signaling maintains the expression of synaptic vesicle proteins in a cell-autonomous manner. Unexpectedly, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor, but not γ-secretase inhibitor, abolished the elevation of synaptic vesicle proteins, suggesting that generation of Notch intracellular domain is dispensable for this function. These data uncover a ligand-dependent, but γ-secretase-independent, non-canonical Notch signaling involved in presynaptic protein expression in postmitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Hayashi
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimune
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Katsuto Hozumi
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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CHIBA T, OTANI Y, YAMAGUCHI Y, ISHIBASHI T, HAYASHI A, TANAKA KF, YAMAZAKI M, SAKIMURA K, BABA H. Microglial phospholipase D4 deficiency influences myelination during brain development. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:237-254. [PMID: 27477458 PMCID: PMC5114292 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D4 (PLD4) is expressed in activated microglia that transiently appear in white matter during postnatal brain development. Previous knockdown experiments using cultured microglia showed PLD4 involvement in phagocytosis and proliferation. To elucidate the role of PLD4 in vivo, PLD4-deficient mice were generated and the cerebella were examined at postnatal day 5 (P5) and P7, when PLD4 expression is highest in microglia. Wild type microglia showed strong immunoreactivity for microglial marker CD68 at P5, whereas CD68 signals were weak in PLD4-deficient microglia, suggesting that loss of PLD4 affects microglial activation. At P5 and P7, immunostaining for anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) antibody indicated a mild but significant delay in myelination in PLD4-deficient cerebellum. Similar change was also observed in the corpus callosum at P7. However, this difference was not apparent at P10, suggesting that microglial PLD4-deficiency primarily influences the early myelination stage. Thus, microglia may have a transient role in myelination via a PLD4-related mechanism during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa CHIBA
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori OTANI
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide YAMAGUCHI
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko ISHIBASHI
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko HAYASHI
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji F. TANAKA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya YAMAZAKI
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji SAKIMURA
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroko BABA
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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PDGFRα plays a crucial role in connective tissue remodeling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17948. [PMID: 26639755 PMCID: PMC4671150 DOI: 10.1038/srep17948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) plays a pivotal role in the remodeling of connective tissues. Emerging data indicate the distinctive role of PDGF receptor-α (PDGFRα) in this process. In the present study, the Pdgfra gene was systemically inactivated in adult mouse (α-KO mouse), and the role of PDGFRα was examined in the subcutaneously implanted sponge matrices. PDGFRα expressed in the fibroblasts of Pdgfra-preserving control mice (Flox mice), was significantly reduced in the sponges in α-KO mice. Neovascularized areas were largely suppressed in the α-KO mice than in the Flox mice, whereas the other parameters related to the blood vessels and endothelial cells were similar. The deposition of collagen and fibronectin and the expression of collagen 1a1 and 3a1 genes were significantly reduced in α-KO mice. There was a significantly decrease in the number and dividing fibroblasts in the α-KO mice, and those of macrophages were similar between the two genotypes. Hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf) gene expression was suppressed in Pdgfra-inactivated fibroblasts and connective tissue. The findings implicate the role of PDGFRα-dependent ECM and HGF production in fibroblasts that promotes the remodeling of connective tissue and suggest that PDGFRα may be a relevant target to regulate connective tissue remodeling.
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12
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Transient expression of neuropeptide W in postnatal mouse hypothalamus--a putative regulator of energy homeostasis. Neuroscience 2015; 301:323-37. [PMID: 26073698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide B and W (NPB and NPW) are cognate peptide ligands for NPBWR1 (GPR7), a G protein-coupled receptor. In rodents, they have been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine/autonomic responses, and social interactions. Although localization of these peptides and their receptors in adult rodent brain has been well documented, their expression in mouse brain during development is unknown. Here we demonstrate the transient expression of NPW mRNA in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) of postnatal mouse brain and its co-localization with neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA. Neurons expressing both NPW and NPY mRNAs begin to emerge in the DMH at about postnatal day 0 (P-0) through P-3. Their expression is highest around P-14, declines after P-21, and by P-28 only a faint expression of NPW and NPY mRNA remains. In P-18 brains, we detected NPW neurons in the region spanning the subincertal nucleus (SubI), the lateral hypothalamic (LH) perifornical (PF) areas, and the DMH, where the highest expression of NPW mRNA was observed. The majority of these postnatal hypothalamic NPW neurons co-express NPY mRNA. A cross of NPW-iCre knock-in mice with a Cre-dependent tdTomato reporter line revealed that more than half of the reporter-positive neurons in the adult DMH, which mature from the transiently NPW-expressing neurons, are sensitive to peripherally administrated leptin. These data suggest that the DMH neurons that transiently co-express NPW and NPY in the peri-weaning period might play a role in regulating energy homeostasis during postnatal development.
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Water influx into cerebrospinal fluid is primarily controlled by aquaporin-4, not by aquaporin-1: 17O JJVCPE MRI study in knockout mice. Neuroreport 2014; 25:39-43. [PMID: 24231830 PMCID: PMC4235386 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis emphasize the importance of water flux through the pericapillary (Virchow-Robin) space for both CSF production and reabsorption (Oreskovic and Klarica hypothesis), and challenge the classic CSF circulation theory, which proposes that CSF is primarily produced by the choroid plexus and reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi. Active suppression of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) expression within brain capillaries and preservation of AQP-1 within the choroid plexus together with pericapillary water regulation by AQP-4 provide a unique opportunity for testing this recent hypothesis. We investigated water flux into three representative regions of the brain, namely, the cortex, basal ganglia, and third ventricle using a newly developed water molecular MRI technique based on JJ vicinal coupling between O and adjacent protons and water molecule proton exchanges (JJVCPE imaging) in AQP-1 and AQP-4 knockout mice in vivo. The results clearly indicate that water influx into the CSF is regulated by AQP-4, and not by AQP-1, strongly supporting the Oreskovic and Klarica hypothesis.
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Watanabe Y, Katayama N, Takeuchi K, Togano T, Itoh R, Sato M, Yamazaki M, Abe M, Sato T, Oda K, Yokoyama M, Takao K, Fukaya M, Miyakawa T, Watanabe M, Sakimura K, Manabe T, Igarashi M. Point mutation in syntaxin-1A causes abnormal vesicle recycling, behaviors, and short term plasticity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34906-19. [PMID: 24136198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntaxin-1A is a t-SNARE that is involved in vesicle docking and vesicle fusion; it is important in presynaptic exocytosis in neurons because it interacts with many regulatory proteins. Previously, we found the following: 1) that autophosphorylated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), an important modulator of neural plasticity, interacts with syntaxin-1A to regulate exocytosis, and 2) that a syntaxin missense mutation (R151G) attenuated this interaction. To determine more precisely the physiological importance of this interaction between CaMKII and syntaxin, we generated mice with a knock-in (KI) syntaxin-1A (R151G) mutation. Complexin is a molecular clamp involved in exocytosis, and in the KI mice, recruitment of complexin to the SNARE complex was reduced because of an abnormal CaMKII/syntaxin interaction. Nevertheless, SNARE complex formation was not inhibited, and consequently, basal neurotransmission was normal. However, the KI mice did exhibit more enhanced presynaptic plasticity than wild-type littermates; this enhanced plasticity could be associated with synaptic response than did wild-type littermates; this pronounced response included several behavioral abnormalities. Notably, the R151G phenotypes were generally similar to previously reported CaMKII mutant phenotypes. Additionally, synaptic recycling in these KI mice was delayed, and the density of synaptic vesicles was reduced. Taken together, our results indicated that this single point mutation in syntaxin-1A causes abnormal regulation of neuronal plasticity and vesicle recycling and that the affected syntaxin-1A/CaMKII interaction is essential for normal brain and synaptic functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Watanabe
- From the Departments of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and
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Glutamate receptor δ2 is essential for input pathway-dependent regulation of synaptic AMPAR contents in cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurosci 2011; 31:3362-74. [PMID: 21368048 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5601-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is the major determinant of synaptic strength and is differently regulated in input pathway-dependent and target cell type-dependent manners. In cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), the density of synaptic AMPARs is approximately five times lower at parallel fiber (PF) synapses than at climbing fiber (CF) synapses. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this biased synaptic distribution remain unclear. As a candidate molecule, we focused on glutamate receptor δ2 (GluRδ2 or GluD2), which is known to be efficiently trafficked to and selectively expressed at PF synapses in PCs. We applied postembedding immunogold electron microscopy to GluRδ2 knock-out (KO) and control mice, and measured labeling density for GluA1-4 at three excitatory synapses in the cerebellar molecular layer. In both control and GluRδ2-KO mice, GluA1-3 were localized at PF and CF synapses in PCs, while GluA2-4 were at PF synapses in interneurons. In control mice, labeling density for each of GluA1-3 was four to six times lower at PF-PC synapses than at CF-PC synapses. In GluRδ2-KO mice, however, their labeling density displayed a three- to fivefold increase at PF synapses, but not at CF synapses, thus effectively eliminating input pathway-dependent disparity between the two PC synapses. Furthermore, we found an unexpected twofold increase in labeling density for GluA2 and GluA3, but not GluA4, at PF-interneuron synapses, where we identified low but significant expression of GluRδ2. These results suggest that GluRδ2 is involved in a common mechanism that restricts the number of synaptic AMPARs at PF synapses in PCs and molecular layer interneurons.
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Watanabe Y, Takeuchi K, Higa Onaga S, Sato M, Tsujita M, Abe M, Natsume R, Li M, Furuichi T, Saeki M, Izumikawa T, Hasegawa A, Yokoyama M, Ikegawa S, Sakimura K, Amizuka N, Kitagawa H, Igarashi M. Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 is required for normal cartilage development. Biochem J 2010; 432:47-55. [PMID: 20812917 PMCID: PMC2995422 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CS (chondroitin sulfate) is a glycosaminoglycan species that is widely distributed in the extracellular matrix. To understand the physiological roles of enzymes involved in CS synthesis, we produced CSGalNAcT1 (CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1)-null mice. CS production was reduced by approximately half in CSGalNAcT1-null mice, and the amount of short-chain CS was also reduced. Moreover, the cartilage of the null mice was significantly smaller than that of wild-type mice. Additionally, type-II collagen fibres in developing cartilage were abnormally aggregated and disarranged in the homozygous mutant mice. These results suggest that CSGalNAcT1 is required for normal CS production in developing cartilage.
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Key Words
- cartilage
- chondroitin sulfate
- collagen fibre
- n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (galnact)
- gene knockout
- glycosaminoglycan
- 2-ab, 2-aminobenzamide
- c4st-1, chondrotin 4-sulfotransferase-1
- chpf, chondroitin polymerization factor
- chsy, chondroitin synthase
- cs, chondroitin sulfate
- csgalnact, chondroitin sulfate n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
- cspg, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
- e, embryonic day
- es, embryonic stem
- fam20b, family member 20b
- g3pdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- glcua, glucuronic acid
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- pcna, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- pg, proteoglycan
- rt, reverse transcription
- tem, transmission electron microscope
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Watanabe
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Higa Onaga
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Michiko Sato
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Mika Tsujita
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- ‡Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- ‡Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Minqi Li
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- §Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Furuichi
- ∥Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genome Medicine, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mika Saeki
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hasegawa
- **Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Minesuke Yokoyama
- **Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- ∥Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genome Medicine, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- ‡Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- §Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- *Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1–757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- †Trans-disciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Higo S, Akashi K, Sakimura K, Tamamaki N. Subtypes of GABAergic neurons project axons in the neocortex. Front Neuroanat 2009; 3:25. [PMID: 19915725 PMCID: PMC2776478 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.025.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the neocortex have been regarded as interneurons and speculated to modulate the activity of neurons locally. Recently, however, several experiments revealed that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive GABAergic neurons project cortico-cortically with long axons. In this study, we illustrate Golgi-like images of the nNOS-positive GABAergic neurons using a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) reaction and follow the emanating axon branches in cat brain sections. These axon branches projected cortico-cortically with other non-labeled arcuate fibers, contra-laterally via the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. The labeled fibers were not limited to the neocortex but found also in the fimbria of the hippocampus. In order to have additional information on these GABAergic neuron projections, we investigated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled GABAergic neurons in GAD67-Cre knock-in/GFP Cre-reporter mice. GFP-labeled axons emanate densely, especially in the fimbria, a small number in the anterior commissure, and very sparsely in the corpus callosum. These two different approaches confirm that not only nNOS-positive GABAergic neurons but also other subtypes of GABAergic neurons project long axons in the cerebral cortex and are in a position to be involved in information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Higo
- Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare Kumamoto, Japan
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NMDA receptor GluN2B (GluR epsilon 2/NR2B) subunit is crucial for channel function, postsynaptic macromolecular organization, and actin cytoskeleton at hippocampal CA3 synapses. J Neurosci 2009; 29:10869-82. [PMID: 19726645 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5531-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GluN2B (GluRepsilon2/NR2B) subunit is involved in synapse development, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function. However, its roles in synaptic expression and function of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in the brain remain mostly unknown because of the neonatal lethality of global knock-out mice. To address this, we generated conditional knock-out mice, in which GluN2B was ablated exclusively in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. By immunohistochemistry, GluN2B disappeared and GluN1 (GluRzeta1/NR1) was moderately reduced, whereas GluN2A (GluRepsilon1/NR2A) and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) were unaltered in the mutant CA3. This was consistent with protein contents in the CA3 crude fraction: 9.6% of control level for GluN2B, 47.7% for GluN1, 90.6% for GluN2A, and 98.0% for PSD-95. Despite the remaining NMDARs, NMDAR-mediated currents and long-term potentiation were virtually lost at various CA3 synapses. Then, we compared synaptic NMDARs by postembedding immunogold electron microscopy and immunoblot using the PSD fraction. In the mutant CA3, GluN1 was severely reduced in both immunogold (20.6-23.6%) and immunoblot (24.6%), whereas GluN2A and PSD-95 were unchanged in immunogold but markedly reduced in the PSD fraction (51.4 and 36.5%, respectively), indicating increased detergent solubility of PSD molecules. No such increased solubility was observed for GluN2B in the CA3 of GluN2A-knock-out mice. Furthermore, significant decreases were found in the ratio of filamentous to globular actin (49.5%) and in the density of dendritic spines (76.2%). These findings suggest that GluN2B is critically involved in NMDAR channel function, organization of postsynaptic macromolecular complexes, formation or maintenance of dendritic spines, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Kitaura H, Tsujita M, Huber VJ, Kakita A, Shibuki K, Sakimura K, Kwee IL, Nakada T. Activity-dependent glial swelling is impaired in aquaporin-4 knockout mice. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:208-12. [PMID: 19428702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel expressed in glial cells, in neural activity mediated morphological changes observed in brain slice preparation. Changes in flavoprotein fluorescence (FF) and infrared light scattering (LS) signals were measured before and after repetitive stimulation of layer VI in rostral somatosensory cortical slices taken from AQP4 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Changes in FF, which reflect neural aerobic activities, were comparable for the two groups in all cortical layers. However, changes in LS signals, which are indicative of cell swelling, were significantly decreased in layer I of AQP4 KO mice compared to that of WT mice. We conclude that AQP4 likely plays a significant role in neural activity-dependent glial swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kitaura
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Japan; Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Japan
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Miya K, Inoue R, Takata Y, Abe M, Natsume R, Sakimura K, Hongou K, Miyawaki T, Mori H. Serine racemase is predominantly localized in neurons in mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2008; 510:641-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yasumura M, Uemura T, Yamasaki M, Sakimura K, Watanabe M, Mishina M. Role of the internal Shank-binding segment of glutamate receptor delta2 in synaptic localization and cerebellar functions. Neurosci Lett 2008; 433:146-51. [PMID: 18249497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor (GluR) delta2 selectively expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) plays key roles in cerebellar long-term depression (LTD), motor learning and formation of parallel fiber (PF)-PC synapses. We have recently shown that the PDZ [postsynaptic density (PSD)-95/Discs large/zona occludens-1]-binding domain at the C-terminal, the T site, is essential for LTD induction and the regulation of climbing fiber (CF) territory, but is dispensable for synaptic localization of GluRdelta2, PF-PC synapse formation and CF elimination process. To investigate the functional roles of the S segment, the second PDZ-binding domain in the middle of the C-terminal cytoplasmic region, we generated GluRdelta2DeltaS mice carrying mutant GluRdelta2 lacking this segment. The amount of GluRdelta2DeltaS in mutant mice was reduced compared with that of GluRdelta2 in wild-type mice. However, the extent of decrease was much larger in the PSD fractions than in cerebellar homogenates, suggesting the requirement of the S segment for efficient synaptic localization. Furthermore, mismatched PF synapses and free spines emerged and CF-innervation territory on PC dendrites expanded in GluRdelta2DeltaS mice. On the other hand, the performance in the rotarod test was comparable between wild-type and GluRdelta2DeltaS mice. These results suggest that the S segment and T site, the two PDZ-binding domains in the C-terminal cytoplasmic region, are differentially involved in diverse GluRdelta2 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Yasumura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Mishina M, Sakimura K. Conditional gene targeting on the pure C57BL/6 genetic background. Neurosci Res 2007; 58:105-12. [PMID: 17298852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Brain functions are the products of dynamic interactions between multiple genes and environments. Accordingly, there are large differences among mouse strains at the behavioral and neurobiological levels. Therefore, it is crucial to manipulate genes on the same and homogenous genetic background and then to analyze and compare the phenotypes of various genetically modified mice. Furthermore, a conditional gene targeting to restrict the gene knockout to specific cells and time is a powerful tool to investigate the molecular basis of higher brain functions such as learning and memory. We have developed a system employing Cre-progesterone receptor fusion recombinase for temporal regulation of gene targeting and Flp/frt recombination system for elimination of marker genes. Importantly, both the recombinase lines and target mice have been produced with embryonic stem cells derived from the C57BL/6 strain suitable for brain function analysis. Thus, we have established an inducible and neuron-specific gene targeting system on the pure C57BL/6 genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Mishina
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Gavériaux-Ruff C, Kieffer BL. Conditional gene targeting in the mouse nervous system: Insights into brain function and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 113:619-34. [PMID: 17289150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conditional gene knockout represents an extremely powerful approach to study the function of single genes in the nervous system. The Cre-LoxP system is the most advanced technology for spatial and temporal control of genetic inactivation, and there is rapid progress using this methodology in neuroscience research. In this approach, mice with LoxP sites flanking the gene of interest (floxed mice) are bred with transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of a selected promoter (Cre mice). This promoter is critical in that it determines the time and site of Cre expression. Cre enzyme, in turn, recombines the floxed gene and produces gene knockout. Here we review Cre mouse lines that have been developed to target either the entire brain, selected brain areas, or specific neuronal populations. We then summarize phenotypic consequences of conditional gene targeting in the brain for more than 40 genes, as reported to date. For many broadly expressed genes, brain-restricted knockout has overcome lethality of conventional knockout (KO) and has highlighted a specific role of the encoded protein in some aspect of brain function. In the case of neural genes, data from null mutants in specific brain sites or neurons has refined our understanding of the role of individual molecules that regulate complex behaviors or synaptic plasticity within neural circuits. Among the many developing functional genomic approaches, conditional gene targeting in the mouse has become an excellent tool to elucidate the function of the approximately 5000 known or unknown genes that operate in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gavériaux-Ruff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.
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Fukaya M, Tsujita M, Yamazaki M, Kushiya E, Abe M, Akashi K, Natsume R, Kano M, Kamiya H, Watanabe M, Sakimura K. Abundant distribution of TARP gamma-8 in synaptic and extrasynaptic surface of hippocampal neurons and its major role in AMPA receptor expression on spines and dendrites. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:2177-90. [PMID: 17074043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) play pivotal roles in AMPA receptor trafficking and gating. Here we examined cellular and subcellular distribution of TARP gamma-8 in the mouse brain. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence revealed the highest concentration of gamma-8 in the hippocampus. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated dense distribution of gamma-8 on the synaptic and extrasynaptic surface of hippocampal neurons with very low intracellular labeling. Of the neuronal surface, gamma-8 was distributed at the highest level on asymmetrical synapses of pyramidal cells and interneurons, whereas their symmetrical synapses selectively lacked immunogold labeling. Then, the role of gamma-8 in AMPA receptor expression was pursued in the hippocampus using mutant mice defective in the gamma-8 gene. In the mutant cornu ammonis (CA)1 region, synaptic and extrasynaptic AMPA receptors on dendrites and spines were severely reduced to 35-37% of control levels, whereas reduction was mild for extrasynaptic receptors on somata (74%) and no significant decrease was seen for intracellular receptors within spines. In the mutant CA3 region, synaptic AMPA receptors were reduced mildly at asymmetrical synapses in the stratum radiatum (67% of control level), and showed no significant decrease at mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. Therefore, gamma-8 is abundantly distributed on hippocampal excitatory synapses and extrasynaptic membranes, and plays an important role in increasing the number of synaptic and extrasynaptic AMPA receptors on dendrites and spines, particularly, in the CA1 region. Variable degrees of reduction further suggest that other TARPs may also mediate this function at different potencies depending on hippocampal subregions, input sources and neuronal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Watanabe S, Honma D, Furusawa T, Sakurai T, Sato M. Preparation of enzymatically active human Myc-tagged-NCre recombinase exhibiting immunoreactivity with anti-Myc antibody. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:1345-52. [PMID: 16894573 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Cre-loxP system has been recognized as a tool for conditional gene targeting in mice. However, most anti-Cre antibodies fail to react with Cre expressed in vivo. In an attempt to directly detect Cre by antibodies in vivo, we constructed the tagged-NCre (NCreMH) gene by connecting the human Myc and His tag sequences to the 3' end of the NCre gene carrying a nuclear localizing signal (NLS) sequence. The production of NCre protein and the recombinase activity were detected after co-transfection with pCMV-NCreMH and pCETZ-17 carrying the loxP-flanked lacZ gene into NIH3T3 cells. This activity was also confirmed in vivo after gene transfer of pCMV-NCreMH and pCRTEIL-6 carrying loxP-flanked HcRed1 and EGFP cDNAs, into oviductal epithelium by electroporation. Immunohistochemical staining using anti-Myc antibody demonstrated that the area positive for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence was immunostained with the antibody. These findings indicate that NCreMH is useful as an alternative to NCre for gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Takeuchi T, Miyazaki T, Watanabe M, Mori H, Sakimura K, Mishina M. Control of synaptic connection by glutamate receptor delta2 in the adult cerebellum. J Neurosci 2005; 25:2146-56. [PMID: 15728855 PMCID: PMC6726062 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4740-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise topological matching of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations is essential for efficient synaptic transmission. Furthermore, synaptic connections are subjected to rearrangements throughout life. Here we examined the role of glutamate receptor (GluR) delta2 in the adult brain by inducible and cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC)-specific gene targeting under the pure C57BL/6 genetic background. Concomitant with the decrease of postsynaptic GluRdelta2 proteins, presynaptic active zones shrank progressively and postsynaptic density (PSD) expanded, resulting in mismatching between presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations at parallel fiber-PC synapses. Furthermore, GluRdelta2 and PSD-93 proteins were concentrated at the contacted portion of mismatched synapses, whereas AMPA receptors were distributed in both the contacted and dissociated portions. When GluRdelta2 proteins were diminished, PC spines lost their synaptic contacts. We thus identified postsynaptic GluRdelta2 as a key regulator of the presynaptic active zone and PSD organization at parallel fiber-PC synapses in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, and Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Banares S, Zeh K, Krajewska M, Kermer P, Baribault H, Reed JC, Krajewski S. Novel pan-neuronal Cre-transgenic line for conditional ablation of genes in the nervous system. Genesis 2005; 42:6-16. [PMID: 15828007 DOI: 10.1002/gene.20117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific gene ablation is accomplished by combining conventional gene targeting approaches with site-specific recombinases such as the Cre/loxP system. Despite the use of a cardiac-specific rat myosin light chain II promoter, our transgenic line (CRE3) had little or no Cre expression in the heart; however, strong Cre activity was detected in the brain as early as gestation day E11.5. This was determined by several methods including crossing our mouse line with a lacZ indicator line (ROSA26). Transgenic Cre, in this mouse line, mediated DNA recombination of loxP-flanked genes selectively in neurons throughout the gray matter of the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, as well as retina, dorsal, and sympathetic ganglia. Cre protein was also detected by immunohistochemistry exclusively in neurons, but not in other types of cells or tissues. Thus, our transgenic CRE3 mice provide pan-neuronal expression of CRE for carrying out conditional deletion of genes in neurons and their progenitors.
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Heine HL, Leong HS, Rossi FMV, McManus BM, Podor TJ. Strategies of Conditional Gene Expression in Myocardium. MOLECULAR CARDIOLOGY 2005; 112:109-54. [PMID: 16010014 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-879-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of specialized reporter genes to monitor real-time, tissue-specific transgene expression in animal models offers an opportunity to circumvent current limitations associated with the establishment of transgenic mouse models. The Cre-loxP and the tetracycline (Tet)-inducible systems are useful methods of conditional gene expression that allow spatial (cell-type-specific) and temporal (inducer-dependent) control. Most often, the alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC) promoter is used in these inducible systems to restrict expression of reporter genes and transgenes to the myocardium. An overview of each inducible system is described, along with suggested reporter genes for real-time, noninvasive imaging in the myocardium. Effective gene delivery of the inducible gene expression system is carried out by lentiviral vectors, which offer high transduction efficiency, long-term transgene expression, and low immunogenicity. This chapter outlines the packaging of myocardium-specific inducible expression systems into lentiviral vectors, in which a transgene and a reporter gene are transduced into cardiomyocytes. In doing so, transgene and reporter expression can be monitored/tracked with bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Heine
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research/MRL, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
The lung is a complex organ consisting of numerous cell types that function to ensure sufficient gas exchange to oxygenate the blood. In order to accomplish this function, the lung must be exposed to the external environment and at the same time maintain a homeostatic balance between its function in gas exchange and the maintenance of inflammatory balance. During the past two decades, as molecular methodologies have evolved with the sequencing of entire genomes, the use of in vivo models to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in pulmonary physiology and disease have increased. The mouse has emerged as a potent model to investigate pulmonary physiology due to the explosion in molecular methods that now allow for the developmental and tissue-specific regulation of gene transcription. Initial efforts to manipulate gene expression in the mouse genome resulted in the generation of transgenic mice characterized by the constitutive expression of a specific gene and knockout mice characterized by the ablation of a specific gene. The utility of these original mouse models was limited, in many cases, by phenotypes resulting in embryonic or neonatal lethality that prevented analysis of the impact of the genetic manipulation on pulmonary biology. Second-generation transgenic mouse models employ multiple strategies that can either activate or silence gene expression thereby providing extensive temporal and spatial control of the experimental parameters of gene expression. These highly regulated mouse models are intended to serve as a foundation for further investigation of the molecular basis of human disease such as tumorigenesis. This review describes the principles, progress, and application of systems that are currently employed in the conditional regulation of gene expression in the investigation of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kwak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Many chronic neurologic diseases do not respond to small molecule therapeutics, and have no effective long-term therapy. Gene therapy offers the promise of an effective cure for both genetic and acquired brain disease. However, the limiting problem in brain gene therapy is delivery to brain followed by regulation of the expression of the transgene. Present day gene vectors do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Consequently, brain gene therapy requires craniotomy and the local injection of a viral gene vector. However, there are few brain disorders that can be effectively treated with local injection. Most applications of gene therapy require global expression in the brain of the exogenous gene, and this can only be achieved with a noninvasive delivery through the BBB—the trans-vascular route to brain. An additional consideration is the potential toxicity of all viral and nonviral approaches, which may either integrate into the host genome and cause insertional mutagenesis or cause inflammation in the brain. Nonviral, noninvasive gene therapy of the brain is now possible with the development of a new approach to targeting therapeutic genes to the brain following an IV administration. This approach utilizes genetically engineered molecular Trojan horses, which ferry the gene across the BBB and into neurons. Global and reversible expression of therapeutic genes in the human brain without surgery and without viral vectors is now possible.
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Abstract
Conditional genetic modifications are used to determine how individual molecules contribute to the function of defined neuronal circuits in the mouse brain. Among various techniques for these genetic modifications, the tetracycline transactivator and the Cre-loxP systems have proved to be most successful in recent years. Here we describe the basic principles, recent developments, and potential applications of these methodologies. We discuss their impact on the study of general brain function and their use for modeling different brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Morozov
- Unit on Behavioral Genetics, Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Department of Health and Humans Services (AM), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
In adult Lurcher mice virtually all cerebellar Purkinje cells have degenerated as a direct consequence of mutant gene action, providing a natural model for studying the effect of cerebellar cortical lesions on the generation of compensatory eye movements. Lurcher mice possess both optokinetic (OKR) and vestibular (VOR) compensatory reflexes. However, clear differences were observed in control of the OKR consisting of a large reduction in gain and a moderate increase in phase lag. Minor differences were also observed in the VOR in that gain and phase lead of the reflex were both increased in Lurcher animals. Subjecting Lurcher animals to eight days of visuovestibular training tested the assumption that increased VOR gain reflected an adaptive mechanism within remaining brainstem oculomotor pathways to compensate for the reduced OKR. Contrary to control animals, Lurcher animals were unable to modify either VOR or OKR in the course of training and therefore confirmed that an intact cerebellum is indispensable for the implementation of adaptive modifications to the oculomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Van Alphen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Abstract
Gene control systems that provide temporal and spatial regulation of transgene expression in response to orally delivered drugs are needed for advances in functional genomics, models of human disease and gene therapy. A regulation system based on the altered binding and activation properties of a truncated ligand-binding domain derived from the progesterone receptor has been shown to be effective in providing tissue-specific, antiprogestin-controllable gene expression in transgenic mice, transgenic fruit flies and animals that have been administered viral-based or plasmid-based gene therapy vectors.
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Ngan ESW, Schillinger K, DeMayo F, Tsai SY. The mifepristone-inducible gene regulatory system in mouse models of disease and gene therapy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2002; 13:143-9. [PMID: 12240599 DOI: 10.1016/s1084-9521(02)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mifepristone (Mfp)-inducible gene regulatory system is designed to allow control of the spatiotemporal expression of transgenes in vivo in a ligand-dependent manner. This regulatory system is composed of two components: (1) a chimeric transactivator protein that activates transgene transcription only in the presence of the progesterone antagonist Mfp, and (2) a target transgene placed in the context of a promoter which is responsive only to the Mfp-bound chimeric transactivator. Incorporation of the components of the Mfp-inducible gene regulatory system into transgenic mice has resulted in the establishment of several novel, Mfp-dependent models of disease. Similarly, adaptation of the Mfp-inducible system for use in gene knockout models has resulted in the development of new gene ablation technology which is both tissue-specific and Mfp-dependent. Additionally, the Mfp-inducible gene regulatory system has been used in animal experiments involving somatic gene therapy, where it has shown considerable promise in the regulation of both reporter and therapeutic gene expression. This review focuses on recent application of the Mfp-inducible system to transgenic models, gene knockout models, and somatic gene therapy experiments. In so doing, it demonstrates the considerable promise that future use of this system holds for better understanding and treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly S W Ngan
- Department of Molecualr and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Barski JJ, Lauth M, Meyer M. Genetic targeting of cerebellar Purkinje cells: history, current status and novel strategies. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2002; 1:111-8. [PMID: 12882360 DOI: 10.1080/147342202753671240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is an account of developments in the field of transgenic and gene targeting approaches with special emphasis on the cerebellar Purkinje cell. A critical discussion of the available genetic tools is provided. As genetic engineering of the mouse is still a rapidly moving field, we felt it appropriate to include some ideas on novel strategies for refined genetic manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw J Barski
- Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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Zhuo L, Theis M, Alvarez-Maya I, Brenner M, Willecke K, Messing A. hGFAP-cre transgenic mice for manipulation of glial and neuronal function in vivo. Genesis 2001; 31:85-94. [PMID: 11668683 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the goal of performing astrocyte-specific modification of genes in the mouse, we have generated a transgenic line expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (hGFAP) promoter. Activity was monitored by crossing the hGFAP-cre transgenics with either of two reporter lines carrying a lacZ gene whose expression requires excision of loxP-flanked stop sequences. We found that lacZ expression was primarily limited to the central nervous system, but therein was widespread in neurons and ependyma. Cell types within the brain that notably failed to activate lacZ expression included Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum and choroid plexus epithelium. Onset of Cre expression began in the forebrain by e13.5, suggesting that the hGFAP promoter is active in a multi-potential neural stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhuo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA
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39
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Abstract
Investigations of the mechanisms involved in appropriate, developmentally regulated tissue-specific gene transcription have laid the foundations for transgenic and gene-therapy technologies directing specific induction or ablation of genes of interest in a tissue-restricted manner. This technology has further evolved to allow for temporal control of gene expression and ablation. Genes can now be switched on and off or be ablated by administering exogenous compounds. These technologies are based on the development of ligand-inducible transcription factors or recombinases that regulate gene expression or ablation by the administration of specific ligands and should lead to animal models that are better suited for investigating the molecular basis of human disease. This review describes the evolution, components and applications of systems that are currently being employed in transgenic and mutant-mouse technology for the conditional regulation of gene expression and ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J DeMayo
- Dept of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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