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Kožich V, Majtan T. Komrower Memorial Lecture 2023. Molecular basis of phenotype expression in homocystinuria: Where are we 30 years later? J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38873792 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This review summarises progress in the research of homocystinuria (HCU) in the past three decades. HCU due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) was discovered in 1962, and Prof. Jan Peter Kraus summarised developments in the field in the first-ever Komrower lecture in 1993. In the past three decades, significant advancements have been achieved in the biology of CBS, including gene organisation, tissue expression, 3D structures, and regulatory mechanisms. Renewed interest in CBS arose in the late 1990s when this enzyme was implicated in biogenesis of H2S. Advancements in genetic and biochemical techniques enabled the identification of several hundreds of pathogenic CBS variants and the misfolding of missense mutations as a common mechanism. Several cellular, invertebrate and murine HCU models allowed us to gain insights into functional and metabolic pathophysiology of the disease. Establishing the E-HOD consortium and patient networks, HCU Network Australia and HCU Network America, offered new possibilities for acquiring clinical data in registries and data on patients´ quality of life. A recent analysis of data from the E-HOD registry showed that the clinical variability of HCU is broad, extending from severe childhood disease to milder (late) adulthood forms, which typically respond to pyridoxine. Pyridoxine responsiveness appears to be the key factor determining the clinical course of HCU. Increased awareness about HCU played a role in developing novel therapies, such as gene therapy, correction of misfolding by chaperones, removal of methionine from the gut and enzyme therapies that decrease homocysteine or methionine in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Badawy YE, Saeed HMS, Embaby AM, Mohamed AF, Rashad R, Eldeeb MK. Cystathionine β Synthase (CBS 844ins68) and Cytosolic Serine Hydroxy-Methyltransferase (SHMT1) (C1420T) Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Breast Cancer in the Egyptian Population. CYTOL GENET+ 2023. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452723010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Fahmy SA, Dawoud A, Zeinelabdeen YA, Kiriacos CJ, Daniel KA, Eltahtawy O, Abdelhalim MM, Braoudaki M, Youness RA. Molecular Engines, Therapeutic Targets, and Challenges in Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Special Emphasis on Hydrogen Sulfide and RNA-Based Nano-Delivery. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5244. [PMID: 36358663 PMCID: PMC9657918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric primary brain tumors represent a real challenge in the oncology arena. Besides the psychosocial burden, brain tumors are considered one of the most difficult-to-treat malignancies due to their sophisticated cellular and molecular pathophysiology. Notwithstanding the advances in research and the substantial efforts to develop a suitable therapy, a full understanding of the molecular pathways involved in primary brain tumors is still demanded. On the other hand, the physiological nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the efficiency of many available treatments, including molecular therapeutic approaches. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), as a member of the gasotransmitters family, and its synthesizing machinery have represented promising molecular targets for plentiful cancer types. However, its role in primary brain tumors, generally, and pediatric types, particularly, is barely investigated. In this review, the authors shed the light on the novel role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a prominent player in pediatric brain tumor pathophysiology and its potential as a therapeutic avenue for brain tumors. In addition, the review also focuses on the challenges and opportunities of several molecular targeting approaches and proposes promising brain-delivery strategies for the sake of achieving better therapeutic results for brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Ashraf Fahmy
- Chemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, R5 New Capital City, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Dawoud
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Yousra Ahmed Zeinelabdeen
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Faculty of Medical Sciences/UMCG, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Joseph Kiriacos
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Kerolos Ashraf Daniel
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Omar Eltahtawy
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Miriam Mokhtar Abdelhalim
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Maria Braoudaki
- Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Science Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Cirino G, Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. Physiological roles of hydrogen sulfide in mammalian cells, tissues and organs. Physiol Rev 2022; 103:31-276. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
H2S belongs to the class of molecules known as gasotransmitters, which also includes nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Three enzymes are recognized as endogenous sources of H2S in various cells and tissues: cystathionine g-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The current article reviews the regulation of these enzymes as well as the pathways of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation and elimination. The multiple interactions of H2S with other labile endogenous molecules (e.g. NO) and reactive oxygen species are also outlined. The various biological targets and signaling pathways are discussed, with special reference to H2S and oxidative posttranscriptional modification of proteins, the effect of H2S on channels and intracellular second messenger pathways, the regulation of gene transcription and translation and the regulation of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism. The pharmacological and molecular tools currently available to study H2S physiology are also reviewed, including their utility and limitations. In subsequent sections, the role of H2S in the regulation of various physiological and cellular functions is reviewed. The physiological role of H2S in various cell types and organ systems are overviewed. Finally, the role of H2S in the regulation of various organ functions is discussed as well as the characteristic bell-shaped biphasic effects of H2S. In addition, key pathophysiological aspects, debated areas, and future research and translational areas are identified A wide array of significant roles of H2S in the physiological regulation of all organ functions emerges from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece & Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
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Bai J, Chen DB. Enhanced Sp1/YY1 Expression Directs CBS Transcription to Mediate VEGF-Stimulated Pregnancy-Dependent H 2S Production in Human Uterine Artery Endothelial Cells. Hypertension 2021; 78:1902-1913. [PMID: 34657441 PMCID: PMC8585697 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine
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Genetics and Epigenetics of One-Carbon Metabolism Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Sex-Specific Brain Epigenome? Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050782. [PMID: 34065323 PMCID: PMC8161134 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition affecting behavior and communication, presenting with extremely different clinical phenotypes and features. ASD etiology is composite and multifaceted with several causes and risk factors responsible for different individual disease pathophysiological processes and clinical phenotypes. From a genetic and epigenetic side, several candidate genes have been reported as potentially linked to ASD, which can be detected in about 10–25% of patients. Folate gene polymorphisms have been previously associated with other psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, mainly focused on gene variants in the DHFR gene (5q14.1; rs70991108, 19bp ins/del), MTHFR gene (1p36.22; rs1801133, C677T and rs1801131, A1298C), and CBS gene (21q22.3; rs876657421, 844ins68). Of note, their roles have been scarcely investigated from a sex/gender viewpoint, though ASD is characterized by a strong sex gap in onset-risk and progression. The aim of the present review is to point out the molecular mechanisms related to intracellular folate recycling affecting in turn remethylation and transsulfuration pathways having potential effects on ASD. Brain epigenome during fetal life necessarily reflects the sex-dependent different imprint of the genome-environment interactions which effects are difficult to decrypt. We here will focus on the DHFR, MTHFR and CBS gene-triad by dissecting their roles in a sex-oriented view, primarily to bring new perspectives in ASD epigenetics.
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Kožich V, Sokolová J, Morris AAM, Pavlíková M, Gleich F, Kölker S, Krijt J, Dionisi‐Vici C, Baumgartner MR, Blom HJ, Huemer M. Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency in the E-HOD registry-part I: pyridoxine responsiveness as a determinant of biochemical and clinical phenotype at diagnosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:677-692. [PMID: 33295057 PMCID: PMC8247016 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency has a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from neurodevelopmental problems, lens dislocation and marfanoid features in early childhood to adult onset disease with predominantly thromboembolic complications. We have analysed clinical and laboratory data at the time of diagnosis in 328 patients with CBS deficiency from the E-HOD (European network and registry for Homocystinurias and methylation Defects) registry. We developed comprehensive criteria to classify patients into four groups of pyridoxine responsivity: non-responders (NR), partial, full and extreme responders (PR, FR and ER, respectively). All groups showed overlapping concentrations of plasma total homocysteine while pyridoxine responsiveness inversely correlated with plasma/serum methionine concentrations. The FR and ER groups had a later age of onset and diagnosis and a longer diagnostic delay than NR and PR patients. Lens dislocation was common in all groups except ER but the age of dislocation increased with increasing responsiveness. Developmental delay was commonest in the NR group while no ER patient had cognitive impairment. Thromboembolism was the commonest presenting feature in ER patients, whereas it was least likely at presentation in the NR group. This probably is due to the differences in ages at presentation: all groups had a similar number of thromboembolic events per 1000 patient-years. Clinical severity of CBS deficiency depends on the degree of pyridoxine responsiveness. Therefore, a standardised pyridoxine-responsiveness test in newly diagnosed patients and a critical review of previous assessments is indispensable to ensure adequate therapy and to prevent or reduce long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersCharles University‐First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Jitka Sokolová
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersCharles University‐First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Andrew A. M. Morris
- Manchester Centre for Genomic MedicineManchester University Hospitals NHS TrustManchesterUK
| | - Markéta Pavlíková
- Department of Probability and Mathematical StatisticsCharles University‐Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsPragueCzech Republic
| | - Florian Gleich
- Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent MedicineUniversity HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent MedicineUniversity HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jakub Krijt
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersCharles University‐First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Carlo Dionisi‐Vici
- Division of MetabolismBambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Matthias R. Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research CenterUniversity Children's HospitalZurichSwitzerland
- University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Henk J. Blom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic DiseasesErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Martina Huemer
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research CenterUniversity Children's HospitalZurichSwitzerland
- Department of PediatricsLandeskrankenhaus BregenzBregenzAustria
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Li M, Liu Y, Deng Y, Pan L, Fu H, Han X, Li Y, Shi H, Wang T. Therapeutic potential of endogenous hydrogen sulfide inhibition in breast cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:68. [PMID: 33760221 PMCID: PMC8020202 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gas signal molecule, is associated with the modulation of various physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have reevealed that endogenous H2S may promote proliferation, induce angiogenesis and inhibit apoptosis, thereby stimulating oncogenesis. Conversely, decreased endogenous H2S release suppresses growth of various tumors including breast cancer. This observation suggests an alternative tumor therapy strategy by inhibiting H2S-producing enzymes to reduce the release of endogenous H2S. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. Due to the lack of approved targeted therapy, its recurrence and metastasis still affect its clinical treatment. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the control of breast cancer by using inhibitors on H2S-producing enzymes. This review summarized the roles of endogenous H2S-producing enzymes in breast cancer and the effects of the enzyme inhibitors on anticancer and anti-metastasis, with the aim of providing new insights for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Ya Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Limin Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Han Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Haimei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Tianxiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
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Sumi MP, Guru SA, Mir R, Bhat MA, Sahu S, Girish MP, Saxena A. Molecular evaluation of exon 8 cystathionine rs5742905T T>C gene polymorphism and determination of its frequency, distribution pattern, and association with susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease. In North Indian Population. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:115-122. [PMID: 33719952 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x21666210315121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein coded by cystathionine β synthase (CBS) gene act as a catalyzer, converts homocysteine to cystathionine. Impairment of CBS gene leads to homocystinuria by cystathionine β synthase deficiency which is linked to Coronary Artery Disease. A number of polymorphisms study have been performed in cystathione β synthase gene. In the current study we planned to analyze the influence of CBS T833C gene polymorphism and its association with Coronary Artery Disease development and its progression in the north Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHOD The present study comprises 100 angiographically confirmed CAD patients and 100 age and sex-matched healthy controls. A ≥ 50% luminal stenosis at one major coronary artery was considered for the inclusion criteria of the cases. The investigation of T833C polymorphism in the CBS gene was performed by PCR- RFLP technique. RESULT In result, we found that homozygous mutant (CC ) and heterozygous (TC) genotypes of CBS T833C gene polymorphism, were significantly higher in CAD patients as compared to healthy subjects. We also observed a substantial increased CAD risk exists in dominant, codominant inheritance and allele specific models for the CBS T833C gene polymorphism. We, analyzed the differential distribution with respect to disease severity, but there was no significant association (p=0.96). CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrates that CBS T833C gene polymorphism plays a key role in developing coronary artery disease and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta P Sumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi. India
| | - Sameer Ahmad Guru
- Department of Biochemistry and Multidisciplinary Research Unit (MRU), MAMC, University of Delhi. India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk . Saudi Arabia
| | - Musadiq A Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology-Neuropharmacology, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich. Switzerland
| | - Samantak Sahu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Science. India
| | - M P Girish
- iDepartment of Cardiology, GB Pant Hospital, University of Delhi. India
| | - Alpana Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi. India
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Comparative eye and liver differentially expressed genes reveal monochromatic vision and cancer resistance in the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Genomics 2020; 112:4817-4826. [PMID: 32890699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus is an oceanic pelagic shark found worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. However, the understanding of its biology at molecular level is still incipient. We sequenced the messenger RNA isolated from eye and liver tissues. De novo transcriptome yielded a total of 705,940 transcripts. A total of 3774 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs), with 1612 in the eye and 2162 in the liver. Most DEGs in the eye were related to structural and signaling functions, including nonocular and ocular opsin genes, whereas nine out of ten most overexpressed genes in the liver were related to tumor suppression, wound healing, and human diseases. Furthermore, DEGs findings provide insights on the monochromatic shark vision and a repertory of cancer-related genes, which may be insightful to elucidate shark resistance to cancer. Therefore, our results provide valuable sequence resources for future functional and population studies.
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Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Induced Uterine Vasodilation in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124349. [PMID: 32570961 PMCID: PMC7352873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in uterine blood flow to facilitate the bidirectional maternal–fetal exchanges of respiratory gases and to provide sole nutrient support for fetal growth and survival. The mechanism(s) underlying pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation remain incompletely understood, but this is associated with elevated estrogens, which stimulate specific estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent vasodilator production in the uterine artery (UA). The classical ERs (ERα and ERβ) and the plasma-bound G protein-coupled ER (GPR30/GPER) are expressed in UA endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, mediating the vasodilatory effects of estrogens through genomic and/or nongenomic pathways that are likely epigenetically modified. The activation of these three ERs by estrogens enhances the endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), which has been shown to play a key role in uterine vasodilation during pregnancy. However, the local blockade of NO biosynthesis only partially attenuates estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, suggesting that mechanisms other than NO exist to mediate uterine vasodilation. In this review, we summarize the literature on the role of NO in ER-mediated mechanisms controlling estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation and our recent work on a “new” UA vasodilator hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that has dramatically changed our view of how estrogens regulate uterine vasodilation in pregnancy.
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Zuhra K, Augsburger F, Majtan T, Szabo C. Cystathionine-β-Synthase: Molecular Regulation and Pharmacological Inhibition. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E697. [PMID: 32365821 PMCID: PMC7277093 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), the first (and rate-limiting) enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway, is an important mammalian enzyme in health and disease. Its biochemical functions under physiological conditions include the metabolism of homocysteine (a cytotoxic molecule and cardiovascular risk factor) and the generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous biological mediator with multiple regulatory roles in the vascular, nervous, and immune system. CBS is up-regulated in several diseases, including Down syndrome and many forms of cancer; in these conditions, the preclinical data indicate that inhibition or inactivation of CBS exerts beneficial effects. This article overviews the current information on the expression, tissue distribution, physiological roles, and biochemistry of CBS, followed by a comprehensive overview of direct and indirect approaches to inhibit the enzyme. Among the small-molecule CBS inhibitors, the review highlights the specificity and selectivity problems related to many of the commonly used "CBS inhibitors" (e.g., aminooxyacetic acid) and provides a comprehensive review of their pharmacological actions under physiological conditions and in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1702 Fribourg, Switzerland; (K.Z.); (F.A.)
| | - Fiona Augsburger
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1702 Fribourg, Switzerland; (K.Z.); (F.A.)
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1702 Fribourg, Switzerland; (K.Z.); (F.A.)
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Zhao Q, Zhang C, Li D, Huang X, Ren B, Yue L, Du B, Godfrey O, Zhang W. CBS gene polymorphism and promoter methylation‐mediating effects on the efficacy of folate therapy in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3156. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Chengda Zhang
- Department of International Medicine, Beaumont Health System Royal Oak MI USA
| | - Dankang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Bingnan Ren
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Yue
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Binghui Du
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Opolot Godfrey
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
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Lechuga TJ, Qi QR, Kim T, Magness RR, Chen DB. E2β stimulates ovine uterine artery endothelial cell H2S production in vitro by estrogen receptor-dependent upregulation of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase expression†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:514-522. [PMID: 30277497 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a potent vasodilator and proangiogenic second messenger synthesized from L-cysteine by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH). Estrogens are potent vasodilators that stimulate H2S biosynthesis in uterine arteries (UA) in vivo; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that estrogens stimulate H2S biosynthesis in UA endothelial cells (UAEC) via specific estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent mechanisms. In cultured primary UAEC, treatment with estradiol-17β (E2β) stimulated CBS and CTH mRNAs and proteins in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. As little as 0.1 nM E2β was effective in increasing CBS and CTH expressions and these stimulatory effects maximized with 10-100 nM E2β at 48-72 h. E2β also activated CBS and CTH promoters in UAEC, leading to CBS and CTH expression. Treatment with E2β stimulated H2S production, which was blocked by specific inhibitors of either CBS or CTH and their combination and the ER antagonist ICI 182780. Treatment with either specific agonist of ERα or ERβ stimulated both CBS and CTH mRNA and protein expressions and H2S production to levels similar to that of E2β. Specific antagonist of either ERα or ERβ blocked E2β-stimulated CBS and CTH mRNA and protein expressions and H2S production. Combinations of either ERα or ERβ agonists or their antagonists had no additive effects. Thus, E2β stimulates H2S production by upregulating CBS and CTH mRNA and protein expressions through specific ERα or ERβ-dependent CBS and CTH transcription in UAEC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lechuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Qian-Rong Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Theresa Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ronald R Magness
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Vascular Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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15
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Zhou R, de Koning DJ, McCormack H, Wilson P, Dunn I. Short tandem repeats and methylation in the promoter region affect expression of cystathionine beta-synthase gene in the laying hen. Gene 2019; 710:367-374. [PMID: 31145961 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine can be converted to cysteine via the transsulfuration pathway where cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a rate-limiting enzyme. Homocysteine is thought to play a role in bone remodelling and strength. Previous results indicated that some of the difference in bone strength of end-of-lay hens may be associated with CBS expression level. To investigate if differences in the promoter region of the CBS gene might be responsible for observed differences in gene expression between CBS alleles post mortem- and in-vitro expression studies have been undertaken. Transfection of the DF-1 avian cell line with a series of deletion fragments of the 5' promoter, or constructs containing three CBS allele sequences, with a luciferase reporter revealed that a core region of -155 to +131 bp in the CBS promoter was essential for mRNA expression. We found that a variable number of short tandem repeats (7 nucleotide motif and 6 nucleotide repeats) in the core region of the promoter affecting the transcriptional activity and a strong effect for gene expression. However, methylation of the 6 nucleotide repeats varied between allelic variants and these maybe responsible for differences in promoter activity. Our findings indicated variable short tandem repeats and the differentially methylated sites in the promoter region may be responsible for CBS expression differences in the bone of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Zhou
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071001, China; Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland.
| | - Dirk Jan de Koning
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Uppsala 75651, Sweden
| | - Heather McCormack
- Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Peter Wilson
- Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Ian Dunn
- Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
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16
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Zhou R, de Koning DJ, McCormack H, Wilson P, Dunn I. WITHDRAWN: Short tandem repeats and methylation in the promoter region affect expression of cystathionine beta-synthase gene in the laying hen. Gene X 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Hoss GRW, Poloni S, Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD. Three Main Causes of Homocystinuria: CBS, cblC and MTHFR Deficiency. What do they Have in Common? JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraia Poloni
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henk J Blom
- University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Lechuga TJ, Bilg AK, Patel BA, Nguyen NA, Qi QR, Chen DB. Estradiol-17β stimulates H 2 S biosynthesis by ER-dependent CBS and CSE transcription in uterine artery smooth muscle cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9264-9273. [PMID: 30317617 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), synthesized by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), is a potent vasodilator that can be stimulated by estradiol-17β (E 2 β) in uterine artery (UA) smooth muscle (UASMC) in vivo; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study tested a hypothesis that E 2 β stimulates H 2 S biosynthesis by upregulating CBS expression via specific estrogen receptor (ER). Treatment with E 2 β stimulated time- and concentration- dependent CBS and CSE messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions, and H 2 S production in cultured primary UASMC isolated from late pregnant ewes, which were blocked by ICI 182,780. Treatment with specific ERα or ERβ agonist mimicked these E 2 β-stimulated responses, which were blocked by specific ERα or ERβ antagonist. Moreover, E 2 β activated both CBS and CSE promoters and ICI 182,780 blocked the E 2 β-stimulated responses. Thus, E 2 β stimulates H 2 S production by upregulating CBS and CSE expression via specific ER-dependent transcription in UASMC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lechuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Amanpreet K Bilg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Bansari A Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Nicole A Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Qian-Rong Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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19
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Poloni S, Sperb-Ludwig F, Borsatto T, Weber Hoss G, Doriqui MJR, Embiruçu EK, Boa-Sorte N, Marques C, Kim CA, Fischinger Moura de Souza C, Rocha H, Ribeiro M, Steiner CE, Moreno CA, Bernardi P, Valadares E, Artigalas O, Carvalho G, Wanderley HYC, Kugele J, Walter M, Gallego-Villar L, Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD. CBS mutations are good predictors for B6-responsiveness: A study based on the analysis of 35 Brazilian Classical Homocystinuria patients. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:160-170. [PMID: 29352562 PMCID: PMC5902399 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical homocystinuria (HCU) is a monogenic disease caused by the deficient activity of cystathionine β‐synthase (CβS). The objective of this study was to identify the CBS mutations in Brazilian patients with HCU. Methods gDNA samples were obtained for 35 patients (30 families) with biochemically confirmed diagnosis of HCU. All exons and exon‐intron boundaries of CBS gene were sequenced. Gene expression analysis by qRT‐PCR was performed in six patients. Novel missense point mutations were expressed in E. coli by site‐directed mutagenesis. Results Parental consanguinity was reported in 16 families, and pyridoxine responsiveness in five (15%) patients. Among individuals from the same family, all presented the same phenotype. Both pathogenic mutations were identified in 29/30 patients. Twenty‐one different mutations were detected in nine exons and three introns; being six common mutations. Most prevalent were p.Ile278Thr (18.2%), p.Trp323Ter (11.3%), p.Thr191Met (11.3%), and c.828+1G>A (11.3%). Eight novel mutations were found [c.2T>C, c.209+1delG, c.284T>C, c.329A>T, c.444delG, c.864_868delGAG c.989_991delAGG, and c.1223+5G>T]. Enzyme activity in E. coli‐expressed mutations was 1.5% for c.329A>T and 17.5% for c.284T>C. qRT‐PCR analysis revealed reduced gene expression in all evaluated genotypes: [c.209+1delG; c.572C>T]; [c.2T>C; c.828+1G>A]; [c.828+1G>A; c.1126G>A]; [c.833T>C; c.989_991delAGG]; [c.1058C>T; c.146C>T]; and [c.444delG; c.444delG]. The expected phenotype according to the genotype (pyridoxine responsiveness) matched in all cases. Conclusions Most patients studied were pyridoxine nonresponsive and presented early manifestations, suggesting severe phenotypes. Many private mutations were observed, but the four most prevalent mutations together accounted for over 50% of mutated alleles. A good genotype–phenotype relationship was observed within families and for the four most common mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Poloni
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sperb-Ludwig
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Taciane Borsatto
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovana Weber Hoss
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Emília K Embiruçu
- Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ney Boa-Sorte
- Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Charles Marques
- Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Chong A Kim
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Helio Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Osvaldo Artigalas
- Children's Hospital, Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Genetics Unit, Hospital Materno-Infantil Presidente Vargas, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Hector Y C Wanderley
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Johanna Kugele
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Walter
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorena Gallego-Villar
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henk J Blom
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ida Vanessa D Schwartz
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Components of the folate metabolic pathway and ADHD core traits: an exploration in eastern Indian probands. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:687-695. [PMID: 28250422 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated role of the folate-homocysteine metabolic pathway in the etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) due to its importance in maintaining DNA integrity as well as neurotransmission. Functional gene variants in MTR (rs1805087), CBS (rs5742905), MTHFR (rs1801133 &rs1801131), MTHFD (rs2236225), RFC1 (rs1051266), plasma vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine were analyzed. rs1805087 'A' showed strong association with ADHD. Vitamin B12 deficiency of ADHD probands (P=0.01) correlated with rs1801133 'T' and rs1805087'GG'. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia (P=0.05) in the probands was associated with rs1805087 'AA'. Probands having rs1805087 'GG' and rs1051266 'G' was more inattentive. Hyperactivity-impulsivity score revealed association with rs5742905 'TT' and rs2236225 'CC', while rs1801133 'CC' showed association with inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity. rs1801131 exhibited strong synergistic interaction with rs1051266 and rs2236225. This indicated that the folate-homocysteine pathway gene variants may affect ADHD etiology through mild hyperhomocysteinemia and vitamin B12 deficiency, factors known to be associated with cognitive deficit.
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21
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Jackson RA, Nguyen ML, Barrett AN, Tan YY, Choolani MA, Chen ES. Synthetic combinations of missense polymorphic genetic changes underlying Down syndrome susceptibility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4001-17. [PMID: 27245382 PMCID: PMC11108497 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are important biomolecular markers in health and disease. Down syndrome, or Trisomy 21, is the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormality in live-born children. Here, we highlight associations between SNPs in several important enzymes involved in the one-carbon folate metabolic pathway and the elevated maternal risk of having a child with Down syndrome. Our survey highlights that the combination of SNPs may be a more reliable predictor of the Down syndrome phenotype than single SNPs alone. We also describe recent links between SNPs in p53 and its related pathway proteins and Down syndrome, as well as highlight several proteins that help to associate apoptosis and p53 signaling with the Down syndrome phenotype. In addition to a comprehensive review of the literature, we also demonstrate that several SNPs reside within the same regions as these Down syndrome-linked SNPs, and propose that these closely located nucleotide changes may provide new candidates for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, #05-05, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Mai Linh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, #05-05, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Angela N Barrett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, #05-05, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yuan Yee Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, #05-05, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Mahesh A Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, #05-05, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, #05-05, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School of Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Gong B, Liu L, Li Z, Ye Z, Xiao Y, Zeng G, Shi Y, Wang Y, Feng X, Li X, Hao F, Liu X, Qu C, Li Y, Mu G, Yang Z. Novel Compound Heterozygous CBS Mutations Cause Homocystinuria in a Han Chinese Family. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17947. [PMID: 26667307 PMCID: PMC4678370 DOI: 10.1038/srep17947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene has been shown to be related to homocystinuria. This study was aimed to detect the mutations in CBS in a Han Chinese family with homocystinuria. A four-generation family from Shandong Province of China was recruited in this study. All available members of the family underwent comprehensive medical examinations. Genomic DNA was collected from peripheral blood of all the participants. The coding sequence of CBS was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by direct DNA sequencing. Among all the family members, three affected individuals showed typical clinical features of homocystinuria. Two novel compound heterozygous mutations in the CBS gene, c.407T > C (p. L136P) and c.473C > T (p.A158V), were identified by sequencing analysis in this family. Both of the two missense mutations were detected in the three patients. Other available normal individuals, including the patients' parents, grand parents, her younger sister and brother in this family either carried one of the two mutations, or none. In addition, the two mutations were not found in 600 ethnically matched normal controls. This study provides a mutation spectrum of CBS resulting in homocystinuriain a Chinese population, which may shed light on the molecular pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis of CBS-associated homocystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zimeng Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guangqun Zeng
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Feng
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiulan Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Hao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoying Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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23
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Fossard G, Blond E, Balsat M, Morisset S, Giraudier S, Escoffre-Barbe M, Labussière-Wallet H, Heiblig M, Bert A, Etienne M, Drai J, Sobh M, Redonnet-Vernhet I, Lega JC, Mahon FX, Etienne G, Nicolini FE. Hyperhomocysteinemia and high doses of nilotinib favor cardiovascular events in chronic phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia patients. Haematologica 2015; 101:e86-90. [PMID: 26635034 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.135103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Fossard
- Hematology department 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite
| | - Emilie Blond
- Laboratory of biochemistry, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Lyon 1 University, INRA 1235, Oullins
| | - Marie Balsat
- Hematology department 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite
| | - Stéphane Morisset
- Hematology department 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite
| | - Stéphane Giraudier
- Laboratory of Hematology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil Groupe Fi-LMC, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | - Martine Escoffre-Barbe
- Hematology department, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes Groupe Fi-LMC, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | | | - Maël Heiblig
- Hematology department 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite
| | - Arthur Bert
- Hematology department 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite
| | - Madeleine Etienne
- Hematology department 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite Groupe Fi-LMC, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | - Jocelyne Drai
- Laboratory of biochemistry, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Lyon 1 University, INRA 1235, Oullins
| | - Mohamad Sobh
- Hematology department 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite
| | | | | | - François-Xavier Mahon
- Département d'hématologie, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux Groupe Fi-LMC, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | - Gabriel Etienne
- Département d'hématologie, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux Groupe Fi-LMC, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | - Franck Emmanuel Nicolini
- Hematology department 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon Groupe Fi-LMC, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
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24
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Sponholz C, Kramer M, Schöneweck F, Menzel U, Inanloo Rahatloo K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Papavassileiou V, Lymberopoulou K, Pavlaki M, Koutelidakis I, Perdios I, Scherag A, Bauer M, Platzer M, Huse K. Polymorphisms of cystathionine beta-synthase gene are associated with susceptibility to sepsis. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:1041-8. [PMID: 26508567 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the systemic inflammatory host response to infection. Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS)-dependent homocysteine (Hcy) pathway was demonstrated to affect disease severity and mortality in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. Independent studies identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs6586282, hg19 chr21:g.44478497C>T) in intron 14 of the CBS-coding gene (CBS) associated with Hcy plasma levels. We aimed to describe the association of this SNP and variants of a splice donor-affecting variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR, NG_008938.1:g.22763_22793[16_22]) 243 bp downstream of rs6586282 with severe human sepsis. We analyzed the VNTR structure and genotyped variants of rs6586282 and a neighboring SNP (rs34758144, hg19 chr21:g.44478582G>A) in two case-control studies including patients with severe sepsis/septic shock from Germany (n=168) and Greece (n=237). In both studies, we consistently observed an association of CBS VNTR alleles with sepsis susceptibility. Risk linearly increased with number of tandem repeats (per allele odds ratio in the adjusted analysis 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.17-1.55; P<0.001). Association had also been shown for rs34758144 whose risk allele is in linkage disequilibrium with one long VNTR allele (19 repeat). In contrast, we observed no evidence for an effect on 28-day survival in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock (per allele hazard ratio in the adjusted analysis for VNTR 1.10; 95% CI=0.95-1.28; P=0.20). In a minigene approach, we demonstrated alternative splicing in distinct VNTR alleles, which, however, was independent of the number of tandem units. In conclusion, there is no ordinary conjunction between human CBS and severe sepsis/septic shock, but CBS genotypes are involved in disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sponholz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcel Kramer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Schöneweck
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Research group Clinical Epidemiology, CSCC, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Menzel
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kolsoum Inanloo Rahatloo
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Korina Lymberopoulou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleion General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Pavlaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Argos General Hospital, Argos, Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutelidakis
- 2nd Department of Surgery, University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Perdios
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, 'G. Gennimatas' General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - André Scherag
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Research group Clinical Epidemiology, CSCC, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Huse
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
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Small aminothiol compounds improve the function of Arg to Cys variant proteins: effect on the human cystathionine β-synthase p.R336C. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7339-48. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lechuga TJ, Zhang HH, Sheibani L, Karim M, Jia J, Magness RR, Rosenfeld CR, Chen DB. Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Ovariectomized Nonpregnant Ewes Stimulates Uterine Artery Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis by Selectively Up-Regulating Cystathionine β-Synthase Expression. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2288-98. [PMID: 25825818 PMCID: PMC4430606 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens dramatically dilate numerous vascular beds with the greatest response in the uterus. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a potent vasodilator and proangiogenic second messenger, which is synthesized from L-cysteine by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). We hypothesized that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) selectively stimulates H2S biosynthesis in uterine artery (UA) and other systemic arteries. Intact and endothelium-denuded UA, mesenteric artery (MA), and carotid artery (CA) were obtained from ovariectomized nonpregnant ewes (n = 5/group) receiving vehicle or estradiol-17β replacement therapy (ERT). Total RNA and protein were extracted for measuring CBS and CSE, and H2S production was determined by the methylene blue assay. Paraffin-embedded UA rings were used to localize CBS and CSE proteins by immunofluorescence microscopy. ERT significantly stimulated CBS mRNA and protein without altering CSE mRNA or protein in intact and denuded UA. Quantitative immunofluorescence microscopic analyses showed CBS and CSE protein localization in endothelium and smooth muscle and confirmed that ERT stimulated CBS but not CSE protein expression in UA endothelium and smooth muscle. ERT also stimulated CBS, but not CSE, mRNA and protein expression in intact and denuded MA but not CA in ovariectomized ewes. Concomitantly, ERT stimulated UA and MA but not CA H2S production. ERT-stimulated UA H2S production was completely blocked by a specific CBS but not CSE inhibitor. Thus, ERT selectively stimulates UA and MA but not CA H2S biosynthesis by specifically up-regulating CBS expression, implicating a role of H2S in estrogen-induced vasodilation and postmenopausal women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lechuga
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.J.L., H.H.Z., L.S., M.K., J.J., D.-b.C.) and Pathology (T.J.L., D.-b.C.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Animal Sciences (R.R.M.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715; and Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (C.R.R.), Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Gallegos-Arreola MP, Figuera-Villanueva LE, Ramos-Silva A, Salas-González E, Puebla-Pérez AM, Peralta-Leal V, García-Ortiz JE, Dávalos-Rodríguez IP, Zúñiga-González GM. The association between the 844ins68 polymorphism in the CBS gene and breast cancer. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:1214-24. [PMID: 25624861 PMCID: PMC4296076 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.47830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) gene plays an important role in homocysteine metabolism because it catalyzes the first step of the transsulfuration pathway, during which homocysteine is converted to cystathionine. Polymorphisms of CBS have been associated with cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined the role of the 844ins68 polymorphism by comparing the genotypes of 371 healthy Mexican women with the genotypes of 323 Mexican women with breast cancer (BC). RESULTS The observed genotype frequencies for controls and BC patients were 1% and 2% for Ins/Ins, 13% and 26% for W/Ins, and 86% and 72% for W/W, respectively. We found that the odds ratio (OR) was 2.2, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.5-3.3, p = 0.0001. The association was also evident when comparing the distribution of the W/Ins-Ins/Ins genotypes in patients in the following categories: 1) menopause and high γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels (OR of 2.17, 95% CI: 1.17-4.26, p = 0.02), 2) chemotherapy response and high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (OR 2.2, 95% CI: 1.08-4.4, p = 0.027), 3) chemotherapy response and high GGT levels (OR 2.46, 95% CI: 1.2-4.8, p = 0.007), and 4) body mass index (BMI) and III-IV tumor stage (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.2-8.3, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the genotypes W/Ins-Ins/Ins of the 844ins68 polymorphism in the CBS gene contribute significantly to BC susceptibility in the analyzed sample from the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | | | - Adriana Ramos-Silva
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
- Doctorado en Farmacología, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | | | | | - Valeria Peralta-Leal
- Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales (FMeISC), Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México
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Permoda-Osip A, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Hauser J, Rybakowski JK. Are genes connected with homocysteine metabolism associated with bipolar disorder? Neuropsychobiology 2014; 69:107-11. [PMID: 24577139 DOI: 10.1159/000358091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased levels of homocysteine have been observed in various psychiatric disorders, among them in schizophrenia, depression and bipolar mood disorder. Of the genes connected with homocysteine metabolism, some studies have found an association between polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between 5 polymorphisms of 4 genes coding enzymes of homocysteine metabolism and bipolar disorder. METHOD A total of 120 patients with bipolar disorder (24 male, 96 female) and 167 subjects from the general population (81 male, 86 female) were included in the study. Genotyping was performed for the C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131) polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene, for the T833C polymorphism (rs5742905) of the cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) gene, for the A2756G polymorphism (rs1805087) of the homocysteine methyltransferase gene, and for the A66G polymorphism (rs1801394) of the methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) gene. RESULTS An association with bipolar disorder was found for the T833C polymorphism (rs5742905) of the CBS gene. However, in the patient sample, the genotypes of this polymorphism were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No relationship to bipolar disorder was obtained for the remaining polymorphisms studied. CONCLUSIONS These results are the first suggesting a possible association between T833C polymorphism (rs5742905) of the CBS gene and bipolar disorder. We were unable to confirm an association between bipolar disorder and C677T polymorphism (rs1801133) of the MTHFR gene, as suggested in some previous studies.
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29
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Mendes MIS, Santos AS, Smith DEC, Lino PR, Colaço HG, de Almeida IT, Vicente JB, Salomons GS, Rivera I, Blom HJ, Leandro P. Insights into the regulatory domain of cystathionine Beta-synthase: characterization of six variant proteins. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:1195-202. [PMID: 25044645 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the formation of cystathionine from homocysteine and serine. CBS is allosterically activated by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which binds to its C-terminal regulatory domain. Mutations in this domain lead to variants with high residual activity but lacking SAM activation. We characterized six C-terminal CBS variants (p.P427L, p.D444N, p.V449G, p.S500L, p.K523Sfs*18, and p.L540Q). To understand the effect of C-terminal mutations on the functional/structural properties of CBS, we performed dynamic light scattering, differential scanning fluorimetry, limited proteolysis, enzymatic characterization, and determination of SAM-binding affinity. Kinetic data confirm that the enzymatic function of these variants is not impaired. Although lacking SAM activation, the p.P427L and p.S500L were able to bind SAM at a lower extent than the wild type (WT), confirming that SAM binding and activation can be two independent events. At the structural level, the C-terminal variants presented various effects, either showing catalytic core instability and increased susceptibility toward aggregation or presenting with similar or higher stability than the WT. Our study highlights as the common feature to the C-terminal variants an impaired binding of SAM and no increase in enzymatic activity with physiological concentrations of the activator, suggesting the loss of regulation by SAM as a potential pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa I S Mendes
- Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Mendes MIS, Colaço HG, Smith DEC, Ramos RJJF, Pop A, van Dooren SJM, Tavares de Almeida I, Kluijtmans LAJ, Janssen MCH, Rivera I, Salomons GS, Leandro P, Blom HJ. Reduced response of Cystathionine Beta-Synthase (CBS) to S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM): Identification and functional analysis of CBS gene mutations in Homocystinuria patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:245-54. [PMID: 23974653 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A reduced response of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) to its allosteric activator S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) has been reported to be a cause of CBS dysfunction in homocystinuria patients. In this work we performed a retrospective analysis of fibroblast data from 62 homocystinuria patients and found that 13 of them presented a disturbed SAM activation. Their genotypic background was identified and the corresponding CBS mutant proteins were produced in E. coli. Nine distinct mutations were detected in 22 independent alleles: the novel mutations p.K269del, p.P427L, p.S500L and p.L540Q; and the previously described mutations p.P49L, p.C165Rfs*2, p.I278T, p.R336H and p.D444N. Expression levels and residual enzyme activities, determined in the soluble fraction of E. coli lysates, strongly correlated with the localization of the affected amino acid residue. C-terminal mutations lead to activities in the range of the wild-type CBS and to oligomeric forms migrating faster than tetramers, suggesting an abnormal conformation that might be responsible for the lack of SAM activation. Mutations in the catalytic core were associated with low protein expression levels, decreased enzyme activities and a higher content of high molecular mass forms. Furthermore, the absence of SAM activation found in the patients' fibroblasts was confirmed for all but one of the characterized recombinant proteins (p.P49L). Our study experimentally supports a deficient regulation of CBS by SAM as a frequently found mechanism in CBS deficiency, which should be considered not only as a valuable diagnostic tool but also as a potential target for the development of new therapeutic approaches in classical homocystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa I S Mendes
- Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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31
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Zhu XY, Gu H, Ni X. Hydrogen sulfide in the endocrine and reproductive systems. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 4:75-82. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Karaca M, Hismi B, Ozgul RK, Karaca S, Yilmaz DY, Coskun T, Sivri HS, Tokatli A, Dursun A. High prevalence of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) as presentation of cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency in childhood: molecular and clinical findings of Turkish probands. Gene 2013; 534:197-203. [PMID: 24211323 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria is the most commonly inherited disorder of sulfur metabolism, caused by the genetic alterations in human cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene. In this study, we present comprehensive clinical findings and the genetic basis of homocystinuria in a cohort of Turkish patients. Excluding some CBS mutations, detailed genotype-phenotype correlation for different CBS mutations has not been established in literature. We aimed to make clinical subgroups according to main clinical symptoms and discussed these data together with mutational analysis results from our patients. Totally, 16 different mutations were identified; twelve of which had already been reported, and four are novel (p.N93Y, p.L251P, p.D281V and c.829-2A>T). The probands were classified into three major groups according to the clinical symptoms caused by these mutations. A psychomotor delay was the most common diagnostic symptom (n=12, 46.2% neurological presentation), followed by thromboembolic events (n=6, 23.1% vascular presentation) and lens ectopia, myopia or marfanoid features (n=5, 19.2% connective tissue presentation). Pyridoxine responsiveness was 7.7%; however, with partial responsive probands, the ratio was 53.9%. In addition, five thrombophilic nucleotide changes including MTHFR c.677 C>T and c.1298 A>C, Factor V c.1691 G>A, Factor II c.20210 G>A, and SERPINE1 4G/5G were investigated to assess their contributions to the clinical spectrum. We suggest that the effect of these polymorphisms on clinical phenotype of CBS is not very clear since the distribution of thrombophilic polymorphisms does not differ among specific groups. This study provides molecular findings of 26 Turkish probands with homocystinuria and discusses the clinical presentations and putative effects of the CBS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Karaca
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Burcu Hismi
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatrics Department, Unit of Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Riza Koksal Ozgul
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatrics Department, Unit of Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Institute of Child Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sefayet Karaca
- Aksaray University, School of Health Science, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Didem Yucel Yilmaz
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatrics Department, Unit of Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Coskun
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatrics Department, Unit of Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Serap Sivri
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatrics Department, Unit of Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Tokatli
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatrics Department, Unit of Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Dursun
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatrics Department, Unit of Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey.
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Zhao JY, Yang XY, Shi KH, Sun SN, Hou J, Ye ZZ, Wang J, Duan WY, Qiao B, Chen YJ, Shen HB, Huang GY, Jin L, Wang HY. A functional variant in the cystathionine β-synthase gene promoter significantly reduces congenital heart disease susceptibility in a Han Chinese population. Cell Res 2012; 23:242-253. [PMID: 22986502 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is an independent risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases. There are two ways to remove homocysteine from embryonic cardiac cells: remethylation to form methionine or transsulfuration to form cysteine. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the first step of homocysteine transsulfuration as a rate-limiting enzyme. In this study, we identified a functional variant -4673C>G (rs2850144) in the CBS gene promoter region that significantly reduces the susceptibility to congenital heart disease (CHD) in a Han Chinese population consisting of 2 340 CHD patients and 2 270 controls. Individuals carrying the heterozygous CG and homozygous GG genotypes had a 15% (odds ratio (OR) = 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.96, P = 0.011) and 40% (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.49-0.73, P = 1.78 × 10(-7)) reduced risk to develop CHD than the wild-type CC genotype carriers in the combined samples, respectively. Additional stratified analyses demonstrated that CBS -4673C>G is significantly related to septation defects and conotruncal defects. In vivo detection of CBS mRNA levels in human cardiac tissues and in vitro luciferase assays consistently showed that the minor G allele significantly increased CBS transcription. A functional analysis revealed that both the attenuated transcription suppressor SP1 binding affinity and the CBS promoter hypomethylation specifically linked with the minor G allele contributed to the remarkably upregulated CBS expression. Consequently, the carriers with genetically increased CBS expression would benefit from the protection due to the low homocysteine levels maintained by CBS in certain cells during the critical heart development stages. These results shed light on unexpected role of CBS and highlight the importance of homocysteine removal in cardiac development.Cell Research advance online publication 18 September 2012; doi:10.1038/cr.2012.135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yuan Zhao
- 1] The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China [2] Institute of Sports Science and Technology, Administration of Sports of Anhui Province, 97 Wuhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
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Ding R, Lin S, Chen D. The association of Cystathionine β Synthase (CBS) T833C polymorphism and the risk of stroke: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 2012; 312:26-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Saxena AK, Gupta J, Pandey S, Gangopadhaya AN, Pandey LK. Prevalence of cystathionine beta synthase gene mutation 852Ins68 as a possible risk for neural tube defects in eastern India. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2011; 10:2424-9. [PMID: 22002135 DOI: 10.4238/2011.october.7.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta synthase gene (CβS) catalyzes the condensation of homocysteine with serine, forming cystathionine by the transsulfuration pathway. Disruption of CβS enzyme activity due to defective folic acid metabolism increases the risk factor for neural tube defects. We evaluated the CβS gene mutation in 25 children with neural tube defects (NTDs), including lumbosacral and thoracic myelomeningocele and open NTDs and mothers of cases, along with 25 healthy children and their mothers, serving as controls. Genomic DNA was isolated to assess the polymorphism of 852Ins68 in the CβS gene using PCR-RFLP analysis and nucleotide sequencing techniques. The 68-bp insertion was observed in one of the 25 NTD cases (lumbosacral myelomeningocele), and in two of the mothers of NTD cases. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Fischer exact probability test, which showed a lack of significance (P > 0.05), but the odds ratio of 2.08 with 95% confidence interval of 0.17-24.6 in NTDs mother was quite high because of the small sample size. However, the study was further extended to find out the involvement of specific nucleotide sequences, which again confirmed the 852Ins68 insertion and replacement of nucleotides (TCCAT to GGGG) in lumbosacral myelomeningocele (due to other category of NTDs), suggesting that it could be an independent risk factor for birth defects, including NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Saxena
- Center of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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36
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Bhaskar L, Murthy J, Venkatesh Babu G. Polymorphisms in genes involved in folate metabolism and orofacial clefts. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:723-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chang KY, Georgianna DR, Heber S, Payne GA, Muddiman DC. Detection of alternative splice variants at the proteome level in Aspergillus flavus. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1209-17. [PMID: 20047314 DOI: 10.1021/pr900602d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Identification of proteins from proteolytic peptides or intact proteins plays an essential role in proteomics. Researchers use search engines to match the acquired peptide sequences to the target proteins. However, search engines depend on protein databases to provide candidates for consideration. Alternative splicing (AS), the mechanism where the exon of pre-mRNAs can be spliced and rearranged to generate distinct mRNA and therefore protein variants, enable higher eukaryotic organisms, with only a limited number of genes, to have the requisite complexity and diversity at the proteome level. Multiple alternative isoforms from one gene often share common segments of sequences. However, many protein databases only include a limited number of isoforms to keep minimal redundancy. As a result, the database search might not identify a target protein even with high quality tandem MS data and accurate intact precursor ion mass. We computationally predicted an exhaustive list of putative isoforms of Aspergillus flavus proteins from 20 371 expressed sequence tags to investigate whether an alternative splicing protein database can assign a greater proportion of mass spectrometry data. The newly constructed AS database provided 9807 new alternatively spliced variants in addition to 12 832 previously annotated proteins. The searches of the existing tandem MS spectra data set using the AS database identified 29 new proteins encoded by 26 genes. Nine fungal genes appeared to have multiple protein isoforms. In addition to the discovery of splice variants, AS database also showed potential to improve genome annotation. In summary, the introduction of an alternative splicing database helps identify more proteins and unveils more information about a proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Yen Chang
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, and W.M. Keck FT-ICR-MS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Linden DR, Levitt MD, Farrugia G, Szurszewski JH. Endogenous production of H2S in the gastrointestinal tract: still in search of a physiologic function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1135-46. [PMID: 19769466 PMCID: PMC2864666 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has long been associated with the gastrointestinal tract, especially the bacteria-derived H(2)S present in flatus. Along with evidence from other organ systems, the finding that gastrointestinal tissues are capable of endogenous production of H(2)S has led to the hypothesis that H(2)S is an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule. In this review, the criteria of gasotransmitters are reexamined, and evidence from the literature regarding H(2)S as a gaseous signaling molecule is discussed. H(2)S is produced enzymatically by gastrointestinal tissues, but evidence is lacking on whether H(2)S production is regulated. H(2)S causes well-defined physiologic effects in gastrointestinal tissues, but evidence for a receptor for H(2)S is lacking. H(2)S is inactivated through enzymatic oxidation, but evidence is lacking on whether manipulating H(2)S oxidation alters endogenous cell signaling. Remaining questions regarding the role of H(2)S as a gaseous signaling molecule in the gastrointestinal tract suggest that H(2)S currently remains a molecule in search of a physiologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Linden
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Wu N, Siow YL, O K. Ischemia/reperfusion reduces transcription factor Sp1-mediated cystathionine beta-synthase expression in the kidney. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18225-33. [PMID: 20392694 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.132142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step for homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism via the trans-sulfuration pathway and is also responsible for the production of H(2)S through the desulfhydration reaction. Our recent studies demonstrate that renal ischemia/reperfusion decreased the CBS activity leading to Hcy accumulation and H(2)S reduction in the kidney, which in turn contributed to kidney injury. Both Hcy and H(2)S play important roles in physiological and pathological processes. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanism by which CBS activity was regulated in the kidney. The left kidney of Sprague-Dawley rat was subjected to 45 min of ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Ischemia/reperfusion caused a significant decrease in CBS mRNA and protein levels in the kidney. As a consequence, there was a marked reduction in the CBS enzyme activity. Transfection of kidney proximal tubular cells with transcription factor (Sp1) small interfering RNA caused a marked reduction in CBS mRNA, indicating a pivotal role for Sp1 in regulating CBS expression in kidney cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay detected a lower Sp1 activity in kidneys subjected to ischemia/reperfusion as compared with that in a sham-operated group. ERK-mediated phosphorylation of Sp1 was responsible for a decreased transcriptional activity of Sp1 in the kidney upon ischemia/reperfusion. These results suggest that reduced kidney CBS gene expression during ischemia/reperfusion is mediated via a decrease in Sp1 transcriptional activity. Regulation of CBS-mediated Hcy and H(2)S homeostasis may offer a renal protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
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Malinowska A, Chmurzynska A. Polymorphism of genes encoding homocysteine metabolism-related enzymes and risk for cardiovascular disease. Nutr Res 2010; 29:685-95. [PMID: 19917447 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present a general overview of the relationships among homocysteine metabolism, polymorphism of the genes encoding homocysteine metabolism-related enzymes, and the nutrients influencing the plasma homocysteine level. Combining these factors creates a profile of an individual's susceptibility to complex diseases associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Homocysteine is an amino acid derived from the demethylation of methionine. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of several complex diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The level of plasma homocysteine depends on the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms of genes encoding homocysteine metabolism-related enzymes, such as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, methionine synthase, methionine synthase reductase, and cystathionine beta-synthase, influence plasma homocysteine concentration and thereby cardiovascular health. On the other hand, homocysteine metabolism may be modulated by dietary intake of the nutrients involved in homocysteine metabolism (ie, folates, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12)). Thus, the appropriate health-promoting doses of these nutrients may vary among certain groups of individuals, depending on their genotypes and other risk factors for complex diseases. Better understanding of the relationship between genotype and nutrition influencing the plasma total homocysteine level and cardiovascular health may improve the cardiovascular diagnostic tests (ie, measurement of biologic markers). It could be possible to define the level of progression, severity, and susceptibility to disease much earlier than it is done now. In conclusion, the introduction of combined dietary and pharmacologic treatment would be possible at the initial stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malinowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Characterisation of a human liver cystathionine beta synthase mRNA sequence corresponding to the c.[833T>C;844_845ins68] mutation in CBS gene. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 332:183-7. [PMID: 19593657 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) is the only reaction that removes homocysteine from methionine cycle and redirects it to the transsulfuration pathway. The c.[833T>C;844_845ins68] mutation in the CBS gene has been reported initially as corresponding to classic homocystinuria. Studies showing that the insertion is associated with very smalls amounts of the transcript in the nucleus; others suggest that the heterozygous and homozygous subjects are protected against hyperhomocysteinemia and that the insertion tends to rescue the protein function. The liver is the major organ which metabolizes the circulating homocysteine to cystathionine. We have determined the sequence of the liver mRNA corresponding to the CBS c.[833T>C;844_845ins68] gene. We have shown that a novel splicing event could account for the modification in protein and possibly in enzyme activity.
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Rowan FE, Docherty NG, Coffey JC, O'Connell PR. Sulphate-reducing bacteria and hydrogen sulphide in the aetiology of ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 2009; 96:151-8. [PMID: 19160346 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of ulcerative colitis is uncertain but may relate to environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have been implicated through the harmful effects of hydrogen sulphide, a by-product of their respiration. Hydrogen sulphide is freely permeable to cell membranes and inhibits butyrate. This review examines the available evidence relating to SRB as a possible cause of ulcerative colitis. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database and search terms 'sulphate reducing bacteria', 'hydrogen sulphide', 'ulcerative colitis', 'mucous gel layer' and 'trans-sulphuration'. RESULTS Search results were scrutinized and 113 pertinent full-text articles were selected for review. Collected data related to hydrogen sulphide metabolism, SRB respiration, mucous gel layer composition and their association with ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSION There is evidence to implicate SRB as an environmental factor in ulcerative colitis. More sophisticated mucosal dissection and molecular techniques using bacteria-directed probes are required to determine an association definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Rowan
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Robaey P, Krajinovic M, Marcoux S, Moghrabi A. Pharmacogenetics of the neurodevelopmental impact of anticancer chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:211-20. [PMID: 18924160 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics holds the promise of minimizing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes of cancer patients by identifying patients at risk, enabling the individualization of treatment and the planning of close follow-up and early remediation. This review focuses first on methotrexate, a drug often implicated in neurotoxicity, especially when used in combination with brain irradiation. The second focus is on glucocorticoids that have been found to be linked to adverse developmental effects in relation with the psychosocial environment. For both examples, we review how polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes involved in specific mechanisms of action could moderate adverse neurodevelopmental consequences, eventually through common final pathways such as oxidative stress. We discuss a multiple hit model and possible strategies required to rise to the challenge of this integrative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Robaey
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec.
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Patterson D, Graham C, Cherian C, Matherly LH. A humanized mouse model for the reduced folate carrier. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 93:95-103. [PMID: 17983788 PMCID: PMC2271060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed reduced folate carrier (RFC) or SLC19A1 is recognized to be an essential transport system for folates in mammalian cells and tissues. In addition to its generalized role as a folate transporter, RFC provides specialized tissue functions including absorption across intestinal/colonic epithelia, transport across the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubules, transplacental transport of folates, and folate transport across the blood-brain barrier. The human RFC (hRFC) gene is regulated by five major upstream non-coding regions (designated A1/A2, A, B, C, and D), each transcribed from a unique promoter. Altogether, at least 14 distinct hRFC transcripts can be envisaged in which different 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) are fused to a common splice acceptor region (positions -1 to -49) within the first coding exon with a common 1776bp coding sequence. The 5' non-coding regions are characterized by alternate transcription start sites, multiple splice forms, and selective tissue distributions. Alternate 5' UTRs impact mRNA stabilities and translation efficiencies, and result in synthesis of modified hRFC proteins translated from upstream AUGs. In this report, we describe production and characterization of transgenic mice (TghRFC1) containing a functional hRFC gene and of humanized mice in which the mRFC gene is inactivated and an active hRFC gene has been introduced. The mice appear to be healthy and to breed well. Analysis of tissue specificity of expression in both the TghRFC1 and humanized hRFC mice by real-time RT-PCR demonstrates that the hRFC gene is expressed with a specificity closely resembling that seen in human tissues. For the humanized hRFC mice, levels of B and A1/A2 5' UTRs predominated in all mice/tissues, thus resembling results in normal human tissues. Lower levels of A and C 5' UTRs were also detected. The availability of humanized mouse models for hRFC will permit investigators to address critical unanswered questions pertinent to human health and disease. These include the ability to analyze the hRFC gene in vivo, to control dietary and other environmental conditions that may impact levels of gene expression, and to control the genetics of the mice in order to assess the effects of hRFC gene alterations on tissue folate uptake and distribution, none of which can be easily achieved in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Patterson
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 1899 Gaylord Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Kotsopoulos J, Zhang WW, Zhang S, McCready D, Trudeau M, Zhang P, Sun P, Narod SA. Polymorphisms in folate metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins and the risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 112:585-93. [PMID: 18204969 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An accumulating body of evidence suggests that there is an inverse relationship between the intake of folate (a water-soluble B-vitamin) and the risk of developing breast cancer. Individual variation in the genes involved in the transport of folate, or its metabolism, may affect risk, or may modify the association between folate and breast cancer risk. METHODS We performed a case-control study to evaluate the association between common polymorphisms in six folate-related genes and the risk of breast cancer in 1,009 breast cancer patients and 907 healthy controls. Study subjects were genotyped for eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these six genes. RESULTS We observed no association between the MTHFR, RFC, MS and MTRR genotypes and the risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSION These data do not support the hypothesis that genetic variation in genes involved in the metabolism of folate are implicated in the etiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Kotsopoulos
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Laraqui A, Allami A, Carrié A, Raisonnier A, Coiffard AS, Benkouka F, Bendriss A, Benjouad A, Bennouar N, El Kadiri N, Benomar A, Fellat S, Benomar M. Relation between plasma homocysteine, gene polymorphisms of homocysteine metabolism-related enzymes, and angiographically proven coronary artery disease. Eur J Intern Med 2007; 18:474-83. [PMID: 17822659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocyteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MTR), and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) polymorphisms may contribute to plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) variation. We investigated the association of polymorphisms 1298A-->C in the MTHFR gene, 2756A-->G in the MTR gene, and 66A-->G in the MTRR gene with tHcy levels and with CAD in patients undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS CAD patients (n=151) and control subjects (n=79) were compared regarding the prevalence of the polymorphisms, risk factors, and biochemical parameters. RESULTS The mean tHcy concentration was significantly higher in CAD patients than in control subjects (P<0.001). HHcy (tHcy>/=15 mumol/l) conferred an OR of CAD of 4.1 (95% CI 2.2-7.5, P<0.001). In both cases and controls, smokers had a higher tHcy level than non-smokers and demonstrated a markedly increased risk for CAD (OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.7-3.3, P<0.001). The allele frequencies of the MTHFR 1298A-->C, MTR 2756A-->G, and MTRR 66A-->G mutations were 36.7%, 15.7%, and 36.6%, respectively. The 1298C allele frequency was significantly higher in the CAD group than in controls (P<0.05) and showed a significant association with CAD in heterozygote carriers. There was no statistically significant difference between cases and controls in the frequencies of the A2756G alleles/genotypes in the MTR gene and of the A66G alleles/genotypes in the MTRR gene. The contributions to tHcy levels of the three common mutations were statistically significant. The heterozygosity of the MTHFR 1298AC genotype, MTR 2756G allele, and MTRR 66G allele yielded an OR of 3.4, 2.0, and 2.1, respectively, for having HHcy. CONCLUSION We suggest that HHcy confers a risk for CAD, and smokers with tHcy are at a greatly increased risk. Our finding supports an important role of the MTHFR gene in CAD and provides evidence of polygenic regulation of tHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelilah Laraqui
- Ligue Nationale de Lutte Contre les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, Unité d'Etudes des Facteurs Métaboliques et Polymorphismes Génétiques, Rabat, Morocco; UFR Biochimie Immunologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed V. Rabat, Morocco; Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale A, Unité Fonctionnelle Endocrinologie-Moléculaire-Oncologie, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Fredriksen A, Meyer K, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Grotmol T, Schneede J. Large-scale population-based metabolic phenotyping of thirteen genetic polymorphisms related to one-carbon metabolism. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:856-65. [PMID: 17436311 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several polymorphisms of genes involved in one-carbon metabolism have been identified. The reported metabolic phenotypes are often based on small studies providing inconsistent results. This large-scale study of 10,601 population-based samples was carried out to investigate the association between a panel of biochemical parameters and genetics variants related to one-carbon metabolism. Concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy), folate, vitamin B(12) (cobalamin), methylmalonic acid (MMA), vitamin B(2) (riboflavin), vitamin B(6) (PLP), choline, betaine, dimethylglycine (DMG), cystathionine, cysteine, methionine, and creatinine were determined in serum/plasma. All subjects were genotyped for 13 common polymorphisms: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) c.665C>T (known as 677C>T; p.Ala222Val) and c.1286A>C (known as 1298A>C; p.Glu429Ala); methionine synthase (MTR) c.2756A>G (p.Asp919Gly); methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) c.66A>G (p.Ile22Met); methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) c.1958G>A (p.Arg653Gln); betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) c.716G>A (known as 742G>A; p.Arg239Gln); cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) c.844_845ins68 and c.699C>T (p.Tyr233Tyr); transcobalamin-II (TCN2) c.67A>G (p.Ile23Val) and c.776C>G (p.Pro259Arg); reduced folate carrier-1 (SLC19A1) c.80G>A (p.Arg27His); and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) c.163T>A (p.Leu55Met) and c.575A>G (p.Gln192Arg). The metabolic profile in terms of the measured vitamins and metabolites were investigated for these 13 polymorphisms. We confirmed the strong associations of MTHFR c.665C>T with tHcy and folate, but also observed significant (P<0.01) changes in metabolite concentrations according to other gene polymorphisms. These include MTHFR c.1286A>C (associations with tHcy, folate and betaine), MTR c.2756A>G (tHcy), BHMT c.716G>A (DMG), CBS c.844_845ins68 (tHcy, betaine), CBS c.699C>T (tHcy, betaine, cystathionine) and TCN2 c.776C>G (MMA). No associations were observed for the other polymorphisms investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ase Fredriksen
- LOCUS for Homocysteine and Related Vitamins, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Urreizti R, Asteggiano C, Vilaseca MA, Corbella E, Pintó X, Grinberg D, Balcells S. A CBS haplotype and a polymorphism at the MSR gene are associated with cardiovascular disease in a Spanish case–control study. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:864-8. [PMID: 17553479 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms present in genes related to homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism with coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN AND METHODS We examined 8 polymorphisms in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), methionine synthase (MS), methionine synthase reductase (MSR) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes in 140 CAD patients and 113 controls, by means of Chi-square, logistic regression, ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The c.66 G allele of MSR conferred an odds-ratio for CAD of 1.76 (95% CI 1.12-2.77), while a CBS haplotype [c.699C-c.844wt-c.1080C] was found over-represented in CAD [OR of 2.16 (1.29-3.63)]. CONCLUSIONS Our results not only highlight the involvement of the MSR and CBS genes in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, but also emphasize the strength of haplotype analyses in association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Urreizti
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, Av Diagonal, 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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van der Linden IJM, Afman LA, Heil SG, Blom HJ. Genetic variation in genes of folate metabolism and neural-tube defect risk. Proc Nutr Soc 2006; 65:204-15. [PMID: 16672082 DOI: 10.1079/pns2006495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural-tube defects (NTD) are common congenital malformations that can lead to severe disability or even death. Periconceptional supplementation with the B-vitamin folic acid has been demonstrated to prevent 50-70% of NTD cases. Since the identification of the first genetic risk factor of NTD, the C677T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, and the observation that elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with NTD, research has focused on genetic variation in genes encoding for enzymes of folate metabolism and the closely-related homocysteine metabolism. In the present review relevant SNP in genes that code for enzymes involved in folate transport and uptake, the folate cycles and homocysteine metabolism are summarised and the importance of these SNP discussed in relation to NTD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivon J M van der Linden
- Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Cirino G, Wallace JL. The emerging roles of hydrogen sulfide in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:259-71. [PMID: 16831608 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide, like nitric oxide, was best known as a toxic pollutant before becoming recognized as a key regulator of several physiologic processes. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to suggest important roles for hydrogen sulfide as a mediator of several aspects of gastrointestinal and liver function. Moreover, alterations in hydrogen sulfide production could contribute to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. For example, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce production of hydrogen sulfide in the stomach, and this has been shown to contribute to the generation of mucosal injury. Hydrogen sulfide has also been shown to play a key role in modulation of visceral hyperalgesia. Inhibitors of hydrogen sulfide synthesis and drugs that can generate safe levels of hydrogen sulfide in vivo have been developed and are permitting interventional studies in experimental models and, in the near future, humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimenti di Medicina Clinica and Patologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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