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Manzanilla-Valdez M, Ma Z, Mondor M, Hernández-Álvarez AJ. Decoding the Duality of Antinutrients: Assessing the Impact of Protein Extraction Methods on Plant-Based Protein Sources. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12319-12339. [PMID: 38780067 PMCID: PMC11157537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This review aims to provide an updated overview of the effects of protein extraction/recovery on antinutritional factors (ANFs) in plant protein ingredients, such as protein-rich fractions, protein concentrates, and isolates. ANFs mainly include lectins, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, phenolic compounds, oxalates, saponins, tannins, and cyanogenic glycosides. The current technologies used to recover proteins (e.g., wet extraction, dry fractionation) and novel technologies (e.g., membrane processing) are included in this review. The mechanisms involved during protein extraction/recovery that may enhance or decrease the ANF content in plant protein ingredients are discussed. However, studies on the effects of protein extraction/recovery on specific ANFs are still scarce, especially for novel technologies such as ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction and membrane processing. Although the negative effects of ANFs on protein digestibility and the overall absorption of plant proteins and other nutrients are a health concern, it is also important to highlight the potential positive effects of ANFs. This is particularly relevant given the rise of novel protein ingredients in the market and the potential presence or absence of these factors and their effects on consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zidan Ma
- Food
Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mondor
- Saint-Hyacinthe
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec Canada, J2S 8E3
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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2
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Giulini M, Honorato RV, Rivera JL, Bonvin AMJJ. ARCTIC-3D: automatic retrieval and clustering of interfaces in complexes from 3D structural information. Commun Biol 2024; 7:49. [PMID: 38184711 PMCID: PMC10771469 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05718-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of a stable complex between proteins lies at the core of a wide variety of biological processes and has been the focus of countless experiments. The huge amount of information contained in the protein structural interactome in the Protein Data Bank can now be used to characterise and classify the existing biological interfaces. We here introduce ARCTIC-3D, a fast and user-friendly data mining and clustering software to retrieve data and rationalise the interface information associated with the protein input data. We demonstrate its use by various examples ranging from showing the increased interaction complexity of eukaryotic proteins, 20% of which on average have more than 3 different interfaces compared to only 10% for prokaryotes, to associating different functions to different interfaces. In the context of modelling biomolecular assemblies, we introduce the concept of "recognition entropy", related to the number of possible interfaces of the components of a protein-protein complex, which we demonstrate to correlate with the modelling difficulty in classical docking approaches. The identified interface clusters can also be used to generate various combinations of interface-specific restraints for integrative modelling. The ARCTIC-3D software is freely available at github.com/haddocking/arctic3d and can be accessed as a web-service at wenmr.science.uu.nl/arctic3d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giulini
- Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, CH, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo V Honorato
- Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, CH, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús L Rivera
- Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, CH, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre M J J Bonvin
- Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, CH, The Netherlands.
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3
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Guerra Y, Armijos‐Jaramillo V, Pons T, Tejera E, Berry C. Canonical or noncanonical? Structural plasticity of serine protease-binding loops in Kunitz-STI protease inhibitors. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4570. [PMID: 36660780 PMCID: PMC9885459 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Kunitz-Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz-STI) family is a large family of proteins with most of its members being protease inhibitors. The versatility of the inhibitory profile and the structural plasticity of these proteins, make this family a promising scaffold for designing new multifunctional proteins. Historically, Kunitz-STI inhibitors have been classified as canonical serine protease inhibitors, but new inhibitors with novel inhibition mechanisms have been described in recent years. Different inhibition mechanisms could be the result of different evolutionary pathways. In the present work, we performed a structural analysis of all the crystallographic structures available for Kunitz-STI inhibitors to characterize serine protease-binding loop structural features and locations. Our study suggests a relationship between the conformation of serine protease-binding loops and the inhibition mechanism, their location in the β-trefoil fold, and the plant source of the inhibitors. The classical canonical inhibitors of this family are restricted to plants from the Fabales order and bind their targets via the β4-β5 loop, whereas serine protease-binding loops in inhibitors from other plants lie mainly in the β5-β6 and β9-β10 loops. In addition, we found that the β5-β6 loop is used to inhibit two different families of serine proteases through a steric blockade inhibition mechanism. This work will help to change the general perception that all Kunitz-STI inhibitors are canonical inhibitors and proteins with protease-binding loops adopting noncanonical conformations are exceptions. Additionally, our results will help in the identification of protease-binding loops in uncharacterized or newly discovered inhibitors, and in the design of multifunctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasel Guerra
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Vinicio Armijos‐Jaramillo
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Tirso Pons
- Department of Immunology and OncologyNational Centre for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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4
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Wu Y, Li W, Colombo E, Martin GJ, Ashokkumar M. Kinetic and mechanistic study of ultrasonic inactivation of Kunitz (KTI) and Bowman-Birk (BBI) inhibitors in relation to process-relevant parameters. Food Chem 2023; 401:134129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ghosh D, Kokane S, Savita BK, Kumar P, Sharma AK, Ozcan A, Kokane A, Santra S. Huanglongbing Pandemic: Current Challenges and Emerging Management Strategies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010160. [PMID: 36616289 PMCID: PMC9824665 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening), one of the most devastating diseases of citrus, has wreaked havoc on the global citrus industry in recent decades. The culprit behind such a gloomy scenario is the phloem-limited bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), which are transmitted via psyllid. To date, there are no effective long-termcommercialized control measures for HLB, making it increasingly difficult to prevent the disease spread. To combat HLB effectively, introduction of multipronged management strategies towards controlling CLas population within the phloem system is deemed necessary. This article presents a comprehensive review of up-to-date scientific information about HLB, including currently available management practices and unprecedented challenges associated with the disease control. Additionally, a triangular disease management approach has been introduced targeting pathogen, host, and vector. Pathogen-targeting approaches include (i) inhibition of important proteins of CLas, (ii) use of the most efficient antimicrobial or immunity-inducing compounds to suppress the growth of CLas, and (iii) use of tools to suppress or kill the CLas. Approaches for targeting the host include (i) improvement of the host immune system, (ii) effective use of transgenic variety to build the host's resistance against CLas, and (iii) induction of systemic acquired resistance. Strategies for targeting the vector include (i) chemical and biological control and (ii) eradication of HLB-affected trees. Finally, a hypothetical model for integrated disease management has been discussed to mitigate the HLB pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Ghosh
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sunil Kokane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Savita
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pranav Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ali Ozcan
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200 Karaman, Turkey
- Scientific and Technological Studies Application and Research Center, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200 Karaman, Turkey
| | - Amol Kokane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- Departments of Chemistry, Nano Science Technology Center, and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
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6
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Nath A, Ahmad AS, Amankwaa A, Csehi B, Mednyánszky Z, Szerdahelyi E, Tóth A, Tormási J, Truong DH, Abrankó L, Koris A. Hydrolysis of Soybean Milk Protein by Papain: Antioxidant, Anti-Angiotensin, Antigenic and Digestibility Perspectives. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090418. [PMID: 36134964 PMCID: PMC9495856 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the investigation was to understand the biochemical activities of hydrolysate of soybean milk protein (SMP). Hydrolysis was carried out by different concentrations of papain (0.008 g·L−1, 0.016 g·L−1, 0.032 g·L−1 and 0.064 g·L−1). The antioxidant capacity was measured by the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The anti-angiotensin activity of hydrolysate was measured by the recombinant angiotensin converting enzyme and substrate Abz-FRK(Dnp)-P. The contributions of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) on antigenicity, and the in vitro digestion of papain-hydrolyzed SMP were studied. Rabbit polyclonal anti-KTI and anti-BBI antibodies together with peroxidase-labelled goat anti-Rb IgG secondary antibody were used to identify the antigenicity of KTI and BBI in unhydrolyzed and papain-hydrolyzed SMP. The antioxidant capacity and anti-angiotensin activity of SMP were increased after the papain hydrolysis of SMP. The KTI- and BBI-specific antigenicity were reduced in SMP by increasing the concentration of papain. However, there was interaction between papain-hydrolyzed SMP and trypsin in native gel, while interaction with chymotrypsin was absent. The interaction between trypsin and SMP was reduced due to the hydrolysis of papain in a concentration-dependent manner. According to the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulation protocol (Infogest), the digestibility of SMP was not statistically increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Nath
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi St 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abubakar Saleh Ahmad
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi St 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abraham Amankwaa
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi St 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Csehi
- Department of Refrigeration and Livestock Products Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi út 43-45, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Mednyánszky
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói St 14-16, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emőke Szerdahelyi
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói St 14-16, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Tóth
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond Str 22, HU-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Tormási
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi út 35-43, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Duy Hoàng Truong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City 727000, Vietnam
| | - László Abrankó
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi út 35-43, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Koris
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi St 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-3057228
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7
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SAXS Analysis and Characterization of Anticancer Activity of PNP-UDP Family Protein from Putranjiva roxburghii. Protein J 2022; 41:381-393. [PMID: 35674860 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A class of plant defense and storage proteins, including Putranjiva roxburghii PNP protein (PRpnp), belongs to PNP-UDP family. The PRpnp and related plant proteins contain a disrupted PNP-UDP domain as revealed in previous studies. In PRpnp, the insert disrupting the domain contains the trypsin inhibitory site. In the present work, we analyzed native PRpnp (nPRpnp) complex formation with trypsin and inosine using SAXS experiments and established its dual functionality. Results indicated a relatively compact nPRpnp:Inosine structure, whereas trypsin complex showed conformational changes/flexibility. nPRpnp also exhibited a strong anti-cancer activity toward breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (DU-145) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. MCF-7 and DU-145 were more sensitive to nPRpnp treatment as compared to HepG2. However, nPRpnp treatment showed no effect on the viability of HEK293 cells indicating that nPRpnp is specific for targeting the viability of only cancer cells. Further, acridine orange, DAPI and DNA fragmentation studies showed that cytotoxic effect of nPRpnp is mediated through induction of apoptosis as evident from the apoptosis-associated morphological changes and nuclear fragmentation observed after PRpnp treatment of cancer cells. These results suggest that PRpnp has the potential to be used as an anticancer agent. This is first report of anticancer activity as well as SAXS-based analysis for a PNP enzyme with trypsin inhibitory activity.
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Tilkin RG, Mahy JG, Monteiro AP, Belet A, Feijóo J, Laird M, Carcel C, Régibeau N, Goderis B, Grandfils C, Wong Chi Man M, Lambert SD. Protein encapsulation in mesoporous silica: Influence of the mesostructured and pore wall properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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de Almeida Barros R, Meriño-Cabrera Y, Severiche Castro JG, Rodrigues da Silva Júnior N, Schultz H, de Andrade RJ, Aguilar de Oliveira JV, de Oliveira Ramos HJ, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Inhibition constant and stability of tripeptide inhibitors of gut trypsin-like enzyme of the soybean pest Anticarsia gemmatalis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21887. [PMID: 35315942 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insects overcome the action of natural protease inhibitors (PIs) due to evolutionary adaptations through endogenous proteolysis and reprogramming proteases. Insect adaptations complicate the formulation of IP-based crop protection products. However, small peptides designed based on the active site of enzymes have shown promising results that could change this scenario. GORE1 and GORE2 are designed tripeptides that reduce the survival of Anticarsia gemmatalis when ingested orally. In this article, the stability and ability of the peptides to bind trypsin-like enzymes of A. gemmatalis were evaluated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The ability of the peptides to inhibit trypsin-like enzymes in vivo was compared with the SKTI protein by feeding A. gemmatalis larvae at different concentrations, followed by an inhibition persistence assay. During the MD simulation of enzyme-ligand complexes, both peptides showed a small variation of root-mean-square deviation and root-mean-square fluctuation, suggesting that these molecules reach equilibrium when forming a complex with the trypsin-like enzyme. Furthermore, both peptides form hydrogen bonds with substrate recognition sites of A. gemmatalis trypsin-like enzyme, with GORE2 having more interactions than GORE1. Larvae of A. gemmatalis exposed to the peptides and SKTI showed a similar reduction in proteolytic activity, but the persistence of inhibition of trypsin-like enzyme was longer in peptide-fed insects. Despite their size, the peptides exhibit important active and substrate binding site interactions, stability during complex formation, and steadiness effects in vivo. The results provide fundamental information for the development of mimetic molecules and help in decision-making for the selection of delivery methods for larger-scale experiments regarding similar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Almeida Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yaremis Meriño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José G Severiche Castro
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia
| | - Neilier Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Halina Schultz
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael J de Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João V Aguilar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto J de Oliveira Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria G de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Blaber M. Variable and Conserved Regions of Secondary Structure in the β-Trefoil Fold: Structure Versus Function. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:889943. [PMID: 35517858 PMCID: PMC9062101 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.889943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-trefoil proteins exhibit an approximate C3 rotational symmetry. An analysis of the secondary structure for members of this diverse superfamily of proteins indicates that it is comprised of remarkably conserved β-strands and highly-divergent turn regions. A fundamental “minimal” architecture can be identified that is devoid of heterogenous and extended turn regions, and is conserved among all family members. Conversely, the different functional families of β-trefoils can potentially be identified by their unique turn patterns (or turn “signature”). Such analyses provide clues as to the evolution of the β-trefoil family, suggesting a folding/stability role for the β-strands and a functional role for turn regions. This viewpoint can also guide de novo protein design of β-trefoil proteins having novel functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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11
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Plant Kunitz Inhibitors and Their Interaction with Proteases: Current and Potential Pharmacological Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094742. [PMID: 35563133 PMCID: PMC9100506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of proteases can be controlled by several mechanisms, including regulation through gene expression; post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation; zymogen activation; targeting specific compartments, such as lysosomes and mitochondria; and blocking proteolysis using endogenous inhibitors. Protease inhibitors are important molecules to be explored for the control of proteolytic processes in organisms because of their ability to act on several proteases. In this context, plants synthesize numerous proteins that contribute to protection against attacks by microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and/or invertebrates (insects and nematodes) through the inhibition of proteases in these organisms. These proteins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and are present in higher concentrations in legume seeds (compared to other organs and other botanical families), motivating studies on their inhibitory effects in various organisms, including humans. In most cases, the biological roles of these proteins have been assigned based mostly on their in vitro action, as is the case with enzyme inhibitors. This review highlights the structural evolution, function, and wide variety of effects of plant Kunitz protease inhibitors, and their potential for pharmaceutical application based on their interactions with different proteases.
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12
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Gu J, Bk A, Wu H, Lu P, Nawaz MA, Barrow CJ, Dunshea FR, Suleria HAR. Impact of processing and storage on protein digestibility and bioavailability of legumes. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2039690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Gu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amrit Bk
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hanjing Wu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peiyao Lu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Malik Adil Nawaz
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
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13
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Wu Y, Li W, Martin GJO, Ashokkumar M. Mechanism of low-frequency and high-frequency ultrasound-induced inactivation of soy trypsin inhibitors. Food Chem 2021; 360:130057. [PMID: 34029924 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of ultrasonic frequency and power on the inactivation of soy trypsin inhibitors (TIs) was investigated to explore the ultrasound-induced inactivation mechanism. It was observed that 20 kHz and 355 kHz ultrasound have better inactivation efficiency than 1056 kHz. First-order rate constants for the inactivation process were obtained, which increased with increasing ultrasonic power at both 20 kHz and 355 kHz. For 20 kHz ultrasound, the formation of TI aggregates resulting from the physical effects of acoustic cavitation decreased the interactions between the active sites of TIs and trypsin, thus reducing the TI activity. For 355 kHz ultrasound, most of the methionine in the TIs was oxidised within 5 mins, resulting in a faster reduction of TI activity. Subsequent aggregation of TIs resulted in further TI inactivation. SDS-PAGE showed that neither disulphide bonds nor CC coupling were involved in the formation of aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Sonochemistry Group, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wu Li
- Sonochemistry Group, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gregory J O Martin
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Muthupandian Ashokkumar
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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14
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Wicke N, Bedford MR, Howarth M. Gastrobodies are engineered antibody mimetics resilient to pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Commun Biol 2021; 4:960. [PMID: 34381153 PMCID: PMC8358037 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based targeting reagents, such as antibodies and non-antibody scaffold proteins, are rapidly inactivated in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice denatures proteins and activates pepsin, concentrations of which reach 1 mg/mL in the mammalian stomach. Two stable scaffold proteins (nanobody and nanofitin), previously developed to be protease-resistant, were completely digested in less than 10 min at 100-fold lower concentration of pepsin than found in the stomach. Here we present gastrobodies, a protein scaffold derived from Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). SBTI is highly resistant to the challenges of the upper GI tract, including digestive proteases, pH 2 and bile acids. Computational prediction of SBTI's evolvability identified two nearby loops for randomization, to create a potential recognition surface which was experimentally validated by alanine scanning. We established display of SBTI on full-length pIII of M13 phage. Phage selection of gastrobody libraries against the glucosyltransferase domain of Clostridium difficile toxin B (GTD) identified hits with nanomolar affinity and enzyme inhibitory activity. Anti-GTD binders retained high stability to acid, digestive proteases and heat. Gastrobodies show resilience to exceptionally harsh conditions, which should provide a foundation for targeting and modulating function within the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Wicke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Li M, Srp J, Mareš M, Wlodawer A, Gustchina A. Structural studies of complexes of kallikrein 4 with wild-type and mutated forms of the Kunitz-type inhibitor BbKI. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1084-1098. [PMID: 34342281 PMCID: PMC8329858 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321006483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of BbKI, a recombinant Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides, complexed with human kallikrein 4 (KLK4) were determined at medium-to-high resolution in four crystal forms (space groups P3121, P6522, P21 and P61). Although the fold of the protein was virtually identical in all of the crystals, some significant differences were observed in the conformation of Arg64 of BbKI, the residue that occupies the S1 pocket in KLK4. Whereas this residue exhibited two orientations in the highest resolution structure (P3121), making either a canonical trypsin-like interaction with Asp189 of KLK4 or an alternate interaction, only a single alternate orientation was observed in the other three structures. A neighboring disulfide, Cys191-Cys220, was partially or fully broken in all KLK4 structures. Four variants of BbKI in which Arg64 was replaced by Met, Phe, Ala and Asp were expressed and crystallized, and their structures were determined in complex with KLK4. Structures of the Phe and Met variants complexed with bovine trypsin and of the Phe variant complexed with α-chymotrypsin were also determined. Although the inhibitory potency of these variant forms of BbKI was lowered by up to four orders of magnitude, only small changes were seen in the vicinity of the mutated residues. Therefore, a totality of subtle differences in KLK4-BbKI interactions within the fully extended interface in the structures of these variants might be responsible for the observed effect. Screening of the BbKI variants against a panel of serine proteases revealed an altered pattern of inhibitory specificity, which was shifted towards that of chymotrypsin-like proteases for the hydrophobic Phe and Met P1 substitutions. This work reports the first structures of plant Kunitz inhibitors with S1-family serine proteases other than trypsin, as well as new insights into the specificity of inhibition of medically relevant kallikreins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jaroslav Srp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alla Gustchina
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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16
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Guan X, Zhong X, Lu Y, Du X, Jia R, Li H, Zhang M. Changes of Soybean Protein during Tofu Processing. Foods 2021; 10:1594. [PMID: 34359464 PMCID: PMC8306988 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tofu has a long history of use and is rich in high-quality plant protein; however, its production process is relatively complicated. The tofu production process includes soybean pretreatment, soaking, grinding, boiling, pulping, pressing, and packing. Every step in this process has an impact on the soy protein and, ultimately, affects the quality of the tofu. Furthermore, soy protein gel is the basis for the formation of soy curd. This review summarizes the series of changes in the composition and structure of soy protein that occur during the processing of tofu (specifically, during the pressing, preservation, and packaging steps) and the effects of soybean varieties, storage conditions, soybean milk pretreatment, and coagulant types on the structure of soybean protein and the quality of tofu. Finally, we highlight the advantages and limitations of current research and provide directions for future research in tofu production. This review is aimed at providing a reference for research into and improvement of the production of tofu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (R.J.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China;
| | - Xuequn Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (R.J.)
| | - Yuhao Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (R.J.)
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (R.J.)
| | - Rui Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (R.J.)
| | - Hansheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China;
| | - Minlian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (R.J.)
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17
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Sun YJ, Velez G, Parsons DE, Li K, Ortiz ME, Sharma S, McCray PB, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Structure-based phylogeny identifies avoralstat as a TMPRSS2 inhibitor that prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:147973. [PMID: 33844653 PMCID: PMC8121520 DOI: 10.1172/jci147973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting host proteins can act prophylactically to reduce viral burden early in disease and limit morbidity, even with antivirals and vaccination. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is a human protease required for SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral entry and may represent such a target. We hypothesized that drugs selected from proteins related by their tertiary structure, rather than their primary structure, were likely to interact with TMPRSS2. We created a structure-based phylogenetic computational tool named 3DPhyloFold to systematically identify structurally similar serine proteases with known therapeutic inhibitors and demonstrated effective inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo. Several candidate compounds, avoralstat, PCI-27483, antipain, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, inhibited TMPRSS2 in biochemical and cell infection assays. Avoralstat, a clinically tested kallikrein-related B1 inhibitor, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in human airway epithelial cells. In an in vivo proof of principle, avoralstat significantly reduced lung tissue titers and mitigated weight loss when administered prophylactically to mice susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, indicating its potential to be repositioned for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prophylaxis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Sun
- Molecular Surgery Lab, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Molecular Surgery Lab, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Dylan E. Parsons
- Molecular Surgery Lab, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul B. McCray
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Neurology, and
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vinit B. Mahajan
- Molecular Surgery Lab, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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18
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Cruz-Silva I, Gozzo AJ, Nunes VA, Tanaka AS, da Silva Araujo M. Bioengineering of an elastase inhibitor from Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil wood) seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 182:112595. [PMID: 33321445 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors have been widely used in several therapeutic applications such as in the treatment of bleeding disorders, hypertension, cancer and pulmonary diseases. In a previous work, we demonstrated that a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia echinata (CeEI) exhibits pharmacological potential in lung inflammatory diseases in which neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role. However, an important challenge in the use of natural products is to ensure a commercially viable production. In this work, we report the cloning, expression and purification of two recombinant CeEI isoinhibitors with 700 base pairs encoding two proteins with 181 amino acid residues (rCeEI-4 and rCeEI-5). After the expression, each yielding 22 mg/L of active protein, both isoinhibitors presented a molecular mass of about 23.0 kDa, evaluated by SDS-PAGE. The inhibition constants for human neutrophil elastase (HNE) were 0.67 nM (rCeEI-4) and 0.57 nM (rCeEI-5), i.e., similar to the native inhibitor (1.90 nM). Furthermore, rCeEI-4 was used as a template to design smaller functional peptides flanking the inhibitor reactive site: rCeEI-36, delimited between the amino acid residues N36 and S88 containing a disulfide bond in the reactive-site loop, and rCeEI-46, delimited between S46 and L75 without the disulfide bond. The yields were 18 mg/L (rCeEI-36) and 12 mg/L (rCeEI-46). Both peptides inhibit HNE in the nanomolar range (Ki 0.30 ± 0.01 and 8.80 ± 0.23, respectively). Considering their size and the inhibitory efficiency, these peptides may be considered in strategies for the development of drugs targeting pulmonary disorders where elastase is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Cruz-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Division of Dermatology, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait, 69, 01308-060, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Justino Gozzo
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Doutor Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-100, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Abreu Nunes
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Arlindo Béttio, 1000, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aparecida Sadae Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Kumar P, Akhter T, Bhardwaj P, Kumar R, Bhardwaj U, Mazumdar-Leighton S. Consequences of 'no-choice, fixed time' reciprocal host plant switches on nutrition and gut serine protease gene expression in Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245649. [PMID: 33471847 PMCID: PMC7817030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid adaptive responses were evident from reciprocal host-plant switches on performance, digestive physiology and relative gene expression of gut serine proteases in larvae of crucifer pest P. brassicae transferred from cauliflower (CF, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, family Brassicaceae) to an alternate host, garden nasturtium, (GN, Tropaeolum majus L., family Tropaeolaceae) and vice-versa under laboratory conditions. Estimation of nutritional indices indicated that larvae of all instars tested consumed the least food and gained less weight on CF-GN diet (significant at p≤0.05) as compared to larvae feeding on CF-CF, GN-GN and GN-CF diets suggesting that the switch to GN was nutritionally less favorable for larval growth. Nevertheless, these larvae, especially fourth instars, were adroit in utilizing and digesting GN as a new host plant type. In vitro protease assays conducted to understand associated physiological responses within twelve hours indicated that levels and properties of gut proteases were significantly influenced by type of natal host-plant consumed, change in diet as well as larval age. Activities of gut trypsins and chymotrypsins in larvae feeding on CF-GN and GN-CF diets were distinct, and represented shifts toward profiles observed in larvae feeding continuously on GN-GN and CF-CF diets respectively. Results with diagnostic protease inhibitors like TLCK, STI and SBBI in these assays and gelatinolytic zymograms indicated complex and contrasting trends in gut serine protease activities in different instars from CF-GN diet versus GN-CF diet, likely due to ingestion of plant protease inhibitors present in the new diet. Cloning and sequencing of serine protease gene fragments expressed in gut tissues of fourth instar P. brassicae revealed diverse transcripts encoding putative trypsins and chymotrypsins belonging to at least ten lineages. Sequences of members of each lineage closely resembled lepidopteran serine protease orthologs including uncharacterized transcripts from Pieris rapae. Differential regulation of serine protease genes (Pbr1-Pbr5) was observed in larval guts of P. brassicae from CF-CF and GN-GN diets while expression of transcripts encoding two putative trypsins (Pbr3 and Pbr5) were significantly different in larvae from CF-GN and GN-CF diets. These results suggested that some gut serine proteases that were differentially expressed in larvae feeding on different species of host plants were also involved in rapid adaptations to dietary switches. A gene encoding nitrile-specifier protein (nsp) likely involved in detoxification of toxic products from interactions of ingested host plant glucosinolates with myrosinases was expressed to similar levels in these larvae. Taken together, these snapshots reflected contrasts in physiological and developmental plasticity of P. brassicae larvae to nutritional challenges from wide dietary switches in the short term and the prominent role of gut serine proteases in rapid dietary adaptations. This study may be useful in designing novel management strategies targeting candidate gut serine proteases of P. brassicae using RNA interference, gene editing or crops with transgenes encoding protease inhibitors from taxonomically-distant host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tabasum Akhter
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Parul Bhardwaj
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Usha Bhardwaj
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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20
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Kumari S, Sharma P, Ghosh D, Shandilya M, Rawat P, Hassan MI, Moulick RG, Bhattacharya J, Srivastava C, Majumder S. Time-dependent study of graphene oxide-trypsin adsorption interface and visualization of nano-protein corona. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2259-2269. [PMID: 32961193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of interactions of nanomaterials with biomolecules (especially proteins) is of great importance to the area of nanobiotechnology. Graphene and its derivative such as graphene oxide (GO), are two-dimensional (2-D) nanomaterials with remarkable physical and chemical properties and have been broadly explored in biotechnology and biomedical application. Here, we have reported the nature of adsorption of trypsin on the GO surface, considering its biomedical implications. A simple incubation of trypsin on GO surface exhibits varying resistance to autolysis. The structural morphology of trypsin on the GO surface was studied by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopies. Results suggest that the trypsin follows the Freundlich Isotherm. By the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 100 mg/g. From protein assay results we have concluded that the native trypsin exhibits the highest catalytic efficiency (33.97*104 L mol-1 min-1) in comparison to other Trp-GO constructs. We have further visualized morphological change on GO-trypsin interface throughout the adsorption process by taking samples at definite time intervals, which suggests that the interaction of trypsin with GO is an example of the soft corona. Our findings may be implicated in enzyme engineering as well as enzyme-based bio-sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 122413, India
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 122413, India
| | - Debasree Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 122413, India
| | - Manish Shandilya
- Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 122413, India
| | - Pooja Rawat
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yong- In, Gyong-gi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center of Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ranjita Ghosh Moulick
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 122413, India
| | | | - Chandramohan Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 122413, India.
| | - Sudip Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 122413, India.
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21
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Launay G, Ohue M, Prieto Santero J, Matsuzaki Y, Hilpert C, Uchikoga N, Hayashi T, Martin J. Evaluation of CONSRANK-Like Scoring Functions for Rescoring Ensembles of Protein–Protein Docking Poses. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:559005. [PMID: 33195406 PMCID: PMC7641601 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.559005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scoring is a challenging step in protein–protein docking, where typically thousands of solutions are generated. In this study, we ought to investigate the contribution of consensus-rescoring, as introduced by Oliva et al. (2013) with the CONSRANK method, where the set of solutions is used to build statistics in order to identify recurrent solutions. We explore several ways to perform consensus-based rescoring on the ZDOCK decoy set for Benchmark 4. We show that the information of the interface size is critical for successful rescoring in this context, but that consensus rescoring in itself performs less well than traditional physics-based evaluation. The results of physics-based and consensus-based rescoring are partially overlapping, supporting the use of a combination of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Launay
- CNRS, UMR 5086 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Masahito Ohue
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masahito Ohue,
| | - Julia Prieto Santero
- CNRS, UMR 5086 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yuri Matsuzaki
- Tokyo Tech Academy for Leadership, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cécile Hilpert
- CNRS, UMR 5086 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nobuyuki Uchikoga
- Department of Network Design, School of Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Hayashi
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juliette Martin
- CNRS, UMR 5086 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Juliette Martin,
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22
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Ribosomal synthesis and de novo discovery of bioactive foldamer peptides containing cyclic β-amino acids. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1081-1088. [PMID: 32839601 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptides that contain β-amino acids display stable secondary structures, such as helices and sheets, and are often referred to as foldamers. Cyclic β2,3-amino acids (cβAAs), such as 2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (2-ACHC), are strong helix/turn inducers due to their restricted conformations. Here we report the ribosomal synthesis of foldamer peptides that contain multiple, up to ten, consecutive cβAAs via genetic code reprogramming. We also report the de novo discovery of macrocyclic cβAA-containing peptides capable of binding to a protein target. As a demonstration, potent binders with low-to-subnanomolar KD values were identified for human factor XIIa (hFXIIa) and interferon-gamma receptor 1, from a library of their 1012 members. One of the anti-hFXIIa macrocyclic peptides that exhibited a high inhibitory activity and serum stability was co-crystallized with hFXIIa. The X-ray structure revealed that it adopts an antiparallel β-sheet structure induced by a (1S,2S)-2-ACHC residue via the formation of two γ-turns. This work demonstrates the potential of this platform to explore the previously inaccessible sequence space of cβAA-containing peptides.
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23
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Meriño-Cabrera Y, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Castro JGS, Barbosa SL, Macedo MLR, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Noncompetitive tight-binding inhibition of Anticarsia gemmatalis trypsins by Adenanthera pavonina protease inhibitor affects larvae survival. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21687. [PMID: 32342573 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The economic loss in soybean crops caused by the Lepidoptera insects has encouraged the search for new strategies to control this pest, which are currently based on synthetic insecticides. This paper evaluated the ability of ApTI (Adenanthera pavonina trypsin inhibitor) to inhibit trypsin-like proteins from Anticarsia gemmatalis by docking, molecular dynamics, and enzymatic and survival assay. The docking and molecular dynamic simulation between trypsin and ApTI were performed using the program CLUSPRO and NAMD, respectively. The inhibitory constant Ki and the inhibition type were determined through chromogenic assays. The survival assay of neonatal larvae under treatment with artificial diet supplemented with ApTI was also performed. The ApTI binding site was predicted to block substrate access to trypsin due to four interactions with the enzyme, producing a complex with a surface area of 1,183.7 Å2 . The kinetic analysis revealed a noncompetitive tight-binding mechanism. The survival curves obtained using Kaplan-Meier estimators indicated that the highest larvae mortality was 60%, using 1.2 mg of ApTI per 100 ml of artificial diet. The in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies demonstrated that ApTI is a strong noncompetitive inhibitor of trypsin with biotechnological potential for the control of A. gemmatalis insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaremis Meriño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago A de Oliveira Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José G S Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Samuel L Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria L R Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e da Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria G de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuaria, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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24
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Li C, Li W, Zhang Y, Simpson BK. Comparison of physicochemical properties of recombinant buckwheat trypsin inhibitor (rBTI) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Protein Expr Purif 2020; 171:105614. [PMID: 32114102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory activities of buckwheat trypsin inhibitor (rBTI) towards trypsin were compared with soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) in terms of their sensitivities to temperature, pH, salt ions and organic solvents. Both rBTI and SBTI were stable over a broad pH range of 2.0-12.0. rBTI exhibited higher thermal stability than SBTI. The inhibitory activity of rBTI was decreased by Zinc ions (Zn2+), KSCN, vitamin C and urea, while that of SBTI remained unchanged. However, H2O2, Mg2+ and Cu2+ ions had no significant effects on the inhibitory activities of rBTI and SBTI. Acetonitrile enhanced the inhibitory activity of rBTI, but had no effect on SBTI, while dimethylacetamide (DMAC) increased the inhibitory effect of both rBTI and SBTI. On the contrary, the inhibitory activities of rBTI and SBTI were reduced by isopropyl alcohol and methanol. The inhibition constants Ki of rBTI and SBTI were calculated to be 7.41 × 10-9 M and 6.52 × 10-9 M, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Kofi Simpson
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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25
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Maun HR, Jackman JK, Choy DF, Loyet KM, Staton TL, Jia G, Dressen A, Hackney JA, Bremer M, Walters BT, Vij R, Chen X, Trivedi NN, Morando A, Lipari MT, Franke Y, Wu X, Zhang J, Liu J, Wu P, Chang D, Orozco LD, Christensen E, Wong M, Corpuz R, Hang JQ, Lutman J, Sukumaran S, Wu Y, Ubhayakar S, Liang X, Schwartz LB, Babina M, Woodruff PG, Fahy JV, Ahuja R, Caughey GH, Kusi A, Dennis MS, Eigenbrot C, Kirchhofer D, Austin CD, Wu LC, Koerber JT, Lee WP, Yaspan BL, Alatsis KR, Arron JR, Lazarus RA, Yi T. An Allosteric Anti-tryptase Antibody for the Treatment of Mast Cell-Mediated Severe Asthma. Cell 2020; 179:417-431.e19. [PMID: 31585081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe asthma patients with low type 2 inflammation derive less clinical benefit from therapies targeting type 2 cytokines and represent an unmet need. We show that mast cell tryptase is elevated in severe asthma patients independent of type 2 biomarker status. Active β-tryptase allele count correlates with blood tryptase levels, and asthma patients carrying more active alleles benefit less from anti-IgE treatment. We generated a noncompetitive inhibitory antibody against human β-tryptase, which dissociates active tetramers into inactive monomers. A 2.15 Å crystal structure of a β-tryptase/antibody complex coupled with biochemical studies reveal the molecular basis for allosteric destabilization of small and large interfaces required for tetramerization. This anti-tryptase antibody potently blocks tryptase enzymatic activity in a humanized mouse model, reducing IgE-mediated systemic anaphylaxis, and inhibits airway tryptase in Ascaris-sensitized cynomolgus monkeys with favorable pharmacokinetics. These data provide a foundation for developing anti-tryptase as a clinical therapy for severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R Maun
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janet K Jackman
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - David F Choy
- Department of Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tracy L Staton
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Guiquan Jia
- Department of Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Dressen
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Meire Bremer
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin T Walters
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rajesh Vij
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaocheng Chen
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Neil N Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Ashley Morando
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael T Lipari
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yvonne Franke
- Depratment of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Diana Chang
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Luz D Orozco
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Erin Christensen
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Manda Wong
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Racquel Corpuz
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Julie Q Hang
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeff Lutman
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Siddharth Sukumaran
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Savita Ubhayakar
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lawrence B Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John V Fahy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rahul Ahuja
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - George H Caughey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Aija Kusi
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian L Yaspan
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kathila R Alatsis
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Robert A Lazarus
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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26
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Briand ML, Gebleux R, Richina F, Correro MR, Grether Y, Dudal Y, Braga-Lagache S, Heller M, Beerli RR, Grawunder U, Corvini PFX, Shahgaldian P. Partially shielded enzymes capable of processing large protein substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5170-5173. [PMID: 32266896 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first method of enzyme protection enabling the production of partially shielded enzymes capable of processing substrates as large as proteins. We show that partially shielded sortase retains its transpeptidase activity and can perform bioconjugation reactions on antibodies. Moreover, a partially shielded trypsin is shown to outperform its soluble counterpart in terms of proteolytic kinetics. Remarkably, partial enzyme shielding results in a drastic increase in temporal stability of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon L Briand
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasee 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland.
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27
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Zhou J, Li C, Chen A, Zhu J, Zou M, Liao H, Yu Y. Structural and functional relationship of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor to understand its digestive resistance against Pieris rapae. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:908-920. [PMID: 31981663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although digestive resistance of Kunitz protease inhibitors has been reported extensively, the molecular mechanism is not well established. In the present study, the first X-ray structure of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor (COTI), a member of Kunitz protease inhibitors, was solved at a resolution of 1.9 Å. The structure adopted a classic β-trefoil fold with the inhibitory loop protruding from the hydrophobic core. The role of Phe139, a unique residue in Kunitz protease inhibitors, and Arg63 in the COTI structure was verified by F139A and R63E mutants. COTI was a specific inhibitor of bovine trypsin and the result was also verified by COTI-trypsin complex formation. Meanwhile, COTI showed equivalent inhibitory activity with that of soybean trypsin inhibitor against bovine trypsin and midgut trypsin from Pieris rapae. The F139 and R63E mutants further indicated that inhibitory specificity and efficiency of COTI were closely related to the global framework, the conformation and the amino acid composition of reactive loop. Finally, a midgut trypsin from P. rapae (PrSP40), which might be involve in the food digestion, was proposed to be a potential target of COTI and might be a promising target for future crop-protection strategy. The results supported the digestive resistance of COTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Chaolin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Jianquan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Meng Zou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Yamei Yu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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28
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Heifetz A, Sladek V, Townsend-Nicholson A, Fedorov DG. Characterizing Protein-Protein Interactions with the Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2114:187-205. [PMID: 32016895 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0282-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are vital components of living systems, serving as building blocks, molecular machines, enzymes, receptors, ion channels, sensors, and transporters. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are a key part of their function. There are more than 645,000 reported disease-relevant PPIs in the human interactome, but drugs have been developed for only 2% of these targets. The advances in PPI-focused drug discovery are highly dependent on the availability of structural data and accurate computational tools for analysis of this data. Quantum mechanical approaches are often too expensive computationally, but the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method offers an excellent solution that combines accuracy, speed and the ability to reveal key interactions that would otherwise be hard to detect. FMO provides essential information for PPI drug discovery, namely, identification of key interactions formed between residues of two proteins, including their strength (in kcal/mol) and their chemical nature (electrostatic or hydrophobic). In this chapter, we have demonstrated how three different FMO-based approaches (pair interaction energy analysis (PIE analysis), subsystem analysis (SA) and analysis of protein residue networks (PRNs)) have been applied to study PPI in three protein-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Sladek
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Townsend-Nicholson
- Research Department of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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29
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de Oliveira CFR, de Oliveira Flores TM, Henrique Cardoso M, Garcia Nogueira Oshiro K, Russi R, de França AFJ, dos Santos EA, Luiz Franco O, de Oliveira AS, Migliolo L. Dual Insecticidal Effects of Adenanthera pavonina Kunitz-Type Inhibitor on Plodia interpunctella is Mediated by Digestive Enzymes Inhibition and Chitin-Binding Properties. Molecules 2019; 24:E4344. [PMID: 31795088 PMCID: PMC6930628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, is one of the most damaging pests of stored products. We investigated the insecticidal properties of ApKTI, a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Adenanthera pavonina seeds, against P. interpunctella larvae through bioassays with artificial diet. ApKTI-fed larvae showed reduction of up to 88% on larval weight and 75% in survival. Trypsin enzymes extracted from P. interpunctella larvae were inhibited by ApKTI, which also demonstrated capacity to bind to chitin. Kinetic studies revealed a non-competitive inhibition mechanism of ApKTI for trypsin, which were further corroborated by molecular docking studies. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that ApKTI exhibits a hydrophobic pocket near the reactive site loop probably involved in chitin interactions. Taken together, these data suggested that the insecticidal activity of ApKTI for P. interpunctella larvae involves a dual and promiscuous mechanisms biding to two completely different targets. Both processes might impair the P. interpunctella larval digestive process, leading to larvae death before reaching the pupal stage. Further studies are encouraged using ApKTI as a biotechnological tool to control insect pests in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylla Michelle de Oliveira Flores
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil; (T.M.d.O.F.); (M.H.C.); (K.G.N.O.); (O.L.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil; (T.M.d.O.F.); (M.H.C.); (K.G.N.O.); (O.L.F.)
- Centro de Análises Bioquímica e Proteômicas, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Karen Garcia Nogueira Oshiro
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil; (T.M.d.O.F.); (M.H.C.); (K.G.N.O.); (O.L.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Russi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil; (R.R.); (A.F.J.d.F.); (E.A.d.S.); (A.S.d.O.)
| | - Anderson Felipe Jácome de França
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil; (R.R.); (A.F.J.d.F.); (E.A.d.S.); (A.S.d.O.)
| | - Elizeu Antunes dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil; (R.R.); (A.F.J.d.F.); (E.A.d.S.); (A.S.d.O.)
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil; (T.M.d.O.F.); (M.H.C.); (K.G.N.O.); (O.L.F.)
- Centro de Análises Bioquímica e Proteômicas, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Adeliana Silva de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil; (R.R.); (A.F.J.d.F.); (E.A.d.S.); (A.S.d.O.)
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil; (T.M.d.O.F.); (M.H.C.); (K.G.N.O.); (O.L.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58059-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil; (R.R.); (A.F.J.d.F.); (E.A.d.S.); (A.S.d.O.)
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30
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Ferreira GC, Duran AFA, da Silva FRS, Bomediano LDM, Machado GC, Sasaki SD. Neutrophil elastase inhibitor purification strategy from cowpea seeds. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223713. [PMID: 31600323 PMCID: PMC6786636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases and its inhibitors are involved in physiological process and its deregulation lead to various diseases like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), pulmonary emphysema, skin diseases, atherosclerosis, coagulation diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases, neuronal disorders and other diseases. Serine protease inhibitors have been described in many species, as well as in plants, including cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). Here, we purified and characterized a protease inhibitor, named VuEI (Vigna unguiculata elastase inhibitor), from Vigna unguiculata, with inhibitory activity against HNE (human neutrophil elastase) and chymotrypsin but has no inhibitory activity against trypsin and thrombin. VuEI was obtained by alkaline protein extraction followed by three different chromatographic steps in sequence. First, an ion exchange chromatography using Hitrap Q column was employed, followed by two reversed-phase chromatography using Source15RPC and ACE18 columns. The molecular mass of VuEI was estimated in 10.99 kDa by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The dissociation constant (Ki) to HNE was 9 pM. These data indicate that VuEI is a potent inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase, besides to inhibit chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Cristina Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Livia de Moraes Bomediano
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Capella Machado
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Daishi Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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31
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Hellinger R, Gruber CW. Peptide-based protease inhibitors from plants. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1877-1889. [PMID: 31170506 PMCID: PMC6753016 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases have an important role in homeostasis, and dysregulation of protease function can lead to pathogenesis. Therefore, proteases are promising drug targets in cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disease research. Although there are well-established pharmaceuticals on the market, drug development for proteases is challenging. This is often caused by the limited selectivity of currently available lead compounds. Proteinaceous plant protease inhibitors are a diverse family of (poly)peptides that are important to maintain physiological homeostasis and to serve the innate defense machinery of the plant. In this review, we provide an overview of the diversity of plant peptide- and protein-based protease inhibitors (PIs), provide examples of such compounds that target human proteases, and discuss opportunities for these molecules in protease drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hellinger
- Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian W Gruber
- Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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32
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Macromolecular properties and partial amino acid sequence of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bapat S, Vyas R, Karthikeyan M. Exploring Energy Profiles of Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) Using DFT Method. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180815151141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Large-scale energy landscape characterization of protein-protein interactions
(PPIs) is important to understand the interaction mechanism and protein-protein docking methods. The
experimental methods for detecting energy landscapes are tedious and the existing computational methods
require longer simulation time.
Objective:
The objective of the present work is to ascertain the energy profiles at the interface regions in
a rapid manner to analyze the energy landscape of protein-protein interactions.
Methods:
The atomic coordinates obtained from the X-ray and NMR spectroscopy data are considered
as inputs to compute cumulative energy profiles for experimentally validated protein-protein complexes.
The energies computed by the program were comparable to the standard molecular dynamics simulations.
Results:
The PPI Profiler not only enables rapid generation of energy profiles but also facilitates the
detection of hot spot residue atoms involved therein.
Conclusion:
The hotspot residues and their computed energies matched with the experimentally determined
hot spot residues and their energies which correlated well by employing the MM/GBSA method.
The proposed method can be employed to scan entire proteomes across species at an atomic level to
study the key PPI interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Bapat
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra-411008, India
| | - Renu Vyas
- MIT School of Bioengineering Science and Research, Loni, Kalbhor, Pune-412201, India
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Li M, Srp J, Gustchina A, Dauter Z, Mares M, Wlodawer A. Crystal structures of the complex of a kallikrein inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides with trypsin and modeling of kallikrein complexes. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:56-69. [PMID: 30644845 PMCID: PMC6333282 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318016492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of a recombinant Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides (BbKI) complexed with bovine trypsin were determined in two crystal forms. The crystal structure with the L55R mutant of BbKI was determined in space group P64 at 1.94 Å resolution and that with native BbKI in the monoclinic space group P21 at 3.95 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit of the latter crystals contained 44 independent complexes, thus representing one of the largest numbers of independent objects deposited in the Protein Data Bank. Additionally, the structure of the complex with native BbKI was determined at 2.0 Å resolution from P64 crystals isomorphous to those of the mutant. Since BbKI has previously been found to be a potent inhibitor of the trypsin-like plasma kallikrein, it was also tested against several tissue kallikreins. It was found that BbKI is a potent inhibitor of human tissue kallikrein 4 (KLK4) and the chymotrypsin-like human tissue kallikrein 7 (KLK7). Structures of BbKI complexed with the catalytic domain of human plasma kallikrein were modeled, as well as those with KLK4 and KLK7, and the structures were analyzed in order to identify the interactions that are responsible for inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jaroslav Srp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alla Gustchina
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael Mares
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Avilés-Gaxiola S, Chuck-Hernández C, Rocha-Pizaña MDR, García-Lara S, López-Castillo LM, Serna-Saldívar SO. Effect of thermal processing and reducing agents on trypsin inhibitor activity and functional properties of soybean and chickpea protein concentrates. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bendre AD, Suresh CG, Shanmugam D, Ramasamy S. Structural insights into the unique inhibitory mechanism of Kunitz type trypsin inhibitor from Cicer arietinum L. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2669-2677. [PMID: 30052127 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1494633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors bind to the active pocket of trypsin causing its inhibition. Plant Kunitz-type inhibitors are thought to be important in defense, especially against insect pests. From sequence analysis of various Kunitz-type inhibitors from plants, we identified CaTI2 from chickpea as a unique variant lacking the functionally important arginine residue corresponding to the soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) and having a distinct and unique inhibitory loop organization. To further explore the implications of these sequence variations, we obtained the crystal structure of recombinant CaTI2 at 2.8Å resolution. It is evident from the structure that the variations in the inhibitory loop facilitates non-substrate like binding of CaTI2 to trypsin, while the canonical inhibitor STI binds to trypsin in substrate like manner. Our results establish the unique mechanism of trypsin inhibition by CaTI2, which warrant further research into its substrate spectrum. Abbreviations BApNA Nα-Benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide BPT bovine pancreatic trypsin CaTI2 Cicer arietinum L trypsin inhibitor 2 DrTI Delonix regia Trypsin inhibitor EcTI Enterolobium contortisiliquum trypsin inhibitor ETI Erythrina caffra trypsin inhibitor KTI Kunitz type inhibitor STI soybean trypsin inhibitor TKI Tamarindus indica Kunitz inhibitor Communicated By Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya D Bendre
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Pune , India
| | - C G Suresh
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Dhanasekaran Shanmugam
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Pune , India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
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Ohkura SI, Hori M, Saitoh K, Okuzawa T, Okamoto I, Furukawa N, Shimizu-Ibuka A. Structural and functional analysis of miraculin-like protein from Vitis vinifera. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:1125-1130. [PMID: 30282610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The so-called miraculin-like proteins (MLPs) are homologous to miraculin, a homodimeric protein with taste-modifying activity that converts sourness into sweetness. The identity between MLPs and miraculin generally ranges from 30% to 55%, and both MLPs and miraculin are categorized into the Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) family. MLP from grape (Vitis vinifera; vvMLP) exhibits significant homology to miraculin (61% identity), suggesting that vvMLP possesses miraculin-like properties. The results of size-exclusion chromatography and sensory analysis illustrated that vvMLP exists as a monomer in solution with no detectable taste-modifying activity. Crystal structure determination revealed that vvMLP exists as a β-trefoil fold, similarly as other MLPs and Kunitz-type protein inhibitors. The conformation of the loops, including the so-called reactive loop in the STI family, was substantially different between vvMLP and STI. Recombinant vvMLP had inhibitory activity against trypsin (Ki = 13.7 μM), indicating that the protein can act as a moderate trypsin inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ichiro Ohkura
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Misaho Hori
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saitoh
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Takumi Okuzawa
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Ikuko Okamoto
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Nayuta Furukawa
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Akiko Shimizu-Ibuka
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan.
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38
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Changes in soybean trypsin inhibitor by varying pressure and temperature of processing: A molecular modeling study. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Weerasooriya DK, Bean SR, Nugusu Y, Ioerger BP, Tesso TT. The effect of genotype and traditional food processing methods on in-vitro protein digestibility and micronutrient profile of sorghum cooked products. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203005. [PMID: 30192773 PMCID: PMC6128525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is one of the principal staple for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa serving as the main sources of protein. However, protein digestibility is low in sorghum and this may be affected by processing methods. In this study 15 sorghum cultivars and one variety each of maize (Zea maize) and tef (Eragrostis tef) all of Ethiopian origin were investigated for in-vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), activity and concentration of anti-nutritional factors and micro nutrient profile in raw flour and various cooked food samples. Kafirin composition content and composition was also determined from raw flour samples of the sorghum cultivars. IVPD was significantly different between genotypes with both maize and tef superior to sorghum both in cooked and uncooked state except for the high lysine genotype Wetet Be-gunchie. Cooking significantly reduced IVPD in all crops but had only minor effect in maize. Results revealed a highly significant interaction between genotype and food processing methods where, occasionally, genotypes with highest IVPD under one processing method ended up to be the lowest under another. Trypsin inhibitor levels had a significant and negative correlation with IVPD (r2 = 0.1), while changes in phytic acid concentration and intrinsic phytase levels during processing followed opposite trends to each other. Processing increased mineral levels by 20-44% for iron and 4-29% for zinc perhaps due to degradation of phytic acid. Results demonstrated that protein digestibility and the concentration of anti- nutritional factors varied widely depending on the food type. Identification of specific genotypes for a specific food product may help improve the nutritional quality of sorghum based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott R. Bean
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yohannes Nugusu
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Brian P. Ioerger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Tesfaye T. Tesso
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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40
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Bendre AD, Ramasamy S, Suresh CG. Analysis of Kunitz inhibitors from plants for comprehensive structural and functional insights. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:933-943. [PMID: 29499268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Legume Kunitz type trypsin inhibitor (KTI) family is one of the most versatile families of proteins. A typical KTI features a single peptide folded in β-trefoil manner, with the molecular weight about 20-22kDa and two disulphide bonds. The members are known to inhibit a wide range of serpins proteases at the same time many of them possess unique features. Copaifera langsdorffii Trypsin inhibitor (CTI) has a β-trefoil fold made up of two non-covalently bound polypeptide chains with only a single disulfide bridge. Delonix regia Trypsin inhibitor (DrTI) has one amino acid insertion between P1 and P2 of the reactive site distorting its conformation. Bauhinia bauhinioides Cruzipain inhibitor (BbCI) has a conservative β-trefoil fold but lacks disulfide bonds. Such subtle differences in structures make Kunitz inhibitors different from other inhibitor families. Most of the studies on these inhibitors are focused towards their proposed role in defense from insect pests and wounding but their exact physiological role in nature is still uncharted. Thus, it would be very interesting to closely analyze the structural details of these inhibitors in order to ascertain their biological role and other fascinating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya D Bendre
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL campus, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India.
| | - C G Suresh
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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Johar D, Maher A, Aboelmagd O, Hammad A, Morsi M, Warda HF, Awad HI, Mohamed TA, Zaky S. Whole-food phytochemicals antioxidative potential in alloxan-diabetic rats. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:240-250. [PMID: 29854595 PMCID: PMC5977378 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean and whole-wheat have beneficial effects on the oxidative status of AD rats more than broadbean. Feeding dried wheat is effective in improving MDA, GSH and α-T levels. Germination is favorable than drying and moistened heat. Germination enhances the effect of soybeans on TAGs and in the case of soy and wheat enhanced the effect on total cholesterol. Diabetic patients, beside controlling their hyperglycaemia with medication, are recommended to include whole foods containing naturally occurring phytochemicals to ameliorate their oxidative status. Possible protective factors in the diet such as flavonoids, lutein, lycopene, lignans, and saponins, may provide new strategies to enhance diet and health of diabetic patients.
Background The importance of whole-food antioxidants in terms of promoting antioxidant recycling in the body in complex human diseases is not fully understood. We aim to discuss the benefits of whole-food antioxidants in ameliorating the diabetic complications in vivo and to address the effect of germination versus heat processing or drying on the potential therapeutic effect of whole grains and legumes. We studied the antioxidant status of alloxan-diabetic (AD) male Spargue Dawley rats, injected intraperitoneally with alloxan dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, and fed on experimental diets based on the flour of soybean, broadbean and whole-wheat for five weeks. Results Diabetes-induced oxidative stress in liver was manifested by significant increase in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocytes superoxide dismutase (eSOD) and plasma alpha-tocopherol (α-T) levels, reduction in hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activity. Consumption of soybean and whole-wheat both had beneficial effects on the oxidative status of AD rats more than broadbean. Feeding dried wheat was effective in improving MDA, GSH and α-T levels. Soybeans and wheat lowered triacylglycerols (TAGs) and tended to lower total cholesterol. Germination enhanced the effect of soybeans on TAGs and in the case of soy and wheat enhanced the effect on total cholesterol. Conclusion Whole foods containing naturally occurring phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins such as legumes and whole grains are recommended, alongside medication, for controlling hyperglycaemia, blood lipids and oxidative status in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Johar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ahmed Maher
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omnia Aboelmagd
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr AlAiny, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Hammad
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr AlAiny, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Morsi
- Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Hamdy F Warda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hamdy I Awad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Taha A Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr AlAiny, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy Zaky
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Docking, thermodynamics and molecular dynamics (MD) studies of a non-canonical protease inhibitor, MP-4, from Mucuna pruriens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:689. [PMID: 29330385 PMCID: PMC5766534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence and structural homology suggests that MP-4 protein from Mucuna pruriens belongs to Kunitz-type protease inhibitor family. However, biochemical assays showed that this protein is a poor inhibitor of trypsin. To understand the basis of observed poor inhibition, thermodynamics and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies on binding of MP-4 to trypsin were carried out. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that temperature influences the spectrum of conformations adopted by the loop regions in the MP-4 structure. At an optimal temperature, MP-4 achieves maximal binding while above and below the optimum temperature, its functional activity is hampered due to unfavourable flexibility and relative rigidity, respectively. The low activity at normal temperature is due to the widening of the conformational spectrum of the Reactive Site Loop (RSL) that reduces the probability of formation of stabilizing contacts with trypsin. The unique sequence of the RSL enhances flexibility at ambient temperature and thus reduces its ability to inhibit trypsin. This study shows that temperature influences the function of a protein through modulation in the structure of functional domain of the protein. Modulation of function through appearance of new sequences that are more sensitive to temperature may be a general strategy for evolution of new proteins.
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Rustgi S, Boex-Fontvieille E, Reinbothe C, von Wettstein D, Reinbothe S. The complex world of plant protease inhibitors: Insights into a Kunitz-type cysteine protease inhibitor of Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 11:e1368599. [PMID: 29497469 PMCID: PMC5824933 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1368599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved an intricate regulatory network of proteases and corresponding protease inhibitors (PI), which operate in various biological pathways and serve diverse spatiotemporal functions during the sedentary life of a plant. Intricacy of the regulatory network can be anticipated from the observation that, depending on the developmental stage and environmental cue(s), either a single PI or multiple PIs regulate the activity of a given protease. On the other hand, the same PI often interacts with different targets at different places, necessitating another level of fine control to be added in planta. Here, it is reported on how the activity of a papain-like cysteine protease dubbed RD21 (RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION 21) is differentially regulated by serpin and Kunitz PIs over plant development and how this mechanism contributes to defenses against herbivorous arthropods and microbial pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Avilés-Gaxiola S, Chuck-Hernández C, Serna Saldívar SO. Inactivation Methods of Trypsin Inhibitor in Legumes: A Review. J Food Sci 2017; 83:17-29. [PMID: 29210451 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Seed legumes have played a major role as a crop worldwide, being cultivated on about 12% to 15% of Earth's arable land; nevertheless, their use is limited by, among other things, the presence of several antinutritional factors (ANFs - naturally occurring metabolites that the plant produces to protect itself from pest attacks.) Trypsin inhibitors (TIs) are one of the most relevant ANFs because they reduce digestion and absorption of dietary proteins. Several methods have been developed in order to inactivate TIs, and of these, thermal treatments are the most commonly used. They cause loss of nutrients, affect functional properties, and require high amounts of energy. Given the above, new processes have emerged to improve the nutritional quality of legumes while trying to solve the problems caused by the use of thermal treatments. This review examines and discusses the methods developed by researchers to inactivate TI present in legumes and their effects over nutritional and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Avilés-Gaxiola
- Center of Biotechnology FEMSA, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey. Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849 Monterrey, N.L, Mexico
| | - Cristina Chuck-Hernández
- Center of Biotechnology FEMSA, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey. Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849 Monterrey, N.L, Mexico
| | - Sergio O Serna Saldívar
- Center of Biotechnology FEMSA, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey. Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849 Monterrey, N.L, Mexico
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45
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Protein separations using enhanced-fluidity liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:257-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li J, Xiang Q, Liu X, Ding T, Zhang X, Zhai Y, Bai Y. Inactivation of soybean trypsin inhibitor by dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. Food Chem 2017; 232:515-522. [PMID: 28490106 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) is considered as one of the most important anti-nutritional factors in soybeans. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts and underling mechanisms of dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on STI activities. The results shown that DBD plasma treatment significantly induced the inactivation of STI in soymilk and Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor from soybean (SKTI) in a model system. After exposure to DBD plasma at 51.4W for 21min, the STI activities of soymilk were reduced by 86.1%. Affter being treated by DBD plasma, the intrinsic fluorescence and surface hydrophobicity of SKTI were significantly decreased, while the sulfhydryl contents were increased. It is assumed that DBD plasma-induced conformational changes and oxidative modification might contribute to the inactivation of SKTI. In summary, DBD plasma technology is a potential alternative to heat treatment for the inactivation of anti-nutritional substances in food legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguang Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Qisen Xiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Xiufang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Xiangsheng Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yafei Zhai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yanhong Bai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Goulas T, Garcia-Ferrer I, Marrero A, Marino-Puertas L, Duquerroy S, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structural and functional insight into pan-endopeptidase inhibition by α2-macroglobulins. Biol Chem 2017; 398:975-994. [PMID: 28253193 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptidases must be exquisitely regulated to prevent erroneous cleavage and one control is provided by protein inhibitors. These are usually specific for particular peptidases or families and sterically block the active-site cleft of target enzymes using lock-and-key mechanisms. In contrast, members of the +1400-residue multi-domain α2-macroglobulin inhibitor family (α2Ms) are directed against a broad spectrum of endopeptidases of disparate specificities and catalytic types, and they inhibit their targets without disturbing their active sites. This is achieved by irreversible trap mechanisms resulting from large conformational rearrangement upon cleavage in a promiscuous bait region through the prey endopeptidase. After decades of research, high-resolution structural details of these mechanisms have begun to emerge for tetrameric and monomeric α2Ms, which use 'Venus-flytrap' and 'snap-trap' mechanisms, respectively. In the former, represented by archetypal human α2M, inhibition is exerted through physical entrapment in a large cage, in which preys are still active against small substrates and inhibitors that can enter the cage through several apertures. In the latter, represented by a bacterial α2M from Escherichia coli, covalent linkage and steric hindrance of the prey inhibit activity, but only against very large substrates.
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Masurier N, Arama DP, El Amri C, Lisowski V. Inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases: An overview. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:655-683. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Dominique P. Arama
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256; Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology; Paris France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
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Purification and antiparasitic activity of a few legume serine proteinase inhibitors: Effect on erythrocyte invasion, schizont rupture and proteolytic processing of the Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 protein. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vagadia BH, Vanga SK, Raghavan V. Inactivation methods of soybean trypsin inhibitor – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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