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Deshpande K, Lange KR, Stone WB, Yohn C, Schlesinger N, Kagan L, Auguste AJ, Firestein BL, Brunetti L. The influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in a hACE2 murine model. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01071. [PMID: 37133236 PMCID: PMC10155506 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting Coronavirus disease 2019 emerged in late 2019 and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. A hallmark of severe COVID-19 is exaggerated systemic inflammation, regarded as a "cytokine storm," which contributes to the damage of various organs, primarily the lungs. The inflammation associated with some viral illnesses is known to alter the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. These alterations can lead to modifications in drug exposure and the processing of various endogenous compounds. Here, we provide evidence to support changes in the mitochondrial ribonucleic acid expression of a subset of drug transporters (84 transporters) in the liver, kidneys, and lungs and metabolizing enzymes (84 enzymes) in the liver in a humanized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor mouse model. Specifically, three drug transporters (Abca3, Slc7a8, Tap1) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were upregulated in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. We also found significant downregulation of drug transporters responsible for the movement of xenobiotics in the liver and kidney. Additionally, expression of cytochrome P-450 2f2 which is known to metabolize some pulmonary toxicants, was significantly decreased in the liver of infected mice. The significance of these findings requires further exploration. Our results suggest that further research should emphasize altered drug disposition when investigating therapeutic compounds, whether re-purposed or new chemical entities, in other animal models and ultimately in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the influence and impact of these changes on the processing of endogenous compounds also require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Keith R. Lange
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - William B. Stone
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginiaUSA
| | - Christine Yohn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Naomi Schlesinger
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Albert J. Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginiaUSA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod‐borne PathogensVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Bonnie L. Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
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Zondo NM, Sobia P, Sivro A, Ngcapu S, Ramsuran V, Archary D. Pharmacogenomics of drug transporters for antiretroviral long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Front Genet 2022; 13:940661. [PMID: 36246609 PMCID: PMC9557974 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.940661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antiretrovirals (ARVs) as oral, topical, or long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a promising strategy for HIV prevention. Clinical trials testing Truvada® [tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine (FTC)] as oral or topical PrEP in African women showed mixed results in preventing HIV infections. Since oral and topical PrEP effectiveness is dependent on adequate drug delivery and availability to sites of HIV infection such as the blood and female genital tract (FGT); host biological factors such as drug transporters have been implicated as key regulators of PrEP. Drug transporter expression levels and function have been identified as critical determinants of PrEP efficacy by regulating PrEP pharmacokinetics across various cells and tissues of the blood, renal tissues, FGT mucosal tissues and other immune cells targeted by HIV. In addition, biological factors such as genetic polymorphisms and genital inflammation also influence drug transporter expression levels and functionality. In this review, drug transporters and biological factors modulating drug transporter disposition are used to explain discrepancies observed in PrEP clinical trials. This review also provides insight at a pharmacological level of how these factors further increase the susceptibility of the FGT to HIV infections, subsequently contributing to ineffective PrEP interventions in African women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomusa M. Zondo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Mucosal Immunology Department, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Parveen Sobia
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Mucosal Immunology Department, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Mucosal Immunology Department, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sinaye Ngcapu
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Mucosal Immunology Department, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Mucosal Immunology Department, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Mucosal Immunology Department, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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3
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Giroux P, Kyle PB, Tan C, Edwards JD, Nowicki MJ, Liu H. Evaluating the regulation of transporter proteins and P-glycoprotein in rats with cholestasis and its implication for digoxin clearance. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2022; 13:73-84. [PMID: 35720166 PMCID: PMC9157686 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac and hepatic functionality are intertwined in a multifaceted relationship. Pathologic processes involving one may affect the other through a variety of mechanisms, including hemodynamic and membrane transport effects.
AIM To better understand the effect of extrahepatic cholestasis on regulations of membrane transporters involving digoxin and its implication for digoxin clearance.
METHODS Twelve adult rats were included in this study; baseline hepatic and renal laboratory values and digoxin pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were established before evenly dividing them into two groups to undergo bile duct ligation (BDL) or a sham procedure. After 7 d repeat digoxin PK studies were completed and tissue samples were taken to determine the expressions of cell membrane transport proteins by quantitative western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using SigmaStat 3.5. Means between pre-surgery and post-surgery in the same experimental group were compared by paired t-test, while independent t-test was employed to compare the means between sham and BDL groups.
RESULTS Digoxin clearance was decreased and liver function, but not renal function, was impaired in BDL rats. BDL resulted in significant up-regulation of multidrug resistance 1 expression in the liver and kidney and its down-regulation in the small intestine. Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP)1A4 was up-regulated in the liver but down-regulated in intestine after BDL. OATP4C1 expression was markedly increased in the kidney following BDL.
CONCLUSION The results suggest that cell membrane transporters of digoxin are regulated during extrahepatic cholestasis. These regulations are favorable for increasing digoxin excretion in the kidney and decreasing its absorption from the intestine to compensate for reduced digoxin clearance due to cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker Giroux
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Patrick B Kyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, United States
| | - Joseph D Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Michael J Nowicki
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Hua Liu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
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Disease-drug and drug-drug interaction in COVID-19: Risk and assessment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111642. [PMID: 33940506 PMCID: PMC8078916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is announced as a global pandemic in 2020. Its mortality and morbidity rate are rapidly increasing, with limited medications. The emergent outbreak of COVID-19 prompted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) keeps spreading. In this infection, a patient's immune response plays pivotal role in the pathogenesis. This inflammatory factor was shown by its mediators that, in severe cases, reach the cytokine at peaks. Hyperinflammatory state may sparks significant imbalances in transporters and drug metabolic machinery, and subsequent alteration of drug pharmacokinetics may result in unexpected therapeutic response. The present scenario has accounted for the requirement for therapeutic opportunities to relive and overcome this pandemic. Despite the diminishing developments of COVID-19, there is no drug still approved to have significant effects with no side effect on the treatment for COVID-19 patients. Based on the evidence, many antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs have been authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat the COVID-19 patients even though not knowing the possible drug-drug interactions (DDI). Remdesivir, favipiravir, and molnupiravir are deemed the most hopeful antiviral agents by improving infected patient’s health. Dexamethasone is the first known steroid medicine that saved the lives of seriously ill patients. Some oligopeptides and proteins have also been using. The current review summarizes medication updates to treat COVID-19 patients in an inflammatory state and their interaction with drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes. It gives an opinion on the potential DDI that may permit the individualization of these drugs, thereby enhancing the safety and efficacy.
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Langeh U, Chawla P, Gupta GD, Singh S. A Novel Approach to Refractory Epilepsy by Targeting Pgp Peripherally and Centrally: Therapeutic Targets and Future Perspectives. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:741-749. [PMID: 32814543 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319999200819093109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Refractory epilepsy is a type of epilepsy involving seizures uncontrolled by first or second- line anticonvulsant drugs at a regular therapeutic dose. Despite considerable growth in epileptic pharmacotherapy, one-third of the patients are resistant to current therapies. In this, the mechanisms responsible for resistant epilepsy are either increased expulsion of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) by multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters from the epileptogenic tissue or reduced sensitivity of drug in epileptogenic brain tissue. The difficulty to treat refractory epilepsy is because of drug resistance due to cellular drug efflux, use of drug monotherapy, and subtherapeutic dose administration. Increased expression of Pgp is also responsible for resistance epilepsy or refractory epilepsy. Increased glutamate expression via inhibition of cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) enzyme also upregulate P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression and augment instance of recurrent seizures. Peripheral and central inhibition of Pgp is a powerful tool to control this drug resistant epilepsy. Drug resistance primarily involves multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene responsible for encoding P-glycoprotein (Pg- P1 or MDR1). Currently, there is no drug under clinical practice which inhibits MDR1. The present review cites some drugs like Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), COX-II inhibitors, and glutamate receptors antagonists that inhibit P-gp. The exploitation of these targets may emerge as a beneficial approach for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. The present review further highlights the mechanistic role of Pgp in drug-resistant epilepsy, glutamate role in drug efflux, and management approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Langeh
- Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India
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Karimian Pour N, McColl ER, Piquette-Miller M. Impact of Viral Inflammation on the Expression of Renal Drug Transporters in Pregnant Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E624. [PMID: 31766631 PMCID: PMC6956294 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation impacts the expression and function of drug transporters at term-gestation; however, the impact of inflammation on the expression of drug transporters at mid-gestation is largely unknown. Since renal drug transporters play a key role in the clearance of many drugs prescribed during pregnancy, our objective was to study the impact of the viral mimetic poly I:C on the expression of renal transporters in pregnant rats at mid-gestation. Poly I:C (10 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on gestational day 14. Expression of renal transporters was measured at 6, 24, and 48 h by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The mRNA levels of Mdr1a, Mrp4, Oct2, Octn1, Octn2, Mate1, Oat1-3, Urat1, Oatp4c1, Ent1, and Pept2 were significantly lower in the poly I:C group at 6 h. At 24 h, only the mRNA levels of Oct2, Oatp4c1, and Ent1 were decreased compared to saline. Poly I:C significantly decreased protein expression of Urat1 at 24 h, and P-gp, Oct2, Mate1, Oat1, Oat3 at 48 h,. Poly I:C imposed significant reductions in the expression of several key renal transporters at mid-gestation in pregnant rats. Thus, viral infection may impact renal excretion of drug transporter substrates, potentially leading to drug-disease interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Micheline Piquette-Miller
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3M2, Canada; (N.K.P.); (E.R.M.)
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An observational study examining the effects of a surgically induced inflammatory response on the distribution of morphine and its metabolites into cerebrospinal fluid. Can J Anaesth 2017; 64:1009-1022. [PMID: 28710563 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-017-0933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Morphine is administered intravenously for pain management in the perioperative period. The effect of the inflammatory response to surgery on morphine distribution across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in humans was investigated. We hypothesized that a graded surgically induced, systemic inflammatory response alters cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) through a temporary reduction in BBB drug efflux transporter function. METHODS We conducted a prospective pharmacokinetic study of the plasma and CSF distribution of the P-glycoprotein (PGP) substrate morphine in 33 patients undergoing open thoracic (n = 18) or endovascular (n = 15) aortic aneurysm repair. Morphine was administered with induction of anesthesia and in the intensive care unit. Plasma and CSF concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, morphine, M3G, M6G, and albumin were measured prior to surgery (baseline), during surgery, and postoperatively every six hours until removal of the CSF drain. The area under the curve (AUC) was determined for plasma and CSF IL-6, morphine, M3G, and M6G concentrations vs time. The primary endpoint measures were the correlations between the morphine, M6G, and M3G AUC CSF/plasma ratios and systemic inflammation as quantified by the time-normalized IL-6 exposure, which was calculated for each individual by dividing the total exposure (AUC) by time (t). A Bonferroni corrected P < 0.017 indicated a significant correlation. RESULTS Plasma and CSF IL-6 concentrations increased postoperatively. The median [interquartile range] IL-6 exposures were significantly higher in the open vs endovascular surgical group for plasma (105 [40-256] pg·mL-1 vs 29 [16-70] pg·mL-1, respectively; P = 0.013) and CSF (79 [26-133] pg·mL-1 vs 16 [9-80] pg·mL-1, respectively; P = 0.013). For the primary endpoint, the plasma IL-6 AUC/t did not correlate with the CSF accumulation of morphine (r = -0.009; P = 0.96) or M3G (r = 0.37; P = 0.04) when corrected for surgical procedure, age, and sex. There were insufficient data on CSF concentration to complete the primary analysis for M6G. CONCLUSION Morphine distribution into the CSF was not significantly altered in patients undergoing thoracic aortic aneurysm repair. This suggests that BBB PGP function may not be affected by the perioperative inflammatory response. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT 00878371. Registered 7 April 2009.
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Increasing BMI is associated with reduced expression of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1 gene) in the human brain with a stronger association in African Americans than Caucasians. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 18:121-126. [PMID: 27897267 PMCID: PMC5817387 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The efflux pump, p-glycoprotein, controls bioavailability and excretion of pharmaceutical compounds. In the blood-brain barrier, p-glycoprotein regulates the delivery of pharmaceutical substances to the brain, influencing efficacy and side effects for some drugs notably antipsychotics. Common side effects to antipsychotics include obesity and metabolic disease. Polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene coding for p-glycoprotein are associated with more severe side effects to neuro-pharmaceuticals as well as weight gain, indicating a potential link between p-glycoprotein function and metabolic regulation. Using microarray data analysis from 145 neurologically sound adults, this study investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and ABCB1 expression in the frontal cortex. Increasing BMI values were associated with a statistically significantly reduced expression of ABCB1. Investigation of DNA methylation patterns in a subgroup of 52 individuals found that the methylation/expression ratios of ABCB1 were unaffected by increasing BMI values. Interestingly, the effect of BMI on ABCB1 expression appeared stronger in African Americans than in Caucasians.
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Wilkens MR, Maté LM, Schnepel N, Klinger S, Muscher-Banse AS, Ballent M, Virkel G, Lifschitz AL. Influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on expression of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A in sheep. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:271-276. [PMID: 26319202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve calcium and phosphorus balance, beef cattle and dairy cows can be supplemented with vitamin D. However, different vitamin D metabolites have been shown to increase expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1, ABCB1) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in rodents as well as in cell culture systems. As such interferences might have an impact on pharmacokinetics of some drugs widely-used in veterinary medicine, we investigated the expression of P-gp, CYP3A, vitamin D receptor (VDR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in sheep either treated orally with 6μg/kg body weight (BW) 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (OHD3) for ten days before sacrifice or 12h after intravenous injection of 0.5μg/kg BW 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25- (OH)2D3). Down-regulation of ruminal, jejunal and hepatic, but not renal P-gp could be found with 25-OHD3 supplementation. Interestingly, this effect on P-gp was not observed in tissues from 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated sheep. In contrast, 1,25-(OH)2D3 induced a significant up-regulation of renal and jejunal CYP3A expression, while 25-OHD3 had no impact. Renal expression of VDR and PXR was also increased by treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3, while jejunal PXR expression was only stimulated in sheep supplemented with 25-OHD3. Either treatments increased renal, but not ruminal, jejunal or hepatic expression of RXRα. These results demonstrate that the impact of large doses of vitamin D metabolites on different target organs and potential interactions with other medications should be further investigated in vitro and in vivo to understand the effects of vitamin D metabolites on metabolism and excretion pathways in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - L M Maté
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Center of Veterinary Research (CIVETAN, CONICET) Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UNCPBA, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - N Schnepel
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Klinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Ballent
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Center of Veterinary Research (CIVETAN, CONICET) Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UNCPBA, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - G Virkel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Center of Veterinary Research (CIVETAN, CONICET) Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UNCPBA, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - A L Lifschitz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Center of Veterinary Research (CIVETAN, CONICET) Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UNCPBA, B7000 Tandil, Argentina
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Klein M, Thomas M, Hofmann U, Seehofer D, Damm G, Zanger UM. A systematic comparison of the impact of inflammatory signaling on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion gene expression and activity in primary human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:273-83. [PMID: 25480923 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are associated with compromised metabolism and elimination of drugs in the liver, largely mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6. The Hepa-RG cell line is an established surrogate for primary human hepatocytes (PHH) in drug metabolism and toxicity studies. However, the impact of inflammatory signaling on HepaRG cells has not been well characterized. In this study, the response of primary human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells to interleukin (IL)-6 was comparatively analyzed. For this purpose, broad-spectrum gene expression profiling, including acute-phase response genes and a large panel of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter (DMET) genes as well as their modifiers and regulators, was conducted in combination with cytochrome P450 (P450) activity measurements. Exposure of PHH and HepaRG cells to IL-6 resulted in highly similar coordinated reduction of DMET mRNA, including major ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs), P450s, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and solute carriers (SLCs). Enzyme activities of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 were reduced upon 48-72 hours exposure to IL-6 in PHH and HepaRG. However, although these effects were not significant in PHH due to large interindividual donor variability, the impact on HepaRG was more pronounced and highly significant, thus emphasizing the advantage of HepaRG as a more reproducible model system. Exposure of HepaRG cells to interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α resulted in similar effects on gene expression and enzyme activities. The present study emphasizes the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the regulation of drug metabolism and supports the use of HepaRG in lieu of PHH to minimize subject variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany, and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (M.K., M.T., U.H., U.M.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (D.S., G.D.)
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany, and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (M.K., M.T., U.H., U.M.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (D.S., G.D.)
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany, and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (M.K., M.T., U.H., U.M.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (D.S., G.D.)
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany, and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (M.K., M.T., U.H., U.M.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (D.S., G.D.)
| | - Georg Damm
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany, and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (M.K., M.T., U.H., U.M.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (D.S., G.D.)
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany, and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (M.K., M.T., U.H., U.M.Z.); and Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (D.S., G.D.)
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Cressman AM, Petrovic V, Piquette-Miller M. Inflammation-mediated changes in drug transporter expression/activity: implications for therapeutic drug response. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 5:69-89. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Impact of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation on the disposition of the aminocephalosporin cefadroxil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:6171-8. [PMID: 24080658 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01497-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if the disposition of cefadroxil, an α-amino-containing β-lactam antibiotic, changes during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation. Six hours after LPS or saline treatment, mice received 1 nmol/g cefadroxil intravenously along with inulin for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determination. Serial blood samples, along with tissue and urine samples, were collected at predetermined time points. In order to determine inflammation-induced changes in GFR, renal tubular secretion, and reabsorption, it was necessary to coadminister 70 mg/kg probenecid. Changes in the expression of the mRNA of transporters involved in cefadroxil disposition in the kidneys and choroid plexus were also investigated 6 h after LPS treatment. The results demonstrated marked increases in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue cefadroxil concentrations with LPS treatment. Tissue-to-blood concentration ratios were decreased by 4.6-fold in the choroid plexus and by 2.5-fold in the kidneys during LPS-induced inflammation. Renal, but not choroid plexus, mRNA expression of peptide transporter 2, organic-anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT3, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 was mildly reduced in LPS-treated mice. The renal clearance of cefadroxil was substantially decreased by LPS treatment (3-fold). GFR was also reduced by 3-fold in LPS-treated mice, but no significant differences in the fractional reabsorption of cefadroxil and renal secretion once normalized by GFR were observed. These findings demonstrated that LPS-induced inflammation has a dramatic effect on the renal excretion of cefadroxil. It appears that changes in transporter expression played a minor role during LPS treatment but that renal dysfunction, associated with GFR reduction, was responsible for the substantial increase in plasma cefadroxil concentration-time profiles.
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13
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Gandhi A, Moorthy B, Ghose R. Drug disposition in pathophysiological conditions. Curr Drug Metab 2013; 13:1327-44. [PMID: 22746301 DOI: 10.2174/138920012803341302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression and activity of several key drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters are altered in various pathophysiological conditions, leading to altered drug metabolism and disposition. This can have profound impact on the pharmacotherapy of widely used clinically relevant medications in terms of safety and efficacy by causing inter-individual variabilities in drug responses. This review article highlights altered drug disposition in inflammation and infectious diseases, and commonly encountered disorders such as cancer, obesity/diabetes, fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. Many of the clinically relevant drugs have a narrow therapeutic index. Thus any changes in the disposition of these drugs may lead to reduced efficacy and increased toxicity. The implications of changes in DMEs and transporters on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of clinically-relevant medications are also discussed. Inflammation-mediated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play a major role in down-regulation of DMEs and transporters. Although the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear, several studies have shown that inflammation-associated cell-signaling pathway and its interaction with basal transcription factors and nuclear receptors in regulation of DMEs and transporters play a significant role in altered drug metabolism. Altered regulation of DMEs and transporters in a multitude of disease states will contribute towards future development of powerful in vitro and in vivo tools in predicting the drug response and opt for better drug design and development. The goal is to facilitate a better understanding of the mechanistic details underlying the regulation of DMEs and transporters in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Tanner SM, Staley EM, Lorenz RG. Altered generation of induced regulatory T cells in the FVB.mdr1a-/- mouse model of colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:309-23. [PMID: 22874899 PMCID: PMC3676969 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The FVB.mdr1a(-/-) mouse, lacking the small molecule pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), is a commonly used model for the study of spontaneous T cell-mediated colitis. In addition, MDR1 polymorphisms and P-gp deficiency in humans have been linked to the development of ulcerative colitis. We now demonstrate that mice with P-gp deficiency have decreased levels of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the intestinal lamina propria. This decrease is not due to either increased Treg apoptosis, altered Treg trafficking, or enhanced Treg plasticity to become Foxp3(+)IL-17(+) cells. Instead, P-gp deficiency appears to restrict the development of induced Treg cells (iTregs), as fewer Foxp3(+) iTregs developed from naive FVB.mdr1a(-/-) T cells both upon transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) treatment in vitro and after adoptive transfer into FVB.rag2(-/-) recipients. Rather, in vitro TGF-β treatment results in a IL-17(+)CD4(+) T cell. This failure of iTregs to develop explains the decrease in Foxp3(+) Tregs in the FVB.mdr1a(-/-) intestine, representing a need to investigate this novel disease mechanism in human inflammatory bowel disease patients with MDR1 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Tanner
- Department of Pathology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - Robin G. Lorenz
- Department of Pathology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Microbiology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham
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15
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Iqbal M, Ho HL, Petropoulos S, Moisiadis VG, Gibb W, Matthews SG. Pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation of P-glycoprotein in the developing blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43022. [PMID: 22973436 PMCID: PMC3433182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental P-glycoprotein (P-gp) acts to protect the developing fetus from exogenous compounds. This protection declines with advancing gestation leaving the fetus and fetal brain vulnerable to these compounds and potential teratogens in maternal circulation. This vulnerability may be more pronounced in pregnancies complicated by infection, which is common during pregnancy. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (released during infection) have been shown to be potent inhibitors of P-gp, but nothing is known regarding their effects at the developing blood-brain barrier (BBB). We hypothesized that P-gp function and expression in endothelial cells of the developing BBB will be inhibited by pro-inflammatory cytokines. We have derived brain endothelial cell (BEC) cultures from various stages of development of the guinea pig: gestational day (GD) 50, 65 (term ∼68 days) and postnatal day (PND) 14. Once these cultures reached confluence, BECs were treated with various doses (100–104 pg/mL) of pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) or tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α). P-gp function or abcb1 mRNA (encodes P-gp) expression was assessed following treatment. Incubation of GD50 BECs with IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α resulted in no change in P-gp function. GD65 BECs displayed a dose-dependent decrease in function with all cytokines tested; maximal effects at 42%, 65% and 34% with IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α treatment, respectively (P<0.01). Inhibition of P-gp function by IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was even greater in PND14 BECs; maximal effects at 36% (P<0.01), 84% (P<0.05) and 55% (P<0.01), respectively. Cytokine-induced reductions in P-gp function were associated with decreased abcb1 mRNA expression. These data suggest that BBB P-gp function is increasingly responsive to the inhibitory effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with increasing developmental age. Thus, women who experience infection and take prescription medication during pregnancy may expose the developing fetal brain to greater amounts of exogenous compounds – many of which are considered potentially teratogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Iqbal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Al-Bataineh MM, van der Merwe D, Schultz BD, Gehring R. Tumor necrosis factor alpha increases P-glycoprotein expression in a BME-UV in vitro model of mammary epithelial cells. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2010; 31:506-15. [PMID: 21104926 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein is an efflux pump belonging to the ATP-binding cassette super-family that influences the bioavailability and disposition of many drugs. Mammary epithelial cells express various drug transporters including P-glycoprotein, albeit at low level during lactation. During inflammatory reactions, which can be associated with changes in epithelial barrier functions, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are elevated in milk and serum. In this study, the role of TNF-α in the regulation of P-glycoprotein was determined in cultured BME-UV cells, an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line. The protein production of P-glycoprotein and mRNA expression of bABCB1, the gene encoding P-glycoprotein, were increased after 24 h of TNF-α exposure. The highest observed effects for TNF-α on the regulation of P-glycoprotein was after 72 h of exposure. Protein and mRNA expression also increased significantly after 120 h of TNF-α exposure, but was lower than the level observed in the cells exposed to TNF-α for 72 h. The apical to basolateral flux of digoxin, a P-glycoprotein substrate, was decreased in the TNF-α-exposed epithelium. This effect was reversed when verapamil or ketoconazole, compounds known to interact with P-glycoprotein, were added together with digoxin into the donor compartment. Probenecid, a compound known to interact with organic anion transporters, but not P-glycoprotein, did not increase the flux of digoxin. This model has important implications for understanding the barrier function of the mammary epithelium and provides insight into the role of P-glycoprotein in the accumulation and/or removal of xenobiotics from milk and/or plasma.
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17
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Lloret Linares C, Declèves X, Oppert JM, Basdevant A, Clement K, Bardin C, Scherrmann JM, Lepine JP, Bergmann JF, Mouly S. Pharmacology of morphine in obese patients: clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2009; 48:635-51. [PMID: 19743886 DOI: 10.2165/11317150-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is an analgesic drug used to treat acute and chronic pain. Obesity is frequently associated with pain of various origins (e.g. arthritis, fibromyalgia, cancer), which increases the need for analgesic drugs. Obesity changes drug pharmacokinetics, and for certain drugs, specific modalities of prescription have been proposed for obese patients. However, scant data are available regarding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in obesity. Prescription of morphine depends on pain relief but the occurrence of respiratory adverse effects correlates with obesity, and is not currently taken into account. Variations in the volume of distribution, elimination half-life and oral clearance of morphine, as well as recent advances in the respective roles of drug-metabolizing enzymes, catechol-O-methyltransferase and the mu opioid receptor in morphine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, may contribute to differences between obese and non-obese patients. In addition, drug-drug interactions may alter the disposition of morphine and its glucuronide metabolites, which may either increase the risk of adverse effects or reduce drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lloret Linares
- Unit of Therapeutic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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18
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Anger G, Magomedova L, Piquette-Miller M. Impact of Acute Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on ABC Transporter Expression in Rats. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:1943-59. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Fardel O, Le Vée M. Regulation of human hepatic drug transporter expression by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1469-81. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903304056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Uno S, Uraki M, Ito A, Shinozaki Y, Yamada A, Kawase A, Iwaki M. Changes in mRNA expression of ABC and SLC transporters in liver and intestines of the adjuvant-induced arthritis rat. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2009; 30:49-54. [PMID: 19152228 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the effects of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) on the amounts of mRNA of 12 types of rat ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters in the liver and small intestine, 7 (D7) and 21 days (D21) after the injection of adjuvant. There were no significant differences in mRNA levels of ABC and SLC transporters between the livers of AA and control rats on D7, except in the case of Mdr1a. However, levels of Mdr1a, Mrp2 and Oatp SLC transporters were significantly lower in AA than in the control livers on D21. In contrast, the mRNA levels of several ABC and SLC transporters, especially Mrp2, Bcrp, LAT2 and Oatp1a5, were significantly lower in the small intestines of AA rats compared with the controls on D7, though there were no significant differences by D21. The time-dependent alterations in mRNA levels of the pregnane X receptor, but not the constitutive androstane receptor, in the liver and intestine were similar to the changes in mRNA levels of most transporters examined. The present study showed that AA was associated with reduced mRNA expression of several ABC and SLC transporters in the liver and small intestine, but that the time courses of the effects of AA on mRNA expression differed between the liver and small intestine. These results raise the possibility of a functional change of the transporters of liver and intestine in AA rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uno
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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21
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Le Vee M, Lecureur V, Stieger B, Fardel O. Regulation of drug transporter expression in human hepatocytes exposed to the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-6. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:685-93. [PMID: 19074973 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 are proinflammatory cytokines known to alter expression of drug transporters in rodent liver. However, their effects toward human hepatic transporters remain poorly characterized. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze the effects of these cytokines on drug transporter expression in primary human hepatocytes. Exposure to 100 ng/ml TNF-alpha or 10 ng/ml IL-6 for 48 h was found to down-regulate mRNA levels of major sinusoidal influx transporters, including sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, and organic anion transporter 2. TNF-alpha and IL-6 concomitantly reduced NTCP and OATP1B1 protein expression and NTCP, OATP, and OCT1 transport activities. IL-6, but not TNF-alpha, was also found to decrease mRNA expression of the canalicular transporters multidrug resistance 1 gene, multidrug resistance gene-associated protein (MRP) 2, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); it concomitantly decreased MRP2 and BCRP protein expression. TNF-alpha, unlike IL-6, markedly reduced bile salt export pump mRNA levels and increased BCRP protein expression. Expression of the sinusoidal MRP3 efflux pump was found to be up-regulated at protein level by both TNF-alpha and IL-6. Taken together, these data show that TNF-alpha and IL-6 similarly altered expression of sinusoidal drug transporters and rather differentially that of canalicular efflux transporters. Such pronounced changes in hepatic transporter expression are likely to contribute to both cholestasis and alterations of pharmacokinetics caused by inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Le Vee
- Unité Propre de Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Equipe d'Accueil, SeRAIC/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U620, Institut Fédératif de Recherches 140, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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22
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Andrejko KM, Raj NR, Kim PK, Cereda M, Deutschman CS. IL-6 modulates sepsis-induced decreases in transcription of hepatic organic anion and bile acid transporters. Shock 2008; 29:490-6. [PMID: 17724432 PMCID: PMC2667679 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318150762b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a lethal inflammatory syndrome, is characterized by organ system dysfunction. In the liver, we have observed decreased expression of genes encoding proteins modulating key processes. These include organic anion and bile acid transport. We hypothesized that the inflammatory mediator IL-6 modulates altered expression of several key hepatic genes in sepsis via induction of the intracellular transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3. Sepsis was induced in IL-6 +/+ and IL-6 -/- mice, and expression of the liver-restricted genes encoding the sodium-taurocholate cotransporter (Ntcp), the multidrug resistant protein (MRP) 2 and the organic anion transporter protein (OATP), was determined. As demonstrated previously, cecal ligation and puncture decreases expression of Ntcp, MRP-2, and OATP in IL-6 +/+ mice. Transcription elongation analysis demonstrated that altered expression resulted from decreased transcription. These changes were not observed in IL-6 -/- animals. Cecal ligation and puncture increased the DNA binding activity of Stat-3 in IL-6 +/+ but not IL-6 -/- mice. Because the promoters of Ntcp, MRP-2, and OATP do not contain Stat-3 binding sites, we postulated that altered Ntcp, MRP-2, and OATP expression resulted from activation of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1alpha, which is IL-6 dependent. Cecal ligation and puncture decreased HNF-1alpha expression and DNA binding activity in IL-6 +/+ but not IL-6 -/- mice. Recombinant human IL-6 restored the sepsis-induced decrease in Ntcp, MRP-2, OATP, and HNF-1alpha expression in IL-6 -/- mice. We conclude that sepsis decreases the expression of three key hepatic genes via a transcriptional mechanism that is IL-6, Stat-3, and HNF-1alpha dependent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha/metabolism
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Liver/metabolism
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2
- Organic Anion Transporters/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sepsis/genetics
- Sepsis/metabolism
- Sepsis/physiopathology
- Symporters/genetics
- Symporters/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Andrejko
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nichelle R. Raj
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick K. Kim
- Department of Critical Care and Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maurizio Cereda
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Clifford S. Deutschman
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Critical Care and Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Haritova AM, Rusenova NV, Rusenov AG, Schrickx J, Lashev LD, Fink-Gremmels J. Effects of fluoroquinolone treatment on MDR1 and MRP2 mRNA expression inEscherichia coli-infected chickens. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:465-70. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802272945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anton Georgiev Rusenov
- c Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Trakia University , Bulgaria
| | - Jan Schrickx
- d Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 104 De Uithof, P.O. Box 80152, 3508 TD, Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- d Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 104 De Uithof, P.O. Box 80152, 3508 TD, Utrecht , the Netherlands
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24
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Morgan ET, Goralski KB, Piquette-Miller M, Renton KW, Robertson GR, Chaluvadi MR, Charles KA, Clarke SJ, Kacevska M, Liddle C, Richardson TA, Sharma R, Sinal CJ. Regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in infection, inflammation, and cancer. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:205-16. [PMID: 18218849 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.018747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is a report on a symposium sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and held at the Experimental Biology 07 meeting in Washington, DC. The presentations discussed the phenomenology, clinical consequences, and underlying mechanisms of cytochrome P450 and drug transporter regulation by inflammatory and infectious stimuli. Although considerable insights into the links between inflammatory mediators and altered hepatic drug clearance pathways have been gained from previous studies with acute inflammatory stimuli, this symposium highlighted recent advances in understanding how these processes operate in other organs and chronic inflammatory states relevant to human diseases. The development of mouse models of live bacterial infection provides excellent opportunities to explore the impact of infection on drug metabolism beyond the well characterized effects of bacterial endotoxin. Altered levels of cytochromes P450 and especially drug transporters due to inflammation in brain, intestine, and placenta have significant implications for the use of many drugs in diverse clinical settings. The consequences of inflammatory cytokine production by tumors for drug safety and efficacy in cancer patients were outlined. Repression of drug clearance pathways by tumor-derived cytokines may result in extreme toxicity to chemotherapy, compromising treatment of many cancers. It is fitting that, in honoring the career contributions and achievements of Dr. Kenneth W. Renton, this symposium reinforced the clinical relevance of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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25
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Silverman MN, Sternberg EM. Neuroendocrine-immune interactions in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance. Neuroimmunomodulation 2008; 15:19-28. [PMID: 18667796 PMCID: PMC2920141 DOI: 10.1159/000135620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to joint destruction. Many autoimmune diseases and disease states of chronic inflammation are accompanied by alterations in the complex interactions between the endocrine, nervous and immune systems. Glucocorticoids, an end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, are a mainstay treatment for many autoimmune diseases, including RA, because of their potent anti-inflammatory action. However, about 30% of patients with RA fail to respond to steroid therapy. There are various mechanisms that may contribute to the development of glucocorticoid resistance in inflammatory disorders, which will be the subject of this review. In addition, glucocorticoid resistance may be a contributing factor in the development of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases themselves. Therefore, further elucidation of these mechanisms will reveal new targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni N Silverman
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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26
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Teng S, Piquette-Miller M. Regulation of transporters by nuclear hormone receptors: implications during inflammation. Mol Pharm 2007; 5:67-76. [PMID: 18072749 DOI: 10.1021/mp700102q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters play a critical role in the absorption, distribution, and elimination of both endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. Defects in transporter function can lead to altered drug disposition including toxicity or loss of efficacy. Inflammation is one condition during which variable drug response has been demonstrated, and this can be attributed, at least in part, to changes in the expression of transporter genes. Thus, knowledge of the mechanisms behind transporter regulation can significantly contribute to our ability to predict variations in drug disposition among individuals and during inflammatory disease. The discovery of several xenobiotic-activated nuclear hormone receptors during the past decade including the pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and farnesoid X receptor has contributed greatly toward this endeavor. These receptors regulate the expression of transporters such as P-glycoprotein, MRP2, MRP3, BCRP, and OATP2 (Oatp1a1/OATP1B1), all of which undergo altered expression during an inflammatory response. Nuclear receptors may therefore play an important role in mediating this effect. This review presents what is currently known about the role of nuclear receptors in transporter regulation during inflammation. The use of this knowledge toward understanding interindividual variation in drug response and drug interactions during inflammation as well toward the development of therapeutics to treat transporter-related diseases will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Teng
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
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27
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Seelbach MJ, Brooks TA, Egleton RD, Davis TP. Peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia modulates morphine delivery to the brain: a role for P-glycoprotein. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1677-1690. [PMID: 17697052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1) is a critical efflux transporter at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) where its luminal location and substrate promiscuity limit the brain distribution of numerous therapeutics. Moreover, Pgp is known to confer multi-drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy and brain diseases, such as epilepsy, and is highly regulated by inflammatory mediators. The involvement of inflammatory processes in neuropathological states has led us to investigate the effects of peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia on transport properties at the BBB. In the present study, we examined the effects of lambda-carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain (CIP) on brain endothelium regulation of Pgp. Western blot analysis of enriched brain microvessel fractions showed increased Pgp expression 3 h post-CIP. In situ brain perfusion studies paralleled these findings with decreased brain uptake of the Pgp substrate and opiate analgesic, [(3)H] morphine. Cyclosporin A-mediated inhibition of Pgp enhanced the uptake of morphine in lambda-carrageenan and control animals. This indicates that the CIP induced decrease in morphine transport was the result of an increase in Pgp activity at the BBB. Furthermore, antinociception studies showed decreased morphine analgesia following CIP. The observation that CIP modulates Pgp at the BBB in vivo is critical to understanding BBB regulation during inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Seelbach
- Department of Medical Pharmacology College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Tracy A Brooks
- Department of Medical Pharmacology College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard D Egleton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Blokzijl H, Vander Borght S, Bok LIH, Libbrecht L, Geuken M, van den Heuvel FAJ, Dijkstra G, Roskams TAD, Moshage H, Jansen PLM, Faber KN. Decreased P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1) expression in inflamed human intestinal epithelium is independent of PXR protein levels. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:710-20. [PMID: 17262809 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered P-glycoprotein expression (P-gp/MDR1) and/or function may contribute to the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders. Low intestinal mRNA levels of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) have been linked to low MDR1 mRNA levels in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Here we compared intestinal MDR1 mRNA and protein expression in uninflamed and inflamed intestinal epithelium (IE) of patients with gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders to healthy controls. METHODS Intestinal mucosal biopsies were obtained from patients with Crohn's disease (CD, n = 20), UC (n = 10), diverticulitis (n = 3), collagenous colitis (n = 3), and healthy controls (n = 10). MDR1, iNOS, MRP1, CYP3A4, and PXR expression was determined using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and/or immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, MDR1 expression was determined in human intestinal biopsies and the human colon carcinoma cell line DLD-1 after exposure to cytokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and/or IL-1beta). RESULTS MDR1 mRNA levels in uninflamed colon of UC patients were comparable to healthy controls, while they were slightly decreased in ileum and slightly increased in colon of CD patients. MDR1 expression, however, was strongly decreased in inflamed IE of CD, UC, collagenous colitis, and diverticulitis patients. A cytokine-dependent decrease of MDR1 expression was observed in human intestinal biopsies, but not in DLD-1 cells. Remarkably, PXR protein levels were equal in uninflamed and inflamed tissue of CD and UC patients despite low PXR mRNA levels in inflamed tissue. CONCLUSIONS MDR1 expression is strongly decreased in inflamed IE of patients with gastrointestinal disorders and this is independent of PXR protein levels. Low MDR1 levels may aggravate intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ganter B, Snyder RD, Halbert DN, Lee MD. Toxicogenomics in drug discovery and development: mechanistic analysis of compound/class-dependent effects using the DrugMatrix® database. Pharmacogenomics 2006; 7:1025-44. [PMID: 17054413 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.7.7.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A range of genomics technologies are increasingly becoming integrated with existing scientific disciplines to broaden and strengthen existing capabilities and open new avenues of research in drug discovery and development. Examples of these new research fields are proteomics, pharmacogenomics, metabolomics and toxicogenomics. Here we review the application of toxicogenomics to improve the evaluation of drug safety, mechanism of action and toxicity in the drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Ganter
- Iconix Biosciences, 325 E. Middlefield Road, Mountain View, California, USA
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Tong Y, Zhang R, Ngo SNT, Davey AK. ALTERATION OF FEXOFENADINE DISPOSITION IN THE RAT ISOLATED PERFUSED LIVER FOLLOWING INJECTION OF BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33:685-9. [PMID: 16895540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the disposition of an organic anion transporting polypeptide and P-glycoprotein substrate in the rat isolated perfused liver. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Three of the groups received 1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, i.p., Escherichia coli LPS in sterile saline. The fourth group received an equivalent volume of sterile saline i.p. Twenty-four hours after treatment, rats were anaesthetized and the liver isolated and perfused with fexofenadine at an initial concentration of 2000 ng/mL in a recirculating system. Perfusate and bile samples were collected for 60 min and the liver was collected at the end of the perfusion. Fexofenadine concentrations were determined by HPLC. Fexofenadine pharmacokinetic parameters, the final liver : perfusate (L : P) and bile : liver (B : L) concentration ratios were determined. 3. Injection of LPS changed the hepatic disposition of fexofenadine. The changes were most marked in the 5 mg/kg LPS group. Notably, clearance from the perfusate (CL) and into the bile (CLB; 5.9 +/- 0.6 and 1.24 +/- 0.20 mL/min, respectively), L : P (44 +/- 11) and B : L (17 +/- 2) were all reduced (P < 0.05) in this group compared with control (CL 10.0 +/- 1.1 mL/min; CLB 2.7 +/- 0.5 mL/min; L : P 87 +/- 14; and B : L 30 +/- 4). 4. In conclusion CL and CLB were reduced following treatment with LPS in a manner consistent with downregulation of both canalicular and sinusoidal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Tong
- Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kobayashi-Hattori K, Watanabe T, Kimura K, Sugita-Konishi Y. Down-regulation of mdr1b mRNA expression in the kidneys of mice following maternal exposure to tributyltin chloride. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006; 70:1242-5. [PMID: 16717428 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the change in renal mdr1b mRNA expression in offspring exposed to tributyltin chloride (TBTC) via the placenta and lactation or via lactation, using the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Pregnant ICR mice were given water containing TBTC (0, 15, and 50 microg/ml) ad libitum from the start of pregnancy to weaning or from parturition to weaning. Exposure via the placenta and lactation significantly reduced the renal mdr1b level in offspring. Exposure to TBTC through the mother might impair the exclusion system of toxic compounds in offspring.
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Aitken AE, Richardson TA, Morgan ET. Regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in inflammation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 46:123-49. [PMID: 16402901 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and infection have long been known to downregulate the activity and expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in hepatic drug clearance. This can result in elevated plasma drug levels and increased adverse effects. Recent information on regulation of human CYP enzymes is presented, as are new developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation. Experiments to study the effects of modulating CYP activities on the inflammatory response have yielded possible insights into the physiological consequences, if not the purpose, of the downregulation. Regulation of hepatic flavin monooxygenases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, glutathione S-transferases, as well as of hepatic transporters during the inflammatory response, exhibits similarities and differences with regulation of CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Aitken
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Intestinal inflammation induces adaptation of P-glycoprotein expression and activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1745-54. [PMID: 15885661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that P-glycoprotein (Pgp) encoded by MDR1 gene, may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we investigated intestinal Pgp expression and activity: (1) in IL10 deficient (IL10(-/-)) mice which spontaneously develop intestinal inflammation affecting the small and large intestine and (2) in DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced rat colitis. In IL10(-/-) enterocolitis mice, rhodamine 123 efflux was reduced by two to three-fold along the small and large intestine. This decrease was associated with a reduction in membrane's Pgp protein levels. A similar three-fold decrease in Pgps activity and expression was observed in the proximal colon in DSS-induced colitis in rats. However, in the non-inflamed ileum in DSS-induced rat colitis, epithelial cell's Pgp activity and protein levels were unexpectedly increased. This effect was specific to local inflammation since LPS induced systemic inflammation did affect neither the intestinal rho 123 efflux transport nor the abundance of the Pgp protein. These data demonstrate for the first time, an impaired function of epithelial Pgp in IL10 deficient enterocolitis mice. They also show an increase in Pgps activity in the non-inflamed ileum in the DSS-induced rat colitis, which may represent an adaptive mechanism to compensate the impaired activity of Pgp in the colon.
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Kawaguchi H, Akazawa Y, Watanabe Y, Takakura Y. Permeability modulation of human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers by interferons. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 59:45-50. [PMID: 15567300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Revised: 06/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and IFN-gamma on the drug efflux activity of the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line, expressing the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the apical membrane. The cells grown on Transwell plates were pretreated with 1000U/ml IFN-beta, IFN-gamma or a combination of both for 3 days, and then the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the vectorial transport of rhodamine-123 (Rho-123) across the cell monolayers were evaluated. Exposure to IFN-gamma reduced substantially the TEER, but the effect of IFN-beta was minimal? The apparent permeability of Rho-123 in both the basolateral-to-apical and apical-to-basolateral directions was significantly increased by IFN-gamma but scarcely by IFN-beta. The combination of IFN-gamma and IFN-beta showed similar effects to IFN-gamma alone. Meanwhile, the cellular uptake of Rho-123 from the apical side was not affected by any IFN treatment. The uptake level was increased approximately three times in the presence of verapamil, a P-gp inhibitor, and the increased level was not affected by any IFN treatment, indicating that the efflux activity mediated by P-gp in the monolayers is not altered by these cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest that IFNs modulate the permeability of Caco-2 monolayer through effect on paracellular transport rather than effect on P-gp activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kawaguchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Miyoshi M, Nadai M, Nitta A, Ueyama J, Shimizu A, Takagi K, Nabeshima T, Takagi K, Saito K, Hasegawa T. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein by endotoxin. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 507:229-37. [PMID: 15659313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the down-regulation of hepatic P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 (CYP) by endotoxin, using TNF-alpha gene-deficient (TNF-alpha-/-) mice. In the case of P-glycoprotein, endotoxin (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the expression of hepatic P-glycoprotein in wild-type mice 6 h, but not 24 h, after intraperitoneal injection, with no significant differences in the constitutional expression of P-glycoprotein between wild-type mice and TNF-alpha-/- mice. However, endotoxin had no effect on the expression of P-glycoprotein in TNF-alpha-/- mice either 6 or 24 h after injection. When doxorubicin was administered intravenously to TNF-alpha-/- mice treated 6 h earlier with and without endotoxin, no significant differences in the plasma concentrations of doxorubicin 3 h after injection were observed between endotoxin-treated and untreated TNF-alpha-/- mice. These results suggest that TNF-alpha plays a pivotal role in the down-regulation of P-glycoprotein by endotoxin. In the case of CYP, the constitutive expression of hepatic CYP3A2 and CYP2C11 had a tendency to decline in TNF-alpha-/- mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Endotoxin significantly decreased the expression of hepatic CYP3A2 and CYP2C11 in wild-type mice 24 h after injection, and that decreased expression was significantly greater in TNF-alpha-/- mice than wild-type mice. When antipyrine was administered intravenously to wild-type mice and TNF-alpha-/- mice treated 24 h earlier with endotoxin, the plasma concentrations of antipyrine in TNF-alpha-/- mice 3 h after injection were significantly higher than those in wild-type mice. These findings suggest that TNF-alpha plays a key role in endotoxin-induced down-regulation of hepatic P-glycoprotein, as well as plays a protective role in the regulation of hepatic CYP3A2 and CYP2C11 against endotoxin-induced acute inflammatory response. In TNF-alpha-/- mice, other cytokines appear to function as compensation for the lack of endogenous TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Miyoshi
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, 1-1-20 Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-867, Japan
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Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters and drug targets play significant roles as determinants of drug efficacy and toxicity. Their genetic polymorphisms often affect the expression and function of their products and are expected to become surrogate markers to predict the response to drugs in individual patients. With the sequencing of the human genome, it has been estimated that approximately 500–1200 genes code for drug transporters and, recently, there have been significant and rapid advances in the research on the relationships between genetic polymorphisms of drug transporters and interindividual variation of drug disposition. At present, the clinical studies of multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein, ABCB1), which belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, are the most comprehensive among the ABC transporters, but clinical investigations on other drug transporters are currently being performed around the world. MDR1 can be said to be the most important drug transporter, since clinical reports have suggested that it regulates the disposition of various types of clinically important drugs, but in vitro investigations or animal experiments have strongly suggested that the members of the multi-drug resistance-associated protein (MRP) subfamily can also become key molecules for pharmacotherapy. In addition to those, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2), another ABC transporter, is well known as a key molecule of multi-drug resistance to several anticancer agents. However, this review focuses on the latest information on the pharmacogenetics of the MDR and MRP subfamilies, and its impact on pharmacotherapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Okamura
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Evaluation of Pharmacotherapy, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaeda
- Kobe University, Department of Hospital Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Okumura
- Kobe University, Department of Hospital Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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Mei Q, Richards K, Strong-Basalyga K, Fauty SE, Taylor A, Yamazaki M, Prueksaritanont T, Lin JH, Hochman J. Using real-time quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR to evaluate the role of dexamethasone in gene regulation of rat P-glycoproteins mdr1a/1b and cytochrome P450 3A1/2. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:2488-96. [PMID: 15349958 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and p-glycoproteins (Pgps) are believed to play important roles in drug absorption, metabolism, and elimination. Numerous drugs and environmental chemicals can modulate expression of these two classes of genes in different species. The present study investigated the effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on gene expression on both message and protein levels of mdr1a, mdr1b, CYP3A1, and CYP3A2 in small intestine, colon, liver, kidney, and brain microvessels of the rats treated orally with Dex at 1 or 20 mg/kg/day for 3 days. The basal expression of mdr1a mRNA was highest in the brain microvessels followed by colon, small intestine, liver, and kidney, and mdr1b mRNA was highest in the brain microvessels followed by kidney, liver, colon, and small intestine. After Dex treatment, mdr1a mRNA was increased by 5.5- and 10.7-fold in the small intestine, decreased extensively by 85-90% in the liver, and showed little or no change in the colon, kidney, and brain microvessels compared to the control rats. A similar pattern was observed for mdr1b mRNA. CYP3A1 mRNA was increased in all tissues examined. CYP3A2 mRNA was not significantly changed with the exception that at 20 mg/kg CYP3A2 mRNA was increased 5- and 30-fold in the colon and kidney. In general, Western blot analyses were consistent with mRNA changes. CYP3A protein expression was increased in all tissues examined. The disparity of the impact of Dex on the CYP 3A and Pgp expression in these studies suggest that the regulation of Pgp expression is very complex and is difficult to predict solely based on the PXR response to xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Mei
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, WP75-200, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Kalitsky-Szirtes J, Shayeganpour A, Brocks DR, Piquette-Miller M. Suppression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters in the intestine of endotoxin-treated rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:20-7. [PMID: 14709616 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection and inflammation impose a suppression in the expression and activity of several drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver. In the intestine, cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), P-glycoprotein (PGP/mdr1), and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) are important barriers to the absorption of many clinically important drugs; thus, the expression and activity of these proteins were examined in inflammation. Transport and metabolism were determined in jejunum segments isolated at 24 h from endotoxin-treated or control rats (n = 8) mounted in Ussing chambers. Transport and metabolism of (3)H-digoxin, 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF), amiodarone (AM), and 7-benzyloxyquinoline (7-BQ) were measured for 90 min in the presence and absence of inhibitors. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure mRNA levels. As compared with controls, levels of mdr1a and mrp2 mRNA were significantly decreased by approximately 50% in the jejunum of LPS-treated rats. Corresponding reductions in the basolateral-->apical efflux of digoxin, AM, and 5-CF were observed, resulting in significant increases in the apical-->basolateral absorption of these compounds. Intestinal CYP3A mRNA levels and CYP3A-mediated metabolism of 7-BQ and AM were also decreased by approximately 50 to 70% (p < 0.05) in the LPS group. Mannitol permeability and lactate dehydrogenase release were not altered. These studies indicate that endotoxin-induced inflammation imposes a reduction in the intestinal expression and activity of PGP, mrp2, and CYP3A in rats, which elicits corresponding changes in the intestinal transport and metabolism of their substrates. Hence, infection and inflammatory diseases may impose variability in drug bioavailability through alterations in the intestinal expression and activity of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kalitsky-Szirtes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S2
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Schaarschmidt T, Merkord J, Adam U, Schroeder E, Kunert-Keil C, Sperker B, Drewelow B, Wacke R. Expression of multidrug resistance proteins in rat and human chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 2004; 28:45-52. [PMID: 14707729 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200401000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The expression of the ABC-transporters MDR-1, MRP1, and MRP-2 was investigated in healthy pancreas and in chronic pancreatitis tissue samples in rats and humans to evaluate their possible involvement in a multidrug resistance of the pancreas with consequences for the pharmacologic treatment of pancreatic diseases. METHODS Human pancreatic tissue samples of healthy tissue and chronic pancreatitis were collected during pancreas surgery. In rats, the time-course of the expression of transporter proteins was studied 14, 28, and 56 days after experimental induction of chronic pancreatitis. The expression of MDR-1, MRP-1, MRP-2, and furthermore, LRP and PAP was investigated by RT-PCR, Real Time TaqManPCR, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In rat pancreas, MDR-1 (P-gp) and MRP-1 but in human pancreas MDR-1 (P-gp), MRP-1 and MRP-2 were found to be expressed. Chronic pancreatitis lead to an increased transcription of mRNA of MDR-1 (rat and human) and much lower, MRP-2 (human). CONCLUSIONS The expression of P-gp and related transporters could have impact on the metabolism, distribution, and availability of various compounds, including drugs, in the pancreas. The results indicate that this could be more pronounced in chronic pancreatitis.
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Nolin TD, Frye RF, Matzke GR. Hepatic drug metabolism and transport in patients with kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42:906-25. [PMID: 14582035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajkd.2003.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The disposition of many drugs is altered in patients with acute (AKD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A decline in renal clearance of several drugs has been correlated significantly with residual renal function (ie, creatinine clearance) of subjects. Reductions in nonrenal clearance of some compounds also have been reported and associated with clearance of markers of oxidative and/or conjugative metabolism or P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. Although initial accounts of reduced hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (CYP) content and activity in animal models of AKD and CKD were published almost 25 years ago, it is only in the last decade that technical advances in molecular biology and clinical pharmacology have enabled researchers to begin to characterize the phenotypic expression of individual enzymes and, importantly, distinguish the molecular and/or genetic basis for these changes. The selective modulation of hepatic CYP enzyme activity observed in kidney disease is caused, at least in part, by differentially altered expression of several CYP isoforms. This review summarizes data available through June 2003 regarding the effect of AKD and CKD on drug metabolism. Knowledge of the impact and nature of these alterations associated with kidney disease may facilitate the individualization of medication management in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Nolin
- Department of Pharmacy Services and Division of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
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Lee G, Piquette-Miller M. Cytokines Alter the Expression and Activity of the Multidrug Resistance Transporters in Human Hepatoma Cell Lines; Analysis Using RT‐PCR and cDNA Microarrays. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:2152-63. [PMID: 14603501 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines suppress the hepatic expression of the multidrug resistance transporters in rodents, indicating potential usefulness in chemotherapy. Our objective was to investigate their impact in human hepatoma cells. HuH 7 and HepG2 cells were treated with IL-1beta, IL-6, or TNF-alpha for 0-72 h. Expression and activity of MDR1 and the MRP (MRP1, 2, 3, and 6) transporters were examined by RT-PCR, efflux assays, and microarrays. Significant reductions in the MDR1-mediated efflux of Rhodamine 123 and MDR1 mRNA levels were observed in HuH 7 cells treated with IL-6, TNF-alpha, or IL-1beta and in TNF-alpha-treated HepG2 cells. However, cytokine-treated HuH7 cells also demonstrated 1.6- to 2.6-fold greater efflux of the MRP substrate, 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF) and higher MRP3 mRNA levels (p < 0.05). IL-1beta and IL-6 treatments increased MRP activity and MRP1 mRNA levels in HepG2 cells (p < 0.05). Microarrays studies performed in IL-6 and TNF-alpha-treated HepG2 cells detected similar changes in the expression of the MDR1 and MRP transporters, but this did not reach significance. However, the microarrays confirmed cytokine-mediated induction of several acute phase proteins. Our data suggests that although cytokine-mediated suppression of PGP may alter drug resistance in malignant cells, these cytokines may also impose an induction in other multidrug resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigi Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S2
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Kawaguchi H, Matsui Y, Watanabe Y, Takakura Y. Effect of interferon-gamma on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, a P-glycoprotein substrate, intravenously injected into the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:91-6. [PMID: 14569074 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.057521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter with a wide substrate specificity that plays an important role in the disposition of drugs in the epithelial cells of various tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidney. One characteristic feature of this efflux transporter is that its expression and activity are modulated by various factors, including cytokines. Here, we investigated the effect of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on the transport activity of P-gp and its expression in mice, since the cytokine is induced by various stimuli and capable of provoking a variety of cellular responses. Twenty-four hours after a single intraperitoneal injection of IFN-gamma (1 x 10(5) U), mice were intravenously injected with [3H]digoxin, a P-gp substrate, and its pharmacokinetics was examined. IFN-gamma pretreatment resulted in retardation of plasma elimination of the drug with a concomitant increase of its tissue levels in liver, kidney, and intestine. Furthermore, the excretion of [3H]digoxin into the urine and bile, but not into the intestinal lumen, was significantly reduced: the urinary and biliary excretion clearances in IFN-gamma-treated mice were 65 and 55%, respectively, of those clearances in untreated mice. However, the P-gp expression levels were only slightly reduced (20-30% reduction) by IFN-gamma treatment in the liver, kidney, or intestine on Western blot analysis. IFN-gamma also caused a slight down-regulation (20-30% reduction) in the expression of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) on Western blot analysis. Thus, a more pronounced effect may be elicited by IFN-gamma for common substrates of P-gp and CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kawaguchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Xenobiotic transport in the mammary gland has tremendous clinical, toxicological and nutritional implications. Mechanisms such as passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and transcytosis mediate xenobiotic transfer into milk. In vivo animal and human studies suggest the functional expression of both xenobiotic and nutrient transporters in the lactating mammary gland and the potential involvement of such systems in the significant accumulation of certain compounds in milk. In vitro cell culture systems provide further evidence for carrier-mediated transport across the lactating mammary epithelium. Additionally, molecular characterization studies indicate the expression of various members of the organic cation transporter, organic anion transporter, organic anion polypeptide transporter, oligopeptide transporter, nucleoside and nucleobase transporter, multidrug resistant transporter, and multidrug resistant-like protein transporter families at the lactating mammary epithelium. The in vivo relevance of the expression of such xenobiotic and nutrient transporters and their involvement in drug disposition at the mammary gland requires investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ito
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Ont., M5G 1X8, Toronto, Canada.
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Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a membrane bound transporter involved in the disposition of many endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. Alterations in Pgp expression and activity can significantly affect the disposition of Pgp substrates. Infection and inflammatory stimuli have also been shown to alter drug disposition. However, the specific effects of inflammation on Pgp expression and activity are not well understood. This paper evaluates and summarizes the current literature on the effects of cytokines and inflammation on mRNA and protein expression as well as functional activity of Pgp in whole animal models, primary rodent hepatocytes and human carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Peace McRae
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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46
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Akazawa Y, Kawaguchi H, Funahashi M, Watanabe Y, Yamaoka K, Hashida M, Takakura Y. Effect of interferons on P-glycoprotein-mediated rhodamine-123 efflux in cultured rat hepatocytes. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:2110-5. [PMID: 12226838 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-gamma on P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux of rhodamin-123(Rho-123), a typical substrate of P-gp, was studied in rat hepatocytes in primary culture. After treatment with IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, or both for 3 days, steady-state levels of Rho-123, incorporated into the hepatocytes, were measured to evaluate the P-gp activity. Whereas IFN-beta did not affect the intracellular level of Rho-123, IFN-gamma treatment caused a significant increase of the level, suggesting that IFN-gamma treatment suppresses the expression of P-gp or its activity. A combination of the two types of IFN exhibited a similar effect to that of IFN-gamma alone. The effect of IFN-gamma was still observed in the presence of H(2)O(2), which enhances the expression and activity of P-gp. Immunoblot analysis using a monoclonal antibody C219 revealed, however, that P-gp expression was increased after treatment with IFN-gamma, but only slightly by IFN-beta treatment. These results suggest that the enhanced Rho-123 uptake of rat primary hepatocytes induced by IFN-gamma does not result from reduced expression of P-gp but, rather, from impaired maturation or dysfunction of the efflux transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Akazawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Microbiology and Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Hartmann G, Cheung AKY, Piquette-Miller M. Inflammatory cytokines, but not bile acids, regulate expression of murine hepatic anion transporters in endotoxemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:273-81. [PMID: 12235261 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.039404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin-mediated cholestasis stems from impaired hepatobiliary transport of bile acids and organic anions due to altered expression and activity of transporters, including Oatp, Mrp, Ntcp, and Bsep. However, the mechanisms by which the Oatp and Mrp genes are down-regulated are largely unknown. Using in vivo and in vitro murine models of inflammation, we examined the role of cytokines and bile acids in regulating Oatp and Mrp. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, cholic acid, taurocholate, or taurodeoxycholate was administered in vivo to mice or in vitro to Hepa 1-6 mouse hepatoma cells. Mrp, Oatp, and Bsep mRNA levels were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mrp efflux activity was measured using 5-carboxyfluorescein. In vivo, LPS treatment profoundly suppressed hepatic mRNA levels of Mrp2, Mrp3, Oatp1, Oatp2, and Bsep to 15, 60, 44, 30, and 32% of controls, respectively (p < 0.05), but did not significantly alter Mrp1 expression. IL-6 or IL-1beta administration suppressed Mrp2, Oatp1, Oatp2, and Bsep mRNA levels to 20 to 60% controls (p < 0.05). TNF-alpha administration affected mRNA levels of Mrp2, Mrp3, and Oatp2 but not Oatp1 or Bsep. Bile acid treatment increased the in vivo expression of Bsep but not Mrp or Oatp. Likewise, significantly lower mRNA levels of Mrp2 with a corresponding decrease in cellular efflux of 5-carboxyfluorescein was seen in vitro in IL-6- and IL-1beta-treated Hepa 1-6 cells, whereas bile acids did not have significant effects. In conclusion, cytokines are key mediators in regulating hepatic expression of anion transporters in inflammatory cholestasis, whereas bile acids likely play a minor role.
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Lee G, Piquette-Miller M. Influence of IL-6 on MDR and MRP-mediated multidrug resistance in human hepatoma cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y01-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the expression and activity of the drug resistance transporters (MDR1 and MRP) in human hepatoma cell lines. Expression and activity of MDR1 and MRP transporters were examined in IL-6-treated and control HuH 7 and HepG2 cells using semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis and by rhodamine 123 and 5-carboxyfluorescin efflux assays. Results from RT-PCR demonstrated expression of MRP3, MRP6, and MDR1 in HuH 7 cells and expression of MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP6, and MDR1 in HepG2 cells. Compared with controls, treatment of HuH 7 cells with IL-6 (10 ng/mL, 24 h) resulted in a 1.8-fold increase in MRP-mediated efflux of 5-CF with a corresponding 1.5-fold induction of MRP3 mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Similarly, in HepG2 cells, a 2-fold increase in MRP functional activity and a 1.8-fold induction of MRP1 mRNA levels were seen in the IL-6 treated cells (p < 0.05). Treatment of cells with IL-6 was also found to cause significant reductions in the expression and activity of MDR1 in HuH 7 cells, but not in HepG2 cells. Our data suggest that IL-6 induces MRP expression and activity in human hepatoma cell lines. Suppressive effects of IL-6 on MDR1 expression and activity were also observed in HuH 7 cells. This underscores the importance of examining the regulation of multiple drug resistance proteins as these proteins may have opposing regulatory mechanisms in malignant cells.Key words: P-Glycoprotein, multidrug resistance proteins, hepatocarcinogenesis, cytokines, inflammation.
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