1
|
Wan Y, Su Z. The Impact of Resistance Exercise Training on Glycemic Control Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Biol Res Nurs 2024; 26:597-623. [PMID: 38623887 DOI: 10.1177/10998004241246272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) presents a challenge for health organizations because of its high likelihood of morbidity and mortality. There is an increasing body of evidence exploring the efficacy of resistance training (RT) alone on glycemic control. Objective: To update the effectiveness of RT on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose in adults diagnosed with T2DM. Methods: CINAHL (EBSDCO), PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and EMBASE (Ovid) databases were searched from inception to 30 January 2024. Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adult humans with T2DM assessing the impact of RT on HbA1c and fasting glucose compared with control condition were included. Data were pooled by the inverse-variance method and reported as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Forty-six RCTs totaling 2130 participants met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis demonstrated RT significantly reduced HbA1c (MD -0.50% [95% CI, -0.67, -0.34 %], p < .00,001) and fasting glucose (MD -12.03 mg/dl [95% CI, -19.36, -4.69 mg/dl], p = .001). Subgroup analyses found that exercise training durations, gender, and risk of bias had statistically significant effects on HbA1c levels and fasting glucose concentrations after resistance training. However, meta-regression analyses revealed that variables including year of publication, number of sessions per week, mean sample age, sample size, and study quality scores did not significantly affect the change in either HbA1c or glucose. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis with meta-regression delivers further evidence that RT programs are effective approach in attenuation of HbA1c and fasting glucose in individuals with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wan
- Faculty of physical education, Jiangxi Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhanguo Su
- Faculty of physical education, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
- International College, Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Millward DJ. Post-natal muscle growth and protein turnover: a narrative review of current understanding. Nutr Res Rev 2024; 37:141-168. [PMID: 37395180 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A model explaining the dietary-protein-driven post-natal skeletal muscle growth and protein turnover in the rat is updated, and the mechanisms involved are described, in this narrative review. Dietary protein controls both bone length and muscle growth, which are interrelated through mechanotransduction mechanisms with muscle growth induced both from stretching subsequent to bone length growth and from internal work against gravity. This induces satellite cell activation, myogenesis and remodelling of the extracellular matrix, establishing a growth capacity for myofibre length and cross-sectional area. Protein deposition within this capacity is enabled by adequate dietary protein and other key nutrients. After briefly reviewing the experimental animal origins of the growth model, key concepts and processes important for growth are reviewed. These include the growth in number and size of the myonuclear domain, satellite cell activity during post-natal development and the autocrine/paracrine action of IGF-1. Regulatory and signalling pathways reviewed include developmental mechanotransduction, signalling through the insulin/IGF-1-PI3K-Akt and the Ras-MAPK pathways in the myofibre and during mechanotransduction of satellite cells. Likely pathways activated by maximal-intensity muscle contractions are highlighted and the regulation of the capacity for protein synthesis in terms of ribosome assembly and the translational regulation of 5-TOPmRNA classes by mTORC1 and LARP1 are discussed. Evidence for and potential mechanisms by which volume limitation of muscle growth can occur which would limit protein deposition within the myofibre are reviewed. An understanding of how muscle growth is achieved allows better nutritional management of its growth in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mora S, Adegoke OAJ. Maintenance of the branched-chain amino acid transporter LAT1 counteracts myotube atrophy following chemotherapy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C866-C879. [PMID: 38284122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00537.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Prevention/management of cachexia remains a critical issue in muscle wasting conditions. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) have anabolic properties in skeletal muscle, but their use in treating cachexia has minimal benefits. This may be related to altered BCAA metabolism consequent to the use of chemotherapy, a main cancer treatment. Since this topic is minimally studied, we investigated the effect of chemotherapy on BCAA concentrations, transporter expression, and their metabolism. L6 myotubes were treated with vehicle (1.4 μL/mL DMSO) or a chemotherapy drug cocktail, FOLFIRI [CPT-11 (20 μg/mL), leucovorin (10 μg/mL), and 5-fluorouracil (50 μg/mL)] for 24-48 h. Chemotherapy reduced myotube diameter (-43%), myofibrillar protein content (-50%), and phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) substrate S6K1thr389 (-80%). Drug-treated myotubes exhibited decreased BCAA concentrations (-52%) and expression of their transporter, L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1; -67%). BCAA transaminase BCAT2 level was increased, but there was a reduction in PP2CM (-54%), along with increased inhibitory phosphorylation of BCKD-E1αser293 (+98%), corresponding with decreased BCKD enzyme activity (-23%) in chemotherapy-treated myotubes. Decreases in BCAA concentrations were a later response, preceded by decreases in LAT1 and BCKD activity. Although supplementation with the BCAA restored myotube BCAA levels, it had minimal effects on preventing the loss of myofibrillar proteins. However, RNAi-mediated depletion of neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4 (NEdd4), the protein ligase responsible for ubiquitin-dependent degradation of LAT1, attenuated the effects of chemotherapy on BCAA concentrations, anabolic signaling, protein synthesis, and myofibrillar protein abundance. Thus, if our findings are validated in preclinical models, interventions regulating muscle amino acid transporters might represent a promising strategy to treat cachexia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to attenuate chemotherapy-induced myotube atrophy by manipulating a BCAA transporter. Our findings suggest that positive regulation of amino acid transporters may be a promising strategy to treat cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mora
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olasunkanmi A J Adegoke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ratajczak M, Krzywicka M, Szulińska M, Musiałowska D, Kusy K, Karolkiewicz J. Effects of 12-Week Combined Strength and Endurance Circuit Training Program on Insulin Sensitivity and Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Women with Insulin-Resistance and Overweight or Mild Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:93-106. [PMID: 38204866 PMCID: PMC10778163 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s432954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Circuit training is an exercise mode, that may include both endurance and resistance components. There are premises that a combination of these two modalities brings additional benefits, particularly in improving insulin sensitivity. The retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) may inhibit signaling from insulin metabolic pathways in skeletal muscles, thus developing insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate whether moderate intensity circuit training combining strength and endurance exercise induces changes in tissue insulin sensitivity, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and serum RBP4 levels in insulin-resistant women. Methods In this clinical controlled trial women diagnosed with insulin-resistance were randomly divided into two groups. The training group (T) performed circuit training combining strength (50%-80%1RM) and endurance (50%-75%HRR) exercise on five weight and two cardio machines, for 33 minutes, three times per week, for 3 months. Women from the control non-training group (NT) did not change their previous physical activity. At the beginning of the study and after the intervention period, a one-repetition maximum, body mass, and composition, resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure, glucose, insulin, blood lipids, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), RBP4, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured. The results of 27 patients were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results Significant differences in the pattern of change over time between the groups for resting HR (p < 0.010) and total lean mass (p < 0.039) were found. No differences in HOMA-IR, and RBP4 were observed post-study compared to pre-study in the T group. A significant correlation between RBP4 and TSH concentration was found. Conclusion Twelve-week circuit training combining strength and endurance exercise has minor effects on HOMA-IR, glucose and lipid metabolism, IGF-1, TSH, and RBP4. Although moderate-intensity circuit training is considered safe, its effectiveness in patients with overweight and mild obesity may be insufficient to reduce insulin resistance. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04528693, registered August 23, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Ratajczak
- Department of Medical Biology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, 61-871, Poland
| | - Monika Krzywicka
- Department of Cardiological and Rheumatological Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, 61-871, Poland
| | - Monika Szulińska
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Dominika Musiałowska
- Insulin Resistance Foundation – Healthy Diet and Healthy Life, Poznan, 61-379, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, 61-871, Poland
| | - Joanna Karolkiewicz
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, 61-871, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ye L, Li Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Lei B. Exosomes-regulated lipid metabolism in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:27-39. [PMID: 37291031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights the role of lipid metabolism in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Targeting the processes of lipid metabolism, including lipogenesis, lipid uptake, fatty acid oxidation, and lipolysis, is an optimal strategy for anti-cancer therapy. Beyond cell-cell membrane surface interaction, exosomes are pivotal factors that transduce intercellular signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Most research focuses on the role of lipid metabolism in regulating exosome biogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The mechanisms of exosome and ECM-mediated reprogramming of lipid metabolism are currently unclear. We summarize several mechanisms associated with the regulation of lipid metabolism in cancer, including transport of exosomal carriers and membrane receptors, activation of the PI3K pathway, ECM ligand-receptor interactions, and mechanical stimulation. This review aims to highlight the significance of these intercellular factors in TME and to deepen the understanding of the functions of exosomes and ECM in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leiguang Ye
- Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingpu Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Sifan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matei B, Winters-Stone KM, Raber J. Examining the Mechanisms behind Exercise's Multifaceted Impacts on Body Composition, Cognition, and the Gut Microbiome in Cancer Survivors: Exploring the Links to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1423. [PMID: 37507961 PMCID: PMC10376047 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the effects of exercise on various health-related outcomes in cancer survivors, encompassing body composition, cognitive function (including sleep), and gut microbiome health. By analyzing multiple studies, we aimed to summarize the existing evidence and shed light on underlying mechanisms. The findings strongly suggest that exercise serves as a multifaceted non-pharmacological strategy, playing a significant role in improving the overall health of cancer survivors by effectively reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Exercise plays a crucial role in preventing muscle wasting, diminishing the presence of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhancing antioxidant systems. Furthermore, exercise displays notable benefits in terms of executive cognitive functioning and fatigue alleviation, largely attributed to its anti-inflammatory impact on the central nervous system and its ability to induce neurogenesis via growth factors. Additionally, exercise positively influences microbial diversity, reduces gut inflammation, and enhances neurogenesis through the gut-brain axis. Our key findings underscore the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation as primary mechanisms by which exercise effectively enhances health outcomes in cancer survivors. By delving deeper into these candidate mechanisms, we aim to provide valuable guidance for future research and interventions targeting the symptoms experienced by cancer survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Matei
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, L470, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kerri M Winters-Stone
- Division of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, L470, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kolahdouzmohammadi M, Kolahdouz-Mohammadi R, Tabatabaei SA, Franco B, Totonchi M. Revisiting the Role of Autophagy in Cardiac Differentiation: A Comprehensive Review of Interplay with Other Signaling Pathways. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1328. [PMID: 37510233 PMCID: PMC10378789 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical biological process in which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in autophagosomes and degraded in lysosomes. This highly conserved pathway controls intracellular recycling and is required for cellular homeostasis, as well as the correct functioning of a variety of cellular differentiation programs, including cardiomyocyte differentiation. By decreasing oxidative stress and promoting energy balance, autophagy is triggered during differentiation to carry out essential cellular remodeling, such as protein turnover and lysosomal degradation of organelles. When it comes to controlling cardiac differentiation, the crosstalk between autophagy and other signaling networks such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Wnt, Notch, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is essential, yet the interaction between autophagy and epigenetic controls remains poorly understood. Numerous studies have shown that modulating autophagy and precisely regulating it can improve cardiac differentiation, which can serve as a viable strategy for generating mature cardiac cells. These findings suggest that autophagy should be studied further during cardiac differentiation. The purpose of this review article is not only to discuss the relationship between autophagy and other signaling pathways that are active during the differentiation of cardiomyocytes but also to highlight the importance of manipulating autophagy to produce fully mature cardiomyocytes, which is a tough challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kolahdouzmohammadi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran P.O. Box 16635-148, Iran
| | - Roya Kolahdouz-Mohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | | | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), 80138 Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran P.O. Box 16635-148, Iran
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han H, Chen S, Wang X, Jin J, Li X, Li Z. Association between muscle strength and mass and bone mineral density in the US general population: data from NHANES 1999-2002. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:397. [PMID: 37264353 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is known that muscle strength and muscle mass play a crucial role in maintaining bone mineral density (BMD). Despite this, there are uncertainties about how muscle mass, lower extremity muscular strength, and BMD are related. We examined the impact of lower extremity muscle strength and mass on BMD in the general American population using cross-sectional analysis. METHODS In the study, we extracted 2165 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between muscle strength, muscle mass, and BMD. Fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were also performed. To ensure data stability and avoid confounding factors, subgroup analysis was also conducted on gender and race/ethnicity. RESULTS After full adjustment for potential confounders, significant positive associations were detected between peak force (PF) [0.167 (0.084, 0.249) P < 0.001], appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) [0.029 (0.022, 0.036) P < 0.001], and lumbar spine BMD. A positive correlation was also found between PF, ASMI, and pelvis and total BMD. Following stratification by gender and race/ethnicity, our analyses illustrated a significant correlation between PF and lumbar spine BMD in both men [0.232 (0.130, 0.333) P < 0.001] and women [0.281 (0.142, 0.420) P < 0.001]. This was also seen in non-Hispanic white [0.178 (0.068, 0.288) P = 0.002], but not in non-Hispanic black, Mexican American and other race-ethnicity. Additionally, there was a positive link between ASMI and BMD in both genders in non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks, but not in any other racial group. CONCLUSION PF and ASMI were positively associated with BMD in American adults. In the future, the findings reported here may have profound implications for public health in terms of osteopenia and osteoporosis prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.23, Nanhu Road, Jianye District, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.23, Nanhu Road, Jianye District, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhe Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.23, Nanhu Road, Jianye District, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.23, Nanhu Road, Jianye District, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.23, Nanhu Road, Jianye District, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Preventive Effect of Specific Collagen Peptides against Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041950. [PMID: 36838938 PMCID: PMC9960993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy, also known as muscle wasting, is the thinning of muscle mass due to muscle disuse, aging, or diseases such as cancer or neurological problems. Muscle atrophy is closely related to the quality of life and has high morbidity and mortality. However, therapeutic options for muscle atrophy are limited, so studies to develop therapeutic agents for muscle loss are always required. For this study, we investigated how orally administered specific collagen peptides (CP) affect muscle atrophy and elucidated its molecular mechanism using an in vivo model. We treated mice with dexamethasone (DEX) to induce a muscular atrophy phenotype and then administered CP (0.25 and 0.5 g/kg) for four weeks. In a microcomputed tomography analysis, CP (0.5 g/kg) intake significantly increased the volume of calf muscles in mice with DEX-induced muscle atrophy. In addition, the administration of CP (0.25 and 0.5 g/kg) restored the weight of the gluteus maximus and the fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) of the pectoralis major and calf muscles, which were reduced by DEX. CP significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of myostatin and the phosphorylation of Smad2, but it did not affect TGF-β, BDNF, or FNDC5 gene expression. In addition, AKT/mTOR, a central pathway for muscle protein synthesis and related to myostatin signaling, was enhanced in the groups that were administered CP. Finally, CP decreased serum albumin levels and increased TNF-α gene expression. Collectively, our in vivo results demonstrate that CP can alleviate muscle wasting through a multitude of mechanisms. Therefore, we propose CP as a supplement or treatment to prevent muscle atrophy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhati P, Hussain ME. Impact of resistance training on muscle fatigue in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients during dynamic fatigue protocol. Physiother Theory Pract 2023; 39:26-38. [PMID: 34749586 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2021.2001882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often accompanied with several neuromuscular complications of which muscle fatigue is one of the scantily studied and less-explored complication of this disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) on muscle fatigue markers from electromyography (EMG) and capillary blood in T2DM patients. METHODS Forty T2DM patients were randomized to either RT (n = 20) or control group (n = 20). They were assessed for EMG indices of muscle fatigue along with blood lactate (at three time points: Lactatepre, Lactatepeak, Lactatepost) during a dynamic fatigue protocol. Dynamic fatigue protocol consisted of 5 sets of leg press exercise at 10 repetition maximum intensity. RT group performed moderate intensity (65%-75% 1 repetition maximum) RT 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Control group followed usual routine. RESULTS Findings revealed that EMG amplitude (root mean square) and Dimitrov's muscle fatigue index (FInsmk) decreased significantly while median frequency (MF) increased significantly during the dynamic fatigue protocol for both vastus medialis (Root mean square, p = .02; FInsmk, p = .001; MF, p < .001) and vastus lateralis muscle (Root mean square, p= .04,FInsmk,p = .01; MF, p < .001) post-RT. Blood lactate responses did not change after RT (Lactatepre, p = .55; Lactatepeak, p = .91; Lactatepost, p = .33). CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present study illustrated that moderate intensity RT led to a significant reduction muscle fatigue in knee extensor muscles of T2DM patients. These results reinforce the utilization of RT in patients with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhati
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India
| | - M Ejaz Hussain
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Allied Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Chandu-Budhera, Gurugram, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao X, Wang S, Wang S, Xie J, Cui D. mTOR signaling: A pivotal player in Treg cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Klymus KE, Hrabik RA, Thompson NL, Cornman RS. Genome resequencing clarifies phylogeny and reveals patterns of selection in the toxicogenomics model Pimephales promelas. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13954. [PMID: 36042859 PMCID: PMC9420404 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a model species for toxicological research. A high-quality genome reference sequence is available, and genomic methods are increasingly used in toxicological studies of the species. However, phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain incompletely known and little population-genomic data are available for fathead minnow despite the potential effects of genetic background on toxicological responses. On the other hand, a wealth of extant samples is stored in museum collections that in principle allow fine-scale analysis of contemporary and historical genetic variation. Methods Here we use short-read shotgun resequencing to investigate sequence variation among and within Pimephales species. At the genus level, our objectives were to resolve phylogenetic relationships and identify genes with signatures of positive diversifying selection. At the species level, our objective was to evaluate the utility of archived-sample resequencing for detecting selective sweeps within fathead minnow, applied to a population introduced to the San Juan River of the southwestern United States sometime prior to 1950. Results We recovered well-supported but discordant phylogenetic topologies for nuclear and mitochondrial sequences that we hypothesize arose from mitochondrial transfer among species. The nuclear tree supported bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) as sister to fathead minnow, with the slim minnow (P. tenellus) and bullhead minnow (P. vigilax) more closely related to each other. Using multiple methods, we identified 11 genes that have diversified under positive selection within the genus. Within the San Juan River population, we identified selective-sweep regions overlapping several sets of related genes, including both genes that encode the giant sarcomere protein titin and the two genes encoding the MTORC1 complex, a key metabolic regulator. We also observed elevated polymorphism and reduced differentation among populations (FST) in genomic regions containing certain immune-gene clusters, similar to what has been reported in other taxa. Collectively, our data clarify evolutionary relationships and selective pressures within the genus and establish museum archives as a fruitful resource for characterizing genomic variation. We anticipate that large-scale resequencing will enable the detection of genetic variants associated with environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, high salinity, estrogens, and agrichemicals, which could be exploited as efficient biomarkers of exposure in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy E. Klymus
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Ecological Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Nathan L. Thompson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Ecological Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert S. Cornman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu B, Liu J, Zhang J, Mu T, Feng X, Ma R, Gu Y. Regulatory role of RNA N6-methyladenosine modifications during skeletal muscle development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:929183. [PMID: 35990615 PMCID: PMC9389409 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.929183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional cells in embryonic myogenesis and postnatal muscle development undergo multiple stages of proliferation and differentiation, which are strict procedural regulation processes. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification that regulates gene expression in specific cell types in eukaryotes and regulates various biological activities, such as RNA processing and metabolism. Recent studies have shown that m6A modification-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation plays an essential role in myogenesis. This review outlines embryonic and postnatal myogenic differentiation and summarizes the important roles played by functional cells in each developmental period. Furthermore, the key roles of m6A modifications and their regulators in myogenesis were highlighted, and the synergistic regulation of m6A modifications with myogenic transcription factors was emphasized to characterize the cascade of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation during myogenesis. This review also discusses the crosstalk between m6A modifications and non-coding RNAs, proposing a novel mechanism for post-transcriptional regulation during skeletal muscle development. In summary, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms mediated by m6A and their regulators may help develop new strategies to maintain muscle homeostasis, which are expected to become targets for animal muscle-specific trait breeding and treatment of muscle metabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Effects of physical exercise on bone mineral density in older postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Osteoporos 2022; 17:102. [PMID: 35896850 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-022-01140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis or decreased bone mineral density (BMD) is the most important risk factor for fractures, especially in older postmenopausal women (PMW). However, the interactions between exercise training and bone mineral density are not completely understood. We evaluated the effects of physical exercise on BMD in women aged ≥ 60 years postmenopausal. PURPOSE This systematic review and meta-analysis sets out to determine the effects of physical exercise on BMD in older postmenopausal women. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Science Direct, Cochrane, PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ProQuest up to December 25, 2021. Fifty-three studies, which assessed a total of 2896 participants (mean age: between 60 and 82 years), were included and analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The meta-analysis found that exercise training significantly (p < 0.05) increased femoral neck (WMD: 0.01 g/cm2; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.01], p = 0.0005; I2 = 57%; p < 0.0001), lumbar spine (WMD: 0.01 g/cm2, 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.02], I2 = 81%; p = 0.0001), and trochanter (WMD: 0.01 g/cm2, 95% CI 0.00, 0.02]; p = 0.009; I2 = 17%; p = 0.23). There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups for total body and total hip BMD. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that exercise training may improve bone mineral density in older PMW. This improvement is mediated by increases in the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and trochanter BMD. Further long-term studies are required to confirm these findings.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakai N, Iida N, Kitai S, Shimomura Y, Kitaura Y, Higashida K. BDK knockout skeletal muscle satellite cells exhibit enhanced protein translation initiation signal in response to BCAA in vitro. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:610-617. [PMID: 35108367 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) on the mTORC1 pathway in muscle satellite cells (MSCs) isolated from branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK) knockout (KO) mice in vitro. MSCs were isolated from BDK KO and wild-type (WT) mice, proliferated, and differentiated into myotubes. BCAA stimulation increased the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), a marker of protein translation initiation, in MSCs from WT and BDK KO mice, but the rate of the increase was higher in MSCs isolated from BDK KO mice. Contrarily, there was no difference in the increase in p70S6K phosphorylation by EPS. Acute BDK knockdown in MSCs from WT mice using shRNA decreased p70S6K phosphorylation in response to BCAA stimulation. Collectively, the susceptibility of mTORC1 to BCAA stimulation was elevated by chronic, but not acute, enhancement of BCAA catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nakai
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Noriko Iida
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Saki Kitai
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Higashida
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thermal stress affects proliferation and differentiation of turkey satellite cells through the mTOR/S6K pathway in a growth-dependent manner. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262576. [PMID: 35025965 PMCID: PMC8758067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are stem cells responsible for post-hatch muscle growth through hypertrophy and in birds are sensitive to thermal stress during the first week after hatch. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which is highly responsive to thermal stress in differentiating turkey pectoralis major (p. major) muscle SCs, regulates protein synthesis and the activities of SCs through a downstream effector, S6 kinase (S6K). The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the effect of heat (43°C) and cold (33°C) stress on activity of the mTOR/S6K pathway in SCs isolated from the p. major muscle of one-week-old faster-growing modern commercial (NC) turkeys compared to those from slower-growing Randombred Control Line 2 (RBC2) turkeys, and 2) to assess the effect of mTOR knockdown on the proliferation, differentiation, and expression of myogenic regulatory factors of the SCs. Heat stress increased phosphorylation of both mTOR and S6K in both turkey lines, with greater increases observed in the RBC2 line. With cold stress, greater reductions in mTOR and S6K phosphorylation were observed in the NC line. Early knockdown of mTOR decreased proliferation, differentiation, and expression of myoblast determination protein 1 and myogenin in both lines independent of temperature, with the RBC2 line showing greater reductions in proliferation and differentiation than the NC line at 38° and 43°C. Proliferating SCs are more dependent on mTOR/S6K-mediated regulation than differentiating SCs. Thus, thermal stress can affect breast muscle hypertrophic potential by changing satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, in part, through the mTOR/S6K pathway in a growth-dependent manner. These changes may result in irreversible effects on the development and growth of the turkey p. major muscle.
Collapse
|
17
|
Leser JM, Harriot A, Buck HV, Ward CW, Stains JP. Aging, Osteo-Sarcopenia, and Musculoskeletal Mechano-Transduction. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:782848. [PMID: 36004321 PMCID: PMC9396756 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.782848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The decline in the mass and function of bone and muscle is an inevitable consequence of healthy aging with early onset and accelerated decline in those with chronic disease. Termed osteo-sarcopenia, this condition predisposes the decreased activity, falls, low-energy fractures, and increased risk of co-morbid disease that leads to musculoskeletal frailty. The biology of osteo-sarcopenia is most understood in the context of systemic neuro-endocrine and immune/inflammatory alterations that drive inflammation, oxidative stress, reduced autophagy, and cellular senescence in the bone and muscle. Here we integrate these concepts to our growing understanding of how bone and muscle senses, responds and adapts to mechanical load. We propose that age-related alterations in cytoskeletal mechanics alter load-sensing and mechano-transduction in bone osteocytes and muscle fibers which underscores osteo-sarcopenia. Lastly, we examine the evidence for exercise as an effective countermeasure to osteo-sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph P. Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang S, Lin X, Hou Q, Hu Z, Wang Y, Wang Z. Regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids in mammalian cells: A general picture of recent advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1009-1023. [PMID: 34738031 PMCID: PMC8536509 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates various types of signal inputs, such as energy, growth factors, and amino acids to regulate cell growth and proliferation mainly through the 2 direct downstream targets, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Most of the signal arms upstream of mTORC1 including energy status, stress signals, and growth factors converge on the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) - Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) axis. Amino acids, however, are distinct from other signals and modulate mTORC1 using a unique pathway. In recent years, the transmission mechanism of amino acid signals upstream of mTORC1 has been gradually elucidated, and some sensors or signal transmission pathways for individual amino acids have also been discovered. With the help of these findings, we propose a general picture of recent advances, which demonstrates that various amino acids from lysosomes, cytoplasm, and Golgi are sensed by their respective sensors. These signals converge on mTORC1 and form a huge and complicated signal network with multiple synergies, antagonisms, and feedback mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuling Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu WG, Hibbert JE, Lin KH, Steinert ND, Lemens JL, Jorgenson KW, Newman SM, Lamming DW, Hornberger TA. Weight Pulling: A Novel Mouse Model of Human Progressive Resistance Exercise. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092459. [PMID: 34572107 PMCID: PMC8465477 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a mouse model of progressive resistance exercise that utilizes a full-body/multi-joint exercise (weight pulling) along with a training protocol that mimics a traditional human paradigm (three training sessions per week, ~8–12 repetitions per set, 2 min of rest between sets, approximately two maximal-intensity sets per session, last set taken to failure, and a progressive increase in loading that is based on the individual’s performance). We demonstrate that weight pulling can induce an increase in the mass of numerous muscles throughout the body. The relative increase in muscle mass is similar to what has been observed in human studies, and is associated with the same type of long-term adaptations that occur in humans (e.g., fiber hypertrophy, myonuclear accretion, and, in some instances, a fast-to-slow transition in Type II fiber composition). Moreover, we demonstrate that weight pulling can induce the same type of acute responses that are thought to drive these long-term adaptations (e.g., the activation of signaling through mTORC1 and the induction of protein synthesis at 1 h post-exercise). Collectively, the results of this study indicate that weight pulling can serve as a highly translatable mouse model of progressive resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan G. Zhu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.G.Z.); (J.E.H.); (K.H.L.); (N.D.S.); (J.L.L.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jamie E. Hibbert
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.G.Z.); (J.E.H.); (K.H.L.); (N.D.S.); (J.L.L.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kuan Hung Lin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.G.Z.); (J.E.H.); (K.H.L.); (N.D.S.); (J.L.L.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nathaniel D. Steinert
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.G.Z.); (J.E.H.); (K.H.L.); (N.D.S.); (J.L.L.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jake L. Lemens
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.G.Z.); (J.E.H.); (K.H.L.); (N.D.S.); (J.L.L.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kent W. Jorgenson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.G.Z.); (J.E.H.); (K.H.L.); (N.D.S.); (J.L.L.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sarah M. Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.M.N.); (D.W.L.)
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.M.N.); (D.W.L.)
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.G.Z.); (J.E.H.); (K.H.L.); (N.D.S.); (J.L.L.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lysenko EA, Vinogradova OL, Popov DV. The Mechanisms of Muscle Mass and Strength Increase during Strength Training. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
21
|
Miyazaki M, Moriya N, Takemasa T. Transient activation of mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscle is independent of Akt1 regulation. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14599. [PMID: 33038070 PMCID: PMC7547586 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cellular protein synthesis is a critical determinant of skeletal muscle growth and hypertrophy in response to an increased workload such as resistance exercise. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and its upstream protein kinase Akt1 have been implicated as a central signaling pathway that regulates protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle; however, the precise molecular regulation of mTORC1 activity is largely unknown. This study employed germline Akt1 knockout (KO) mice to examine whether upstream Akt1 regulation is necessary for the acute activation of mTORC1 signaling in the plantaris muscle following mechanical overload. The phosphorylation states of S6 kinase 1, ribosomal protein S6, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 which show the functional activity of mTORC1 signaling, were significantly increased in the skeletal muscle of both wildtype and Akt1 KO mice following an acute bout (3 and 12 hr) of mechanical overload. Akt1 deficiency did not affect load‐induced alteration of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1)/IGF receptor mRNA expression. Also, no effect of Akt1 deficiency was observed on the overload‐induced increase in the gene expressions of pax7 and myogenic regulatory factor of myogenin. These observations show that the upstream IGF‐1/Akt1 regulation is dispensable for the acute activation of mTORC1 signaling and regulation of satellite cells in response to mechanical overload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Miyazaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuki Moriya
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tohru Takemasa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Höhfeld J, Benzing T, Bloch W, Fürst DO, Gehlert S, Hesse M, Hoffmann B, Hoppe T, Huesgen PF, Köhn M, Kolanus W, Merkel R, Niessen CM, Pokrzywa W, Rinschen MM, Wachten D, Warscheid B. Maintaining proteostasis under mechanical stress. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52507. [PMID: 34309183 PMCID: PMC8339670 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell survival, tissue integrity and organismal health depend on the ability to maintain functional protein networks even under conditions that threaten protein integrity. Protection against such stress conditions involves the adaptation of folding and degradation machineries, which help to preserve the protein network by facilitating the refolding or disposal of damaged proteins. In multicellular organisms, cells are permanently exposed to stress resulting from mechanical forces. Yet, for long time mechanical stress was not recognized as a primary stressor that perturbs protein structure and threatens proteome integrity. The identification and characterization of protein folding and degradation systems, which handle force-unfolded proteins, marks a turning point in this regard. It has become apparent that mechanical stress protection operates during cell differentiation, adhesion and migration and is essential for maintaining tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart and kidney as well as the immune system. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of mechanical stress protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Höhfeld
- Institute for Cell BiologyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports MedicineGerman Sport UniversityCologneGermany
| | - Dieter O Fürst
- Institute for Cell BiologyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports MedicineGerman Sport UniversityCologneGermany
- Department for the Biosciences of SportsInstitute of Sports ScienceUniversity of HildesheimHildesheimGermany
| | - Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain CenterMedical FacultyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms UniversityBonnGermany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI‐2: MechanobiologyForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for GeneticsCologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) and CMMCUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA3Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- CECADUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Institute of Biology IIIFaculty of Biology, and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- LIMES‐InstituteRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI‐2: MechanobiologyForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology and CECADUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | | | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus Institute of Advanced StudiesAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate ImmunityUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Institute of Biology IIFaculty of Biology, and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vann CG, Morton RW, Mobley CB, Vechetti IJ, Ferguson BK, Haun CT, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Fox CD, Romero MA, Roberson PA, Oikawa SY, McGlory C, Young KC, McCarthy JJ, Phillips SM, Roberts MD. An intron variant of the GLI family zinc finger 3 (GLI3) gene differentiates resistance training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy in younger men. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21587. [PMID: 33891350 PMCID: PMC8234740 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100113rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between genotype and resistance training-induced changes (12 wk) in dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA)-derived lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) as well as muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA; vastus lateralis; n = 109; age = 22 ± 2 y, BMI = 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2 ). Over 315 000 genetic polymorphisms were interrogated from muscle using DNA microarrays. First, a targeted investigation was performed where single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified from a systematic literature review were related to changes in LSTM and fCSA. Next, genome-wide association (GWA) studies were performed to reveal associations between novel SNP targets with pre- to post-training change scores in mean fCSA and LSTM. Our targeted investigation revealed no genotype-by-time interactions for 12 common polymorphisms regarding the change in mean fCSA or change in LSTM. Our first GWA study indicated no SNP were associated with the change in LSTM. However, the second GWA study indicated two SNP exceeded the significance level with the change in mean fCSA (P = 6.9 × 10-7 for rs4675569, 1.7 × 10-6 for rs10263647). While the former target is not annotated (chr2:205936846 (GRCh38.p12)), the latter target (chr7:41971865 (GRCh38.p12)) is an intron variant of the GLI Family Zinc Finger 3 (GLI3) gene. Follow-up analyses indicated fCSA increases were greater in the T/C and C/C GLI3 genotypes than the T/T GLI3 genotype (P < .05). Data from the Auburn cohort also revealed participants with the T/C and C/C genotypes exhibited increases in satellite cell number with training (P < .05), whereas T/T participants did not. Additionally, those with the T/C and C/C genotypes achieved myonuclear addition in response to training (P < .05), whereas the T/T participants did not. In summary, this is the first GWA study to examine how polymorphisms associate with the change in hypertrophy measures following resistance training. Future studies are needed to determine if the GLI3 variant differentiates hypertrophic responses to resistance training given the potential link between this gene and satellite cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher B Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Carlton D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mora S, Adegoke OAJ. The effect of a chemotherapy drug cocktail on myotube morphology, myofibrillar protein abundance, and substrate availability. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14927. [PMID: 34197700 PMCID: PMC8248921 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, a condition prevalent in many chronically ill patients, is characterized by weight loss, fatigue, and decreases in muscle mass and function. Cachexia is associated with tumor burden and disease-related malnutrition, but other studies implicate chemotherapy as being causative. We investigated the effects of a chemotherapy drug cocktail on myofibrillar protein abundance and synthesis, anabolic signaling mechanisms, and substrate availability. On day 4 of differentiation, L6 myotubes were treated with vehicle (1.4 μl/ml DMSO) or a chemotherapy drug cocktail (a mixture of cisplatin [20 μg/ml], leucovorin [10 μg/ml], and 5-fluorouracil [5-FLU; 50 μg/ml]) for 24-72 h. Compared to myotubes treated with vehicle, those treated with the drug cocktail showed 50%-80% reductions in the abundance of myofibrillar proteins, including myosin heavy chain-1, troponin, and tropomyosin (p < 0.05). Cells treated with only a mixture of cisplatin and 5-FLU had identical reductions in myofibrillar protein abundance. Myotubes treated with the drug cocktail also showed >50% reductions in the phosphorylation of AKTSer473 and of mTORC1 substrates ribosomal protein S6Ser235/236 , its kinase S6K1Thr389 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (all p < 0.05). Drug treatment impaired peptide chain initiation in myofibrillar protein fractions and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (p = 0.06) but increased the expression of autophagy markers beclin-1 and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (p < 0.05), and of apoptotic marker, cleaved caspase 3 (p < 0.05). Drug treatment reduced the expression of mitochondrial markers cytochrome oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase (p < 0.05). The observed profound negative effects of this chemotherapy drug cocktail on myotubes underlie a need for approaches that can reduce the negative effects of these drugs on muscle metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mora
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research CentreYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Olasunkanmi A. J. Adegoke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research CentreYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cariati I, Bonanni R, Onorato F, Mastrogregori A, Rossi D, Iundusi R, Gasbarra E, Tancredi V, Tarantino U. Role of Physical Activity in Bone-Muscle Crosstalk: Biological Aspects and Clinical Implications. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:55. [PMID: 34205747 PMCID: PMC8293201 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle tissues influence each other through the integration of mechanical and biochemical signals, giving rise to bone-muscle crosstalk. They are also known to secrete osteokines, myokines, and cytokines into the circulation, influencing the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. In this regard, even osteoporosis and sarcopenia, which were initially thought to be two independent diseases, have recently been defined under the term "osteosarcopenia", to indicate a synergistic condition of low bone mass with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Undoubtedly, osteosarcopenia is a major public health concern, being associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The best current defence against osteosarcopenia is prevention based on a healthy lifestyle and regular exercise. The most appropriate type, intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise to positively influence osteosarcopenia are not yet known. However, combined programmes of progressive resistance exercises, weight-bearing impact exercises, and challenging balance/mobility activities currently appear to be the most effective in optimising musculoskeletal health and function. Based on this evidence, the aim of our review was to summarize the current knowledge about the role of exercise in bone-muscle crosstalk, highlighting how it may represent an effective alternative strategy to prevent and/or counteract the onset of osteosarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Cariati
- PhD in Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bonanni
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Federica Onorato
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Ambra Mastrogregori
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Danilo Rossi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Riccardo Iundusi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Elena Gasbarra
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.T.)
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Higashida K, Inoue S, Takeuchi N, Ato S, Ogasawara R, Nakai N. Basal and resistance exercise-induced increase in protein synthesis is impaired in skeletal muscle of iron-deficient rats. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111389. [PMID: 34303956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on basal- and contraction-induced increases in muscle protein synthesis. METHODS Four-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. The rats in two of the three groups had free access to a control diet (AD) or iron-deficient diet (ID) for 4 wk. The rats in the third group (CON) were pair-fed the control diet to the mean intake of the ID group. RESULTS In comparison with the CON group, the ID group showed significantly lower hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations, iron-containing protein levels, and total iron content in skeletal muscle, but non-iron-containing protein levels did not show any differences between the groups. Protein synthesis, measured by puromycin-labeled peptides, was lower in the ID group compared with the CON group in both basal- and contraction-stimulated states. The ID diet impaired the activation levels of signaling pathways involved in protein synthesis, such as ribosomal protein S6 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1. Furthermore, dietary iron deficiency decreased autophagy capacity, but did not affect the ubiquitinated protein content. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that severe iron deficiency decreases not only basal but also muscle contraction-induced increases in protein synthesis due to, at least in part, downregulation of the protein synthesis signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Higashida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan.
| | - Sachika Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Nodoka Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Satoru Ato
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Pasteurized non-fermented cow's milk but not fermented milk is a promoter of mTORC1-driven aging and increased mortality. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101270. [PMID: 33571703 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies in Sweden, a country with traditionally high milk consumption, revealed that the intake of non-fermented pasteurized milk increased all-cause mortality in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the majority of epidemiological and clinical studies report beneficial health effects of fermented milk products, especially of yogurt. It is the intention of this review to delineate potential molecular aging mechanisms related to the intake of non-fermented milk versus yogurt on the basis of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Non-fermented pasteurized milk via its high bioavailability of insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundance of lactose (glucosyl-galactose) and bioactive exosomal microRNAs (miRs) enhances mTORC1 signaling, which shortens lifespan and increases all-cause mortality. In contrast, fermentation-associated lactic acid bacteria metabolize BCAAs and degrade galactose and milk exosomes including their mTORC1-activating microRNAs. The Industrial Revolution, with the introduction of pasteurization and refrigeration of milk, restricted the action of beneficial milk-fermenting bacteria, which degrade milk's BCAAs, galactose and bioactive miRs that synergistically activate mTORC1. This unrecognized behavior change in humans after the Neolithic revolution increased aging-related over-activation of mTORC1 signaling in humans, who persistently consume large quantities of non-fermented pasteurized cow's milk, a potential risk factor for aging and all-cause mortality.
Collapse
|
28
|
Solsona R, Pavlin L, Bernardi H, Sanchez AMJ. Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Growth and Organelle Biosynthesis: Practical Recommendations for Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2741. [PMID: 33800501 PMCID: PMC7962973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of skeletal muscle mass and organelle homeostasis is dependent on the capacity of cells to produce proteins and to recycle cytosolic portions. In this investigation, the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle mass regulation-especially those associated with proteosynthesis and with the production of new organelles-are presented. Thus, the critical roles of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and its regulators are reviewed. In addition, the importance of ribosome biogenesis, satellite cells involvement, myonuclear accretion, and some major epigenetic modifications related to protein synthesis are discussed. Furthermore, several studies conducted on the topic of exercise training have recognized the central role of both endurance and resistance exercise to reorganize sarcomeric proteins and to improve the capacity of cells to build efficient organelles. The molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations to exercise training are presented throughout this review and practical recommendations for exercise prescription are provided. A better understanding of the aforementioned cellular pathways is essential for both healthy and sick people to avoid inefficient prescriptions and to improve muscle function with emergent strategies (e.g., hypoxic training). Finally, current limitations in the literature and further perspectives, notably on epigenetic mechanisms, are provided to encourage additional investigations on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
| | - Laura Pavlin
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Henri Bernardi
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Anthony MJ Sanchez
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Steinert ND, Potts GK, Wilson GM, Klamen AM, Lin KH, Hermanson JB, McNally RM, Coon JJ, Hornberger TA. Mapping of the contraction-induced phosphoproteome identifies TRIM28 as a significant regulator of skeletal muscle size and function. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108796. [PMID: 33657380 PMCID: PMC7967290 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical signals, such as those evoked by maximal-intensity contractions (MICs), can induce an increase in muscle mass. Rapamycin-sensitive signaling events are widely implicated in the regulation of this process; however, recent studies indicate that rapamycin-insensitive signaling events are also involved. Thus, to identify these events, we generate a map of the MIC-regulated and rapamycin-sensitive phosphoproteome. In total, we quantify more than 10,000 unique phosphorylation sites and find that more than 2,000 of these sites are significantly affected by MICs, but remarkably, only 38 of the MIC-regulated events are mediated through a rapamycin-sensitive mechanism. Further interrogation of the rapamycin-insensitive phosphorylation events identifies the S473 residue on Tripartite Motif-Containing 28 (TRIM28) as one of the most robust MIC-regulated phosphorylation sites, and extensive follow-up studies suggest that TRIM28 significantly contributes to the homeostatic regulation of muscle size and function as well as the hypertrophy that occurs in response to increased mechanical loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Steinert
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory K Potts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gary M Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amelia M Klamen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jake B Hermanson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rachel M McNally
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Millward DJ. Interactions between Growth of Muscle and Stature: Mechanisms Involved and Their Nutritional Sensitivity to Dietary Protein: The Protein-Stat Revisited. Nutrients 2021; 13:729. [PMID: 33668846 PMCID: PMC7996181 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood growth and its sensitivity to dietary protein is reviewed within a Protein-Stat model of growth regulation. The coordination of growth of muscle and stature is a combination of genetic programming, and of two-way mechanical interactions involving the mechanotransduction of muscle growth through stretching by bone length growth, the core Protein-Stat feature, and the strengthening of bone through muscle contraction via the mechanostat. Thus, growth in bone length is the initiating event and this is always observed. Endocrine and cellular mechanisms of growth in stature are reviewed in terms of the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) and thyroid axes and the sex hormones, which together mediate endochondral ossification in the growth plate and bone lengthening. Cellular mechanisms of muscle growth during development are then reviewed identifying (a) the difficulties posed by the need to maintain its ultrastructure during myofibre hypertrophy within the extracellular matrix and the concept of muscle as concentric "bags" allowing growth to be conceived as bag enlargement and filling, (b) the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanotransduction of satellite and mesenchymal stromal cells, to enable both connective tissue remodelling and provision of new myonuclei to aid myofibre hypertrophy and (c) the implications of myofibre hypertrophy for protein turnover within the myonuclear domain. Experimental data from rodent and avian animal models illustrate likely changes in DNA domain size and protein turnover during developmental and stretch-induced muscle growth and between different muscle fibre types. Growth of muscle in male rats during adulthood suggests that "bag enlargement" is achieved mainly through the action of mesenchymal stromal cells. Current understanding of the nutritional regulation of protein deposition in muscle, deriving from experimental studies in animals and human adults, is reviewed, identifying regulation by amino acids, insulin and myofibre volume changes acting to increase both ribosomal capacity and efficiency of muscle protein synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the phenomenon of a "bag-full" inhibitory signal has been identified in human skeletal muscle. The final section deals with the nutritional sensitivity of growth of muscle and stature to dietary protein in children. Growth in length/height as a function of dietary protein intake is described in the context of the breastfed child as the normative growth model, and the "Early Protein Hypothesis" linking high protein intakes in infancy to later adiposity. The extensive paediatric studies on serum IGF-1 and child growth are reviewed but their clinical relevance is of limited value for understanding growth regulation; a role in energy metabolism and homeostasis, acting with insulin to mediate adiposity, is probably more important. Information on the influence of dietary protein on muscle mass per se as opposed to lean body mass is limited but suggests that increased protein intake in children is unable to promote muscle growth in excess of that linked to genotypic growth in length/height. One possible exception is milk protein intake, which cohort and cross-cultural studies suggest can increase height and associated muscle growth, although such effects have yet to be demonstrated by randomised controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lee H, Kim YI, Nirmala FS, Jeong HY, Seo HD, Ha TY, Jung CH, Ahn J. Chrysanthemum zawadskil Herbich attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy through the regulation of proteostasis and mitochondrial function. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111226. [PMID: 33485066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich (CZH) is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases and diabetes. However, the effects of CZH on muscle wasting remains to be studied. Here, we investigated the effect of CZH on dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, induced muscle atrophy. To examine the effect of CZH on muscle atrophy, C2C12 myotubes were co-treated with DEX and CZH for 24 h. The treatment with CZH prevented DEX-induced myotube atrophy in a dose-dependent manner. CZH inhibited the DEX-induced decrease of the MHC isoforms and the upregulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in C2C12 differentiated cells. C57BL/6 mice were supplemented with 0.1 % CZH for 8 weeks, with DEX-induced muscle atrophy stimulated in the last 3 weeks. In the mice, CZH supplementation effectively reversed DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and increased the exercise capacity of the mice through the inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor translocation. Additionally, we observed that DEX-evoked impaired proteostasis was ameliorated via the Akt/mTOR pathway. CZH also prevented the DEX-induced decrease in the mitochondrial respiration. HPLC analysis demonstrated the highest concentration of acacetin-7-O-β-d-rutinoside (AR) among 4 compounds. Moreover, AR, a functional compound of CZH, prevented DEX-evoked muscle atrophy. Thus, we suggest that CZH could be a potential therapeutic candidate against muscle atrophy and AR is the main functional compound of CZH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Young In Kim
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Farida S Nirmala
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hang Yeon Jeong
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Deok Seo
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rindom E, Herskind J, Blaauw B, Overgaard K, Vissing K, Paoli FV. Concomitant excitation and tension development are required for myocellular gene expression and protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13540. [PMID: 32687678 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Loading-induced tension development is often assumed to constitute an independent cue to initiate muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. However, with traditional physiological models of resistance exercise, changes in loading-induced tension development also reflect changes in neural activation patterns, and direct evidence for a mechanosensitive mechanism is therefore limited. Here, we sought to examine the importance of excitation and tension development per se on initiation of signalling, gene transcription and protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS Isolated rat extensor digitorum longus muscles were allocated to the following interventions: (a) Excitation-induced eccentric contractions (ECC); (b) Passive stretching without excitation (PAS); (c) Excitation with inhibition of contractions (STIM + IMA ) and; (d) Excitation in combination with both inhibition of contractions and PAS (STIM + IMA + PAS). Assessment of transcriptional and translational signalling, gene transcription and acute muscle protein synthesis was compared in stimulated vs contra-lateral non-stimulated control muscle. RESULTS Protein synthesis increased solely in muscles subjected to a combination of excitation and tension development (ECC and STIM + IMA + PAS). The same pattern was true for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling for gene transcription as well as for gene transcription of immediate early genes FOS and JUN. In contrast, mechanistic target of rapamycin Complex 1 signalling for translation initiation increased in all muscles subjected to increased tension development (ECC and STIM + IMA + PAS as well as PAS). CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that exercise-induced increases in protein synthesis as well as transcriptional signalling is dependent on the concomitant effect of excitation and tension development, whereas signalling for translation initiation is only dependent of tension development per se.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rindom
- Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Jon Herskind
- Section for Sport Science Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Kristian Overgaard
- Section for Sport Science Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Section for Sport Science Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Frank V. Paoli
- Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The Paradoxical Effect of PARP Inhibitor BGP-15 on Irinotecan-Induced Cachexia and Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123810. [PMID: 33348673 PMCID: PMC7766767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Both cancer and the chemotherapy used to treat it are drivers of cachexia, a life-threatening body-wasting condition which complicates cancer treatment. Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are currently being investigated as a treatment against cancer. Here, we present paradoxical evidence that they might also be useful for mitigating the skeletal muscle specific side-effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy or exacerbate them. BGP-15 is a small molecule PARP inhibitor which protected against irinotecan (IRI)-induced cachexia and loss of skeletal muscle mass and dysfunction in our study. However, peculiarly, BGP-15 adjuvant therapy reduced protein synthesis rates and the expression of key cytoskeletal proteins associated with the dystrophin-associated protein complex and increased matrix metalloproteinase activity, while it increased the propensity for fast-twitch muscles to tear during fatiguing contraction. Our data suggest that both IRI and BGP-15 cause structural remodeling involving proteins associated with the contractile apparatus, cytoskeleton and/or the extracellular matrix which may be only transient and ultimately beneficial or may paradoxically onset a muscular dystrophy phenotype and be detrimental if more permanent. Abstract Chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting and dysfunction is a contributing factor to cachexia alongside cancer and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Here, we investigate the effects of the chemotherapeutic agent irinotecan (IRI) on skeletal muscle mass and function and whether BGP-15 (a poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor and heat shock protein co-inducer) adjuvant therapy could protect against IRI-induced skeletal myopathy. Healthy 6-week-old male Balb/C mice (n = 24; 8/group) were treated with six intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle, IRI (30 mg/kg) or BGP-15 adjuvant therapy (IRI+BGP; 15 mg/kg) over two weeks. IRI reduced lean and tibialis anterior mass, which were attenuated by IRI+BGP treatment. Remarkably, IRI reduced muscle protein synthesis, while IRI+BGP reduced protein synthesis further. These changes occurred in the absence of a change in crude markers of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and protein degradation. Interestingly, the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin was reduced in both IRI- and IRI+BGP-treated mice, while IRI+BGP treatment also decreased β-dystroglycan, suggesting significant remodeling of the cytoskeleton. IRI reduced absolute force production of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, while IRI+BGP rescued absolute force production of the soleus and strongly trended to rescue force output of the EDL (p = 0.06), which was associated with improvements in mass. During the fatiguing stimulation, IRI+BGP-treated EDL muscles were somewhat susceptible to rupture at the musculotendinous junction, likely due to BGP-15’s capacity to maintain the rate of force development within a weakened environment characterized by significant structural remodeling. Our paradoxical data highlight that BGP-15 has some therapeutic advantage by attenuating IRI-induced skeletal myopathy; however, its effects on the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, which appear to make fast-twitch muscles more prone to tearing during contraction, could suggest the induction of muscular dystrophy and, thus, require further characterization.
Collapse
|
34
|
Loos CMM, McLeod KR, Stratton SC, van Doorn DA, Kalmar ID, Vanzant ES, Urschel KL. Pathways regulating equine skeletal muscle protein synthesis respond in a dose-dependent manner to graded levels of protein intake. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5896557. [PMID: 32835365 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-controlled anabolic signaling pathways in skeletal muscle of rodents and humans is responsive to the level of dietary protein supply, with maximal activation and rates of protein synthesis achieved with 0.2 to 0.4 g protein/kg body weight (BW). In horses, few data are available on the required level of dietary protein to maximize protein synthesis for maintenance and growth of skeletal muscle. To evaluate the effect of dietary protein level on muscle mTOR pathway activation, five mares received different amounts of a protein supplement that provided 0, 0.06, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 g of crude protein (CP)/kg BW per meal in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. On each sample day, horses were fasted overnight and were fed only their protein meal the following morning. A preprandial (0 min) and postprandial (90 min) blood sample was collected and a gluteus medius muscle sample was obtained 90 min after feeding the protein meal. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and amino acid concentrations. Activation of mTOR pathway components (mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 [rpS6]) in the muscle samples was measured by Western immunoblot analysis. Postprandial plasma glucose (P = 0.007) and insulin (P = 0.09) showed a quadratic increase, while total essential amino acid (P < 0.0001) concentrations increased linearly with the graded intake of the protein supplement. Activation of mTOR (P = 0.02) and its downstream target, rpS6 (P = 0.0008), increased quadratically and linearly in relation to the level of protein intake, respectively. Comparisons of individual doses showed no differences (P > 0.05) between the 0.25 and 0.5 g of protein intake for either mTOR or rpS6 activation, indicating that protein synthesis may have reached near maximal capacity around 0.25 g CP/kg BW. This is the first study to show that the activation of muscle protein synthetic pathways in horses is dose-dependent on the level of protein intake. Consumption of a moderate dose of high-quality protein resulted in near maximal muscle mTOR pathway activation in mature, sedentary horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M M Loos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kyle R McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sophie C Stratton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Isabelle D Kalmar
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eric S Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fernández-Lázaro D, González-Bernal JJ, Sánchez-Serrano N, Navascués LJ, Ascaso-del-Río A, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Physical Exercise as a Multimodal Tool for COVID-19: Could It Be Used as a Preventive Strategy? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228496. [PMID: 33212762 PMCID: PMC7697788 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel coronavirus not previously recognized in humans until late 2019. On 31 December 2019, a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unspecified etiology was reported to the World Health Organization in China. The availability of adequate SARS-CoV-2 drugs is also limited, and the efficacy and safety of these drugs for COVID-2019 pneumonia patients need to be assessed by further clinical trials. For these reasons, there is a need for other strategies against COVID-19 that are capable of prevention and treatment. Physical exercise has proven to be an effective therapy for most chronic diseases and microbial infections with preventive/therapeutic benefits, considering that exercise involves primary immunological mediators and/or anti-inflammatory properties. This review aimed to provide an insight into how the implementation of a physical exercise program against COVID-19 may be a useful complementary tool for prevention, which can also enhance recovery, improve quality of life, and provide immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in the long term. In summary, physical exercise training exerts immunomodulatory effects, controls the viral gateway, modulates inflammation, stimulates nitric oxide synthesis pathways, and establishes control over oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-975-129-185
| | | | - Nerea Sánchez-Serrano
- Microbiology Unit of the Santa Bárbara Hospital, Castilla-Léon Health (SACyL), 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Lourdes Jiménez Navascués
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Ana Ascaso-del-Río
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, IdISSC, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mirzoev TM. Skeletal Muscle Recovery from Disuse Atrophy: Protein Turnover Signaling and Strategies for Accelerating Muscle Regrowth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217940. [PMID: 33114683 PMCID: PMC7663166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers have a unique capacity to adjust their metabolism and phenotype in response to alternations in mechanical loading. Indeed, chronic mechanical loading leads to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, while prolonged mechanical unloading results in a significant decrease in muscle mass (muscle atrophy). The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is dependent on the balance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. While molecular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis during mechanical unloading have been relatively well studied, signaling events implicated in protein turnover during skeletal muscle recovery from unloading are poorly defined. A better understanding of the molecular events that underpin muscle mass recovery following disuse-induced atrophy is of significant importance for both clinical and space medicine. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the activation of protein synthesis and subsequent restoration of muscle mass after a period of mechanical unloading. In addition, the efficiency of strategies proposed to improve muscle protein gain during recovery is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow 123007, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lysenko EA, Popov DV, Vepkhvadze TF, Sharova AP, Vinogradova OL. Moderate-Intensity Strength Exercise to Exhaustion Results in More Pronounced Signaling Changes in Skeletal Muscles of Strength-Trained Compared With Untrained Individuals. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1103-1112. [PMID: 30299394 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lysenko, EA, Popov, DV, Vepkhvadze, TF, Sharova, AP, and Vinogradova, OL. Moderate-intensity strength exercise to exhaustion results in more pronounced signaling changes in skeletal muscles of strength-trained compared with untrained individuals. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1103-1112, 2020-The aim of our investigation was to compare the response pattern of signaling proteins and genes regulating protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle after strength exercise sessions performed to volitional fatigue in strength-trained and untrained males. Eight healthy recreationally active males and 8 power-lifting athletes performed 4 sets of unilateral leg presses to exhaustion (65% 1 repetition maximum). Biopsy samples of m. vastus lateralis were obtained before, 1 and 5 hours after cessation of exercise. Phosphorylation of p70S6k, 4EBP1, and ACC increased, whereas phosphorylation of eEF2 and FOXO1 decreased only in the trained group after exercise. Expression of DDIT4, MURF1, and FOXO1 mRNAs increased and expression of MSTN mRNA decreased also only in the trained group after exercise. In conclusion, moderate-intensity strength exercise performed to volitional fatigue changed the phosphorylation status of mTORC1 downstream signaling molecules and markers of ubiquitin-proteasome system activation in trained individuals, suggesting activation of protein synthesis and degradation. In contrast to the trained group, signaling responses in the untrained group were considerably less pronounced. It can be assumed that the slowdown in muscle mass gain as the athletes increase in qualification cannot be associated with a decrease in the sensitivity of systems regulating protein metabolism, but possibly with inadequate intake or assimilation of nutrients necessary for anabolism. Perhaps, the intake of highly digestible protein or protein-carbohydrate dietary supplements could contribute to the increase in muscle mass in strength athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Lysenko
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, SSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil V Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, SSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana F Vepkhvadze
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, SSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and
| | - Anna P Sharova
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, SSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and
| | - Olga L Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, SSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brunetti D, Bottani E, Segala A, Marchet S, Rossi F, Orlando F, Malavolta M, Carruba MO, Lamperti C, Provinciali M, Nisoli E, Valerio A. Targeting Multiple Mitochondrial Processes by a Metabolic Modulator Prevents Sarcopenia and Cognitive Decline in SAMP8 Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1171. [PMID: 32848778 PMCID: PMC7411305 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-dependent declines of skeletal muscle and cognitive functions often coexist in elderly subjects. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms share common features of mitochondrial dysfunction, which plays a central role in the development of overt sarcopenia and/or dementia. Dietary supplementation with formulations of essential and branched-chain amino acids (EAA-BCAA) is a promising preventive strategy because it can preserve mitochondrial biogenesis and function. The senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) is considered an accurate model of age-related muscular and cognitive alterations. Hence, we aimed to investigate the progression of mitochondrial dysfunctions during muscular and cognitive aging of SAMP8 mice and to study the effects of a novel EAA-BCAA-based metabolic modulator on these changes. We evaluated body condition, motor endurance, and working memory of SAMP8 mice at 5, 9, 12, and 15 months of age. Parallel changes in protein levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain subunits, regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, and the antioxidant response, as well as respiratory complex activities, were measured in the quadriceps femoris and the hippocampus. The same variables were assessed in 12-month-old SAMP8 mice that had received dietary supplementation with the novel EAA-BCAA formulation, containing tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and co-factors (PD-0E7, 1.5 mg/kg/body weight/day in drinking water) for 3 months. Contrary to untreated mice, which had a significant molecular and phenotypic impairment, PD-0E7-treated mice showed preserved healthy body condition, muscle weight to body weight ratio, motor endurance, and working memory at 12 months of age. The PD-0E7 mixture increased the protein levels and the enzymatic activities of mitochondrial complex I, II, and IV and the expression of proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, optic atrophy protein 1, and nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 in muscles and hippocampi. The mitochondrial amyloid-β-degrading pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1 was upregulated, while amyloid precursor protein was reduced in the hippocampi of PD-0E7 treated mice. In conclusion, we show that a dietary supplement tailored to boost mitochondrial respiration preserves skeletal muscle and hippocampal mitochondrial quality control and health. When administered at the early onset of age-related physical and cognitive decline, this novel metabolic inducer counteracts the deleterious effects of precocious aging in both domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Brunetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Agnese Segala
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchet
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Rossi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Orlando
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele O Carruba
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Center for Study and Research on Obesity, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Center for Study and Research on Obesity, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vitamin D Inhibits Myogenic Cell Fusion and Expression of Fusogenic Genes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082192. [PMID: 32717927 PMCID: PMC7469064 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, is an important nutrient for tissue homeostasis and is recently gaining attention for its role in sarcopenia. Although several studies have focused on the role of vitamin D in muscle homeostasis, the molecular mechanism underlying its action on skeletal muscle remains unclear. This study investigated the role of vitamin D in myogenesis and muscle fiber maintenance in an immortalized mouse myogenic cell line. A high concentration of active vitamin D, 1α,25(OH)2D3, decreased the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), myf5 and myogenin in proliferating myoblasts. In addition, high concentration of vitamin D reduced myoblast-to-myoblast and myoblast-to-myotube fusion through the inhibition of Tmem8c (myomaker) and Gm7325 (myomerger), which encode muscle-specific fusion-related micropeptides. A similar inhibitory effect of vitamin D was also observed in immortalized human myogenic cells. A high concentration of vitamin D also induced hypertrophy of multinucleated myotubes by stimulating protein anabolism. The results from this study indicated that vitamin D had both positive and negative effects on muscle homeostasis, such as in muscle regeneration and myofiber maintenance. Elderly individuals face a higher risk of falling and suffering fractures; hence, administration of vitamin D for treating fractures in the elderly could actually promote fusion impairment and, consequently, severe defects in muscle regeneration. Therefore, our results suggest that vitamin D replacement therapy should be used for prevention of age-related muscle loss, rather than for treatment of sarcopenia.
Collapse
|
40
|
Harachi M, Masui K, Honda H, Muragaki Y, Kawamata T, Cavenee WK, Mischel PS, Shibata N. Dual Regulation of Histone Methylation by mTOR Complexes Controls Glioblastoma Tumor Cell Growth via EZH2 and SAM. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1142-1152. [PMID: 32366675 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation known for DNA methylation and histone modification is critical for securing proper gene expression and chromosomal function, and its aberration induces various pathologic conditions including cancer. Trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is known to suppress various genes related to cancer cell survival and the level of H3K27me3 may have an influence on tumor progression and malignancy. However, it remains unclear how histone methylation is regulated in response to genetic mutation and microenvironmental cues to facilitate the cancer cell survival. Here, we report a novel mechanism of the specific regulation of H3K27me3 by cooperatively two mTOR complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2 in human glioblastoma (GBM). Integrated analyses revealed that mTORC1 upregulates the protein expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2, a main component of polycomb repressive complex 2 which is known as H3K27-specific methyltransferase. The other mTOR complex, mTORC2, regulates production of S-adenosylmethionine, an essential substrate for histone methylation. This cooperative regulation causes H3K27 hypermethylation which subsequently promotes tumor cell survival both in vitro and in vivo xenografted mouse tumor model. These results indicate that activated mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes cooperatively contribute to tumor progression through specific epigenetic regulation, nominating them as an exploitable therapeutic target against cancer. IMPLICATIONS: A dynamic regulation of histone methylation by mTOR complexes promotes tumor growth in human GBM, but at the same time could be exploitable as a novel therapeutic target against this deadly tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Harachi
- Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Masui
- Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gholamnezhad Z, Mégarbane B, Rezaee R. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Exercise. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:45-61. [PMID: 32342449 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several experimental and human studies documented the preventive and therapeutic effects of exercise on the normal physiological function of different body systems during aging as well as various diseases. Recent studies using cellular and molecular (biochemical, proteomics, and genomics) techniques indicated that exercise modifies intracellular and extracellular signaling and pathways. In addition, in vivo or in vitro experiments, particularly, using knockout and transgenic animals, helped to mimic physiological conditions during and after exercise. According to the findings of these studies, some important signaling pathways modulated by exercise are Ca2+-dependent calcineurin/activated nuclear factor of activated T-cells, mammalian target of rapamycin, myostatin/Smad, and AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha. Such modulations contribute to cell adaptation and remodeling of muscle fiber type in response to exercise. Despite great improvement in this field, there are still several unanswered questions as well as unfixed issues concerning clinical trials' biases and limitations. Nevertheless, designing multicenter standard clinical trials while considering individual variability and the exercise modality and duration will improve the perspective we have on the mechanisms mediating adaptation to exercise and final outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Son DH, Hwang NH, Chung WH, Seong HS, Lim H, Cho ES, Choi JW, Kang KS, Kim YM. Whole-genome resequencing analysis of 20 Micro-pigs. Genes Genomics 2019; 42:263-272. [PMID: 31833050 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miniature pigs have been increasingly used as mammalian model animals for biomedical research because of their similarity to human beings in terms of their metabolic features and proportional organ sizes. However, despite their importance, there is a severe lack of genome-wide studies on miniature pigs. OBJECTIVE In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing analysis of 20 Micro-pigs obtained from Medi Kinetics to elucidate their genomic characteristics. RESULTS Approximately 595 gigabase pairs (Gb) of sequence reads were generated to be mapped to the swine reference genome assembly (Sus scrofa 10.2); on average, the sequence reads covered 99.15% of the reference genome at an average of 9.6-fold coverage. We detected a total of 19,518,548 SNPs, of which 8.7% were found to be novel. With further annotation of all of the SNPs, we retrieved 144,507 nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs); of these, 5968 were found in all 20 individuals used in this study. SIFT prediction for these SNPs identified that 812 nsSNPs in 402 genes were deleterious. Among these 402 genes, we identified some genes that could potentially affect traits of interest in Micro-pigs, such as RHEB and FRAS1. Furthermore, we performed runs of homozygosity analysis to locate potential selection signatures in the genome, detecting several loci that might be involved in phenotypic characteristics in Micro-pigs, such as MSTN, GDF5, and GDF11. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified numerous nsSNPs that could be used as candidate genetic markers with involvement in traits of interest. Furthermore, we detected putative selection footprints that might be associated with recent selection applied to miniature pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Son
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyun Hwang
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hyong Chung
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Research Group of Healthcare, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Seung Seong
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungbum Lim
- Medikinetics Co., Ltd, 4 Hansan-gil, Cheongbuk-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Cho
- Division of Swine Science, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Soo Kang
- Medikinetics Co., Ltd, 4 Hansan-gil, Cheongbuk-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Min Kim
- Division of Swine Science, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Valladares-Ide D, Peñailillo L, Collao N, Marambio H, Deldicque L, Zbinden-Foncea H. Activation of protein synthesis, regeneration, and MAPK signaling pathways following repeated bouts of eccentric cycling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1131-E1139. [PMID: 31593504 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00216.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the activation of skeletal muscle signaling pathways related to protein synthesis and the gene expression of regeneration/degradation markers following repeated bouts of eccentric cycling. Nine untrained men (25.4 ± 1.9 yr) performed two 30-min eccentric cycling bouts (ECC1, ECC2) at 85% of maximal concentric workload, separated by 2 wk. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and 2 h after each bout. Indirect markers of muscle damage were assessed before and 24-48 h after exercise. Changes in the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/rbosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1)/ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) and MAPK signaling pathways were measured by Western blot and changes in mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) were measured by real-time PCR. ECC1 induced greater increases in indirect markers of muscle damage compared with ECC2. Phosphorylation of S6K1 and rpS6 increased after both exercise bouts (P < 0.05), whereas phosphorylation of mTOR increased after ECC2 only (P = 0.03). Atrogin-1 mRNA expression decreased after ECC1 and ECC2 (P < 0.05) without changes in muscle RING-finger protein-1 mRNA. Basal mRNA levels of myoblast determination protein-1 (MyoD), MRF4, and myogenin were higher 2 wk after ECC1 (P < 0.05). MRF4 mRNA increased after ECC1 and ECC2 (P < 0.05), whereas MyoD mRNA expression increased only after ECC1 (P = 0.03). Phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK increased after both exercise bouts (P < 0.05), similar to IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA expression. All together, these results suggest that differential regulation of the mTOR pathway and MRF expression could mediate the repeated bout effect observed between an initial and secondary bout of eccentric exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Valladares-Ide
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Collao
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Marambio
- Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Torre-Villalvazo I, Alemán-Escondrillas G, Valle-Ríos R, Noriega LG. Protein intake and amino acid supplementation regulate exercise recovery and performance through the modulation of mTOR, AMPK, FGF21, and immunity. Nutr Res 2019; 72:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
45
|
Kirby TJ. Mechanosensitive pathways controlling translation regulatory processes in skeletal muscle and implications for adaptation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:608-618. [PMID: 31295035 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of myofibers to sense and respond appropriately to mechanical signals is one of the primary determinants of the skeletal muscle phenotype. In response to a change in mechanical load, muscle cells alter their protein metabolism, primarily through the regulation of protein synthesis rate. Protein synthesis rates are determined by both translation efficiency and translational capacity within the muscle. Translational capacity is strongly determined by the ribosome content of the muscle; thus the regulation of ribosomal biogenesis by mechanical inputs has been an area of recent interest. Despite the clear association between mechanical signals and changes in protein metabolism, the molecular pathways that link these events are still not fully elucidated. This review focuses on recent studies looking at how mechanosignaling impacts translational events. The role of impaired mechanotransduction in aging is discussed, as is the connection between age-dependent signaling defects and compromised ribosomal biogenesis during mechanical overload. Finally, emerging evidence suggests that the nucleus can act as a mechanosensitive element and that this mode of mechanotransduction may have an important role in skeletal muscle physiology and adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kirby
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen K, Zheng Y, Wei JA, Ouyang H, Huang X, Zhang F, Lai CSW, Ren C, So KF, Zhang L. Exercise training improves motor skill learning via selective activation of mTOR. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw1888. [PMID: 31281888 PMCID: PMC6609215 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise improves learning and memory, but little in vivo evidence has been provided to illustrate the molecular mechanisms. Here, we show that chronic treadmill exercise activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in mouse motor cortex. Both ex vivo and in vivo recordings suggest that mTOR activation leads to potentiated postsynaptic excitation and enhanced neuronal activity of layer 5 pyramidal neurons after exercise, in association with increased oligodendrogenesis and axonal myelination. Exercise training also increases dendritic spine formation and motor learning. Together, exercise activates mTOR pathway, which is necessary for spinogenesis, neuronal activation, and axonal myelination leading to improved motor learning. This model provides new insights for neural network adaptations through exercises and supports the intervention of cognitive deficits using exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ji-an Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Huan Ouyang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Peking University, Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Cora Sau Wan Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Ren
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Expression profile analysis of long non-coding RNA in skeletal muscle of osteoporosis by microarray and bioinformatics. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:50. [PMID: 31164921 PMCID: PMC6544974 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis (OP) is a condition featured by bone mass loss and bone tissue microarchitectural alterations due to impaired tissue homeostasis favoring excessive bone resorption versus deposition. The trigger of such an impairment and the downstream molecular pathways involved are yet to be clarified. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a role in gene transcription, protein expression and epigenetic regulation; and altered expression results in immune or metabolism related desease development. To determine whether lncRNAs are involved in osteoporosis, we analyzed the expression profile of lncRNAs and mRNAs in osteoporosis. Method Three pairs of osteoporosis patients (OP group) and healthy people controls (NC group) were screened by microarray. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm dysregulated lncRNA expressions in 5 pairs of OP and NC group tissues samples. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to construct the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. Result Through co-expression analysis, differently expressed transcripts were divided into modules, and lncRNAs were functionally annotated. We further analyzed the clinical significance of crucial lncRNAs from modules in public data. Finally, the expression of five lncRNAs, CUST_44695_PI430048170-GeneSymbol:CTA-384D8.35;CUST_39447_PI430048170,CUST_73298_PI430048170,CUST_108340_PI430048170,CUST_118927_PI430048170,this four lncRNAs have not been annotation genes and have not found GeneSymbols, and by quantitative RT-PCR, which may be associated with osteoporosis patients’ overall survival. Conclusion Analysis of this study revealed that dysregulated lncRNAs and mRNAs in osteoporosis patients and health people controls could affect the immune or metabolism system and musculoskeletal cell differentiation. The biological functions of those lncRNAs need to be further validated.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lysenko EA, Popov DV, Vepkhvadze TF, Sharova AP, Vinogradova OL. Signaling responses to high and moderate load strength exercise in trained muscle. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14100. [PMID: 31090216 PMCID: PMC6517334 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined signaling responses in the skeletal muscle of strength athletes after strength exercises under high and moderate load. Eight trained male powerlifters were recruited. The volunteers performed four sets of leg presses to volitional fatigue using a moderate load (65% 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) for one leg, and a high load (85% 1RM) for the contralateral leg. The work volume performed by the leg moving a moderate load was higher than that of the contralateral leg moving a high load. Biopsy of the m. vastus lateralis was performed before, and at 1, 5, and 10 h after, cessation of exercise. Phosphorylation of p70S6kThr389 , 4E-BP1Thr37/46 , and ACCSer79 increased after moderate load exercises, whereas phosphorylation of ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204 increased, and that of eEF2Thr56 decreased, after high load exercises. Exercise under a moderate load and a high work volume activated mTORC1-dependent signaling in trained skeletal muscle, whereas exercise under a high load but lower work volume activated the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling cascade and eEF2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Lysenko
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologySSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems RASMoscowRussia
- Faculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Daniil V. Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologySSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems RASMoscowRussia
- Faculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Tatiana F. Vepkhvadze
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologySSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems RASMoscowRussia
| | - Anna P. Sharova
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologySSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems RASMoscowRussia
| | - Olga L. Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologySSC RF Institute of Biomedical Problems RASMoscowRussia
- Faculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
You JS, McNally RM, Jacobs BL, Privett RE, Gundermann DM, Lin KH, Steinert ND, Goodman CA, Hornberger TA. The role of raptor in the mechanical load-induced regulation of mTOR signaling, protein synthesis, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. FASEB J 2019; 33:4021-4034. [PMID: 30509128 PMCID: PMC6404572 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801653rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that an increase in mechanical loading can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and a long standing model in the field indicates that mechanical loads induce hypertrophy via a mechanism that requires signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Specifically, it has been widely proposed that mechanical loads activate signaling through mTORC1 and that this, in turn, promotes an increase in the rate of protein synthesis and the subsequent hypertrophic response. However, this model is based on a number of important assumptions that have not been rigorously tested. In this study, we created skeletal muscle specific and inducible raptor knockout mice to eliminate signaling by mTORC1, and with these mice we were able to directly demonstrate that mechanical stimuli can activate signaling by mTORC1, and that mTORC1 is necessary for mechanical load-induced hypertrophy. Surprisingly, however, we also obtained multiple lines of evidence that indicate that mTORC1 is not required for a mechanical load-induced increase in the rate of protein synthesis. This observation highlights an important shortcoming in our understanding of how mechanical loads induce hypertrophy and illustrates that additional mTORC1-independent mechanisms play a critical role in this process.-You, J.-S., McNally, R. M., Jacobs, B. L., Privett, R. E., Gundermann, D. M., Lin, K.-H., Steinert, N. D., Goodman, C. A., Hornberger, T. A. The role of raptor in the mechanical load-induced regulation of mTOR signaling, protein synthesis, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung You
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rachel M. McNally
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brittany L. Jacobs
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rachel E. Privett
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David M. Gundermann
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nate D. Steinert
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Craig A. Goodman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Goodman CA. Role of mTORC1 in mechanically induced increases in translation and skeletal muscle mass. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:581-590. [PMID: 30676865 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01011.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is, in part, regulated by the rate of mRNA translation (i.e., protein synthesis). The conserved serine/threonine kinase, mTOR (the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin), found in the multiprotein complex, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), is a major positive regulator of protein synthesis. The purpose of this review is to describe some of the critical steps in translation initiation, mTORC1 and its potential direct and indirect roles in regulating translation, and evidence that mTORC1 regulates protein synthesis and muscle mass, with a particular focus on basal conditions and the response to mechanical stimuli. Current evidence suggests that for acute contraction models of mechanical stimuli, there is an emerging pattern suggesting that there is an early increase in protein synthesis governed by a rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1-dependent mechanism, while at later poststimulation time points, the mechanism may change to a rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1-dependent or even an mTORC1-independent mechanism. Furthermore, evidence suggests that mTORC1 appears to be absolutely necessary for muscle fiber hypertrophy induced by chronic mechanical loading but may only play a partial role in the hypertrophy induced by more intermittent types of acute resistance exercise, with the possibility of mTORC1-independent mechanisms also playing a role. Despite the progress that has been made, many questions about the activation of mTORC1, and its downstream targets, remain to be answered. Further research will hopefully provide novel insights into the regulation of skeletal muscle mTORC1 that may eventually be translated into novel exercise programing and/or targeted pharmacological therapies aimed at preventing muscle wasting and/or increasing muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Goodman
- Institute of Health and Sport; Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|