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Cabé J, Brousse G, Pereira B, Cabé N, Karsinti E, Zerdazi EH, Icick R, Llorca PM, Bloch V, Vorspan F, De Chazeron I. Influence of Clinical Markers of Dopaminergic Behaviors on Depressive Symptoms During Withdrawal in Cocaine Users. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:775670. [PMID: 34880796 PMCID: PMC8645893 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.775670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During cocaine withdrawal, transient depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for depression, but promote relapse, are frequently observed. Their temporality could evoke a role of dopamine, especially since the underlying mechanism of these depressive symptoms is not well understood. We hypothesized that variation in the dopaminergic activity profile, modeled from clinical markers, could be implicated in the development of depressive symptoms during cocaine withdrawal. Methods: We compared patients reporting depressive symptoms (RDS+) or not (RDS-) during cocaine withdrawal. We evaluated dopaminergic activity through indirect clinical markers based on the known dopaminergic behaviors. A combined criterion was constructed for hyper and hypo dopaminergic models according to the O'Brien method and illustrated by the Hedges' effect-size and forest-plot graph. A multidimensional factorial analysis was carried out to determine which parameters discriminate RDS+/RDS- patients. Results: 313 patients were included, and 77% reported depressive symptoms during cocaine withdrawal. Hyperdopaminergic variables used to discriminate the two groups had a large overall effect size (-0.669) and included psychotic symptoms (-0.524), hallucinations (-0.548), and delusions (-0.528). The overall effect of the hypodopaminergic component was considerable (-0.604) with a large effect size for the severity of dependence (-0.616), withdrawal symptoms (-0.578), and anhedonia (-0.528). The combined model including hyperdopaminergic and hypodopaminergic components had the largest effect size (-0.785). Conclusion: The dopaminergic activities profile, assessed by indirect clinical markers, seems to characterize patients with depressive symptoms very well during cocaine withdrawal. RDS+ patients reported moreover higher levels of psychotic symptoms and more severe cocaine use disorder than RDS-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cabé
- Service d'addictologie et pathologies duelles, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Georges Brousse
- Service d'addictologie et pathologies duelles, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Direction de la Recherche Clinique et des Innovations, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Cabé
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université de Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
- Service d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Emily Karsinti
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université de Paris, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, France
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - El-Hadi Zerdazi
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université de Paris, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, France
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Romain Icick
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université de Paris, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, France
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre M. Llorca
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Psychiatrie B, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université de Paris, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, France
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université de Paris, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, France
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ingrid De Chazeron
- Service d'addictologie et pathologies duelles, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Blanco-Gandia MC, Montagud-Romero S, Rodríguez-Arias M. Binge eating and psychostimulant addiction. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:517-529. [PMID: 34631457 PMCID: PMC8475000 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i9.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the various factors, characteristics, and variables involved in the addictive process can determine an individual’s vulnerability to develop drug addiction. Hedonic eating, based on pleasure rather than energy needs, modulates the same reward circuits, as do drugs of abuse. According to the last report of the World Health Organization, the worldwide obesity rate has more than doubled since 1980, reaching especially critical levels in children and young people, who are overexposed to high-fat, high-sugar, energy-dense foods. Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of studies focused on how eating disorders can lead to the development of drug addiction and on the comorbidity that exists between the two disorders. Herein, we review the most recent research on the subject, focusing especially on animal models of binge eating disorders and drug addiction. The complex profile of patients with substance use and binge eating disorders requires an integrated response to dually diagnosed patients. Nutritional patterns should be considered an important variable in the treatment of substance use disorders, and future studies need to focus on specific treatments and interventions in individuals who show a special vulnerability to shift from one addiction to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Stull SW, Bertz JW, Panlilio LV, Kowalczyk WJ, Phillips KA, Moran LM, Lin JL, Vahabzadeh M, Finan PH, Preston KL, Epstein DH. I feel good? Anhedonia might not mean "without pleasure" for people treated for opioid use disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 130:537-549. [PMID: 34472889 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia is usually defined as partial or total loss of the capacity for pleasure. People with anhedonia in the context of major depressive disorder may have an unexpected capacity for event-related mood brightening, observable when mood is assessed dynamically (with smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment [EMA]) rather than only statically via questionnaire. We used EMA to monitor mood and pleasant events for 4 weeks in 54 people being treated with opioid agonist medication for opioid-use disorder (OUD), which is also associated with anhedonia, said to manifest especially as loss of pleasure from nondrug reward. We compared OUD patients' EMA reports with those of 47 demographically similar controls. Background positive mood was lower in OUD patients than in controls, as we hypothesized (Cohen ds = .85 to 1.32, 95% CIs [.66, 1.55]), although, contrary to our hypothesis, background negative mood was also lower (ds = .82 to .85, 95% CIs [.73, .94]). As hypothesized, instances of nondrug pleasure were as frequent in OUD patients as in controls-and were not rated much less pleasurable (d = .18, 95% CI [-.03, .35]). Event-related mood brightening occurred in both abstinent and nonabstinent OUD patients (ds = .18 to .37, CIs [-.01, .57]) and controls (ds = .04 to .60, CIs [-.17, .79]), brightening before each event began earlier for controls than OUD patients, but faded similarly postevent across groups. Our findings add to the evidence that anhedonia does not rule out reactive mood brightening, which, for people with OUD being treated on opioid agonist medication, can be elicited by nondrug activities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Warnock CA, Lauckner CL, Ingram LA. An exploratory study of indicators of recent nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021:1-6. [PMID: 34398705 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1923506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between past 30-day nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPSU) and past 30-day marijuana and/or alcohol use, past 30-day risky marijuana and/or alcohol use, student demographics, and student activity involvement among college students. Participants: Sample of 604 college-aged students at two large universities in the southeastern U.S. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was completed electronically. Logistic regression was used to identify and test covariates of past 30-day NPSU. Results: Over 20% of participants self-reported past NPSU. Using both marijuana and alcohol in the past 30 days (B = 3.293, p = .002, OR= 26.91, 95% CI OR= 3.42, 211.92) and engaging in both risky marijuana and alcohol use (B = 2.095, p < .001, OR = 8.13, 95% CI OR = 2.52, 25.17) were significantly related to past 30-day NPSU. Conclusions: NPSU may be indicative of broader polysubstance use problems among college-aged students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy A Ingram
- University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Simmons SJ, Gentile TA. Cocaine abuse and midbrain circuits: Functional anatomy of hypocretin/orexin transmission and therapeutic prospect. Brain Res 2020; 1731:146164. [PMID: 30796894 PMCID: PMC6702109 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse remains a pervasive public health problem, and treatments thus far have proven ineffective for long-term abstinence maintenance. Intensive research on the neurobiology underlying drug abuse has led to the consideration of many candidate transmitter systems to target for intervention. Among these, the hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/ox) neuropeptide system holds largely untapped yet clinically viable therapeutic potential. Hcrt/ox originates from the hypothalamus and projects widely across the mammalian central nervous system to produce neuroexcitatory actions via two excitatory G-protein coupled receptor subtypes. Functionally, hcrt/ox promotes arousal/wakefulness and facilitates energy homeostasis. In the early 2000s, hcrt/ox transmission was shown to underlie mating behavior in male rats suggesting a novel role in reward-seeking. Soon thereafter, hcrt/ox neurons were shown to respond to drug-associated stimuli, and hcrt/ox transmission was found to facilitate motivated responding for intravenous cocaine. Notably, blocking hcrt/ox transmission using systemic or site-directed pharmacological antagonists markedly reduced motivated drug-taking as well as drug-seeking in tests of relapse. This review will unfold the current state of knowledge implicating hcrt/ox receptor transmission in the context of cocaine abuse and provide detailed background on animal models and underlying midbrain circuits. Specifically, attention will be paid to the mesoaccumbens, tegmental, habenular, pallidal and preoptic circuits. The review will conclude with discussion of recent preclinical studies assessing utility of suvorexant - the first and only FDA-approved hcrt/ox receptor antagonist - against cocaine-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Simmons
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Taylor A Gentile
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Abstract
Addiction to substances such as alcohol, cocaine, opioids, and methamphetamine poses a continuing clinical and public challenge globally. Despite progress in understanding substance use disorders, challenges remain in their treatment. Some of these challenges include limited ability of therapeutics to reach the brain (blood-brain barrier), adverse systemic side effects of current medications, and importantly key aspects of addiction not addressed by currently available treatments (such as cognitive impairment). Inability to sustain abstinence or seek treatment due to cognitive deficits such as poor decision-making and impulsivity is known to cause poor treatment outcomes. In this review, we provide an evidenced-based rationale for intranasal drug delivery as a viable and safe treatment modality to bypass the blood-brain barrier and target insulin to the brain to improve the treatment of addiction. Intranasal insulin with improvement of brain cell energy and glucose metabolism, stress hormone reduction, and improved monoamine transmission may be an ideal approach for treating multiple domains of addiction including memory and impulsivity. This may provide additional benefits to enhance current treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Kashyap
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, 295 Phalen Blvd, St Paul, Minnesota, 55130, USA.
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Leah R Hanson
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, 295 Phalen Blvd, St Paul, Minnesota, 55130, USA
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA
| | - William H Frey Ii
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, 295 Phalen Blvd, St Paul, Minnesota, 55130, USA
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA
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7
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He ABH, Huang CL, Kozłowska A, Chen JC, Wu CW, Huang ACW, Liu YQ. Involvement of neural substrates in reward and aversion to methamphetamine addiction: Testing the reward comparison hypothesis and the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107090. [PMID: 31521799 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies of drug addiction focus on the reward impact of abused drugs that produces compulsive drug-seeking behavior and drug dependence. However, a small amount of research has examined the opposite effect of aversion to abused drugs to balance the reward effect for drug taking. An aversive behavioral model of abused drugs in terms of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was challenged by the reward comparison hypothesis (Grigson, 1997). To test the reward comparison hypothesis, the present study examined the rewarding or aversive neural substrates involved in methamphetamine-induced conditioned suppression. The behavioral data showed that methamphetamine induced conditioned suppression on conditioning and reacquisition but extinguished it on extinction. A higher level of stressful aversive corticosterone occurred on conditioning and reacquisition but not extinction. The c-Fos or p-ERK immunohistochemical activity showed that the cingulated cortex area 1 (Cg1), infralimbic cortex (IL), prelimbic cortex (PrL), basolateral amygdala (BLA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus were overexpressed in aversive CTA induced by methamphetamine. These data may indicate that the Cg1, IL, PrL, BLA, NAc, and DG probably mediated the paradoxical effect-reward and aversion. Altogether, our data conflicted with the reward comparison hypothesis, and methamphetamine may simultaneously induce the paradoxical effect of reward and aversion in the brain to support the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs. The present data implicate some insights for drug addiction in clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Bo Han He
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan
| | - Chung Lei Huang
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan
| | - Anna Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology, School Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska Av, 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jun Chien Chen
- Department of Substance Abuse and Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital Beitou Branch, Taipei 11243, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Wu
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Keelung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Keelung City 20148, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu Qin Liu
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan
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García-Cabrerizo R, García-Fuster MJ. Adolescent cocaine exposure enhanced negative affect following drug re-exposure in adult rats: Attenuation of c-Fos activation. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:154-162. [PMID: 30484727 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118812353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of the present study was to utilize the adolescent drug experience as an emerging vulnerability factor for developing psychiatric comorbidities in adulthood that could, in turn, help to elucidate and/or hypothesize possible mechanisms contributing to higher relapse rates. OUTCOMES The current results showed that adolescent cocaine exposure (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, seven days) during early-mid adolescence (postnatal days 33-39) enhanced negative affect in adulthood, by increasing behavioral despair following drug re-exposure and by increasing anhedonia. Thus, these behavioral data provided a good model to further ascertain the long-term cellular and molecular adaptations that might take place in the brain in response to adolescent cocaine exposure as well as the impact of drug re-exposure in adulthood. In this regard, the results showed that adolescent cocaine exposure did not modulate cell proliferation (Ki-67+ cells) or c-Fos protein activation in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus, but attenuated c-Fos activation in the dorsal striatum. CONCLUSIONS These results proved that a history of cocaine exposure during adolescence increased the vulnerability to induce negative affect (i.e. emergence of psychiatric comorbidity) in adulthood while it decreased neuronal activation in the dorsal striatum. Interestingly, these effects were only observed following cocaine re-exposure in adulthood, suggesting that avoiding drug contact in adulthood could prevent the long-term negative effects induced by adolescent cocaine.
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9
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D'Souza MS. Brain and Cognition for Addiction Medicine: From Prevention to Recovery Neural Substrates for Treatment of Psychostimulant-Induced Cognitive Deficits. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:509. [PMID: 31396113 PMCID: PMC6667748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants like cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine poses a continuing medical and social challenge both in the United States and all over the world. Despite a desire to quit drug use, return to drug use after a period of abstinence is a common problem among individuals dependent on psychostimulants. Recovery for psychostimulant drug-dependent individuals is particularly challenging because psychostimulant drugs induce significant changes in brain regions associated with cognitive functions leading to cognitive deficits. These cognitive deficits include impairments in learning/memory, poor decision making, and impaired control of behavioral output. Importantly, these drug-induced cognitive deficits often impact adherence to addiction treatment programs and predispose abstinent addicts to drug use relapse. Additionally, these cognitive deficits impact effective social and professional rehabilitation of abstinent addicts. The goal of this paper is to review neural substrates based on animal studies that could be pharmacologically targeted to reverse psychostimulant-induced cognitive deficits such as impulsivity and impairment in learning and memory. Further, the review will discuss neural substrates that could be used to facilitate extinction learning and thus reduce emotional and behavioral responses to drug-associated cues. Moreover, the review will discuss some non-pharmacological approaches that could be used either alone or in combination with pharmacological compounds to treat the above-mentioned cognitive deficits. Psychostimulant addiction treatment, which includes treatment for cognitive deficits, will help promote abstinence and allow for better rehabilitation and integration of abstinent individuals into society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, United States
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10
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MacLean RR, Sofuoglu M. Stimulants and Mood Disorders. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Rorabaugh BR, Sprague L, Norman H, Seeley SL, D'Souza MS. Regulator of G protein signaling 2 differentially regulates nicotine-induced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2110-2117. [PMID: 30103281 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the role of regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2) in nicotine-induced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects using RGS2 wildtype (WT) and RGS2 knockout (KO) mice. RGS2 negatively regulates monoaminergic neurotransmission, which is implicated in the pathology of anxiety and depression. We hypothesized that deletion of RGS2 would enhance nicotine-induced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, which were assessed using the elevated plus maze and tail suspension tests, respectively. Anxiolytic-like effects were observed in both RGS2 WT and KO mice after administration of low dose of nicotine (0.05 mg/kg, base) compared to respective saline controls. Additionally, administration of nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, base) compared to saline resulted in anxiolytic-like effects in RGS2 KO mice, but not RGS2 WT mice, suggesting genetic deletion of RGS2 facilitated anxiolytic-like effects of nicotine. Administration of nicotine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, base) compared to saline resulted in antidepressant-like effects in RGS2 WT mice. Antidepressant-like effects were observed in RGS2 KO mice only at the highest tested dose of nicotine (1 mg/kg, base) compared to saline controls, suggesting that genetic deletion of RGS2 decreased sensitivity to antidepressant-like effects of nicotine. Together, the data suggest that RGS2 differentially regulated nicotine-induced affective behavioral responses. These data suggest that individuals with RGS2 polymorphisms may experience differential affective responses to tobacco smoking, which may make them vulnerable to developing nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyd R Rorabaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio
| | - Lisanne Sprague
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio
| | - Haval Norman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio
| | - Sarah L Seeley
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio
| | - Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio
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Jacobson LH, Vlachou S, Slattery DA, Li X, Cryan JF. The Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid B Receptor in Depression and Reward. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:963-976. [PMID: 29759132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABAB) receptor was the first described obligate G protein-coupled receptor heterodimer and continues to set the stage for discoveries in G protein-coupled receptor signaling complexity. In this review, dedicated to the life and work of Athina Markou, we explore the role of GABAB receptors in depression, reward, and the convergence of these domains in anhedonia, a shared symptom of major depressive disorder and withdrawal from drugs of abuse. GABAB receptor expression and function are enhanced by antidepressants and reduced in animal models of depression. Generally, GABAB receptor antagonists are antidepressant-like and agonists are pro-depressive. Exceptions to this rule likely reflect the differential influence of GABAB1 isoforms in depression-related behavior and neurobiology, including the anhedonic effects of social stress. A wealth of data implicate GABAB receptors in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. We focus on nicotine as an example. GABAB receptor activation attenuates, and deactivation enhances, nicotine reward and associated neurobiological changes. In nicotine withdrawal, however, GABAB receptor agonists, antagonists, and positive allosteric modulators enhance anhedonia, perhaps owing to differential effects of GABAB1 isoforms on the dopaminergic system. Nicotine cue-induced reinstatement is more reliably attenuated by GABAB receptor activation. Separation of desirable and undesirable side effects of agonists is achievable with positive allosteric modulators, which are poised to enter clinical studies for drug abuse. GABAB1 isoforms are key to understanding the neurobiology of anhedonia, whereas allosteric modulators may offer a mechanism for targeting specific brain regions and processes associated with reward and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Styliani Vlachou
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin
| | - David A Slattery
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Cook JW, Lanza ST, Chu W, Baker TB, Piper ME. Anhedonia: Its Dynamic Relations With Craving, Negative Affect, and Treatment During a Quit Smoking Attempt. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:703-709. [PMID: 28486709 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Research shows that abstinence from tobacco leads to a withdrawal-related decrement in responsivity to nondrug rewards (ie, anhedonia). However, it remains unclear how anhedonia relates to other key withdrawal symptoms and withdrawal-related constructs over time. We analyzed ecological momentary assessment data to examine whether a decrement in response to rewards during a 10-day period following quitting shows a pattern of associations with other variables (ie, treatment, tobacco dependence, negative affect, and craving) that is consistent with anhedonia being a tobacco withdrawal symptom. Methods As part of a randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation therapies, 1122 adults (58% female) were assigned to: placebo (n = 131), bupropion (alone or with nicotine lozenge; n = 401), or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT; lozenge, patch, both; n = 590). Participants completed 4 ecological momentary assessments per day for 10 days postquit, resulting in 22 575 assessments. Results Time-varying effect modeling showed that anhedonia was significantly greater among those high in dependence relative to lower dependent smokers out to day 9 postquit. The placebo group showed elevated anhedonia immediately postquit, which fell to levels similar to the treatment groups by day 7. NRT effectively reduced anhedonia and its time-varying association with craving early in the quit attempt. The positive association between negative affect and anhedonia was moderate and stable over time for both active treatment groups. Conclusions These results provide additional support that anhedonia following quitting smoking is a manifestation of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. Implications This study supported the hypothesis that diminished responsivity to nondrug rewards (ie, anhedonia) is a symptom of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. Results showed that anhedonia: (1) was significantly associated with dependence, especially during the early postquit period when withdrawal was at its peak intensity; (2) showed significant time-varying associations with other withdrawal symptoms, especially craving; and (3) was significantly suppressed by agonist administration as was its association with craving over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Cook
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Stephanie T Lanza
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA.,Department of Biobehavioral Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Wanghuan Chu
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Timothy B Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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Gragnani L, Fognani E, De Re V, Libra M, Garozzo A, Caini P, Cerretelli G, Giovannelli A, Lorini S, Monti M, Bagnoli S, Piaceri I, Zignego AL. Notch4 and mhc class II polymorphisms are associated with hcv-related benign and malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71528-71535. [PMID: 29069725 PMCID: PMC5641068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), is a HCV-related, clinically benign, lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) that may evolve into a non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Significant associations were found between two single nucleotide polymorphisms near NOTCH4 (rs2071286) and the HLA class II (rs9461776) genes and HCV-related MC syndrome (MCS). We analyzed NOTCH4 rs2071286 and HLA-II rs9461776 in 3 HCV-related LPD groups (asymptomatic MC, MCS, NHL) with HCV infection without lymphoproliferative disorders. We found a positive relationship between NOTCH4 rs207186 T minor allele frequency (MAF) and patients with HCV-related LPDs at risk of NHL (Chi-square test for trend = 14.84 p = 0.0001), in accordance with an over-dominant model in the NHL group (CT vs CC + TT, OR=1.88, 95% CI 1.24–2.83, p = 0.0026). Regarding HLA II rs9461776, G MAF increased in patients with HCV-related LPDs at risk of NHL (Chi-square test for trend = 8.40 p = 0.0038), in accordance with a recessive genotypic model in the NHL group (G/G vs A/A + A/G, OR = 11.07, 95% CI 2.37–51.64, p = 0.0022). Both NOTCH4 rs2071286 and HLA-II rs9461776 were present on chromosome 6 and showed D’ and r values of linkage disequilibrium (LD) of about 0.5 values, thereby suggesting there is no extensive LD in the HCV+ population. This data shows that the previously demonstrated association between NOTCH4 rs2071286 and HLA-II rs9461776 polymorphisms and HCV-related MCS could be extended to overall patients with HCV-related LPDs. The significant relationship between rs2071286 and rs9461776 MAF and the increased risk for NHL, suggests their use as non-invasive markers to categorize patients at risk of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gragnani
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Fognani
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valli De Re
- Centro di Riferimento oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizio Caini
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Guia Cerretelli
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Giovannelli
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Lorini
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Monti
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Piaceri
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Linda Zignego
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Neurobehavioral Sequelae of Psychostimulant Abuse. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 120:161-77. [PMID: 26070757 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants are a heterogeneous group of drugs known not only for its arousal and motor activity enhancing effects but also for its high risk of abuse. In susceptible individuals, chronic use can cause addiction leading to devastating physical, psychological, and social health consequences. This chapter will focus on the neurobehavioral consequences of psychostimulant abuse. Different models and theories of addiction and possible underlying mechanisms as well as changed in decision making on neuropsychological tasks have been discussed. Prevention and early behavioral intervention are of paramount importance given the lack of approved drug therapies for these patients.
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16
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Marszalek-Grabska M, Gibula-Bruzda E, Jenda M, Gawel K, Kotlinska JH. Memantine improves memory impairment and depressive-like behavior induced by amphetamine withdrawal in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1642:389-396. [PMID: 27085203 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) induces deficits in cognition, and depressive-like behavior following withdrawal. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with memantine (5mg/kg, i.p.), a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, attenuates memory impairment induced by withdrawal from a 1 day binge regimen of AMPH (2mg/kg, four times every 2h, i.p.), in the novel object recognition test in rats. Herein, the influence of scopolamine (0.1mg/kg), an antagonist of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors, and the impact of MK-801 (0.1mg/kg), an antagonist of the NMDA receptors, on the memantine effect, were ascertained. Furthermore, the impact of memantine (5; 10; 20mg/kg, i.p.) was measured on depression-like effects of abstinence, 14 days after the last AMPH treatment (2mg/kg×1×14 days), in the forced swim test. In this test, the efficacy of memantine was compared to that of tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (10; 20; 30mg/kg, i.p.). Our study indicated that withdrawal from a binge regimen of AMPH impaired recognition memory. This effect was attenuated by administration of memantine at both 72h and 7 days of withdrawal. Moreover, prior administration of scopolamine, but not MK-801, decreased the memantine-induced recognition memory improvement. In addition, memantine reversed the AMPH-induced depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test in rats. The antidepressant-like effects of memantine were stronger than those of imipramine. Our study indicates that memantine constitutes a useful approach towards preventing cognitive deficits induced by withdrawal from an AMPH binge regimen and by depressive-like behavior during AMPH abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marszalek-Grabska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - E Gibula-Bruzda
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Jenda
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - K Gawel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - J H Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
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Barnea-Ygael N, Gal R, Zangen A. Chronic cocaine administration induces long-term impairment in the drive to obtain natural reinforcers in high- but not low-demanding tasks. Addict Biol 2016; 21:294-303. [PMID: 25393705 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repeated drug exposure induces short- and long-term neuroadaptations in brain reward circuitries that are normally involved in the regulation of motivation. Hence, repeated drug exposure has been suggested to also affect the drive to acquire natural reinforcers. Here, we tested how chronic exposure of rats to cocaine, as well as a subsequent withdrawal period, affects acquisition of natural reinforcers in high- and low-demanding tasks (HD and LD tasks, respectively). We chronically administered cocaine (i.p., 15 mg/kg once daily, or saline in control) for 30 days, followed by a 30-day withdrawal period. We tested the effect of this treatment on the acquisition of two natural appetitive reinforcers, namely self-administering a 10% sucrose solution and mounting a receptive female, under LD and HD conditions. During the cocaine exposure period, behavioral testing took place 18 hours after cocaine injection, namely after the acute pharmacologic effect of the drug dissipated. We show that chronic i.p. cocaine exposure decreased procurement of both reinforcers in HD but not in LD tasks. The effect was observed throughout the administration period with partial recovery after withdrawal. Taken together, we present empirical evidence that chronic exposure to a constant dose of cocaine is sufficient to reduce natural reinforcement, and that this decrease can outlast drug exposure. Importantly, such effects are observed only when high demands are opposing the consumption of the natural reinforcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Barnea-Ygael
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Israel
| | - Ram Gal
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Israel
| | - Abraham Zangen
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Israel
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18
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Zhou Y, Leri F. Neuroscience of opiates for addiction medicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 223:237-51. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Shagiakhmetov FS, Proskuryakova TV, Shamakina IY. The dynorphin/kappa-opioid system of the brain as a promising target for therapy for dependence on psychoactive substances. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Seiglie MP, Smith KL, Blasio A, Cottone P, Sabino V. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide induces a depressive-like phenotype in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3821-31. [PMID: 26264905 PMCID: PMC4565740 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, life-threatening psychiatric condition characterized by depressed mood, psychomotor alterations, and a markedly diminished interest or pleasure in most activities known as anhedonia. Available pharmacotherapies have limited success and the need for new strategies is clear. Recent studies attribute a major role to the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) system in mediating the response to stress. PACAP knockout mice display profound alterations in depressive-like behaviors, and genetic association studies have demonstrated that genetic variants of the PACAP gene are associated with MDD. However, the effects of PACAP administration on depressive-like behaviors in rodents have not yet been systematically examined. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effects of central administration of PACAP in rats on depressive-like behaviors, using well-established animal models that represent some of the endophenotypes of depression. METHODS We used intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to assess the brain reward function, saccharin preference test to assess anhedonia, social interaction to assess social withdrawal, and forced swim test (FST) to assess behavioral despair. RESULTS PACAP raised the current threshold for ICSS, elevation blocked by the PACAP antagonist PACAP(6-38). PACAP reduced the preference for a sweet saccharin solution and reduced the time the rats spent interacting with a novel animal. Interestingly, PACAP administration did not affect immobility in the FST. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a role for the central PACAP/PAC1R system in the regulation of depressive-like behaviors and suggest that hyperactivity of the PACAP/PAC1R system may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression, particularly the associated anhedonic symptomatology and social dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel P. Seiglie
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Karen L. Smith
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Angelo Blasio
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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21
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Treatment-resistant depression: are animal models of depression fit for purpose? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3473-95. [PMID: 26289353 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to antidepressant drug treatment remains a major health problem. Animal models of depression are efficient in detecting effective treatments but have done little to increase the reach of antidepressant drugs. This may be because most animal models of depression target the reversal of stress-induced behavioural change, whereas treatment-resistant depression is typically associated with risk factors that predispose to the precipitation of depressive episodes by relatively low levels of stress. Therefore, the search for treatments for resistant depression may require models that incorporate predisposing factors leading to heightened stress responsiveness. METHOD Using a diathesis-stress framework, we review developmental, genetic and genomic models against four criteria: (i) increased sensitivity to stress precipitation of a depressive behavioural phenotype, (ii) resistance to chronic treatment with conventional antidepressants, (iii) a good response to novel modes of antidepressant treatment (e.g. ketamine; deep brain stimulation) that are reported to be effective in treatment-resistant depression and (iv) a parallel to a known clinical risk factor. RESULTS We identify 18 models that may have some potential. All require further validation. Currently, the most promising are the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and congenital learned helplessness (cLH) rat strains, the high anxiety behaviour (HAB) mouse strain and the CB1 receptor knockout and OCT2 null mutant mouse strains. CONCLUSION Further development is needed to validate models of antidepressant resistance that are fit for purpose. The criteria used in this review may provide a helpful framework to guide research in this area.
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22
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Leventhal AM, Trujillo M, Ameringer KJ, Tidey JW, Sussman S, Kahler CW. Anhedonia and the relative reward value of drug and nondrug reinforcers in cigarette smokers. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 123:375-86. [PMID: 24886011 DOI: 10.1037/a0036384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia-a psychopathologic trait indicative of diminished interest, pleasure, and enjoyment-has been linked to use of and addiction to several substances, including tobacco. We hypothesized that anhedonic drug users develop an imbalance in the relative reward value of drug versus nondrug reinforcers, which could maintain drug use behavior. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether anhedonia predicted the tendency to choose an immediate drug reward (i.e., smoking) over a less immediate nondrug reward (i.e., money) in a laboratory study of non-treatment-seeking adult cigarette smokers. Participants (N = 275, ≥10 cigarettes/day) attended a baseline visit that involved anhedonia assessment followed by 2 counterbalanced experimental visits: (a) after 16-hr smoking abstinence and (b) nonabstinent. At both experimental visits, participants completed self-report measures of mood state followed by a behavioral smoking task, which measured 2 aspects of the relative reward value of smoking versus money: (1) latency to initiate smoking when delaying smoking was monetarily rewarded and (2) willingness to purchase individual cigarettes. Results indicated that higher anhedonia predicted quicker smoking initiation and more cigarettes purchased. These relations were partially mediated by low positive and high negative mood states assessed immediately prior to the smoking task. Abstinence amplified the extent to which anhedonia predicted cigarette consumption among those who responded to the abstinence manipulation, but not the entire sample. Anhedonia may bias motivation toward smoking over alternative reinforcers, perhaps by giving rise to poor acute mood states. An imbalance in the reward value assigned to drug versus nondrug reinforcers may link anhedonia-related psychopathology to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Michael Trujillo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Katherine J Ameringer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
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Abstract
There is abundant evidence that the dopamine (DA) neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens play a central role in neurobiological mechanisms underpinning drug dependence. This chapter considers the ways in which these projections facilitate the addiction to nicotine and tobacco. It focuses on the complimentary roles of the two principal subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens, the accumbal core and shell, in the acquisition and maintenance of nicotine-seeking behavior. The ways in which tonic and phasic firing of the neurons contributes to the ways in which the accumbens mediate the behavioral responses to nicotine are also considered. Experimental studies suggest that nicotine has relatively weak addictive properties which are insufficient to explain the powerful addictive properties of tobacco smoke. This chapter discusses hypotheses that seek to explain this conundrum. They implicate both discrete sensory stimuli closely paired with the delivery of tobacco smoke and contextual stimuli habitually associated with the delivery of the drug. The mechanisms by which each type of stimulus influence tobacco dependence are hypothesized to depend upon the increased DA release and overflow, respectively, in the two subdivisions of the accumbens. It is suggested that a majority of pharmacotherapies for tobacco dependence are not more successful because they fail to address this important aspect of the dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J K Balfour
- Medical Research Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland,
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Leventhal AM, Zvolensky MJ. Anxiety, depression, and cigarette smoking: a transdiagnostic vulnerability framework to understanding emotion-smoking comorbidity. Psychol Bull 2015; 141:176-212. [PMID: 25365764 PMCID: PMC4293352 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research into the comorbidity between emotional psychopathology and cigarette smoking has often focused upon anxiety and depression's manifest symptoms and syndromes, with limited theoretical and clinical advancement. This article presents a novel framework to understanding emotion-smoking comorbidity. We propose that transdiagnostic emotional vulnerabilities-core biobehavioral traits reflecting maladaptive responses to emotional states that underpin multiple types of emotional psychopathology-link various anxiety and depressive psychopathologies to smoking. This framework is applied in a review and synthesis of the empirical literature on 3 transdiagnostic emotional vulnerabilities implicated in smoking: (a) anhedonia (Anh; diminished pleasure/interest in response to rewards), (b) anxiety sensitivity (AS; fear of anxiety-related sensations), and (c) distress tolerance (DT; ability to withstand distressing states). We conclude that Anh, AS, and DT collectively (a) underpin multiple emotional psychopathologies, (b) amplify smoking's anticipated and actual affect-enhancing properties and other mechanisms underlying smoking, (c) promote progression across the smoking trajectory (i.e., initiation, escalation/progression, maintenance, cessation/relapse), and (d) are promising targets for smoking intervention. After existing gaps are identified, an integrative model of transdiagnostic processes linking emotional psychopathology to smoking is proposed. The model's key premise is that Anh amplifies smoking's anticipated and actual pleasure-enhancing effects, AS amplifies smoking's anxiolytic effects, and poor DT amplifies smoking's distress terminating effects. Collectively, these processes augment the reinforcing properties of smoking for individuals with emotional psychopathology to heighten risk of smoking initiation, progression, maintenance, cessation avoidance, and relapse. We conclude by drawing clinical and scientific implications from this framework that may generalize to other comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Psychology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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Cook JW, Piper ME, Leventhal AM, Schlam TR, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Anhedonia as a component of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 124:215-25. [PMID: 25384069 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animal research suggests that anhedonia is a tobacco withdrawal symptom, but this topic has not been addressed definitively in research with humans. This research sought to determine whether anhedonia is (a) an element of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome in humans and (b) an impediment to successful tobacco cessation. Data were from 1,175 smokers (58.3% women; 85.5% White) participating in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Ecological momentary assessments for 5 days before and 10 days after the target quit day were used to assess anhedonia and other established withdrawal symptoms. Consistent with drug withdrawal, anhedonia showed an inverted-U pattern of change in response to tobacco cessation and was associated with the severity of other withdrawal symptoms and tobacco dependence. Postquit anhedonia was associated with decreased latency to relapse (hazard ratio = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.02, 1.17]) and with lower 8-week point-prevalence abstinence (odds ratio = .91, 95% CI [.86, .97])-relations that remained significant when other withdrawal symptoms were included as predictors. Finally, nicotine replacement therapy nearly fully suppressed the increase in abstinence-related anhedonia (β = -.66, p < .001), suggesting agonist suppression of withdrawal. Results suggest that anhedonia is a unique and motivationally significant element of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome in humans. These results have implications for defining and assessing tobacco use disorder and for understanding and treating tobacco addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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George O, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF. Negative reinforcement via motivational withdrawal is the driving force behind the transition to addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3911-7. [PMID: 24923982 PMCID: PMC8278497 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA,
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Morie KP, De Sanctis P, Garavan H, Foxe JJ. Executive dysfunction and reward dysregulation: a high-density electrical mapping study in cocaine abusers. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:397-407. [PMID: 24911989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Executive function deficits and reward dysregulation, which mainly manifests as anhedonia, are well documented in drug abusers. We investigated specific aspects of executive function (inhibitory control and cognitive control), as well as anhedonia, in a cohort of current cocaine abusers in order to ascertain to what extent these factors are associated with more severe drug dependence. Participants filled out questionnaires relating to anhedonia and their addiction history. Participants also performed a response inhibition task while high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Electrophysiological responses to successful inhibitions (N2/P3 components) and to commission errors (ERN/Pe components) were compared between 23 current users of cocaine and 27 non-using controls. A regression model was performed to determine the association of our measures of reward dysregulation and executive function with addiction severity. As expected, cocaine users performed more poorly than controls on the inhibitory control task and showed significant electrophysiological differences. They were also generally more anhedonic than controls. Higher levels of anhedonia were associated with more severe substance use, whereas the level of executive dysfunction was not associated with more severe substance use. However, N2 amplitude was associated with duration of drug use. Further, inhibitory control and anhedonia were correlated, but only in controls. These data suggest that while executive dysfunction characterizes drug abuse, it is anhedonia, independent of executive dysfunction, that is most strongly associated with more severe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Morie
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building - Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Departments of Psychology and Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, 138th Street & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Pierfilippo De Sanctis
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building - Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building - Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect St, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building - Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Departments of Psychology and Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, 138th Street & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect St, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Zilkha N, Feigin E, Barnea-Ygael N, Zangen A. Induction of depressive-like effects by subchronic exposure to cocaine or heroin in laboratory rats. J Neurochem 2014; 130:575-82. [PMID: 24798661 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of psychoactive drugs on depression has usually been studied in cases of prolonged drug addiction and/or withdrawal, without much emphasis on the effects of subchronic or recreational drug use. To address this issue, we exposed laboratory rats to subchronic regimens of heroin or cocaine and tested long-term effects on (i) depressive-like behaviors, (ii) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in reward-related brain regions, and (iii) depressive-like behavior following an additional chronic mild stress procedure. The long-term effect of subchronic cocaine exposure was a general reduction in locomotor activity whereas heroin exposure induced a more specific increase in immobility during the forced swim test. Both cocaine and heroin exposure induced alterations in BDNF levels that are similar to those observed in several animal models of depression. Finally, both cocaine and heroin exposure significantly enhanced the anhedonic effect of chronic mild stress. These results suggest that subchronic drug exposure induces depressive-like behavior which is accompanied by modifications in BDNF expression and increases the vulnerability to develop depressive-like behavior following chronic stress. Implications for recreational and small-scale drug users are discussed. In the present study, we examined the long-term effects of limited subchronic drug exposure on depressive-like symptoms. Our results demonstrate that short-term, subchronic administration of either cocaine or heroin promotes some depressive-like behaviors, while inducing alterations in BDNF protein levels similar to alterations observed in several animal models of depression. In addition, subchronic cocaine or heroin enhanced the anhedonic effect of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Zilkha
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Simmons SJ, Gould TJ. Involvement of neuronal β2 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nicotine reward and withdrawal: implications for pharmacotherapies. J Clin Pharm Ther 2014; 39:457-67. [PMID: 24828779 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Tobacco smoking remains a major health problem. Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which can cause addiction and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of nicotine administration. Pharmacotherapies for nicotine addiction target brain alterations that underlie withdrawal symptoms. This review will delineate the involvement of the β2 subunit of neuronal nAChRs in nicotine reward and in generating withdrawal symptoms to better understand the efficacy of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. COMMENT Chronic nicotine desensitizes and upregulates β2 subunit-containing nAChRs, and the prolonged upregulation of receptors may underlie symptoms of withdrawal. Experimental research has demonstrated that the β2 subunit of neuronal nAChRs is necessary for generating nicotine reward and withdrawal symptoms. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Smoking cessation pharmacotherapies act on β2 subunit-containing nAChRs to reduce nicotine reward and withdrawal symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Simmons
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Influence of calcium channel antagonists on nonsomatic signs of nicotine and D-amphetamine withdrawal in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:212-22. [PMID: 24911072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsomatic signs of psychostimulant withdrawal, difficult to demonstrate in animal paradigms, may appear to promote drug seeking and drug relapse in humans; thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that mediate this kind of behaviors. The present study was undertaken to examine the calcium-dependent mechanism of negative nonsomatic and anhedonia-related symptoms of acute and protracted withdrawal of nicotine and D-amphetamine. METHODS Mice were chronically treated with nicotine (seven days, three times daily, 3.35 mg/kg, sc) or D-amphetamine (14 days, once daily, 2.5mg/kg, ip). Then, at the first, seventh or 14th day of withdrawal, anxiety- or depression-related effects, as well as cognition or nociception were studied. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that, at the seventh or 14th day of D-amphetamine or nicotine withdrawal, respectively, mice exhibited increased anxiety and depression-like effects, memory impairment and hyperalgesia. Further, major findings showed that calcium channel antagonists, i.e., nimodipine, verapamil and flunarizine (10 and 20mg/kg, ip), injected before the test, attenuated above-mentioned signs of drug withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS As an outcome, these findings support the hypothesis that similar calcium-dependent mechanisms are involved in an aversive nonsomatic component, associated with nicotine or d-amphetamine withdrawal. We can suggest that calcium channel blockers have potential to alleviate drug withdrawal and may thus be beneficial as pharmacotherapy of drug cessation and relapse.
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31
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Renoir T. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant treatment discontinuation syndrome: a review of the clinical evidence and the possible mechanisms involved. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:45. [PMID: 23596418 PMCID: PMC3627130 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides demonstrated efficacy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) hold other advantages over earlier antidepressants such as greater tolerability and a wider range of clinical applications. However, there is a growing body of clinical evidence which suggests that SSRIs could, in some cases, be associated with a withdrawal reaction upon cessation of regular use. In addition to sensory and gastrointestinal-related symptoms, the somatic symptoms of the SSRI discontinuation syndrome include dizziness, lethargy, and sleep disturbances. Psychological symptoms have also been documented, usually developing within 1–7 days following SSRI discontinuation. The characteristics of the discontinuation syndrome have been linked to the half-life of a given SSRI, with a greater number of reports emerging from paroxetine compared to other SSRIs. However, many aspects of the neurobiology of the SSRI discontinuation syndrome (or SSRI withdrawal syndrome) remain unresolved. Following a comprehensive overview of the clinical evidence, we will discuss the underlying pathophysiology of the SSRI discontinuation syndrome and comment on the use of animal models to better understand this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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32
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Iemolo A, Valenza M, Tozier L, Knapp CM, Kornetsky C, Steardo L, Sabino V, Cottone P. Withdrawal from chronic, intermittent access to a highly palatable food induces depressive-like behavior in compulsive eating rats. Behav Pharmacol 2012; 23:593-602. [PMID: 22854309 PMCID: PMC3934429 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328357697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increased availability of highly palatable foods is a major contributing factor toward the development of compulsive eating in obesity and eating disorders. It has been proposed that compulsive eating may develop as a form of self-medication to alleviate the negative emotional state associated with withdrawal from highly palatable foods. This study was aimed at determining whether withdrawal from chronic, intermittent access to a highly palatable food was responsible for the emergence of depressive-like behavior. For this purpose, a group of male Wistar rats was provided a regular chow diet 7 days a week (Chow/Chow), whereas a second group of rats was provided chow for 5 days a week, followed by a 2-day access to a highly palatable sucrose diet (Chow/Palatable). Following 7 weeks of diet alternation, depressive-like behavior was assessed during withdrawal from the highly palatable diet and following renewed access to it, using the forced swim test, the sucrose consumption test, and the intracranial self-stimulation threshold procedure. It was found that Chow/Palatable rats withdrawn from the highly palatable diet showed increased immobility time in the forced swim test and decreased sucrose intake in the sucrose consumption test compared with the control Chow/Chow rats. Interestingly, the increased immobility in the forced swim test was abolished by renewing access to the highly palatable diet. No changes were observed in the intracranial self-stimulation threshold procedure. These results validate the hypothesis that withdrawal from highly palatable food is responsible for the emergence of depressive-like behavior, and they also show that compulsive eating relieves the withdrawal-induced negative emotional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Iemolo
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marta Valenza
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, University of Bari, Bari
| | - Lisa Tozier
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clifford M. Knapp
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Conan Kornetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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33
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El Hage C, Rappeneau V, Etievant A, Morel AL, Scarna H, Zimmer L, Bérod A. Enhanced anxiety observed in cocaine withdrawn rats is associated with altered reactivity of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43535. [PMID: 22916276 PMCID: PMC3420872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Discontinuation of drug intake in cocaine abusers commonly produces a variety of adverse withdrawal symptoms among which anxiety and depression-related behavior are prevailing during the initial period of abstinence. The aim of this study was to provide further insight into the neurobiological dysregulations that might contribute to these pathological states. Rats were treated with cocaine or saline for 14 days (20 mg/kg; i.p) and anxiety-related behavior was assessed in different paradigms (elevated plus-maze (EPM), confinement to an open arm of the EPM and shock-probe burying tests) for up to 4 weeks after withdrawal. Depression-like behavior was assessed by the forced swim test and sucrose preference test. Altogether our results demonstrated that cocaine withdrawal induced persistent heightened levels of anxiety that last for at least 28 days but did not affect depression-like behavior. We then used Fos immunohistochemistry to map neuronal activation patterns in withdrawn rats confined to one open arm of an EPM, and a double labeling procedure using Fos immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of glutamic acid decarboxylase or vesicular glutamate transporter mRNAs to identify the phenotype of the activated neurons. Our data showed that the exacerbated anxiety observed in cocaine withdrawn rats exposed to an elevated open arm was accompanied by an altered reactivity of the dorsal part of the medial prefrontal cortex (anterior cingulate and dorsal prelimbic cortices), the paraventricular thalamic nucleus and the lateral and anterior areas of the hypothalamus. In the medial prefrontal cortex, we evidenced a negative correlation between Fos expression in its dorsal part and open arm-induced freezing in NaCl-treated rats but not in cocaine withdrawn rats. We also found that more than 65% of activated neurons were glutamatergic projection neurons. The present study provides new insights into the neuroanatomical regions and neuronal cell types that may underlie pathological anxiety during cocaine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia El Hage
- INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Physiopathology of the neuronal network responsible for the sleep-waking cycle Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Physiopathology of the neuronal network responsible for the sleep-waking cycle Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Rappeneau
- INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Physiopathology of the neuronal network responsible for the sleep-waking cycle Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Physiopathology of the neuronal network responsible for the sleep-waking cycle Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Morel
- INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Physiopathology of the neuronal network responsible for the sleep-waking cycle Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Physiopathology of the neuronal network responsible for the sleep-waking cycle Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Luc Zimmer
- INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, BioRan-Pharmaceutical and neurochemical biomarkers Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, BioRan-Pharmaceutical and neurochemical biomarkers Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Bérod
- INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Physiopathology of the neuronal network responsible for the sleep-waking cycle Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Physiopathology of the neuronal network responsible for the sleep-waking cycle Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Pharmacologically-mediated reactivation and reconsolidation blockade of the psychostimulant-abuse circuit: a novel treatment strategy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 124:11-8. [PMID: 22356892 PMCID: PMC3500569 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulant abuse continues to present legal, socioeconomic and medical challenges as a primary psychiatric disorder, and represents a significant comorbid factor in major psychiatric and medical illnesses. To date, monotherapeutic drug treatments have not proven effective in promoting long-term abstinence in psychostimulant abusers. In contrast to clinical trials utilizing monotherapies, combinations of dopamine (DA) agonists and selective 5-HT(3), 5HT(2A/2C), or NK(1) antagonists have shown robust efficacy in reversing behavioral and neurobiological alterations in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. One important temporal requirement for these treatments is that the 5-HT or NK(1) receptor antagonist be given at a critical time window after DA agonist administration. This requirement may reflect a necessary dosing regimen towards normalizing underlying dysfunctional neural circuits and "addiction memory" states. Indeed, chronic psychostimulant abuse can be conceptualized as a consolidated form of dysfunctional memory maintained by repeated drug- or cue-induced reactivation of neural circuit and subsequent reconsolidation. According to this concept, the DA agonist given first may reactivate this memory circuit, thereby rendering it transiently labile. The subsequent antagonist is hypothesized to disrupt reconsolidation necessary for restabilization, thus leading progressively to a therapeutically-mediated abolishment of dysfunctional synaptic plasticity. We propose that long-term abstinence in psychostimulant abusers may be achieved not only by targeting putative mechanistic pathways, but also by optimizing drug treatment regimens designed to disrupt the neural processes underlying the addicted state.
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35
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Butelman ER, Yuferov V, Kreek MJ. κ-opioid receptor/dynorphin system: genetic and pharmacotherapeutic implications for addiction. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:587-96. [PMID: 22709632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Addictions to cocaine or heroin/prescription opioids [short-acting μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) agonists] involve relapsing cycles, with experimentation/escalating use, withdrawal/abstinence, and relapse/re-escalation. κ-Opioid receptors (KOPr; encoded by OPRK1), and their endogenous agonists, the dynorphins (encoded by PDYN), have counter-modulatory effects on reward caused by cocaine or MOPr agonist exposure, and exhibit plasticity in addictive-like states. KOPr/dynorphin activation is implicated in depression/anxiety, often comorbid with addictions. In this opinion article we propose that particular stages of the addiction cycle are differentially affected by KOPr/dynorphin systems. Vulnerability and resilience can be due to pre-existing (e.g., genetic) factors, or epigenetic modifications of the OPRK1 or PDYN genes during the addiction cycle. Pharmacotherapeutic approaches limiting changes in KOPr/dynorphin tone, especially with KOPr partial agonists, may hold potential for the treatment of specific drug addictions and psychiatric comorbidity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological/genetics
- Adaptation, Biological/physiology
- Animals
- Behavior, Addictive/drug therapy
- Behavior, Addictive/genetics
- Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Dynorphins/physiology
- Enkephalins/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Illicit Drugs/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Recurrence
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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36
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Williams SK, Barber JS, Jamieson-Drake AW, Enns JA, Townsend LB, Walker CH, Johns JM. Chronic cocaine exposure during pregnancy increases postpartum neuroendocrine stress responses. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:701-11. [PMID: 22309318 PMCID: PMC3314094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The cycle of chronic cocaine (CC) use and withdrawal results in increased anxiety, depression and disrupted stress-responsiveness. Oxytocin and corticosterone (CORT) interact to mediate hormonal stress responses and can be altered by cocaine use. These neuroendocrine signals play important regulatory roles in a variety of social behaviours, specifically during the postpartum period, and are sensitive to disruption by CC exposure in both clinical settings and preclinical models. To determine whether CC exposure during pregnancy affected behavioural and hormonal stress response in the early postpartum period in a rodent model, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered cocaine daily (30 mg/kg) throughout gestation (days 1-20). Open field test (OFT) and forced swim test (FST) behaviours were measured on postpartum day 5. Plasma CORT concentrations were measured before and after testing throughout the test day, whereas plasma and brain oxytocin concentrations were measured post-testing only. The results obtained indicated increased CORT response after the OFT in CC-treated dams (P ≤ 0.05). CC-treated dams also exhibited altered FST behaviour (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting abnormal stress responsiveness. Peripheral, but not central, oxytocin levels were increased by cocaine treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Peripheral oxytocin and CORT increased after the FST, regardless of treatment condition (P ≤ 0.05). Changes in stress-responsiveness, both behaviourally and hormonally, may underlie some deficits in maternal behaviour; thus, a clearer understanding of the effect of CC on the stress response system may potentially lead to treatment interventions that could be relevant to clinical populations. Additionally, these results indicate that CC treatment can have long-lasting effects on peripheral oxytocin regulation in rats, similar to changes observed in persistent social behaviour and stress-response deficits in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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37
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Drug withdrawal-induced depression: Serotonergic and plasticity changes in animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:696-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Withdrawal from repeated treatment with amphetamine reduces novelty-seeking behavior and enhances environmental habituation in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:180-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration induces deficits in brain reward function in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 223:176-81. [PMID: 21557971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia is a major symptom of cocaine withdrawal, whereas euphoria characterizes the effects of acute administration of this drug in humans. These mood states can be measured quantitatively in animals with brain reward thresholds obtained from the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. Studies have previously reported the reward-enhancing effects of acute cocaine administration using the ICSS procedure in mice, but the effects of chronic cocaine administration and withdrawal on brain reward thresholds have not been widely investigated in this species. Cocaine withdrawal was induced in C57BL/6J mice by removal of intraperitoneal osmotic minipumps that delivered cocaine (90 or 180 mg/kg/day, salt) for 72 h. Mice were tested in the ICSS procedure 3-100 h post-pump removal. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in the light-dark box 24h post-pump removal. After an 18-day washout period, tolerance and sensitization to the reward-enhancing effects of cocaine were assessed by injecting bolus cocaine intraperitoneally (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg). The results indicated that 72 h administration of 90 and 180 mg/kg/day cocaine significantly lowered brain reward thresholds. Withdrawal from 90 and 180 mg/kg/day of cocaine administration elevated ICSS thresholds to similar extents. No anxiety-like behavior was observed in the light-dark box during withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration, although the number of transitions between compartments and locomotion in the dark compartment markedly decreased. Chronic cocaine administration did not induce tolerance or sensitization to the reward-enhancing effects of acute cocaine. In conclusion, alterations in mood states induced by cocaine administration and withdrawal in mice can be measured using the ICSS procedure.
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40
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Gold MS. From bedside to bench and back again: a 30-year saga. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:157-61. [PMID: 21530563 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
My work (Mark S. Gold) began in the 70s looking for the mechanisms of drug reinforcement and withdrawal. Through observation and experience, drugs of abuse and the drive for food appeared to be quite related. As pioneered by Bart Hoebel, food can become an object of desire and act in most respects as a drug of abuse. The Gold lab is investigating working models for pathological attachment to eating and food addiction. New pharmacological treatments which interfere with food reinforcement may be the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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