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Janapati YK, Junapudi S. Progress in experimental models to investigate the in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activity of drugs. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38837635 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's most prevalent and complex metabolic disorders, and it is a rapidly growing global public health issue. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, a condition involving a high blood glucose level brought on by deficiencies in insulin secretion, decreased activity of insulin, or both. Prolonged effects of diabetes include cardiovascular problems, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular alterations in both macro- and micro-blood vessels. In vivo and in vitro models have always been important for investigating and characterizing disease pathogenesis, identifying targets, and reviewing novel treatment options and medications. Fully understanding these models is crucial for the researchers so this review summarizes the different experimental in vivo and in vitro model options used to study diabetes and its consequences. The most popular in vivo studies involves the small animal models, such as rodent models, chemically induced diabetogens like streptozotocin and alloxan, and the possibility of deleting or overexpressing a specific gene by knockout and transgenic technologies on these animals. Other models include virally induced models, diet/nutrition induced diabetic animals, surgically induced models or pancreatectomy models, and non-obese models. Large animals or non-rodent models like porcine (pig), canine (dog), nonhuman primate, and Zebrafish models are also outlined. The in vitro models discussed are murine and human beta-cell lines and pancreatic islets, human stem cells, and organoid cultures. The other enzymatic in vitro tests to assess diabetes include assay of amylase inhibition and inhibition of α-glucosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasodha Krishna Janapati
- School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, United States International University-AFRICA (USIU-A), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunil Junapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Geethanjali College of Pharmacy, Keesara, India
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2
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Metelo AM, Arias-Ramos N, Lopez-Larrubia P, Castro MMCA. Metabolic effects of VO(dmpp) 2– an ex vivo1H-HRMAS NMR study to unveil its pharmacological properties. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02491c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
VO(dmpp)2ameliorates liver metabolic profile of obese pre-diabetic Zucker rats after 4 weeks of treatment, as demonstrated byex vivo1H-HRMAS NMR study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Metelo
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM)
| | - Nuria Arias-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM)
- UAM/CSIC
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - Pilar Lopez-Larrubia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM)
- UAM/CSIC
- Madrid
- Spain
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3
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Gilloteaux J, Subramanian K, Solomon N, Nicaise C. The leptin receptor mutation of the obese Zucker rat causes sciatic nerve demyelination with a centripetal pattern defect. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:377-408. [PMID: 30339059 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2018.1522405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Young male Zucker rats with a leptin receptor mutation are obese, have a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and other endocrinopathies. Tibial branches of the sciatic nerve reveal a progressive demyelination that progresses out of the Schwann cells (SCs) where electron-contrast deposits are accumulated while the minor lines or intermembranous SC contacts display exaggerated spacings. Cajal bands contain diversely contrasted vesicles adjacent to the abaxonal myelin layer with blemishes; they appear dispatched centripetally out of many narrow electron densities, regularly spaced around the myelin annulus. These anomalies widen and yield into sectors across the stacked myelin layers. Throughout the worse degradations, the adaxonal membrane remains along the axonal neuroplasm. This peripheral neuropathy with irresponsive leptin cannot modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and SC neurosteroids, thus exacerbates NIDDM condition. Additionally, the ultrastructure of the progressive myelin alterations may have unraveled a peculiar, centripetal mode of trafficking maintenance of the peripheral nervous system myelin, while some adhesive glycoproteins remain between myelin layers, somewhat hindering the axon mutilation. Heading title: Peripheral neuropathy and myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St George's University School of Medicine, K.B. Taylor Global Scholar's Program at Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,b Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire (URPhyM), Laboratoire de Neurodégénérescence et Régénération, Département de Médecine , Université de Namur , Namur , Belgium
| | - Kritika Subramanian
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St George's University School of Medicine, K.B. Taylor Global Scholar's Program at Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,c Department of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology , Rega Institute of Medical Research, Katholiele Universiteit Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Nadia Solomon
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St George's University School of Medicine, K.B. Taylor Global Scholar's Program at Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Charles Nicaise
- b Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire (URPhyM), Laboratoire de Neurodégénérescence et Régénération, Département de Médecine , Université de Namur , Namur , Belgium
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4
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Garcés-Rimón M, González C, Vera G, Uranga JA, López-Fandiño R, López-Miranda V, Miguel M. Pepsin Egg White Hydrolysate Improves Glucose Metabolism Complications Related to Metabolic Syndrome in Zucker Fatty Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040441. [PMID: 29614007 PMCID: PMC5946226 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of two egg white hydrolysates on glucose metabolism complications related to Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in Zucker fatty rats (ZFR). ZFR were given 750 mg/kg/day of egg white hydrolyzed with pepsin (HEW1) or with aminopeptidase (HEW2) for 12 weeks in their drinking water or just water. Zucker lean rats (ZLR), which received water, were used as a control. The presence of tactile allodynia, which is a sign of peripheral neuropathy, was assessed. Blood samples and pancreas were collected to determine the effect of the hydrolysates on glucose metabolism. The intake of HEW1 significantly lowered plasma insulin levels and improved the quantitative indexes of insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β-cell functionality (HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and QUICKI, respectively), but non-significant changes were observed in group treated with HEW2. Compared to ZLR, ZFR showed tactile allodynia, but the consumption of both hydrolysates significantly increased mechanical sensitivity in ZFR. In conclusion, HEW1 pepsin could improve the glucose metabolism abnormalities associated with MS in obese Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Cristina González
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid 28922, Spain.
| | - Gema Vera
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid 28922, Spain.
| | - José-A Uranga
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid 28922, Spain.
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Visitación López-Miranda
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid 28922, Spain.
| | - Marta Miguel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Assessing fatty acid oxidation flux in rodent cardiomyocyte models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1505. [PMID: 29367630 PMCID: PMC5784119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy adult heart primarily relies on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) for energy production but instantaneously adapts its substrate preference in response to physiological or pathological challenges. Accurate FAO measurements are crucial to investigate early metabolic (mal)adaptations. While measurements in intact cardiomyocytes offer greater physiological relevance, current FAO protocols mainly employ cell-free systems and/or require expensive equipment. Here, we present an easy-to-use, inexpensive, and sensitive method to measure, compare and modulate FAO in various cardiomyocyte models. Basal FAO was 2-fold higher in fresh versus cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes (aRCM), while OXPHOS protein levels were maintained. Basal FAO was higher in cultured (3-fold) and fresh (8-fold) aRCM, versus widely used neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (nRCM) and mouse HL1 cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we utilized chemical and pharmacological treatments in order to modulate the FAO flux at different cellular signalling levels. Our data indicate that caution should be taken when studying metabolism in nRCM and HL1 cell models, as these display significantly lower FAO than aRCM. Accurate FAO measurement in cultured aRCM opens new avenues for studying the complex cardiomyocyte metabolic responses to mechanical, nutritional, pharmacological, and genetic manipulations.
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Lee YC, Lin G, Wang G, Reed-Maldonado A, Lu Z, Wang L, Banie L, Lue TF. Impaired contractility of the circular striated urethral sphincter muscle may contribute to stress urinary incontinence in female zucker fatty rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2017; 36:1503-1510. [PMID: 27794188 PMCID: PMC5546299 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Obesity has been an independent risk factor for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI), the mechanism of this association remains unknown. The aim of this study is to validate the hypothesis that urethral dysfunction is a possible contributor to SUI in obese women. METHODS Ten Zucker Fatty (ZF) (ZUC-Leprfa 185) and 10 Zucker Lean (ZL) (ZUC-Leprfa 186) female rats at 12-week-old were used in this experiment. The urethral sphincter rings were harvested from the bladder neck through to the most proximal 2/3 regions. In the organ bath study, single pulses of electrical field stimulation (EFS) were applied. For the fatiguing stimulation, repeated multi-pulse EFS with 70 mA were applied at frequency of 5 Hz for 5 min. Caffeine-containing Krebs' solution was administrated to contract the urethra until the contraction began to reach a plateau for 10 min. We performed immunofluorescence staining of the urethra after the experiment was finished. RESULTS Compared to ZL controls, ZF rats had significantly impaired muscle contractile activity (MCA) (P < 0.05). Also, ZF rats presented early fatiguing of MCA and had a significantly greater percentage of MCA decline from baseline in the fatiguing test (37.7% vs 25.6%, P < 0.05). The plateau of maximal MCA induced by caffeine in ZF rats was significantly lower than ZL controls (0.22 vs 0.36, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This novel study showed that obese female rats had significantly impaired contractile properties of striated urethral sphincter, suggesting urethral dysfunction could be an important contributor to SUI in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chin Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Guiting Lin
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Guifang Wang
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Amanda Reed-Maldonado
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Zhihua Lu
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Lia Banie
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Tom F. Lue
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Jain MR, Joharapurkar AA, Kshirsagar SG, Patel VJ, Bahekar RH, Patel HV, Jadav PA, Patel PR, Desai RC. ZY15557, a novel, long acting inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2346-2357. [PMID: 28452143 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors increase levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and provide clinical benefit in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. As longer acting inhibitors have therapeutic advantages, we developed a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, ZY15557, that has a sustained action and long half-life. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied the potency, selectivity, efficacy and duration of action of ZY15557, in vitro, with assays of DPP-4 activity. In vivo, the pharmacodymamics and pharmacokinetics of ZY15557 were studied, using db/db mice and Zucker fatty rats, along with normal mice, rats, dogs and non-human primates. KEY RESULTS ZY15557 is a potent, competitive and long acting inhibitor of DPP-4 (Ki 5.53 nM; Koff 3.2 × 10-4 ·s-1 , half-life 35.8 min). ZY15557 treatment inhibited DPP-4 activity, and enhanced active GLP-1 and insulin in mice and rats, providing dose-dependent anti-hyperglycaemic effects. Anti-hyperglycaemic effects were also observed in db/db mice and Zucker fatty rats. Following oral dosing, ZY15557 significantly inhibited plasma DPP-4 activity, determined ex vivo, in mice and rats for more than 48 h, and for up to 168 h in dogs and non-human primates. Allometric scaling predicts a half-life for ZY15557 in humans of up to 60 h. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ZY15557 is a potent, competitive and long acting DPP-4 inhibitor. ZY15557 showed similar DPP-4 inhibition across different species. ZY15557 showed excellent oral bioavailability in preclinical species. It showed a low plasma clearance (CL) and large volume of distribution (Vss ) across species, resulting in an extended half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul R Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | - Vishal J Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajesh H Bahekar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Harilal V Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pradip A Jadav
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pankaj R Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ranjit C Desai
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
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Barbeau PA, Holloway TM, Whitfield J, Baechler BL, Quadrilatero J, van Loon LJC, Chabowski A, Holloway GP. α-Linolenic acid and exercise training independently, and additively, decrease blood pressure and prevent diastolic dysfunction in obese Zucker rats. J Physiol 2017; 595:4351-4364. [PMID: 28345766 DOI: 10.1113/jp274036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS α-linolenic acid (ALA) and exercise training both attenuate hyperlipidaemia-related cardiovascular derangements, however, there is a paucity of information pertaining to their mechanisms of action when combined. We investigated both the independent and combined effects of exercise training and ALA consumption in obese Zucker rats, aiming to determine the potential for additive improvements in cardiovascular function. ALA and exercise training independently improved cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, left ventricular fibrosis and mean blood pressure following a 4 week intervention. Combining ALA and endurance exercise yielded greater improvements in these parameters, independent of changes in markers of oxidative stress or endogenous anti-oxidants. We postulate that divergent mechanisms of action may explain these changes: ALA increases peripheral vasodilation, and exercise training stimulates angiogenesis. ABSTRACT Although α-linolenic acid (ALA) and endurance exercise training independently attenuate hyperlipidaemia-related cardiovascular derangements, there is a paucity of information pertaining to their mechanisms of action and efficacy when combined as a preventative therapeutic approach. Therefore, we used obese Zucker rats to investigate the independent and combined effects of these interventions on cardiovascular disease. Specifically, animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control diet-sedentary, ALA supplemented-sedentary, control diet-exercise trained or ALA supplemented-exercise trained. Following a 4 week intervention, although the independent and combined effects of ALA and exercise reduced (P < 0.05) the serum free/esterified cholesterol ratio, only the ALA supplemented-exercise trained animals displayed a reduction in the content of both serum free and esterified cholesterol. Moreover, although ALA and endurance training individually increased cardiac output, stroke volume and end-diastolic volume, as well as reduced left ventricle fibrosis, mean blood pressure and total peripheral resistance, these responses were all greater following the combined intervention (ALA supplemented-exercise trained). These effects occurred independent of changes in oxidative phosphorylation proteins, markers of oxidative stress or endogenous anti-oxidant capacity. We propose that the beneficial effects of a combined intervention occur as a result of divergent mechanisms of action elicited by ALA and endurance exercise because only exercise training increased the capillary content in the left ventricle and skeletal muscle, and tended to decrease protein carbonylation in the left ventricle (P = 0.06). Taken together, our data indicate that combining ALA and endurance exercise provides additional improvements in cardiovascular disease risk reduction compared to singular interventions in the obese Zucker rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Andre Barbeau
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya M Holloway
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Whitfield
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany L Baechler
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Wang L, Lin G, Lee YC, Reed-Maldonado AB, Sanford MT, Wang G, Li H, Banie L, Xin Z, Lue TF. Transgenic animal model for studying the mechanism of obesity-associated stress urinary incontinence. BJU Int 2016; 119:317-324. [PMID: 27649937 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study and compare the function and structure of the urethral sphincter in female Zucker lean (ZL) and Zucker fatty (ZF) rats and to assess the viability of ZF fats as a model for female obesity-associated stress urinary incontinence (SUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two study arms were created: a ZL arm including 16-week-old female ZL rats (ZUC-Leprfa 186; n = 12) and a ZF arm including 16-week-old female ZF rats (ZUC-Leprfa 185; n = 12). I.p. insulin tolerance testing was carried out before functional study. Metabolic cages, conscious cystometry and leak point pressure (LPP) assessments were conducted. Urethral tissues were harvested for immunofluorescence staining to check intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and sphincter muscle (smooth muscle and striated muscle) composition. RESULTS The ZF rats had insulin resistance, a greater voiding frequency and lower LPP compared with ZL rats (P < 0.05), with more IMCL deposition localized in the urethral striated muscle fibres of the ZF rats (P < 0.05). The thickness of the striated muscle layer and the ratio of striated muscle to smooth muscle were lower in ZF than in ZL rats. CONCLUSION Obesity impairs urethral sphincter function via IMCL deposition and leads to atrophy and distortion of urethral striated muscle. The ZF rats could be a consistent and reliable animal model in which to study obesity-associated SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiting Lin
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yung-Chin Lee
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Amanda B Reed-Maldonado
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melissa T Sanford
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guifang Wang
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huixi Li
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lia Banie
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhengcheng Xin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tom F Lue
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wong SK, Chin KY, Suhaimi FH, Fairus A, Ima-Nirwana S. Animal models of metabolic syndrome: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:65. [PMID: 27708685 PMCID: PMC5050917 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of several medical conditions that collectively predict the risk for cardiovascular disease better than the sum of individual conditions. The risk of developing MetS in human depends on synergy of both genetic and environmental factors. Being a multifactorial condition with alarming rate of prevalence nowadays, establishment of appropriate experimental animal models mimicking the disease state in humans is crucial in order to solve the difficulties in evaluating the pathophysiology of MetS in human. This review aims to summarize the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of dietary, genetic, and pharmacological models of MetS. Furthermore, we will discuss the usefulness, suitability, pros and cons of these animal models. Even though numerous animal models of MetS have been established, further investigations on the invention of new animal model and clarification of plausible mechanisms are still necessary to confer a better understanding to researchers on the selection of animal models for their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Farihah Hj Suhaimi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fairus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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11
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Sandovici I, Hammerle CM, Cooper WN, Smith NH, Tarry-Adkins JL, Dunmore BJ, Bauer J, Andrews SR, Yeo GSH, Ozanne SE, Constância M. Ageing is associated with molecular signatures of inflammation and type 2 diabetes in rat pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 2016; 59:502-11. [PMID: 26699651 PMCID: PMC4742511 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Ageing is a major risk factor for development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Identification of the mechanisms underlying this association could help to elucidate the relationship between age-associated progressive loss of metabolic health and development of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to determine molecular signatures during ageing in the endocrine pancreas. METHODS Global gene transcription was measured in pancreatic islets isolated from young and old rats by Ilumina BeadChip arrays. Promoter DNA methylation was measured by Sequenom MassArray in 46 genes that showed differential expression with age, and correlations with expression were established. Alterations in morphological and cellular processes with age were determined by immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Age-related changes in gene expression were found at 623 loci (>1.5-fold, false discovery rate [FDR] <5%), with a significant (FDR < 0.05) enrichment in genes previously implicated in islet-cell function (Enpp1, Abcc8), type 2 diabetes (Tspan8, Kcnq1), inflammatory processes (Cxcl9, Il33) and extracellular matrix organisation (Col3a1, Dpt). Age-associated transcriptional differences negatively correlated with promoter DNA methylation at several loci related to inflammation, glucose homeostasis, cell proliferation and cell-matrix interactions (Il33, Cxcl9, Gpr119, Fbp2, Col3a1, Dpt, Spp1). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that a significant proportion of pancreatic islets develop a low-grade 'chronic' inflammatory status with ageing and this may trigger altered functional plasticity. Furthermore, we identified changes in expression of genes previously linked to type 2 diabetes and associated changes in DNA methylation that could explain their age-associated dysregulation. These findings provide new insights into key (epi)genetic signatures of the ageing process in islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Sandovici
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Constanze M Hammerle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Wendy N Cooper
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Noel H Smith
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Jane L Tarry-Adkins
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Benjamin J Dunmore
- Cambridge Genomic Services, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julien Bauer
- Cambridge Genomic Services, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Giles S H Yeo
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Miguel Constância
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Bernardo B, Lu M, Bandyopadhyay G, Li P, Zhou Y, Huang J, Levin N, Tomas EM, Calle RA, Erion DM, Rolph TP, Brenner M, Talukdar S. FGF21 does not require interscapular brown adipose tissue and improves liver metabolic profile in animal models of obesity and insulin-resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11382. [PMID: 26153793 PMCID: PMC4495598 DOI: 10.1038/srep11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF21 is a key metabolic regulator modulating physiological processes and its pharmacological administration improves metabolic profile in preclinical species and humans. We used native-FGF21 and a long-acting FGF21 (PF-05231023), to determine the contribution of liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT) towards metabolic improvements in Zucker rats and DIO mice (DIOs). FGF21 improved glucose tolerance and liver insulin sensitivity in Zuckers without affecting BW and improved liver function by decreased lipogenesis, increased fatty acid oxidation and improved insulin signaling. Through detailed lipidomic analyses of liver metabolites in DIOs, we demonstrate that FGF21 favorably alters liver metabolism. We observed a dose-dependent increase of [(18)F]-FDG-glucose uptake in interscapular BAT (iBAT) of DIOs upon FGF21 administration. Upon excision of iBAT (X-BAT) and administration of FGF21 to mice housed at 80 °F or 72 °F, the favorable effects of FGF21 on BW and glucose excursion were fully retained in both sham and X-BAT animals. Taken together, we demonstrate the liver as an organ that integrates the actions of FGF21 and provide metabolic benefits of FGF21 in Zucker rats and DIOs. Finally, our data demonstrates iBAT does not play a role in mediating favorable metabolic effects of FGF21 administration in DIOs housed at 80 °F or 72 °F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bernardo
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Min Lu
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA [2] CovX Research, Pfizer WRD, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pingping Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Eva M Tomas
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roberto A Calle
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Brenner
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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13
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Dhuria RS, Singh G, Kaur A, Kaur R, Kaur T. Current status and patent prospective of animal models in diabetic research. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:117. [PMID: 26261819 PMCID: PMC4513317 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.157847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous complex metabolic disorder with multiple etiology which characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The widespread occurrence of diabetes throughout the world has increased dramatically over the past few years. For better understanding, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the changes in humans needed, as vital tool for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease at the cellular/molecular level and for preclinical testing of drugs. This review aims to describe the animal models of type-1 diabetes (T1Ds) and T2Ds to mimic the causes and progression of the disease in humans. And also we highlight patent applications published in the last few years related to animal models in diabetes as an important milestone for future therapies that are aim to treating diabetes with specific symptoms and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S. Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anudeep Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Tanurajvir Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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14
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Stygar D, Sawczyn T, Skrzep-Poloczek B, Karcz-Socha I, Doleżych B, Zawisza-Raszka A, Augustyniak M, Żwirska-Korczala K, Karcz WK. Ileal transposition in rats influenced glucose metabolism and HSP70 levels. Open Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjective: Ileal transposition procedure (IT),
in combination with sleeve gastrectomy, is widely used
to induce diabetes remission and to control related
metabolic abnormalities. A transposition of a long
segment of distal ileum in obese Zucker rats improved
glucose tolerance 6 months after IT. The premise of
our study was to to examine the long - term effects of
ileum transposition on the liver glycolytic enzymes
content in a euglycemic group of operated Zucker rats.
Methods: Twenty male Zucker rats underwent either
the transposition of 50% distal ileum or a sham surgery.
Six months after surgery, liver tissue concentrations
of glycogen synthase kinase alpha (GSK-3α), glucose
6-phosphatase (G6PC), glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM)
and phosphofructokinase (PFK) and HSP70 were assessed
by immunoenzymatic methods. Results: HSP70 values
were significantly higher in the IT group compared to
SHAM. G6PC liver concentrations in the IT group were
almost 1.45-fold lower than in the SHAM operated rats.
Statistical analyses (F-test) showed HSP70 levels were
significantly related to caveolin-1and SHAM group.
Conclusions: Lowered glycolytic enzyme concentrations
assessed in the liver suggest positive effects on glucose
metabolism in long-term observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Stygar
- 1Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sawczyn
- 1Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Bronisława Skrzep-Poloczek
- 1Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Iwona Karcz-Socha
- 1Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Bogdan Doleżych
- 2Doleżych Bogdan, Zawisza-Raszka Agnieszka, Augustyniak Maria: Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zawisza-Raszka
- 2Doleżych Bogdan, Zawisza-Raszka Agnieszka, Augustyniak Maria: Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- 2Doleżych Bogdan, Zawisza-Raszka Agnieszka, Augustyniak Maria: Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Żwirska-Korczala
- 1Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wojciech Konrad Karcz
- 3Department of Surgery, Universitäts Klinikum Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
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15
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Wang B, Chandrasekera PC, Pippin JJ. Leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models: relevance for human type 2 diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2014; 10:131-45. [PMID: 24809394 PMCID: PMC4082168 DOI: 10.2174/1573399810666140508121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the most widely used animal models in obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) research are the congenital leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models. These include the leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice, Zucker fatty rats, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, SHR/N-cp rats, and JCR:LA-cp rats. After decades of mechanistic and therapeutic research schemes with these animal models, many species differences have been uncovered, but researchers continue to overlook these differences, leading to untranslatable research. The purpose of this review is to analyze and comprehensively recapitulate the most common leptin/leptin receptor-based animal models with respect to their relevance and translatability to human T2DM. Our analysis revealed that, although these rodents develop obesity due to hyperphagia caused by abnormal leptin/leptin receptor signaling with the subsequent appearance of T2DM-like manifestations, these are in fact secondary to genetic mutations that do not reflect disease etiology in humans, for whom leptin or leptin receptor deficiency is not an important contributor to T2DM. A detailed comparison of the roles of genetic susceptibility, obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications as well as leptin expression, signaling, and other factors that confound translation are presented here. There are substantial differences between these animal models and human T2DM that limit reliable, reproducible, and translatable insight into human T2DM. Therefore, it is imperative that researchers recognize and acknowledge the limitations of the leptin/leptin receptor- based rodent models and invest in research methods that would be directly and reliably applicable to humans in order to advance T2DM management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John J Pippin
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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16
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Singh H, Ganneru S, Malakapalli V, Chalasani M, Nappanveettil G, Bhonde RR, Venkatesan V. Islet adaptation to obesity and insulin resistance in WNIN/GR-Ob rats. Islets 2014; 6:e998099. [PMID: 25833252 PMCID: PMC4398287 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2014.998099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
WNIN/GR-Ob mutant rat is a novel animal model to study metabolic syndrome (obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance and cardiovascular diseases). We have investigated the islet characteristics of obese mutants at different age groups (1, 6 and 12 months) to assess the islet changes in response to early and chronic metabolic stress. Our data demonstrates altered islet cell morphology and function (hypertrophy, fibrotic lesions, vacuolation, decreased stimulation index, increased TNFα, ROS and TBARS levels) in mutants as compared to controls. Furthermore, network analysis (gene-gene interaction) studied in pancreas demonstrated increased inflammation as a key factor underlying obesity/metabolic syndrome in mutants. These observations pave way to explore this model to understand islet adaptation in response to metabolic syndrome.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- BM-MSCs, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindol
- DTZ, Dithizone
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin stain
- HI, hyperinsulinemia
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance
- IGT, impaired glucose tolerance
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IR, insulin resistance
- KRBH, krebs ringer bicarbonate
- MS, metabolic syndrome
- NCLAS, National Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences
- NIN, National Institute of Nutrition
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factors
- WNIN, Wistar rats raised at National Institute of Nutrition
- WNIN/GR-Ob mutant rats
- hyperinsulinemia
- hypertrophy
- insulin resistance
- islets
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Singh
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
| | - Sireesha Ganneru
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
| | - Venkata Malakapalli
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
| | - Maniprabha Chalasani
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
| | - Giridharan Nappanveettil
- National Center for Laboratory Animal
Sciences; National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad,
India
| | - Ramesh R Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine; Manipal
University; Bangalore, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
- Correspondence to: Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan;
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17
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The discovery of novel isoflavone pan peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:766-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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JI F, JIN LS, ZENG XM, ZHANG XJ, ZHANG YC, SUN YX, GAO LH, HE H, RAO JH, LIU XM, PENG BL. Comparison of gene expression between naturally occurring and diet-induced T2DM in cynomolgus monkeys. Zool Res 2013; 33:79-84. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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19
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Cedó L, Castell-Auví A, Pallarès V, Mohien CU, Baiges I, Blay M, Ardévol A, Pinent M. Pancreatic islet proteome profile in Zucker fatty rats chronically treated with a grape seed procyanidin extract. Food Chem 2012; 135:1948-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Metelo AM, Pérez-Carro R, Castro MMCA, López-Larrubia P. VO(dmpp)2 normalizes pre-diabetic parameters as assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 115:44-9. [PMID: 22922310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Attempts have been made for early diagnosis and finding effective drugs to prevent severe consequences and ameliorate the symptoms of this disorder. In this work, the pharmacological properties of VO(dmpp)(2), [bis(1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinonato)oxovanadium(IV)], were in vivo evaluated. For 4 weeks fatty Zucker rats were subjected to a daily dose of VO(dmpp)(2) (44 μmol/kg) and their metabolic profile was followed by assessing different biological parameters at established time points: body weight, subcutaneous fat width and hepatic triglyceride content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, respectively. A glucose tolerance test was performed at the end of the experiment. After treatment, treated obese rats presented a weight significantly lower than the non-treated obese animals (359.0±11.1 vs. 433.5±6.2g, P<0.05), a thinner subcutaneous fat width, and a statistically significant decrease in hepatic triglyceride content (5.41±0.59 vs. 21.03±1.40%, P<0.0005). Additionally, the glucose intolerant profile of fatty Zucker rats was completely reversed in treated animals (102.3±2.1 vs. 172.4±1.3 mg/100 mL; P<0.0005). These results reinforce the therapeutic action of VO(dmpp)(2) which shows particular effects on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Metelo
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Blackler R, Syer S, Bolla M, Ongini E, Wallace JL. Gastrointestinal-sparing effects of novel NSAIDs in rats with compromised mucosal defence. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35196. [PMID: 22496907 PMCID: PMC3322164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most commonly used prescription and over-the-counter medications, but they often produce significant gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, particularly in elderly patients and patients with certain co-morbidities. Novel anti-inflammatory drugs are seldom tested in animal models that mimic the high risk human users, leading to an underestimate of the true toxicity of the drugs. In the present study we examined the effects of two novel NSAIDs and two commonly used NSAIDs in models in which mucosal defence was expected to be impaired. Naproxen, celecoxib, ATB-346 (a hydrogen sulfide- and naproxen-releasing compound) and NCX 429 (a nitric oxide- and naproxen-releasing compound) were evaluated in healthy, arthritic, obese, and hypertensive rats and in rats of advanced age (19 months) and rats co-administered low-dose aspirin and/or omeprazole. In all models except hypertension, greater gastric and/or intestinal damage was observed when naproxen was administered in these models than in healthy rats. Celecoxib-induced damage was significantly increased when co-administered with low-dose aspirin and/or omeprazole. In contrast, ATB-346 and NCX 429, when tested at doses that were as effective as naproxen and celecoxib in reducing inflammation and inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity, did not produce significant gastric or intestinal damage in any of the models. These results demonstrate that animal models of human co-morbidities display the same increased susceptibility to NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage as observed in humans. Moreover, two novel NSAIDs that release mediators of mucosal defence (hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide) do not induce significant gastrointestinal damage in these models of impaired mucosal defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Blackler
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Syer
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - John L. Wallace
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Steiner DJ, Kim A, Miller K, Hara M. Pancreatic islet plasticity: interspecies comparison of islet architecture and composition. Islets 2010; 2:135-45. [PMID: 20657742 PMCID: PMC2908252 DOI: 10.4161/isl.2.3.11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic islet displays diverse patterns of endocrine cell arrangement. The prototypic islet, with insulin-secreting beta-cells forming the core surrounded by other endocrine cells in the periphery, is largely based on studies of normal rodent islets. Recent reports on large animals, including humans, show a difference in islet architecture, in which the endocrine cells are randomly distributed throughout the islet. This particular species difference has raised concerns regarding the interpretation of data based on rodent studies to humans. On the other hand, further variations have been reported in marsupials and some nonhuman primates, which possess an inverted ratio of beta-cells to other endocrine cells. This review discusses the striking plasticity of islet architecture and cellular composition among various species including changes in response to metabolic states within a single species. We propose that this plasticity reflects evolutionary acquired adaptation induced by altered physiological conditions, rather than inherent disparities between species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham Kim
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kevin Miller
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
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23
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Central infusion of leptin improves insulin resistance and suppresses beta-cell function, but not beta-cell mass, primarily through the sympathetic nervous system in a type 2 diabetic rat model. Life Sci 2010; 86:854-62. [PMID: 20388519 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated whether hypothalamic leptin alters beta-cell function and mass directly via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or indirectly as the result of altered insulin resistant states. MAIN METHODS The 90% pancreatectomized male Sprague Dawley rats had sympathectomy into the pancreas by applying phenol into the descending aorta (SNSX) or its sham operation (Sham). Each group was divided into two sections, receiving either leptin at 300ng/kgbw/h or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) via intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion for 3h as a short-term study. After finishing the infusion study, ICV leptin (3mug/kg bw/day) or ICV aCSF (control) was infused in rats fed 30 energy % fat diets by osmotic pump for 4weeks. At the end of the long-term study, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and islet morphometry were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Acute ICV leptin administration in Sham rats, but not in SNSX rats, suppressed the first- and second-phase insulin secretion at hyperglycemic clamp by about 48% compared to the control. Regardless of SNSX, the 4-week administration of ICV leptin improved glucose tolerance during oral glucose tolerance tests and insulin sensitivity at hyperglycemic clamp, compared to the control, while it suppressed second-phase insulin secretion in Sham rats but not in SNSX rats. However, the pancreatic beta-cell area and mass were not affected by leptin and SNSX, though ICV leptin decreased individual beta-cell size and concomitantly increased beta-cell apoptosis in Sham rats. SIGNIFICANCE Leptin directly decreases insulin secretion capacity mainly through the activation of SNS without modulating pancreatic beta-cell mass.
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