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Treherne JM, Miller AF. Novel hydrogels: are they poised to transform 3D cell-based assay systems in early drug discovery? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:335-346. [PMID: 36722285 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2175813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Success in drug discovery remains unpredictable. However, more predictive and relevant disease models are becoming pivotal to demonstrating the clinical benefits of new drugs earlier in the lengthy drug discovery process. Novel hydrogel scaffolds are being developed to transform the relevance of such 3D cell-based in vitro assay systems. AREAS COVERED Most traditional hydrogels are still of unknown composition and suffer significant batch-to-batch variations, which lead to technical constraints. This article looks at how a new generation of novel synthetic hydrogels that are based on self-assembling peptides are poised to transform 3D cell-based assay systems by improving their relevance, reproducibility and scalability. EXPERT OPINION The emerging advantages of using these novel hydrogels for human 3D screening assays should enable the discovery of more cost-effective drugs, leading to improved patient benefits. Such a disruptive change could also reduce the considerable time lag from obtaining in vitro assay data to initiating clinical trials. There is now a sufficient body of data available in the literature to enable this ambition to become a reality by significantly improving the predictive validity of 3D cell-based assays in early drug discovery. Novel hydrogels are key to unlocking the full potential of these assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Treherne
- Talisman Therapeutics Ltd, Jonas Webb Building and Cell Guidance Sysyems Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aline F Miller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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2
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Romero JJ, De Rossi MC, Oses C, Echegaray CV, Verneri P, Francia M, Guberman A, Levi V. Nucleus-cytoskeleton communication impacts on OCT4-chromatin interactions in embryonic stem cells. BMC Biol 2022; 20:6. [PMID: 34996451 PMCID: PMC8742348 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytoskeleton is a key component of the system responsible for transmitting mechanical cues from the cellular environment to the nucleus, where they trigger downstream responses. This communication is particularly relevant in embryonic stem (ES) cells since forces can regulate cell fate and guide developmental processes. However, little is known regarding cytoskeleton organization in ES cells, and thus, relevant aspects of nuclear-cytoskeletal interactions remain elusive. RESULTS We explored the three-dimensional distribution of the cytoskeleton in live ES cells and show that these filaments affect the shape of the nucleus. Next, we evaluated if cytoskeletal components indirectly modulate the binding of the pluripotency transcription factor OCT4 to chromatin targets. We show that actin depolymerization triggers OCT4 binding to chromatin sites whereas vimentin disruption produces the opposite effect. In contrast to actin, vimentin contributes to the preservation of OCT4-chromatin interactions and, consequently, may have a pro-stemness role. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest roles of components of the cytoskeleton in shaping the nucleus of ES cells, influencing the interactions of the transcription factor OCT4 with the chromatin and potentially affecting pluripotency and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Romero
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia De Rossi
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Oses
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Vázquez Echegaray
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Verneri
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Francia
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Guberman
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Levi
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Lin SC, Loza A, Antrim L, Talbot P. Video bioinformatics analysis of human pluripotent stem cell morphology, quality, and cellular dynamics. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1343-1359. [PMID: 34089307 PMCID: PMC8380446 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.15-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
StemCellQC is a video bioinformatics software tool for the quantitative analysis of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) colonies. Our objective was to use StemCellQC to evaluate and compare various experimental culture conditions, cell lines, and treatments and to demonstrate its applicability to PSC problems. Seven key features were identified that provided useful information on PSC morphology, dynamic behavior, and viability. Colony attachment was better on laminin‐521 than on Matrigel and Geltrex. Growth rates were similar on each matrix when data were normalized. The brightness/area ratio feature showed greater cell death in colonies grown on Matrigel and Geltrex than on laminin‐521 further contributing to an overall greater yield of cells on laminin‐521. Four different PSC culture media performed similarly; however, one medium produced batch‐to‐batch variation in colony morphology and dynamic features. Two embryonic and one induced pluripotent stem cell line showed significant differences in morphology, growth rates, motility, and death rates. Cells from the same vial that became phenotypically different in culture showed measurable differences in morphology, brightness, and motility. Likewise, differentiating and undifferentiated colonies varied in growth rate, intensity, and motility. Three pluripotent cell lines treated with a low concentration of cinnamaldehyde, a chemical used in consumer products, showed adverse effects and differed in their sensitivity to treatment. Our data demonstrate various applications of StemCellQC which could be used in basic and translational research, toxicological and drug testing, and clinical facilities engaged in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina C Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Antonio Loza
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Lauren Antrim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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4
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Wuputra K, Tsai MH, Kato K, Yang YH, Pan JB, Ku CC, Noguchi M, Kishikawa S, Nakade K, Chen HL, Liu CJ, Nakamura Y, Kuo KK, Lin YC, Chan TF, Wu DC, Hou MF, Huang SK, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK. Dimethyl sulfoxide stimulates the AhR-Jdp2 axis to control ROS accumulation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:203-222. [PMID: 33723743 PMCID: PMC8986748 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-binding protein that responds to environmental aromatic hydrocarbons and stimulates the transcription of downstream phase I enzyme–related genes by binding the cis element of dioxin-responsive elements (DREs)/xenobiotic-responsive elements. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a well-known organic solvent that is often used to dissolve phase I reagents in toxicology and oxidative stress research experiments. In the current study, we discovered that 0.1% DMSO significantly induced the activation of the AhR promoter via DREs and produced reactive oxygen species, which induced apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Moreover, Jun dimerization protein 2 (Jdp2) was found to be required for activation of the AhR promoter in response to DMSO. Coimmunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the phase I–dependent transcription factors, AhR and the AhR nuclear translocator, and phase II–dependent transcription factors such as nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–like 2 (Nrf2) integrated into DRE sites together with Jdp2 to form an activation complex to increase AhR promoter activity in response to DMSO in MEFs. Our findings provide evidence for the functional role of Jdp2 in controlling the AhR gene via Nrf2 and provide insights into how Jdp2 contributes to the regulation of ROS production and the cell spreading and apoptosis produced by the ligand DMSO in MEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ho Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kohsuke Kato
- Department of Infection Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ya-Han Yang
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Bin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michiya Noguchi
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kishikawa
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Nakade
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hua-Ling Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Liu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Fu Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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5
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Nemeth C, Fine A, Fatemi A. Translational challenges in advancing regenerative therapy for treating neurological disorders using nanotechnology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:60-67. [PMID: 31100303 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The focus of regenerative therapies is to replace or enrich diseased or injured cells and tissue in an attempt to replenish the local environment and function, while slowing or halting further degeneration. Targeting neurological diseases specifically is difficult, due to the complex nature of the central nervous system, including the difficulty of bypassing the brain's natural defense systems. While cell-based regenerative therapies show promise in select tissues, preclinical and clinical studies have been largely unable to transfer these successes to the brain. Advancements in nanotechnologies have provided new methods of central nervous system access, drug and cell delivery, as well as new systems of cell maintenance and support that may bridge the gap between regenerative therapies and the brain. In this review, we discuss current regenerative therapies for neurological diseases, nanotechnology as nanocarriers, and the technical, manufacturing, and regulatory challenges that arise from inception to formulation of nanoparticle-regenerative therapies.
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6
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Use of Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts in Developmental Toxicity Assessments. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31069665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9182-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are commonly collected as a means to maintain the culture and growth of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, their utility can extend well beyond their use exclusively in ESC culture. With collection from various transgenic mouse models, use of MEFs may serve as a more simplistic means to reconstitute in vivo/in utero toxicological assessments in an in vitro format for evaluation of function of specific proteins during toxic insults. The ease of collection, rapid growth kinetics, and large-scale expansion to perform multiple, high-throughput experiments are just some of the advantages of MEF use. Here, we describe procedures for successful MEF isolation and culture. As an example of MEF utility, we use MEFs collected form wild-type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout mice. After collection, MEFs were pretreated with the Nrf2 activator, dithiol-3-thione (D3T; 10 μM) for 12 h, and then treated with either hydrogen peroxide (0-2000 μM) or mercury (0-100 μM) for another 24 h. Viability was measured via MTT assay after 24 h of treatment.
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7
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DeephESC 2.0: Deep Generative Multi Adversarial Networks for improving the classification of hESC. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212849. [PMID: 30840685 PMCID: PMC6402687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC), derived from the blastocysts, provide unique cellular models for numerous potential applications. They have great promise in the treatment of diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, diabetes mellitus, etc. hESC are a reliable developmental model for early embryonic growth because of their ability to divide indefinitely (pluripotency), and differentiate, or functionally change, into any adult cell type. Their adaptation to toxicological studies is particularly attractive as pluripotent stem cells can be used to model various stages of prenatal development. Automated detection and classification of human embryonic stem cell in videos is of great interest among biologists for quantified analysis of various states of hESC in experimental work. Currently video annotation is done by hand, a process which is very time consuming and exhaustive. To solve this problem, this paper introduces DeephESC 2.0 an automated machine learning approach consisting of two parts: (a) Generative Multi Adversarial Networks (GMAN) for generating synthetic images of hESC, (b) a hierarchical classification system consisting of Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) and Triplet CNNs to classify phase contrast hESC images into six different classes namely: Cell clusters, Debris, Unattached cells, Attached cells, Dynamically Blebbing cells and Apoptically Blebbing cells. The approach is totally non-invasive and does not require any chemical or staining of hESC. DeephESC 2.0 is able to classify hESC images with an accuracy of 93.23% out performing state-of-the-art approaches by at least 20%. Furthermore, DeephESC 2.0 is able to generate large number of synthetic images which can be used for augmenting the dataset. Experimental results show that training DeephESC 2.0 exclusively on a large amount of synthetic images helps to improve the performance of the classifier on original images from 93.23% to 94.46%. This paper also evaluates the quality of the generated synthetic images using the Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index, Peak Signal to Noise ratio (PSNR) and statistical p-value metrics and compares them with state-of-the-art approaches for generating synthetic images. DeephESC 2.0 saves hundreds of hours of manual labor which would otherwise be spent on manually/semi-manually annotating more and more videos.
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8
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Weng NJH, Cheung C, Talbot P. Dynamic blebbing: A bottleneck to human embryonic stem cell culture that can be overcome by Laminin-Integrin signaling. Stem Cell Res 2018; 33:233-246. [PMID: 30458343 PMCID: PMC6414319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes dynamic and apoptotic blebbing in human embryonic stem cells (hESC), identifies dynamic blebbing as a bottleneck to successful cell attachment during passaging, and demonstrates that dynamic blebbing can be rapidly stopped by plating cells on recombinant human laminin. In freshly plated hESC, dynamic and apoptotic blebbing differed in time of occurrence, bleb retraction rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase 3&7 activation. While dynamic blebbing can be controlled with drugs that inhibit myosin II, these methods have off-target effects and are not suitable for clinical applications. Recombinant human laminin-521 or addition of laminin-111 to Matrigel provided a safe method to drastically decrease dynamic blebbing and improve cell attachment with proteins normally found in the inner cell mass. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase, which is activated by binding of integrins to laminin, prolonged dynamic blebbing and inhibited attachment. These data show that hESC bind rapidly to laminins through an integrin, which activates focal adhesion kinase that in turn downregulates dynamic blebbing. Laminins enabled hESC to rapidly attach during passaging, improved plating efficiency, enabled passaging of single pluripotent stem cells, and avoided use of inhibitors that have non-specific off-target effects. These data provide a strategy for improving hESC culture using biologically safe recombinant human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Jo-Hao Weng
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Cindy Cheung
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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9
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Behar RZ, Wang Y, Talbot P. Comparing the cytotoxicity of electronic cigarette fluids, aerosols and solvents. Tob Control 2018; 27:325-333. [PMID: 28596276 PMCID: PMC6397802 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As thousands of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) refill fluids continue to be formulated and distributed, there is a growing need to understand the cytotoxicity of the flavouring chemicals and solvents used in these products to ensure they are safe. The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of e-cigarette refill fluids/solvents and their corresponding aerosols using in vitro cultured cells. METHODS E-cigarette refill fluids and do-it-yourself products were screened in liquid and aerosol form for cytotoxicity using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The sensitivity of human pulmonary fibroblasts, lung epithelial cells (A549) and human embryonic stem cells to liquids and aerosols was compared. Aerosols were produced using Johnson Creek's Vea cartomizer style e-cigarette. RESULTS A hierarchy of potency was established for the aerosolised products. Our data show that (1) e-cigarette aerosols can produce cytotoxic effects in cultured cells, (2) four patterns of cytotoxicity were found when comparing refill fluids and their corresponding aerosols, (3) fluids accurately predicted aerosol cytotoxicity 74% of the time, (4) stem cells were often more sensitive to aerosols than differentiated cells and (5) 91% of the aerosols made from refill fluids containing only glycerin were cytotoxic, even when produced at a low voltage. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that various flavours/brands of e-cigarette refill fluids and their aerosols are cytotoxic and demonstrate the need for further evaluation of e-cigarette products to better understand their potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z Behar
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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10
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Srinivasan A, Chang SY, Zhang S, Toh WS, Toh YC. Substrate stiffness modulates the multipotency of human neural crest derived ectomesenchymal stem cells via CD44 mediated PDGFR signaling. Biomaterials 2018; 167:153-167. [PMID: 29571051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from various mesodermal and ectodermal tissues. While the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of MSCs stemming from their developmental origins has been acknowledged, the genetic and environmental factors underpinning these differences are not well-understood. Here, we investigated whether substrate stiffness mediated mechanical cues can directly modulate the development of ectodermal MSCs (eMSCs) from a precursor human neural crest stem cell (NCSC) population. We showed that NCSC-derived eMSCs were transcriptionally and functionally distinct from mesodermal bone marrow MSCs. eMSCs derived on lower substrate stiffness specifically increased their expression of the MSC marker, CD44 in a Rho-ROCK signaling dependent manner, which resulted in a concomitant increase in the eMSCs' adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential. This mechanically-induced effect can only be maintained for short-term upon switching back to a stiff substrate but can be sustained for longer-term when the eMSCs were exclusively maintained on soft substrates. We also discovered that CD44 expression modulated eMSC self-renewal and multipotency via the downregulation of downstream platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) signaling. This is the first instance demonstrating that substrate stiffness not only influences the differentiation trajectories of MSCs but also their derivation from upstream progenitors, such as NCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-10, Singapore 117583
| | - Shu-Yung Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-10, Singapore 117583
| | - Shipin Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119083
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge), 27 Medical Drive, #04-01, Singapore 117510; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119083
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-10, Singapore 117583; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456; NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge), 27 Medical Drive, #04-01, Singapore 117510; Biomedical Institute for Global Health, Research and Technology (BIGHEART), MD6, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore 117599.
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11
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Farzaneh M, Attari F, Mozdziak PE, Khoshnam SE. The evolution of chicken stem cell culture methods. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:681-686. [PMID: 28840744 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1365354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The avian embryo is an excellent model for studying embryology and the production of pharmaceutical proteins in transgenic chickens. Furthermore, chicken stem cells have the potential for proliferation and differentiation and emerged as an attractive tool for various cell-based technologies. 2. The objective of these studies is the derivation and culture of these stem cells is the production of transgenic birds for recombinant biomaterials and vaccine manufacture, drug and cytotoxicity testing, as well as to gain insight into basic science, including cell tracking. 3. Despite similarities among the established chicken stem cell lines, fundamental differences have been reported between their culture conditions and applications. Recent conventional protocols used for expansion and culture of chicken stem cells mostly depend on feeder cells, serum-containing media and static culture. 4. Utilising chicken stem cells for generation of cell-based transgenic birds and a variety of vaccines requires large-scale cell production. However, scaling up the conventional adherent chicken stem cells is challenging and labour intensive. Development of a suspension cell culture process for chicken embryonic stem cells (cESCs), chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) and chicken induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) will be an important advance for increasing the growth kinetics of these cells. 6. This review describes various approaches and suggestions to achieve optimal cell growth for defined chicken stem cells cultures and use in future manufacturing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farzaneh
- a Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology , ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - F Attari
- b Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - P E Mozdziak
- c Physiology Graduate Program , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - S E Khoshnam
- d Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran.,e Student Research Committee , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
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12
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Weng NJH, Talbot P. The P2X7 receptor is an upstream regulator of dynamic blebbing and a pluripotency marker in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2017; 23:39-49. [PMID: 28672157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New methods are needed to reduce dynamic blebbing which inhibits cell attachment and survival during passaging of pluripotent stem cells. We tested the hypothesis that activation of the P2X7 receptor by extracellular ATP during passaging initiates dynamic blebbing. The P2X7 receptor was present in human embryonic stem cells (hESC), but not in differentiating cells. Extracellular ATP concentrations were 14× higher in medium during passaging. Addition of ATP to culture medium prolonged dynamic blebbing and inhibited attachment. Inhibition of P2X7 by specific drugs or by siRNA significantly reduced dynamic blebbing and improved cell attachment. When cells were incubated in calcium chelators (EGTA or BAPTA), blebbing decreased and attachment improved. Calcium influx was observed using Fura-4 when ATP was added to culture medium and inhibited in the presence of the P2X7 inhibitor. Over-expressing activated Rac in hESC reduced blebbing and promoted cell attachment, while a Rac inhibitor prolonged blebbing and reduced attachment. These data identify a pathway involving P2X7 that initiates and prolongs dynamic blebbing during hESC passaging. This pathway provides new insight into factors that increase dynamic blebbing and identifies new targets, such as P2X7, that can be used to improve the culture of cells with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Jo-Hao Weng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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13
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Augustin I, Dewi DL, Hundshammer J, Erdmann G, Kerr G, Boutros M. Autocrine Wnt regulates the survival and genomic stability of embryonic stem cells. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/461/eaah6829. [PMID: 28074006 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. The secretion of Wnt ligands requires Evi (also known as Wls). Genetically ablating Evi provides an experimental approach to studying the consequence of depleting all redundant Wnt proteins, and overexpressing Evi enables a nonspecific means of increasing Wnt signaling. We generated Evi-deficient and Evi-overexpressing mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to analyze the role of autocrine Wnt production in self-renewal and differentiation. Self-renewal was reduced in Evi-deficient ESCs and increased in Evi-overexpressing ESCs in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor, which supports the self-renewal of ESCs. The differentiation of ESCs into cardiomyocytes was enhanced when Evi was overexpressed and teratoma formation and growth of Evi-deficient ESCs in vivo were impaired, indicating that autocrine Wnt ligands were necessary for ESC differentiation and survival. ESCs lacking autocrine Wnt signaling had mitotic defects and showed genomic instability. Together, our study demonstrates that autocrine Wnt secretion is important for the survival, chromosomal stability, differentiation, and tumorigenic potential of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Augustin
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Dyah L Dewi
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hundshammer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gerrit Erdmann
- NMI TT Naturwissenschaftliches und Medizinisches Institut Technologie Transfer GmbH Pharmaservices, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Grainne Kerr
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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14
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Immune cell recruitment in teratomas is impaired by increased Wnt secretion. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:607-615. [PMID: 27838585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a central role in tumor initiation and tumor progression. Mutations in Wnt pathway components, such as the tumor suppressor APC, lead to malignant transformation. While previous studies focused on Wnt-related changes in cancer cells, the impact of aberrant Wnt signaling on the tumor microenvironment is only beginning to emerge. In order to investigate the role of increased Wnt secretion on tumor growth and the microenvironment, we generated a novel germ cell tumor model by overexpressing the Wnt secretion factor Evi/Wls in mouse embryonic stem cells. Evi-overexpressing teratoma were characterized by enhanced tumor growth in supporting a tumor-promoting role of Wnt secretion. Interestingly, enhanced Evi expression correlated with impaired immune cell recruitment. Specifically, T- and B-cell infiltration was reduced in Evi-overexpressing teratomas, which was independent of teratoma size and differentiation. Our study suggests that Wnt secretion impairs immunosurveillance. Since immune cell infiltration has been shown to have prognostic value, the levels of secreted Wnt activity might impact the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy.
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15
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Chal J, Al Tanoury Z, Hestin M, Gobert B, Aivio S, Hick A, Cherrier T, Nesmith AP, Parker KK, Pourquié O. Generation of human muscle fibers and satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1833-50. [PMID: 27583644 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progress toward finding a cure for muscle diseases has been slow because of the absence of relevant cellular models and the lack of a reliable source of muscle progenitors for biomedical investigation. Here we report an optimized serum-free differentiation protocol to efficiently produce striated, millimeter-long muscle fibers together with satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in vitro. By mimicking key signaling events leading to muscle formation in the embryo, in particular the dual modulation of Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway signaling, this directed differentiation protocol avoids the requirement for genetic modifications or cell sorting. Robust myogenesis can be achieved in vitro within 1 month by personnel experienced in hPSC culture. The differentiating culture can be subcultured to produce large amounts of myogenic progenitors amenable to numerous downstream applications. Beyond the study of myogenesis, this differentiation method offers an attractive platform for the development of relevant in vitro models of muscle dystrophies and drug screening strategies, as well as providing a source of cells for tissue engineering and cell therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ziad Al Tanoury
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marie Hestin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bénédicte Gobert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Suvi Aivio
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aurore Hick
- Anagenesis Biotechnologies, Parc d'innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Thomas Cherrier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Alexander P Nesmith
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Behar RZ, Luo W, Lin SC, Wang Y, Valle J, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols. Tob Control 2016; 25:ii94-ii102. [PMID: 27633763 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution, concentration and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) refill fluids and aerosols. METHODS The distribution and concentration of cinnamaldehyde were determined in 39 e-cigarette refill fluids plus 6 duplicates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A cinnamaldehyde toxicity profile was established for embryonic and adult cells using a live cell imaging assay, immunocytochemistry, the comet assay and a recovery assay. RESULTS Twenty of the 39 refill fluids contained cinnamaldehyde at concentrations that are cytotoxic to human embryonic and lung cells in the MTT assay. Cinnamon Ceylon aerosol produced in a cartomizer-style e-cigarette was cytotoxic. Cinnamon Ceylon aerosols and refill fluid aerosols (80% propylene glycol or cinnamaldehyde/propylene glycol) made using a tank/boxmod e-cigarette were more cytotoxic at 5 V than 3 V. Using GC/MS, aerosols produced at 5 V contained 10 additional peaks not present in aerosol generated at 3 V. One of these, 2,3-butandione (diacetyl), was confirmed with an authentic standard. Cinnamaldehyde depolymerised microtubules in human pulmonary fibroblasts. At concentrations that produced no effect in the MTT assay, cinnamaldehyde decreased growth, attachment and spreading; altered cell morphology and motility; increased DNA strand breaks; and increased cell death. At the MTT IC50 concentration, lung cells were unable to recover from cinnamaldehyde after 2 hours of treatment, whereas embryonic cells recovered after 8 hours. CONCLUSIONS Cinnamaldehyde-containing refill fluids and aerosols are cytotoxic, genotoxic and low concentrations adversely affect cell processes and survival. These data indicate that cinnamaldehyde in e-cigarette refill fluids/aerosols may impair homeostasis in the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z Behar
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sabrina C Lin
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jackelyn Valle
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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17
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Chen HY, Tan HK, Loh YH. Derivation of Transgene-Free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from a Single Drop of Blood. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY 2016; 38:4A.9.1-4A.9.10. [PMID: 27532818 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have great potential for future use in therapeutic regenerative medicine. Based on the current protocol for deriving hiPSCs, invasive procedures such as skin biopsies and venipuncture are required for obtaining donor samples. Herein, we present a detailed protocol for deriving hiPSCs from human finger-prick (FP) blood. In this method, the transgene-free hiPSCs can be easily generated from only 10 µl of FP blood. The finger-pricked iPSCs (FPiPSCs) show all the pluripotency markers and can be easily differentiated into various cell lineages. The time required for deriving the FPiPSCs is relatively short-10 to 15 days for FP blood expansion and 20 to 30 days for reprogramming. This method can be easily adapted for setting up a large scale iPSC bank as it requires only 10 µl of the donor FP blood, which can be easily collected. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu Chen
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell, Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Hong-Kee Tan
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell, Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yuin-Han Loh
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell, Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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18
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Henry EK, Sy CB, Inclan-Rico JM, Espinosa V, Ghanny SS, Dwyer DF, Soteropoulos P, Rivera A, Siracusa MC. Carbonic anhydrase enzymes regulate mast cell-mediated inflammation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1663-73. [PMID: 27526715 PMCID: PMC4995079 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Car enzyme inhibition prevents mast cell responses and inflammation following Trichinella spiralis infection or the induction of food allergy–like disease. Type 2 cytokine responses are necessary for the development of protective immunity to helminth parasites but also cause the inflammation associated with allergies and asthma. Recent studies have found that peripheral hematopoietic progenitor cells contribute to type 2 cytokine–mediated inflammation through their enhanced ability to develop into mast cells. In this study, we show that carbonic anhydrase (Car) enzymes are up-regulated in type 2–associated progenitor cells and demonstrate that Car enzyme inhibition is sufficient to prevent mouse mast cell responses and inflammation after Trichinella spiralis infection or the induction of food allergy–like disease. Further, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology and illustrate that genetically editing Car1 is sufficient to selectively reduce mast cell development. Finally, we demonstrate that Car enzymes can be targeted to prevent human mast cell development. Collectively, these experiments identify a previously unrecognized role for Car enzymes in regulating mast cell lineage commitment and suggest that Car enzyme inhibitors may possess therapeutic potential that can be used to treat mast cell–mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett K Henry
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Chandler B Sy
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Juan M Inclan-Rico
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Vanessa Espinosa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Saleena S Ghanny
- The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Daniel F Dwyer
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
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19
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Huang B, Ning S, Zhang Q, Chen A, Jiang C, Cui Y, Hu J, Li H, Fan G, Qin L, Liu J. Bisphenol A Represses Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells through Downregulating the Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3798-3812. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Evaluating Cell Processes, Quality, and Biomarkers in Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Video Bioinformatics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148642. [PMID: 26848582 PMCID: PMC4743914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a foundational need for quality control tools in stem cell laboratories engaged in basic research, regenerative therapies, and toxicological studies. These tools require automated methods for evaluating cell processes and quality during in vitro passaging, expansion, maintenance, and differentiation. In this paper, an unbiased, automated high-content profiling toolkit, StemCellQC, is presented that non-invasively extracts information on cell quality and cellular processes from time-lapse phase-contrast videos. Twenty four (24) morphological and dynamic features were analyzed in healthy, unhealthy, and dying human embryonic stem cell (hESC) colonies to identify those features that were affected in each group. Multiple features differed in the healthy versus unhealthy/dying groups, and these features were linked to growth, motility, and death. Biomarkers were discovered that predicted cell processes before they were detectable by manual observation. StemCellQC distinguished healthy and unhealthy/dying hESC colonies with 96% accuracy by non-invasively measuring and tracking dynamic and morphological features over 48 hours. Changes in cellular processes can be monitored by StemCellQC and predictions can be made about the quality of pluripotent stem cell colonies. This toolkit reduced the time and resources required to track multiple pluripotent stem cell colonies and eliminated handling errors and false classifications due to human bias. StemCellQC provided both user-specified and classifier-determined analysis in cases where the affected features are not intuitive or anticipated. Video analysis algorithms allowed assessment of biological phenomena using automatic detection analysis, which can aid facilities where maintaining stem cell quality and/or monitoring changes in cellular processes are essential. In the future StemCellQC can be expanded to include other features, cell types, treatments, and differentiating cells.
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21
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Carter MG, Smagghe BJ, Stewart AK, Rapley JA, Lynch E, Bernier KJ, Keating KW, Hatziioannou VM, Hartman EJ, Bamdad CC. A Primitive Growth Factor, NME7AB , Is Sufficient to Induce Stable Naïve State Human Pluripotency; Reprogramming in This Novel Growth Factor Confers Superior Differentiation. Stem Cells 2016; 34:847-59. [PMID: 26749426 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Scientists have generated human stem cells that in some respects mimic mouse naïve cells, but their dependence on the addition of several extrinsic agents, and their propensity to develop abnormal karyotype calls into question their resemblance to a naturally occurring "naïve" state in humans. Here, we report that a recombinant, truncated human NME7, referred to as NME7AB here, induces a stable naïve-like state in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells without the use of inhibitors, transgenes, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), feeder cells, or their conditioned media. Evidence of a naïve state includes reactivation of the second X chromosome in female source cells, increased expression of naïve markers and decreased expression of primed state markers, ability to be clonally expanded and increased differentiation potential. RNA-seq analysis shows vast differences between the parent FGF2 grown, primed state cells, and NME7AB converted cells, but similarities to altered gene expression patterns reported by others generating naïve-like stem cells via the use of biochemical inhibitors. Experiments presented here, in combination with our previous work, suggest a mechanistic model of how human stem cells regulate self-replication: an early naïve state driven by NME7, which cannot itself limit self-replication and a later naïve state regulated by NME1, which limits self-replication when its multimerization state shifts from the active dimer to the inactive hexamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Carter
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B J Smagghe
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A K Stewart
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J A Rapley
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Lynch
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K J Bernier
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K W Keating
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - E J Hartman
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Strand displacement amplification for ultrasensitive detection of human pluripotent stem cells. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 881:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Barakat TS, Gribnau J. Generation of knockout alleles by RFLP based BAC targeting of polymorphic embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1227:143-80. [PMID: 25239745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1652-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of germ line competent mouse Embryonic Stem (ES) cells and the ability to modify the genome by homologous recombination has revolutionized life science research. Since its initial discovery, several approaches have been introduced to increase the efficiency of homologous recombination, including the use of isogenic DNA for the generation of targeting constructs, and the use of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs). BACs have the advantage of combining long stretches of homologous DNA, thereby increasing targeting efficiencies, with the possibilities delivered by BAC recombineering approaches, which provide the researcher with almost unlimited possibilities to efficiently edit the genome in a controlled fashion. Despite these advantages of BAC targeting approaches, a widespread use has been hampered, mainly because of the difficulties in identifying BAC-targeted knockout alleles by conventional methods like Southern Blotting. Recently, we introduced a novel BAC targeting strategy, in which Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) are targeted in polymorphic mouse ES cells, enabling an efficient and easy PCR-based readout to identify properly targeted alleles. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the generation of targeting constructs, targeting of ES cells, and convenient PCR-based analysis of targeted clones, which enable the user to generate knockout ES cells of almost every gene in the mouse genome within a 2-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Room Ee 09-71, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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Behar RZ, Davis B, Wang Y, Bahl V, Lin S, Talbot P. Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:198-208. [PMID: 24516877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In a prior study on electronic cigarette (EC) refill fluids, Cinnamon Ceylon was the most cytotoxic of 36 products tested. The purpose of the current study was to determine if high cytotoxicity is a general feature of cinnamon-flavored EC refill fluids and to identify the toxicant(s) in Cinnamon Ceylon. Eight cinnamon-flavored refill fluids, which were screened using the MTT assay, varied in their cytotoxicity with most being cytotoxic. Human embryonic stem cells were generally more sensitive than human adult pulmonary fibroblasts. Most products were highly volatile and produced vapors that impaired survival of cells in adjacent wells. Cinnamaldehyde (CAD), 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2MOCA), dipropylene glycol, and vanillin were identified in the cinnamon-flavored refill fluids using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). When authentic standards of each chemical were tested using the MTT assay, only CAD and 2MOCA were highly cytotoxic. The amount of each chemical in the refill fluids was quantified using HPLC, and cytotoxicity correlated with the amount of CAD/product. Duplicate bottles of the same product were similar, but varied in their concentrations of 2MOCA. These data show that the cinnamon flavorings in refill fluids are linked to cytotoxicity, which could adversely affect EC users.
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25
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Zhang W, Hu J, Ma Q, Hu S, Wang Y, Wen X, Ma Y, Xu H, Qian H, Xu W. Cryopreserved mouse fetal liver stromal cells treated with mitomycin C are able to support the growth of human embryonic stem cells. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:935-942. [PMID: 25120627 PMCID: PMC4113635 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An immortalized mouse fetal liver stromal cell line, named KM3, has demonstrated the potential to support the growth and maintenance of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). In this study, the characteristics of KM3 cells were examined following cryopreservation at -70°C and in liquid nitrogen for 15, 30 and 60 days following treatment with 10 μg/ml mitomycin C. In addition, whether the KM3 cells were suitable for use as feeder cells to support the growth of hESCs was evaluated. The inhibition of mitosis without cell death was observed when the KM3 cells were treated with 10 μg/ml mitomycin C for 2 h. The morphology of the KM3 cells cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 60 days was not markedly changed, and the cell survival rate was 84.60±1.14%. By contrast, the survival rate of the KM3 cells was 66.40±2.88% following cryopreservation at -70°C for 60 days; the cells readily detached, were maintained for a shorter time, and had a reduced expression level of basic fibroblast growth factor. hESCs cultured on KM3 cells cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 60 days showed the typical bird's nest structure, with clear boundaries and a differentiation rate of 16.33±2.08%. The differentiation rate of hESCs cultured on KM3 cells cryopreserved at -70°C for 60 days was 37.67±3.51%. These results indicate that the cryopreserved KM3 cells treated with mitomycin C may be directly used in the subculture of hESCs, and the effect is relatively good with -70°C short-term or liquid nitrogen cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jiabo Hu
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Quanhui Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Sanqiang Hu
- Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiangmei Wen
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Ma
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Qian
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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Barakat TS, Gribnau J. Combined DNA-RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to study X chromosome inactivation in differentiated female mouse embryonic stem cells. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24961515 DOI: 10.3791/51628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in cytogenetics and cancer diagnostics, and can detect aberrations of the genome, which often has important clinical implications. RNA FISH can be used to detect RNA molecules in cells and has provided important insights in regulation of gene expression. Combining DNA and RNA FISH within the same cell is technically challenging, as conditions suitable for DNA FISH might be too harsh for fragile, single stranded RNA molecules. We here present an easily applicable protocol which enables the combined, simultaneous detection of Xist RNA and DNA encoded by the X chromosomes. This combined DNA-RNA FISH protocol can likely be applied to other systems where both RNA and DNA need to be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost Gribnau
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center
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27
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Guan BX, Bhanu B, Talbot P, Lin S. Bio-Driven Cell Region Detection in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Assay. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2014; 11:604-611. [PMID: 26356027 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2014.2306836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a bio-driven algorithm that detects cell regions automatically in the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) images obtained using a phase contrast microscope. The algorithm uses both statistical intensity distributions of foreground/hESCs and background/substrate as well as cell property for cell region detection. The intensity distributions of foreground/hESCs and background/substrate are modeled as a mixture of two Gaussians. The cell property is translated into local spatial information. The algorithm is optimized by parameters of the modeled distributions and cell regions evolve with the local cell property. The paper validates the method with various videos acquired using different microscope objectives. In comparison with the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed method is able to detect the entire cell region instead of fragmented cell regions. It also yields high marks on measures such as Jacard similarity, Dice coefficient, sensitivity and specificity. Automated detection by the proposed method has the potential to enable fast quantifiable analysis of hESCs using large data sets which are needed to understand dynamic cell behaviors.
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HEK293 cell culture media study towards bioprocess optimization: Animal derived component free and animal derived component containing platforms. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:471-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to the pluripotent state to become human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). This reprogramming is achieved by activating signaling pathways that are expressed during early development. These pathways can be induced by ectopic expression of four transcription factors-Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Although there are many ways to deliver these transcription factors into the somatic cells, this chapter will provide protocols that can be used to generate hiPSC from lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Moore
- Rutgers NIMH Stem Cell Center and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Nelson Biological Laboratory, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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31
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells can be cultured and maintained on fibroblast feeder cells of murine or human origin. Thorough protocols are provided for the growth and maintenance of human embryonic stem cells on either feeder cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur
- Primary and Stem Cell Systems, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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Behar RZ, Bahl V, Wang Y, Weng J, Lin SC, Talbot P. Adaptation of Stem Cells to 96‐Well Plate Assays: Use of Human Embryonic and Mouse Neural Stem Cells in the MTT Assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 1:Unit 1C.13. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01c13s23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z. Behar
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside California
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Vasundhra Bahl
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside California
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
| | - Jo‐Hao Weng
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside California
| | - Sabrina C. Lin
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
| | - Prue Talbot
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
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Bahl V, Lin S, Xu N, Davis B, Wang YH, Talbot P. Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:529-37. [PMID: 22989551 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (EC) and refill fluids are distributed with little information on their pre- and postnatal health effects. This study compares the cytotoxicity of EC refill fluids using embryonic and adult cells and examines the chemical characteristics of refill fluids using HPLC. Refill solutions were tested on human embryonic stem cells (hESC), mouse neural stem cells (mNSC), and human pulmonary fibroblasts (hPF) using the MTT assay, and NOAELs and IC(50)s were determined from dose-response curves. Spectral analysis was performed when products of the same flavor had different MTT outcomes. hESC and mNSC were generally more sensitive to refill solutions than hPF. All products from one company were cytotoxic to hESC and mNSC, but non-cytotoxic to hPF. Cytotoxicity was not due to nicotine, but was correlated with the number and concentration of chemicals used to flavor fluids. Additional studies are needed to fully assess the prenatal effect of refill fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhra Bahl
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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34
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Behar RZ, Bahl V, Wang Y, Lin S, Xu N, Davis B, Talbot P. A method for rapid dose-response screening of environmental chemicals using human embryonic stem cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 66:238-45. [PMID: 22820057 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) provide an invaluable model for assessing the effects of environmental chemicals and drugs on human prenatal development. However, hESC are difficult to adapt to 96-well plate screening assays, because they survive best when plated as colonies, which are difficult to count and plate accurately. The purpose of this study is to present an experimental method and analysis procedure to accomplish reliable screening of toxicants using hESC. METHODS We present a method developed to rapidly and easily determine the number of cells in small colonies of hESC spectrophotometerically and then accurately dispense equivalent numbers of cells in 96-well plates. The MTT assay was used to evaluate plating accuracy, and the method was tested using known toxicants. RESULTS The quality of the plate set-up and analysis procedure was evaluated with NIH plate validation and assessment software. All statistical parameters measured by the software were acceptable, and no drift or edge effects were observed. The 96-well plate MTT assay with hESC was tested by performing a dose-response screen of commercial products, which contain a variety of chemicals. The screen was done using single wells/dose, and the reliability of this method was demonstrated in a subsequent screen of the same products repeated three times. The single and triple screens were in good agreement, and NOAELs and IC(50)s could be determined from the single screen. The effects of vapor from volatile chemicals were studied, and methods to monitor and avoid vapor effects were incorporated into the assay. DISCUSSION Our method overcomes the difficulty of using hESC for reliable quantitative 96-well plate assays. It enables rapid dose-response screening using equipment that is commonly available in laboratories that culture hESC. This method could have a broad application in studies of environmental chemicals and drugs using hESC as models of prenatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Z Behar
- Stem Cell Center and Core, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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35
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HU JIABO, HU SANQIANG, MA QUANHUI, WANG XIAOHUI, ZHOU ZHONGWEI, ZHANG WEI, SUN XIAOCHUN, ZHU WEI, QIAN HUI, XU WENRONG. Immortalized mouse fetal liver stromal cells support growth and maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1385-91. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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36
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Sison-Young RLC, Kia R, Heslop J, Kelly L, Rowe C, Cross MJ, Kitteringham NR, Hanley N, Park BK, Goldring CEP. Human pluripotent stem cells for modeling toxicity. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 63:207-256. [PMID: 22776643 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398339-8.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of xenobiotics, driven by the demand for therapeutic, domestic and industrial uses continues to grow. However, along with this increasing demand is the risk of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Currently, safety screening of xenobiotics uses a plethora of animal and in vitro model systems which have over the decades proven useful during compound development and for application in mechanistic studies of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. However, these assessments have proven to be animal-intensive and costly. More importantly, the prevalence of xenobiotic-induced toxicity is still significantly high, causing patient morbidity and mortality, and a costly impediment during drug development. This suggests that the current models for drug safety screening are not reliable in toxicity prediction, and the results not easily translatable to the clinic due to insensitive assays that do not recapitulate fully the complex phenotype of a functional cell type in vivo. Recent advances in the field of stem cell research have potentially allowed for a readily available source of metabolically competent cells for toxicity studies, derived using human pluripotent stem cells harnessed from embryos or reprogrammed from mature somatic cells. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types also allow for potential disease modeling in vitro for the purposes of drug toxicology and safety pharmacology, making this model possibly more predictive of drug toxicity compared with existing models. This article will review the advances and challenges of using human pluripotent stem cells for modeling metabolism and toxicity, and offer some perspectives as to where its future may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L C Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Bioengineering embryonic stem cell microenvironments for the study of breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7662-91. [PMID: 22174624 PMCID: PMC3233430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent disease amongst women worldwide and metastasis is the main cause of death due to breast cancer. Metastatic breast cancer cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells display similar characteristics. However, unlike metastatic breast cancer cells, ES cells are nonmalignant. Furthermore, embryonic microenvironments have the potential to convert metastatic breast cancer cells into a less invasive phenotype. The creation of in vitro embryonic microenvironments will enable better understanding of ES cell-breast cancer cell interactions, help elucidate tumorigenesis, and lead to the restriction of breast cancer metastasis. In this article, we will present the characteristics of breast cancer cells and ES cells as well as their microenvironments, importance of embryonic microenvironments in inhibiting tumorigenesis, convergence of tumorigenic and embryonic signaling pathways, and state of the art in bioengineering embryonic microenvironments for breast cancer research. Additionally, the potential application of bioengineered embryonic microenvironments for the prevention and treatment of invasive breast cancer will be discussed.
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Sharma S, Raju R, Sui S, Hu WS. Stem cell culture engineering - process scale up and beyond. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1317-29. [PMID: 21721127 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell research and recent work on clinical trials employing stem cells have heightened the prospect of stem cell applications in regenerative medicine. The eventual clinical application of stem cells will require transforming cell production from laboratory practices to robust processes. Most stem cell applications will require extensive ex vivo handling of cells, from isolation, cultivation, and directed differentiation to product cell separation, cell derivation, and final formulation. Some applications require large quantities of cells in each defined batch for clinical use in multiple patients; others may be for autologous use and require only small-scale operations. All share a common requirement: the production must be robust and generate cell products of consistent quality. Unlike the established manufacturing process of recombinant protein biologics, stem cell applications will likely see greater variability in their cell source and more fluctuations in product quality. Nevertheless, in devising stem cell-based bioprocesses, much insight could be gained from the manufacturing of biological materials, including recombinant proteins and anti-viral vaccines. The key to process robustness is thus not only the control of traditional process chemical and physical variables, but also the sustenance of cells in the desired potency or differentiation state through controlling non-traditional variables, such as signaling pathway modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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39
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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell staining and sorting with the live-cell fluorescence imaging probe CDy1. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1044-52. [PMID: 21720317 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Detecting and isolating specific types of cells is crucial to understanding a variety of biological processes, including development, aging, regeneration and pathogenesis; this understanding, in turn, allows the use of cells for therapeutic purposes, for which stem cells have emerged recently as invaluable materials. The current methods of isolation and characterization of stem cells depend on cell morphology in culture or on immunostaining of specific markers. These methods are, however, time consuming and involve the use of antibodies that may often make the cells unsuitable for further study. We recently developed a fluorescent small molecule named CDy1 (compound of designation yellow 1) that selectively stains live embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This protocol describes detailed procedures for staining ESC and iPSC in live conditions and for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of ESC using CDy1. Cell staining, image acquisition and FACS can be done within 6 h.
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40
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Arnaoutova I, George J, Kleinman HK, Benton G. Basement Membrane Matrix (BME) has Multiple Uses with Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 8:163-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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41
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Zhang S, Banerjee D, Kuhn JR. Isolation and culture of larval cells from C. elegans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19505. [PMID: 21559335 PMCID: PMC3084877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is an essential tool to study cell function. In C. elegans the ability to isolate and culture cells has been limited to embryonically derived cells. However, cells or blastomeres isolated from mixed stage embryos terminally differentiate within 24 hours of culture, thus precluding post-embryonic stage cell culture. We have developed an efficient and technically simple method for large-scale isolation and primary culture of larval-stage cells. We have optimized the treatment to maximize cell number and minimize cell death for each of the four larval stages. We obtained up to 7.8×10(4) cells per microliter of packed larvae, and up to 97% of adherent cells isolated by this method were viable for at least 16 hours. Cultured larval cells showed stage-specific increases in both cell size and multinuclearity and expressed lineage- and cell type-specific reporters. The majority (81%) of larval cells isolated by our method were muscle cells that exhibited stage-specific phenotypes. L1 muscle cells developed 1 to 2 wide cytoplasmic processes, while L4 muscle cells developed 4 to 14 processes of various thicknesses. L4 muscle cells developed bands of myosin heavy chain A thick filaments at the cell center and spontaneously contracted ex vivo. Neurons constituted less than 10% of the isolated cells and the majority of neurons developed one or more long, microtubule-rich protrusions that terminated in actin-rich growth cones. In addition to cells such as muscle and neuron that are high abundance in vivo, we were also able to isolate M-lineage cells that constitute less than 0.2% of cells in vivo. Our novel method of cell isolation extends C. elegans cell culture to larval developmental stages, and allows use of the wealth of cell culture tools, such as cell sorting, electrophysiology, co-culture, and high-resolution imaging of subcellular dynamics, in investigation of post-embryonic development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Diya Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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