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Aloui A, Salah-Abbès JB, Zinedine A, Meile JC, Riba A, Durand N, Montet D, Abbès S, Brabet C. Occurrence of pre- and postharvest multi-mycotoxins in durum wheat grains collected in 2020 and 2021 in two climatic regions of Tunisia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:274-287. [PMID: 37387604 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2219996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty two mycotoxins in 136 durum wheat collected from Tunisia in 2020 and 2021 were investigated. Mycotoxins were analyzed by UHPLCMS/MS. In 2020, 60.9% of the samples were contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and/or enniatin. Whereas, in 2021, 34.4% were contaminated by enniatins. AFB1 was detected only in 2020, in the continental region (6/46) and all samples exceeded limits. AFB1 was detected in stored wheat (24-37.8 µg/kg) but also in pre-stored wheat (17-28.4 µg/kg) and in one sample collected in the field (21 µg/kg). Enniatin A1, enniatin B and enniatin B1 were detected in wheat collected in the field (30-7684 µg/kg), pre-storage (42-1266 µg/kg) and storage (65.8-498.2 µg/kg) from the continental region also, in sample collected in pre-storage (31.3-1410 µg/kg) and at harvest (48- 1060 µg/kg). Samples had a water activity less than 0.7 and moisture content ranged between 09-14%. AFB1 level represent a health risk to the Tunisian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Aloui
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Faculty of Sciences, BIOMARE Laboratory, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Jean Christophe Meile
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Amar Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Kouba, Algeria
| | - Noel Durand
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Montet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Brabet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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2
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Aziz A, Noreen S, Khalid W, Ejaz A, Faiz ul Rasool I, Maham, Munir A, Farwa, Javed M, Ercisli S, Okcu Z, Marc RA, Nayik GA, Ramniwas S, Uddin J. Pumpkin and Pumpkin Byproducts: Phytochemical Constitutes, Food Application and Health Benefits. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23346-23357. [PMID: 38170139 PMCID: PMC10761000 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, agricultural waste byproducts are exploited in the food industry rather than discarded. Pumpkin is one of the most significant vegetable crops that is widely consumed in farmland and certain urban regions. The current study was designed to measure the phytochemical constituents, food application, health benefits, and toxicity of pumpkin and pumpkin byproducts. Pumpkins and pumpkin byproducts (seeds, leaf, and skin/peel) can be utilized as functional ingredients. Different parts of the pumpkin contain bioactive compounds including carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin E, ascorbic acid, phytosterols, selenium, and linoleic acid. Pumpkin is used in various food sectors as a functional food, including baking, beverages, meat, and dairy industries. Furthermore, the leaves and pulp of the pumpkin are used to produce soups, purees, jams, and pies. Different parts of pumpkins have several health benefits such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this review paper elaborates on the pumpkins and pumpkin byproducts that can be used to develop food products and may be valuable against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifa Aziz
- Department
of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sana Noreen
- University
Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health
Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Khalid
- University
Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of LahoreLahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Afaf Ejaz
- Department
of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Izza Faiz ul Rasool
- Department
of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Maham
- Department
of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Areesha Munir
- Department
of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Farwa
- Department
of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Miral Javed
- College of
Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department
of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
- HGF
Agro,
Ata Teknokent, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Zuhal Okcu
- Department
of Gastronomy, Faculty of Tourism, Ataturk
University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Romina Alina Marc
- Food
Engineering
Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Technological
Transfer Center “CTT-BioTech”, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Floreşti Street, No.
64, 400509 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department
of Food Science & Technology, Govt.
Degree College, Shopian-192303, J&K, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University
Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh
University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir 61421, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Dyląg M, Spychała K, Zielinski J, Łagowski D, Gnat S. Update on Stachybotrys chartarum-Black Mold Perceived as Toxigenic and Potentially Pathogenic to Humans. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030352. [PMID: 35336726 PMCID: PMC8945704 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In nature, there are many species of fungi known to produce various mycotoxins, allergens and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as the commonly known etiological agents of various types of mycoses. So far, none of them have provoked so much emotion among homeowners, builders, conservators, mycologists and clinicians as Stachybotrys chartarum. This species compared to fungi of the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus is not as frequently described to be a micromycete that is toxigenic and hazardous to human and animal health, but interest in it has been growing consistently for three decades. Depending on the authors of any given review article, attention is focused either on the clinical aspects alongside the role of this fungus in deterioration of biomaterials, or aspects related to its biology, ecology and taxonomic position. On the one hand, it is well established that inhalation of conidia, containing the highest concentrations of toxic metabolites, may cause serious damage to the mammalian lung, particularly with repeated exposure. On the other hand, we can find articles in which authors demonstrate that S. chartarum conidia can germinate and form hyphae in lungs but are not able to establish an effective infection. Finally, we can find case reports that suggest that S. chartarum infection is linked with acute pulmonary hemorrhage, based on fungal structures recovered from patient lung tissue. New scientific reports have verified the current state of knowledge and note that clinical significance of this fungus is exceedingly controversial. For these reasons, understanding S. chartarum requires reviewing the well-known toxigenic features and harmful factors associated with this fungus, by gathering the newest ones into a coherent whole. The research problem related to this fungus seems to be not overly publicized, and there is still a demand to truthfully define the real threats of S. chartarum and phylogenetically related species. The most important problem, which should be fully elucidated as soon as possible, remains the clarification of the pathogenicity of S. chartarum and related species. Maybe it is urgent time to ask a critical question, namely what exactly do we know 28 years after the outbreak of pulmonary hemorrhage in infants in Cleveland, Ohio, USA most likely caused by S. chartarum?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Klaudyna Spychała
- Student Scientific Circle (SKN Mykobiota), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Jessica Zielinski
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (S.G.)
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (S.G.)
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Fumagalli F, Ottoboni M, Pinotti L, Cheli F. Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:572. [PMID: 34437443 PMCID: PMC8402322 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide concern as their occurrence is unavoidable and varies among geographical regions. Mycotoxins can affect the performance and quality of livestock production and act as carriers putting human health at risk. Feed can be contaminated by various fungal species, and mycotoxins co-occurrence, and modified and emerging mycotoxins are at the centre of modern mycotoxin research. Preventing mould and mycotoxin contamination is almost impossible; it is necessary for producers to implement a comprehensive mycotoxin management program to moderate these risks along the animal feed supply chain in an HACCP perspective. The objective of this paper is to suggest an innovative integrated system for handling mycotoxins in the feed chain, with an emphasis on novel strategies for mycotoxin control. Specific and selected technologies, such as nanotechnologies, and management protocols are reported as promising and sustainable options for implementing mycotoxins control, prevention, and management. Further research should be concentrated on methods to determine multi-contaminated samples, and emerging and modified mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
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Zoghi A, Darani KK, Hekmatdoost A. Effects of Pretreatments on Patulin Removal from Apple Juices Using Lactobacilli: Binding Stability in Simulated Gastrointestinal Condition and Modeling. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:135-145. [PMID: 32572682 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have reported the presence of patulin as a mycotoxin in commercial apple products, especially apple juices. The aim of this study was to assess adsorption of patulin from artificially contaminated apple juice using two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014. Furthermore, effects of five physical and chemical pretreatments on the patulin adsorption were investigated. Results demonstrated that patulin adsorption abilities of both strains increased with NaOH pretreatment but decreased after autoclaving. The NaOH-treated L. plantarum ATCC 8014 showed the best removal rate (59.74%) after 48 h of refrigerated storage, compared with the NaOH-treated L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 (52.36%). Moreover, stability of the LAB-patulin complex was assessed in simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions and a low quantity of patulin was released into the solution. The patulin adsorption process by NaOH-treated L. plantarum ATCC 8014 followed Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that polysaccharide and protein components of the L. plantarum ATCC 8014 cell wall played key roles in patulin adsorption. The major functional groups of the cell wall that were involved in adsorbing patulin included -OH/-NH, -CH2, C=O, and C-O groups. The current results suggest that NaOH-treated L. plantarum ATCC 8014 cells include the potential to detoxify patulin-contaminated apple juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Zoghi
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 193954741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi Darani
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 193954741, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Baran K, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M, Guiné RPF. Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies-A Revisit. Foods 2021; 10:1279. [PMID: 34205122 PMCID: PMC8228748 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, Alternaria toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, 3-nitropropionic acid, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, etc. These mycotoxins can pose several health risks to both animals and humans, including death. As several mycotoxins simultaneously occur in nature, especially in foods and feeds, the detoxification and/or total removal of mycotoxins remains challenging. Moreover, given that the volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins is steadily on the rise, there is need for continuous synthesis of the body of knowledge. To supplement existing information, knowledge of mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants, with more focus on types, toxicity, and prevention measures, including strategies employed in detoxification and removal, were revisited in this work. Our synthesis revealed that mycotoxin decontamination, control, and detoxification strategies cut across pre-and post-harvest preventive measures. In particular, pre-harvest measures can include good agricultural practices, fertilization/irrigation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties of crops, avoiding insect damage, early harvesting, maintaining adequate humidity, and removing debris from the preceding harvests. On the other hand, post-harvest measures can include processing, chemical, biological, and physical measures. Additionally, chemical-based methods and other emerging strategies for mycotoxin detoxification can involve the usage of chitosan, ozone, nanoparticles, and plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godswill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
| | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, India;
| | - Katarzyna Baran
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Shahba S, Mehrzad J, Malvandi AM. Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4. [PMID: 33932215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Substantial pieces of evidence support the potential of exogenous toxins in disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. It appears that mycotoxins are one of the noticeable sources of naturally occurring substances dysregulating the immune system, which involves the physiology of many organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS). The induction of inflammatory responses in microglial cells and astrocytes, the CNS resident cells with immunological characteristics, could interrupt the hemostasis upon even with low-level exposure to mycotoxins. The inevitable widespread occurrence of a low level of mycotoxins in foods and feed is likely increasing worldwide, predisposing individuals to potential neuroimmunological dysregulations. This paper reviews the current understanding of mycotoxins' neuro-immunotoxic features under low-dose exposure and the possible ways for detoxification and clearance as a perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shahba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Science and Technology Pole, IRCCS Multimedica, Via Gaudenzio Fantoli, 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy.
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Garai E, Risa A, Varga E, Cserháti M, Kriszt B, Urbányi B, Csenki Z. Evaluation of the Multimycotoxin-Degrading Efficiency of Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 Strain with the Three-Step Zebrafish Microinjection Method. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020724. [PMID: 33450918 PMCID: PMC7828439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multimycotoxin-degrading efficiency of the Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 strain was investigated with a previously developed three-step method. NI1 bacterial metabolites, single and combined mycotoxins and their NI1 degradation products, were injected into one cell stage zebrafish embryos in the same doses. Toxic and interaction effects were supplemented with UHPLC-MS/MS measurement of toxin concentrations. Results showed that the NI1 strain was able to degrade mycotoxins and their mixtures in different proportions, where a higher ratio of mycotoxins were reduced in combination than single ones. The NI1 strain reduced the toxic effects of mycotoxins and mixtures, except for the AFB1+T-2 mixture. Degradation products of the AFB1+T-2 mixture by the NI1 strain were more toxic than the initial AFB1+T-2 mixture, while the analytical results showed very high degradation, which means that the NI1 strain degraded this mixture to toxic degradation products. The NI1 strain was able to detoxify the AFB1, ZEN, T-2 toxins and mixtures (except for AFB1+T-2 mixture) during the degradation experiments, which means that the NI1 strain degraded these to non-toxic degradation products. The results demonstrate that single exposures of mycotoxins were very toxic. The combined exposure of mycotoxins had synergistic effects, except for ZEN+T-2 and AFB1+ZEN +T-2, whose mixtures had very strong antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Garai
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Anita Risa
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Emese Varga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Mátyás Cserháti
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence:
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The Effectiveness of Durian Peel as a Multi-Mycotoxin Adsorbent. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020108. [PMID: 32046316 PMCID: PMC7076778 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Durian peel (DP) is an agricultural waste that is widely used in dyes and for organic and inorganic pollutant adsorption. In this study, durian peel was acid-treated to enhance its mycotoxin adsorption efficacy. The acid-treated durian peel (ATDP) was assessed for simultaneous adsorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The structure of the ATDP was also characterized by SEM–EDS, FT–IR, a zetasizer, and a surface-area analyzer. The results indicated that ATDP exhibited the highest mycotoxin adsorption towards AFB1 (98.4%), ZEA (98.4%), and OTA (97.3%), followed by FB1 (86.1%) and DON (2.0%). The pH significantly affected OTA and FB1 adsorption, whereas AFB1 and ZEA adsorption was not affected. Toxin adsorption by ATDP was dose-dependent and increased exponentially as the ATDP dosage increased. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax), determined at pH 3 and pH 7, was 40.7 and 41.6 mmol kg−1 for AFB1, 15.4 and 17.3 mmol kg−1 for ZEA, 46.6 and 0.6 mmol kg−1 for OTA, and 28.9 and 0.1 mmol kg−1 for FB1, respectively. Interestingly, ATDP reduced the bioaccessibility of these mycotoxins after gastrointestinal digestion using an in vitro, validated, static model. The ATDP showed a more porous structure, with a larger surface area and a surface charge modification. These structural changes following acid treatment may explain the higher efficacy of ATDP in adsorbing mycotoxins. Hence, ATDP can be considered as a promising waste material for mycotoxin biosorption.
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Bessaire T, Mujahid C, Mottier P, Desmarchelier A. Multiple Mycotoxins Determination in Food by LC-MS/MS: An International Collaborative Study. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E658. [PMID: 31726655 PMCID: PMC6891721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An intercollaborative study was organized to evaluate the performance characteristics of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry procedure for the simultaneous determination of 12 mycotoxins in food, which were ochratoxin A, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins B1 and B2, and T-2 and HT-2 toxins. The method combined the simplicity of the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe) approach with the efficiency of immunoaffinity column cleanup (the step used to enhance sensitivity and sample cleanup for some matrices only). Twenty-three entities were enrolled and were European reference laboratories for mycotoxin analysis, U.S. and European service laboratories, and Nestlé laboratories. Each participant analyzed 28 incurred and/or spiked blind samples composed of spices, nuts, milk powder, dried fruits, cereals, and baby food using the protocol given. Method performances were assessed according to ISO 5725-2. Relative standard deviations of repeatability and reproducibility and trueness values for each of the 115 mycotoxin/sample combinations ranged from 5% to 23%, 7% to 26%, and 85% to 129%, respectively, in line with requirements defined in EC 401/2006. The overall set of data gathered demonstrated that the method offered a unique platform to ensure compliance with EC 1881/2006 and EC 165/2013 regulations setting maximum limits for mycotoxins in food samples, even at low regulated levels for foods intended for infants and young children. The method was applicable regardless of the food, the regulated mycotoxin, and the concentration level, and thus is an excellent candidate for future standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bessaire
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland; (C.M.); (P.M.); (A.D.)
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Alkadi H, Altal J. Effect of microwave oven processing treatments on reduction of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in maize flour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.10.3.224-227.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of microwave heat has been evaluated for reduction of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in artificially contaminated maize flour. Contaminated maize flour were heated in microwave for various times at two different power levels. The results suggest that Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A contamination can be reduced by heating samples using microwave oven. The exposure time to heat appears to have a great effect in reduction both of the toxins in maize flour samples. It is also necessary to pay attention on initial concentrations of Aflatoxin B1 or Ochratoxin A in studied maize flour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourieh Alkadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Jihad Altal
- Department of Mycotoxins, Directorate of Technical Affairs and Quality Laboratory, Damascus, Syria
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12
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Polyphasic, Including MALDI-TOF MS, Evaluation of Freeze-Drying Long-Term Preservation on Aspergillus (Section Nigri) Strains. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090291. [PMID: 31450658 PMCID: PMC6780240 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effect of freeze-drying and long-term storage on the biotechnological potential of Aspergillus section Nigri strains. Twelve selected strains were freeze-dried and aged by accelerated storage, at 37 °C in the dark, for 2 and 4 weeks. To assess possible changes as a consequence of the ageing in the freeze-drying ampoules, morphological characteristics, mycotoxins and enzymes production, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALTI-TOF MS) spectra, and M13 phage probe fingerprinting were used as part of a polyphasic approach. Phenotypical changes were observed; nevertheless, they did not substantially affect the potential biotechnological use of these strains. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes (protease, carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase, pectinase and mannanase) was maintained or increased after freeze-drying. MALDI-TOF MS data originated spectra that grouped, for the majority of samples, according to strain independently of preservation time point. M13 profiles revealed the presence of some genetic polymorphisms after preservation. However, the three studied times still clustered for more than 50% of strains. Our results show that the studied strains maintain their biotechnological potential after preservation, with minimal phenotypic alterations. These findings provide evidence that freeze-drying preservation is a suitable option to preserve biotechnologically relevant aspergilli strains from section Nigri, and one should consider that the observed effects might be species/strain-dependent.
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Njeru NK, Midega CAO, Muthomi JW, Wagacha JM, Khan ZR. Influence of socio-economic and agronomic factors on aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of maize in western Kenya. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2291-2301. [PMID: 31367357 PMCID: PMC6657745 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of maize contaminated with mycotoxins has been associated with detrimental health effects. A farm survey covering 116 push-pull and 139 non-push-pull cropping systems was conducted to determine the socio-economic and agronomic factors that influence farmers' knowledge on incidence and contamination of maize by ear rots and associated mycotoxins in western Kenya. All the respondents were smallholder farmers between the ages of 23 and 80 years, with 50% of them being female. Maize samples were collected from the standing crop in the field of each interviewed farmer and analyzed for aflatoxin and fumonisin. Only a small proportion of farmers had knowledge of aflatoxin and ear rots in maize. Overall, less than 20% of maize samples were contaminated with both aflatoxin and fumonisin, and more maize samples were contaminated with fumonisin as compared to aflatoxin. Proportions of maize samples containing higher than the acceptable Kenyan regulatory threshold (10 µg/kg) for aflatoxin and European Commission regulatory threshold (1,000) µg/kg for fumonisin were lower in maize samples from push-pull cropping system. Age of farmer and county of residence were significantly and positively associated with knowledge of aflatoxin, while cropping system, county of residence, and level of education were positively associated with knowledge of maize ear rots. There was strong correlation between knowledge of maize ear rots and knowledge of aflatoxin. Levels of both aflatoxin and fumonisin were significantly and positively associated with the use of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer at planting. Aflatoxin levels were also positively associated with stemborer damage. Agronomic practices were not significantly different between push-pull and non-push-pull farmers. However, use of DAP fertilizer was the most important agronomic factor since it was associated with both aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of maize. These results imply that creating awareness is key to mitigation of ear rots and mycotoxin contamination of maize. The results also suggest that the levels of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize in western Kenya were influenced both by pre-harvest agronomic practices and by the cropping system adopted, push-pull or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Karimi Njeru
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)NairobiKenya
- Department of Plant Science and Crop ProtectionUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | | | | | | | - Zeyaur Rahman Khan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)NairobiKenya
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Pandey MK, Kumar R, Pandey AK, Soni P, Gangurde SS, Sudini HK, Fountain JC, Liao B, Desmae H, Okori P, Chen X, Jiang H, Mendu V, Falalou H, Njoroge S, Mwololo J, Guo B, Zhuang W, Wang X, Liang X, Varshney RK. Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E315. [PMID: 31163657 PMCID: PMC6628460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is considered a "hidden poison" due to its slow and adverse effect on various biological pathways in humans, particularly among children, in whom it leads to delayed development, stunted growth, liver damage, and liver cancer. Unfortunately, the unpredictable behavior of the fungus as well as climatic conditions pose serious challenges in precise phenotyping, genetic prediction and genetic improvement, leaving the complete onus of preventing aflatoxin contamination in crops on post-harvest management. Equipping popular crop varieties with genetic resistance to aflatoxin is key to effective lowering of infection in farmer's fields. A combination of genetic resistance for in vitro seed colonization (IVSC), pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) and aflatoxin production together with pre- and post-harvest management may provide a sustainable solution to aflatoxin contamination. In this context, modern "omics" approaches, including next-generation genomics technologies, can provide improved and decisive information and genetic solutions. Preventing contamination will not only drastically boost the consumption and trade of the crops and products across nations/regions, but more importantly, stave off deleterious health problems among consumers across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Arun K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Pooja Soni
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Sunil S Gangurde
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Hari K Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Jake C Fountain
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, United State Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Boshou Liao
- Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Haile Desmae
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Bamako BP 320, Mali.
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe PB 1096, Malawi.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Crops Research Institute (CRI) of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Hamidou Falalou
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Niamey BP 12404, Niger.
| | - Samuel Njoroge
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe PB 1096, Malawi.
| | - James Mwololo
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe PB 1096, Malawi.
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, United State Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Institute of Oil Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250108, China.
| | - Xuanqiang Liang
- Crops Research Institute (CRI) of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are chemical compounds produced mainly by mounds of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium on various grains and agricultural commodities at different stages in the field, before harvest, post-harvest, during processing, packaging, distribution, and storage. The production of mycotoxins depends on several environmental factors such as temperature and moisture. This chapter gives an overview about the major mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and Fusarium toxins), masked mycotoxins, and emerging mycotoxins. The toxicity of these mycotoxins and their negative economic impact was also discussed together with the effect of climate change on their production. A section on mycotoxins regulations by international agencies and organisms (WHO, FAO, EU, etc.) was discussed. Finally, the different strategies to reduce or eliminate the toxic effects of mycotoxins in contaminated foods and feeds by using chemical, physical, and biological/biotechnological methods or innovative approaches were explained.
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Ouhibi S, Santos C, Ghali R, Soares C, Hedhili A, Paterson R, Lima N. Penicillium tunisiense sp. nov., a novel species of Penicillium section Ramosa discovered from Tunisian orchard apples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:3217-3225. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ouhibi
- 1Mahmoud Yaacoub Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07) and El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- 2CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- 2CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ridha Ghali
- 1Mahmoud Yaacoub Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07) and El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Célia Soares
- 2CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Abderrazek Hedhili
- 1Mahmoud Yaacoub Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07) and El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Russell Paterson
- 2CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nelson Lima
- 2CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, El-Nekeety AA, Hassan NS, Gibriel AAY, Abdel-Wahhab KG. Encapsulation of cinnamon essential oil in whey protein enhances the protective effect against single or combined sub-chronic toxicity of fumonisin B 1 and/or aflatoxin B 1 in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:29144-29161. [PMID: 30112645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are fungal metabolites that frequently co-occur in foodstuffs and are responsible for mycotoxicosis and several primary cancers. Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has a spacious range of benefit effects but also has some limitations owing to its strong taste or its interaction with some drugs. This study aimed to use the cinnamon oil emulsion droplets (COED) for the protection against oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats sub-chronically exposed to FB1 and/or AFB1. The composition of CEO was identified using GC-MS then was encapsulated using whey protein as wall material. Male rats were divided into eight groups and treated orally for 8 weeks as follows: control group, AFB1-trreated group (80 μg/kg b.w), FB1-treated group (100 mg/kg b.w), FB1 plus AFB1-treated group, and the groups treated with COED plus FB1 and/or AFB1. Blood and samples of the kidney, liver, and testis were collected for different analysis and histopathological examination. The GC-MS analysis revealed that cinnamaldehyde, α-copaene, trans-cinnamaldehyde, caryophyllene, and delta-cadinene were the main compounds in COE. The average size of COED was 235 ± 1.4 nm and the zeta potential was - 6.24 ± 0.56. Treatment with FB1 and/or AFB1 induced significant disturbances in the serum biochemical analysis, oxidative stress parameters, DNA fragmentation, gene expression, and testosterone and severe pathological changes in the tested organs. Moreover, treatment with both mycotoxins induced synergistic toxic effects. COED did not induce toxic effects and could normalize the majority of the tested parameters and improve the histological picture in rats treated with FB1 and/or AFB1. It could be concluded that COED induce potential protective effects against the single or combined exposure to FB1 and AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabila S Hassan
- Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Y Gibriel
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
- Center of Drug Research & Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Zhao L, Apaliya MT, Yang Q, Sun W, Zhang X, Zhang H. Screening of Deoxynivalenol Producing Strains and Elucidation of Possible Toxigenic Molecular Mechanism. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060184. [PMID: 28587179 PMCID: PMC5488034 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, seven strains of Fusarium graminearum were isolated from wheat, of which six were identified to produce deoxynivalenol and the production of deoxynivalenol was assessed. F. graminearum strain Fg1 was noted to produce 1.0 μg/g deoxynivalenol during the incubation period in the Czapek yeast broth, while none was detected in F. graminearum strain Fg2. Hence, the differences in proteomes and transcriptomes of Fg1 and Fg2 were compared to analyze the mechanism underlying deoxynivalenol production. Among the 66 significantly differentially expressed proteins in Fg1, 39 and 27 were more or less abundant expressed. Functional analysis suggested that the enzymes involved in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate and mevalonate pathways, which provide a substrate for biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a precursor of DON, were activated in Fg1. The transcriptomics data demonstrated that the expression level of a majority of genes, including trichothecene biosynthetic genes, protein kinases, and transcription factors, involved in trichothecene biosynthesis was higher in Fg1 than in Fg2. The results also revealed differential expression profiles of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis genes in strains Fg1 and Fg2, which emphasized their deoxynivalenol producing ability and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Maurice T Apaliya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Zhen Jiang Grain and Oil Quality Testing Center, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Heussner AH, Bingle LEH. Comparative Ochratoxin Toxicity: A Review of the Available Data. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4253-82. [PMID: 26506387 PMCID: PMC4626733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by a variety of moulds. Ochratoxin A (OTA), the most prominent member of this toxin family, was first described by van der Merwe et al. in Nature in 1965. Dietary exposure to OTA represents a serious health issue and has been associated with several human and animal diseases including poultry ochratoxicosis, porcine nephropathy, human endemic nephropathies and urinary tract tumours in humans. More than 30 years ago, OTA was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents and since then extensive research has been performed in order to investigate its mode of action, however, this is still under debate. OTA is regarded as the most toxic family member, however, other ochratoxins or their metabolites and, in particular, ochratoxin mixtures or combinations with other mycotoxins may represent serious threats to human and animal health. This review summarises and evaluates current knowledge about the differential and comparative toxicity of the ochratoxin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
| | - Lewis E H Bingle
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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20
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Lautert C, Ferreiro L, Wolkmer P, Paim FC, da Silva CB, Jaques JAS, Lopes STA, Santurio JM. Individual in vitro effects of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase in lymphocytes of broiler chickens. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:506. [PMID: 25279298 PMCID: PMC4169786 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of consumer food and animal feed with toxigenic fungi has resulted in economic losses worldwide in animal industries. Mycotoxins are highly biologically reactive secondary metabolites and can inhibit protein synthesis and cell multiplication. Considering the cytotoxicity of mycotoxins, this experiment was performed to determine the in vitro influence of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on lipid peroxidation in lymphocytes of broiler chickens at different concentrations. This study has also evaluated whether the presence of these mycotoxins changes the acetylcholinesterase activity in lymphocytes, which is involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Blood lymphocytes of broiler chickens were isolated through density gradient centrifugation and incubated with the respective mycotoxins at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL. Lipid peroxidation, which was evaluated through the amount of malondialdehyde measured in a thiobarbituric acid-reactive species test, and the enzymatic activity were analyzed at 24, 48 and 72 h. Results of the lipid peroxidation evaluation showed an increasing cytotoxicity relation: ochratoxin A > deoxynivalenol > zearalenone. Conversely, cytotoxicity was valued as zearalenone > deoxynivalenol > ochratoxin A in relation to the acetylcholinesterase enzymatic activity. At a concentration of 1 μg/mL, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol induced the highest cellular oxidative stress levels and the highest enzymatic activity at the majority of time points. However, the same mycotoxins, except at 1 μg/mL concentration, induced a reduction of lymphocytic lipid peroxidation 72 h after incubation, suggesting the action of a compensatory mechanism in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lautert
- />Setor de Micologia, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS Brasil
| | - Laerte Ferreiro
- />Setor de Micologia, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS Brasil
| | - Patrícia Wolkmer
- />Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Cruz Alta (UNICRUZ), Campus Universitário Dr. Ulysses Guimarães - Rodovia Municipal Jacob Della Méa, Km 5.6, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS Brasil
| | - Francine C Paim
- />Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinário (LACVET), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brasil
| | - Cássia B da Silva
- />Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinário (LACVET), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brasil
| | - Jeandre AS Jaques
- />Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS Brasil
| | - Sônia TA Lopes
- />Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinário (LACVET), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brasil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- />Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas (LAPEMI), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brasil
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21
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Calado T, Venâncio A, Abrunhosa L. Irradiation for Mold and Mycotoxin Control: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Calado
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. of Minho; Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Armando Venâncio
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. of Minho; Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Luís Abrunhosa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. of Minho; Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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The effects of season and gender on the serum aflatoxins and ochratoxin A levels of healthy adult subjects from the Central Anatolia Region, Turkey. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:629-38. [PMID: 25060594 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to determine the effects of season and gender on serum aflatoxin (AF) levels (AFG1, AFB1, AFG2 and AFB2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) concentrations of healthy adult population living in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. METHODS AF levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and OTA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples of healthy adults (n = 233). RESULTS In summer and winter, total AF levels in females were 0.98 ± 0.10 and 0.94 ± 0.12 ng/ml and in males 1.35 ± 0.17 and 0.93 ± 0.11 ng/ml, respectively. Male subjects had significantly higher serum total AF levels in summer compared with females (~38%). There was no marked seasonal change in AFG1, AFB1 and AFG2 concentrations in the whole population, except AFB2. Both of the genders had significantly higher OTA levels in winter compared with summer (~60%). CONCLUSIONS Overall results suggest that Central Anatolia residents are continuously exposed to AFs and OTA. Besides, season and gender can be effective in mycotoxin exposure.
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Hymery N, Vasseur V, Coton M, Mounier J, Jany JL, Barbier G, Coton E. Filamentous Fungi and Mycotoxins in Cheese: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:437-456. [PMID: 33412699 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Important fungi growing on cheese include Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Mucor, and Trichoderma. For some cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort, molds are intentionally added. However, some contaminating or technological fungal species have the potential to produce undesirable metabolites such as mycotoxins. The most hazardous mycotoxins found in cheese, ochratoxin A and aflatoxin M1, are produced by unwanted fungal species either via direct cheese contamination or indirect milk contamination (animal feed contamination), respectively. To date, no human food poisoning cases have been associated with contaminated cheese consumption. However, although some studies state that cheese is an unfavorable matrix for mycotoxin production; these metabolites are actually detected in cheeses at various concentrations. In this context, questions can be raised concerning mycotoxin production in cheese, the biotic and abiotic factors influencing their production, mycotoxin relative toxicity as well as the methods used for detection and quantification. This review emphasizes future challenges that need to be addressed by the scientific community, fungal culture manufacturers, and artisanal and industrial cheese producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Hymery
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Vasseur
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Monika Coton
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jérôme Mounier
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jany
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Georges Barbier
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Li Y, Luo X, Yang S, Cao X, Wang Z, Shi W, Zhang S. High specific monoclonal antibody production and development of an ELISA method for monitoring T-2 toxin in rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1492-1497. [PMID: 24450660 DOI: 10.1021/jf404818r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This research produced a highly-specific and sensitive anti-T-2 toxin monoclonal antibody (mAb), and developed a rapid and sensitive competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for monitoring T-2 toxin in rice. The mAb showed a negligible cross-reactivity value (CR) to most of the mycotoxins, and it could specifically bind to T-2 toxin without other mycotoxins, including HT-2 toxin (CR value at 3.08%), which exhibited a similar structure to T-2 toxin. The limit of detection (LOD) value, measured by IC10, was 5.80 μg/kg. In spiked samples, mean recoveries ranged from 72.0% to 108.5% with intraday and interday variation less than 16.8 and 13.7%. This proposed protocol was significantly confirmed by a reliable ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method and significant correlation was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University , Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
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Lactase persistence and augmented salivary alpha-amylase gene copy numbers might have been selected by the combined toxic effects of gluten and (food born) pathogens. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:326-34. [PMID: 24472865 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Various positively selected adaptations to new nutrients have been identified. Lactase persistence is among the best known, conferring the ability for drinking milk at post weaning age. An augmented number of amylase gene (AMY1) copies, giving rise to higher salivary amylase activity, has been implicated in the consumption of starch-rich foods. Higher AMY1 copy numbers have been demonstrated in populations with recent histories of starchy-rich diets. It is however questionable whether the resulting polymorphisms have exerted positive selection only by providing easily available sources of macro and micronutrients. Humans have explored new environments more than any other animal. Novel environments challenge the host, but especially its immune system with new climatic conditions, food and especially pathogens. With the advent of the agricultural revolution and the concurrent domestication of cattle came new pathogens. We contend that specific new food ingredients (e.g., gluten) and novel pathogens drove selection for lactase persistence and higher AMY gene copy numbers. Both adaptations provide ample glucose for activating the sodium glucose-dependent co-transporter 1 (SGLT1), which is the principal glucose, sodium and water transporter in the gastro-intestinal tract. Their rapid uptake confers protection against potentially lethal dehydration, hyponatremia and ultimately multiple organ failure. Oral rehydration therapy aims at SGLT1 activity and is the current treatment of choice for chronic diarrhoea and vomiting. We hypothesize that lifelong lactase activity and rapid starch digestion should be looked at as the evolutionary covalent of oral rehydration therapy.
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Evtugyn G, Porfireva A, Stepanova V, Kutyreva M, Gataulina A, Ulakhovich N, Evtugyn V, Hianik T. Impedimetric aptasensor for ochratoxin A determination based on Au nanoparticles stabilized with hyper-branched polymer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:16129-45. [PMID: 24287535 PMCID: PMC3892811 DOI: 10.3390/s131216129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An impedimetric aptasensor for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection has been developed on the base of a gold electrode covered with a new modifier consisting of electropolymerized Neutral Red and a mixture of Au nanoparticles suspended in the dendrimeric polymer Botlorn H30®. Thiolated aptamer specific to OTA was covalently attached to Au nanoparticles via Au-S bonding. The interaction of the aptamer with OTA induced the conformational switch of the aptamer from linear to guanine quadruplex form followed by consolidation of the surface layer and an increase of the charge transfer resistance. The aptasensor makes it possible to detect from 0.1 to 100 nM of OTA (limit of detection: 0.02 nM) in the presence of at least 50 fold excess of ochratoxin B. The applicability of the aptasensor for real sample assay was confirmed by testing spiked beer samples. The recovery of 2 nM OTA was found to be 70% for light beer and 78% for dark beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Evtugyn
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (G.E.); (A.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Anna Porfireva
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (G.E.); (A.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Veronika Stepanova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (G.E.); (A.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Marianna Kutyreva
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (M.K.); (A.G.); (N.U.)
| | - Alfiya Gataulina
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (M.K.); (A.G.); (N.U.)
| | - Nikolay Ulakhovich
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mails: (M.K.); (A.G.); (N.U.)
| | - Vladimir Evtugyn
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the Faculty of Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mail:
| | - Tibor Hianik
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the Faculty of Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; E-Mail:
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Xiong K, Liu HJ, Li LT. Product identification and safety evaluation of aflatoxin B1 decontaminated by electrolyzed oxidizing water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9770-9778. [PMID: 22950859 DOI: 10.1021/jf303478y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study with aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts, the effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) in the decontamination of aflatoxin B(1) was investigated. The aflatoxin B(1) content was markedly reduced upon treatment with EOW, particularly with neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (NEW). The conversion product of EOW treatment was isolated and identified as 8-chloro-9-hydroxy aflatoxin B(1) (compound 1), which is an amphiphilic molecule, in contrast to fat-soluble aflatoxin B(1). A mutagenic response study revealed that the number of revertants per plate after treatment of bacterial strains TA-97, TA-98, TA-100, and TA-102 with NEW was within the standard value range. The HepG2 cell viability assay yielded an IC(50) value of compound 1 approximately 150 mM. This study indicates that EOW had the ability to decontaminate aflatoxin B(1), and the conversion product, compound 1, did not exhibit mutagenic activity or cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , P.O. Box 40, No. 17 Qing hua dong lu, Hai dian, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Capriotti AL, Caruso G, Cavaliere C, Foglia P, Samperi R, Laganà A. Multiclass mycotoxin analysis in food, environmental and biological matrices with chromatography/mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:466-503. [PMID: 22065561 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mold metabolites that can elicit deleterious effects on other organisms are classified as mycotoxins. Human exposure to mycotoxins occurs mostly through the intake of contaminated agricultural products or residues due to carry over or metabolite products in foods of animal origin such as milk and eggs, but can also occur by dermal contact and inhalation. Mycotoxins contained in moldy foods, but also in damp interiors, can cause diseases in humans and animals. Nephropathy, various types of cancer, alimentary toxic aleukia, hepatic diseases, various hemorrhagic syndromes, and immune and neurological disorders are the most common diseases that can be related to mycotoxicosis. The absence or presence of mold infestation and its propagation are seldom correlated with mycotoxin presence. Mycotoxins must be determined directly, and suitable analytical methods are necessary. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been recognized, but only for a few of them, and in a restricted number of utilities, a maximum acceptable level has been regulated by law. However, mycotoxins seldom develop alone; more often various types and/or classes form in the same substrate. The co-occurrence might render the individual mycotoxin tolerance dose irrelevant, and therefore the mere presence of multiple mycotoxins should be considered a risk factor. The advantage of chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS) is that many compounds can be determined and confirmed in one analysis. This review illustrates the state-of-the-art of mycotoxin MS-based analytical methods for multiclass, multianalyte determination in all the matrices in which they appear. A chapter is devoted to the history of the long-standing coexistence and interaction among humans, domestic animals and mycotoxicosis, and the history of the discovery of mycotoxins. Quality assurance, although this topic relates to analytical chemistry in general, has been also examined for mycotoxin analysis as a preliminary to the systematic literature excursus. Sample handling is a crucial step to devise a multiclass analytical method; so when possible, it has been treated separately for a better comparison before tackling the instrumental part of the whole analytical method. This structure has resulted sometimes in unavoidable redundancies, because it was also important to underline the interconnection. Most reviews do not deal with all the possible mycotoxin sources, including the environmental ones. The focus of this review is the analytical methods based on MS for multimycotoxin class determination. Because the final purpose to devise multimycotoxin analysis should be the assessment of the danger to health of exposition to multitoxicants of natural origin (and possibly also the interaction with anthropogenic contaminants), therefore also the analytical methods for environmental relevant mycotoxins have been thoroughly reviewed. Finally, because the best way to shed light on actual risk assessment could be the individuation of exposure biomarkers, the review covers also the scarce literature on biological fluids.
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Sankpal UT, Pius H, Khan M, Shukoor MI, Maliakal P, Lee CM, Abdelrahim M, Connelly SF, Basha R. Environmental factors in causing human cancers: emphasis on tumorigenesis. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1265-74. [PMID: 22614680 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The environment and dietary factors play an essential role in the etiology of cancer. Environmental component is implicated in ~80 % of all cancers; however, the causes for certain cancers are still unknown. The potential players associated with various cancers include chemicals, heavy metals, diet, radiation, and smoking. Lifestyle habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption, exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorines), metals and pesticides also pose risk in causing human cancers. Several studies indicated a strong association of lung cancer with the exposure to tobacco products and asbestos. The contribution of excessive sunlight, radiation, occupational exposure (e.g., painting, coal, and certain metals) is also well established in cancer. Smoking, excessive alcohol intake, consumption of an unhealthy diet, and lack of physical activity can act as risk factors for cancer and also impact the prognosis. Even though the environmental disposition is linked to cancer, the level and duration of carcinogen-exposure and associated cellular and biochemical aspects determine the actual risk. Modulations in metabolism and DNA adduct formation are considered central mechanisms in environmental carcinogenesis. This review describes the major environmental contributors in causing cancer with an emphasis on molecular aspects associated with environmental disposition in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh T Sankpal
- Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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Reyes-Dominguez Y, Boedi S, Sulyok M, Wiesenberger G, Stoppacher N, Krska R, Strauss J. Heterochromatin influences the secondary metabolite profile in the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:39-47. [PMID: 22100541 PMCID: PMC3278594 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin modifications and heterochromatic marks have been shown to be involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism gene clusters in the fungal model system Aspergillus nidulans. We examine here the role of HEP1, the heterochromatin protein homolog of Fusarium graminearum, for the production of secondary metabolites. Deletion of Hep1 in a PH-1 background strongly influences expression of genes required for the production of aurofusarin and the main tricothecene metabolite DON. In the Hep1 deletion strains AUR genes are highly up-regulated and aurofusarin production is greatly enhanced suggesting a repressive role for heterochromatin on gene expression of this cluster. Unexpectedly, gene expression and metabolites are lower for the trichothecene cluster suggesting a positive function of Hep1 for DON biosynthesis. However, analysis of histone modifications in chromatin of AUR and DON gene promoters reveals that in both gene clusters the H3K9me3 heterochromatic mark is strongly reduced in the Hep1 deletion strain. This, and the finding that a DON-cluster flanking gene is up-regulated, suggests that the DON biosynthetic cluster is repressed by HEP1 directly and indirectly. Results from this study point to a conserved mode of secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthesis regulation in fungi by chromatin modifications and the formation of facultative heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmid Reyes-Dominguez
- Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefan Boedi
- Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Molecular Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Norbert Stoppacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria,Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH - AIT, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria,Corresponding author at: Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria. Fax: +43 1 47654 6392.
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Role of nitric oxide and flavohemoglobin homolog genes in Aspergillus nidulans sexual development and mycotoxin production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5524-8. [PMID: 21642398 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00638-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavohemoglobins are widely distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These proteins are involved in reducing nitric oxide levels. Deletion of the Aspergillus nidulans flavohemoglobin gene fhbA induced sexual development and decreased sterigmatocystin production. Supplementation with a nitric oxide-releasing compound promoted cleistothecial formation and increased nsdD and steA expression, indicating that nitric oxide induces sexual development. This is the first study on the effect of nitric oxide on morphogenesis and secondary metabolism in fungi.
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Li Y, Wang Z, Beier RC, Shen J, De Smet D, De Saeger S, Zhang S. T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin: review of toxicity, metabolism, and analytical methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3441-3453. [PMID: 21417259 DOI: 10.1021/jf200767q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the toxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin and analytical methods used for the determination of T-2 toxin. Among the naturally occurring trichothecenes in food and feed, T-2 toxin is a cytotoxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by various species of Fusarium. Following ingestion, T-2 toxin causes acute and chronic toxicity and induces apoptosis in the immune system and fetal tissues. T-2 toxin is usually metabolized and eliminated after ingestion, yielding more than 20 metabolites. Consequently, there is a possibility of human consumption of animal products contaminated with T-2 toxin and its metabolites. Several methods for the determination of T-2 toxin based on traditional chromatographic, immunoassay, or mass spectroscopy techniques are described. This review will contribute to a better understanding of T-2 toxin exposure in animals and humans and T-2 toxin metabolism, toxicity, and analytical methods, which may be useful in risk assessment and control of T-2 toxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Genuis SJ, Siy AKJ. Nutritional supplementation and dietary restriction in the resolution of enthesitis-related arthritis. JRSM SHORT REPORTS 2011; 2:32. [PMID: 21541080 PMCID: PMC3085976 DOI: 10.1258/shorts.2011.011012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Genuis
- School of Human Development, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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Frenzel E, Letzel T, Scherer S, Ehling-Schulz M. Inhibition of cereulide toxin synthesis by emetic Bacillus cereus via long-chain polyphosphates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1475-82. [PMID: 21169440 PMCID: PMC3067231 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02259-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe intoxications caused by the Bacillus cereus emetic toxin cereulide can hardly be prevented due to the ubiquitous distribution and heat resistance of spores and the extreme thermal and chemical stability of cereulide. It would therefore be desirable to inhibit cereulide synthesis during food manufacturing processes or in prepared foods, which are stored under time-temperature abuse conditions. Toward this end, the impacts of three long-chain polyphosphate (polyP) formulations on growth and cereulide production were examined. The inhibition was dependent on the concentration and the type of the polyP blend, indicating that polyPs and not the orthophosphates were effective. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) monitoring at sublethal concentrations revealed that polyPs reduced the transcription of ces nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes by 3- to 4-fold along with a significantly reduced toxin production level. At lower concentrations, toxin synthesis was decreased, although the growth rate was not affected. These data indicate a differential effect on toxin synthesis independent of growth inhibition. The inhibition of toxin synthesis in food was also observed. Despite the growth of B. cereus, toxin synthesis was reduced by 70 to 100% in two model food systems (reconstituted infant food and oat milk), which were analyzed with HEp-2 cell culture assays and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS). Accordingly, ces promoter activity was strongly downregulated, as visualized by using a lux-based reporter strain. These data illustrate the potential of polyphosphate formulations to reduce the risk of cereulide synthesis in food and may contribute to targeted hurdle concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrike Frenzel
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Competence Pool Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany, Microbiology Unit, Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Food Microbiology Unit, Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Competence Pool Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany, Microbiology Unit, Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Food Microbiology Unit, Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Scherer
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Competence Pool Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany, Microbiology Unit, Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Food Microbiology Unit, Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Competence Pool Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany, Microbiology Unit, Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Food Microbiology Unit, Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Iqbal S, Paterson R, Bhatti I, Asi M. Survey of aflatoxins in chillies from Pakistan produced in rural, semi-rural and urban environments. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2010; 3:268-74. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2010.520341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rapid visual tests: fast and reliable detection of ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2230-41. [PMID: 22069682 PMCID: PMC3153294 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2092230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the early detection strategies that have been employed for the rapid monitoring of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of food. OTA, a mycotoxin mainly produced by some Aspergillus and Penicillium species, is found in cereals, coffee, wine, pork and grapes. To minimize the entry of this mycotoxin into the food chain, rapid diagnostic tools are required. To this end, the potential use of lateral flow devices has also been developed. In this study, we analyze the robustness of test strips using published methods for colorimetric detection. Different test formats are discussed, and challenges in the development of lateral flow devices for on-site determination of OTA, with requirements such as robustness, speed, and cost-effectiveness, are discussed.
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Iqbal SZ, Paterson RRM, Bhatti IA, Asi MR, Sheikh MA, Bhatti HN. Aflatoxin B1 in chilies from the Punjab region, Pakistan. Mycotoxin Res 2010; 26:205-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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