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Doherty EE, Green KM. Offending and the Long-Term Risk of Death: An Examination of Mid-Life Mortality Among an Urban Black American Cohort. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 63:1108-1128. [PMID: 37600929 PMCID: PMC10433506 DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the long-term relationship between offending and mortality is limited, especially among minorities who have higher risk of premature mortality and criminal offending, particularly arrest. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimate the relationship between young adult offending and later mortality (to age 58) among a community cohort of Black Americans (n = 1,182). After controlling for a wide range of covariates, results indicate that violent offenders are at heightened risk of mortality from young adulthood through midlife compared with both non-violent only offenders and non-offenders. Further analysis shows that this result is driven by the frequent, largely non-violent, arrests incurred among violent offenders. Criminal justice reform and collaboration with public health practitioners might be fruitful avenues to reduce mortality disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Eggleston Doherty
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland – College Park, 1234 School of Public Health Building, 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kerry M Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland – College Park, 1234 School of Public Health Building, 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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2
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Attribution for everyday discrimination typologies and mortality risk among older black adults: Evidence from the health and retirement study? Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:115166. [PMID: 36450613 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study assessed how attributions of everyday discrimination typologies relate to all-cause mortality risk among older Black adults. METHODS This study utilized data from a subsample of older Black adults from the 2006/2008 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Attributions for everyday discrimination (i.e., ancestry, age, gender, race, physical appearance, physical disability, sexual orientation, weight, and other factors) were based on self-reports, while their vital statuses were obtained from the National Death Index and reports from key informants (spanning 2006-2019). We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to identify subgroups of older Black adults based on their attributions to everyday discrimination. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze time to death as a function of LCA group membership and other covariates. RESULTS Based on fit statistics, we selected a four-class model that places respondents into one of the following classes: Class One (7%) attributed everyday discrimination to age, race, and physical disability; Class Two (72%) attributed everyday discrimination to few/no sources, Class Three (19%) attributed everyday discrimination to race and national origin; and Class Four (2%) attributed everyday discrimination to almost every reason. After adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, multisystem physiological dysregulation, and socioeconomic characteristics, we found that the relative risk of death remained higher for the respondents in Class One (Hazard Ratio [H.R.]: 1.80, 95% Confidence Interval [C.I.]: (1.09-2.98) and Class Four (H.R.: 3.92, 95% C.I.: 1.62-9.49) compared to respondents in Class Two. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate the utility of using attribution for everyday discrimination typologies in research on the psychosocial dimensions of mortality risk among older Black adults. Future research should assess the mechanisms that undergird the link between everyday discrimination classes and all-cause mortality risk among older Black adults.
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Tilstra AM, Gutin I, Dollar NT, Rogers RG, Hummer RA. "Outside the Skin": The Persistence of Black-White Disparities in U.S. Early-Life Mortality. Demography 2022; 59:2247-2269. [PMID: 36367341 PMCID: PMC10155466 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10346963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Research on Black-White disparities in mortality emphasizes the cumulative pathways through which racism gets "under the skin" to affect health. Yet this framing is less applicable in early life, when death is primarily attributable to external causes rather than cumulative, biological processes. We use mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System Multiple Cause of Death files and population counts from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result Program to analyze 705,801 deaths among Black and White males and females, ages 15-24. We estimate age-standardized death rates and single-decrement life tables to show how all-cause and cause-specific mortality changed from 1990 to 2016 by race and sex. Despite overall declines in early-life mortality, Black-White disparities remain unchanged across several causes-especially homicide, for which mortality is nearly 20 times as high among Black as among White males. Suicide and drug-related deaths are higher among White youth during this period, yet their impact on life expectancy at birth is less than half that of homicide among Black youth. Critically, early-life disparities are driven by preventable causes of death whose impact occurs "outside the skin," reflecting racial differences in social exposures and experiences that prove harmful for both Black and White adolescents and young adults.
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Chehal PK, Selvin E, DeVoe JE, Mangione CM, Ali MK. Diabetes And The Fragmented State Of US Health Care And Policy. Health Aff (Millwood) 2022; 41:939-946. [PMID: 35759725 PMCID: PMC10420383 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes-the dominant form of diabetes-appears to have stalled in the US over the past decade, and diabetes-related morbidity has increased nationally. The most geographically and socioeconomically disadvantaged segments of the population have been especially hard hit, and interventions that reduce the risk for diabetes have not reached these populations. In this overview article we lay out how fragmentation in health policy and governance, payers and reimbursement design, and service delivery in the US has contributed to low accountability and coordination, and thus stagnation and persistent inequities. We also review the evidence regarding past, ongoing, and new reforms that may help address fragmentation, lower diabetes burdens, and narrow disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer E DeVoe
- Jennifer E. DeVoe, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Carol M Mangione
- Carol M. Mangione, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Co M, Couch E, Gao Q, Martinez A, Das-Munshi J, Prina M. Differences in survival and mortality in minority ethnic groups with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1640-1663. [PMID: 34324226 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although there are disparities in both risk of developing dementia and accessibility of dementia services for certain minority ethnic groups in the United States and United Kingdom, disparities in survival after a dementia diagnosis are less well-studied. Our objective was to systematically review the literature to investigate racial/ethnic differences in survival and mortality in dementia. METHODS We searched Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health and PsycINFO from inception to November 2018 for studies comparing survival or mortality over time in at least two race/ethnicity groups. Studies from any country were included but analysed separately. We used narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis to synthesise findings. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess quality and risk of bias in individual studies. RESULTS We identified 22 articles, most from the United States (n = 17), as well as the United Kingdom (n = 3) and the Netherlands (n = 1). In a meta-analysis of US studies, hazard of mortality was lower in Black/African American groups (Pooled Hazard Ratio = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.82-0.91, I2 = 17%, from four studies) and Hispanic/Latino groups (Pooled HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.50-0.84, I2 = 86%, from four studies) versus comparison groups. However, study quality was mixed, and in particular, quality of reporting of race/ethnicity was inconsistent. CONCLUSION Literature indicates that Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino groups may experience lower mortality in dementia versus comparison groups in the United States, but further research, using clearer and more and consistent reporting of race/ethnicity, is necessary to understand what drives these patterns and their implications for policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Co
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elyse Couch
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Martinez
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jayati Das-Munshi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew Prina
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Sauerteig MR, Ferraro KF, Bauldry S. Life Course Stressors and Functional Limitations in Later Life among White, Black, and Hispanic Adults: Deleterious, Hardening, or Benign? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:249-259. [PMID: 33864079 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although striking racial and ethnic disparities in health are manifest during later life, they may be rooted in early-life exposures. Drawing from cumulative inequality theory, we investigate whether life course stressors are associated with risk of later life functional limitations and whether this relationship differs by race and ethnicity. METHODS We utilize longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to test whether child and adult stressors predict trajectories of the occurrence and severity of functional limitations among a diverse sample of older adults. RESULTS Child and adult stressors are associated with greater occurrence and severity of functional limitations during later life. Mediation analyses reveal the indirect influence of child stressors via adult stressors on occurrence and severity of functional limitations; however, the indirect effects are slightly stronger for Black and Hispanic adults than their White counterparts. DISCUSSION Child stressors, in and of themselves, do not increase functional limitations among Black and Hispanic people but are associated with greater adult stress exposure, predisposing them to more functional limitations. Results suggest that childhood stressors are associated with distinct social pathways to functional limitations among Black, White, and Hispanic older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth F Ferraro
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA.,Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, 1202 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2055, USA
| | - Shawn Bauldry
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA.,Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, 1202 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2055, USA
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Dennis AC. THOSE LEFT BEHIND: Socioeconomic Predictors and Social Mediators of Psychological Distress among Working-age African Americans in a Post-industrial City. DU BOIS REVIEW : SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON RACE 2021; 18:119-151. [PMID: 34712354 PMCID: PMC8550544 DOI: 10.1017/s1742058x21000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the socioeconomic status (SES)-psychological distress gradient is well-documented in the social science literature, less attention has been devoted to how this relationship varies within sociodemographic subgroups. I contribute to this small but growing literature by first examining the relationship between multiple dimensions of SES and two measures of psychological distress (depression and anxiety) among working-aged African Americans. I then test whether three social mediators explain the SES-psychological distress relationship, and whether gender modifies these associations and/or the social mediators that shape them. To address these aims, I analyze two waves of population-representative data from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (N=685). Data were collected between 2008 and 2010 in the wake of the Great Recession. I utilize structural equation modeling with latent variables to assess these relationships, and test indirect and conditional effects to detect the presence of mediation and/or moderation, respectively. Findings revealed associations between higher total household income and lower levels of depression/anxiety, as well as unemployment and increased depression/anxiety among working age African Americans. Furthermore, higher educational attainment was associated with reduced anxiety, but not depression, in this population. Gender moderated these findings such that unemployment was associated with higher levels of depression/anxiety among women but not men. I also found that trauma mediated the relationship between unemployment and depression/anxiety as well as educational attainment and anxiety. Gender, however, moderated the association between unemployment and depression/anxiety via traumatic events such that the relationship was stronger among women than men. Collectively, these findings contribute to our limited understanding of African Americans' mental health and underscore the importance of how both socioeconomic forces and life course experiences with traumatic events contribute to poor mental health among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Dennis
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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8
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Cobb RJ, Erving CL, Byrd WC. Perceived COVID-19 health threat increases psychological distress among Black Americans. ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES 2021; 44:806-818. [PMID: 34035554 PMCID: PMC8143036 DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2021.1867216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study used data from the American Trends Panel to examine the interplay between the perceived COVID-19 health threat, discriminatory beliefs in medical settings, and psychological distress among Black Americans. We measured psychological distress as an average of five items modified from two established scales and used self-reports of perceived COVID-19 health threat and beliefs about discrimination in medical settings as focal predictors. Ordinary least squares regression was used to examine these relationships. Holding all else constant, we found that perceived COVID-19 health threat and the belief that Black Americans face racial discrimination in medical settings were both positively and significantly associated with higher levels of psychological distress. We also found a significant perceived COVID-19 health threat by belief about discrimination in medical settings interaction in the full model. Future studies should assess how these relationships vary across age groups and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christy L. Erving
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - W. Carson Byrd
- National Center for Institutional Diversity, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Dent RB, Hagiwara N, Stepanova EV, Green TL. The role of feature-based discrimination in driving health disparities among Black Americans. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2020; 25:161-176. [PMID: 29105509 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1398314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: A growing body of research finds that darker skin tone is often associated with poorer physical and mental health in Blacks. However, the psychosocial mechanisms underlying the skin tone-health link remain elusive. The present study seeks to address this knowledge gap by investigating the direct and indirect (through perceived discrimination, socioeconomic status, and self-esteem) effects of skin tone on self-reported physical and mental health.Design: An urban sample of 130 Blacks aged 35 and above completed a self-administered computerized survey as a part of larger cross-sectional study.Results: Self-esteem played a particularly important role in mediating the associations between skin tone and self-reported physical and mental health. This suggests that self-esteem could be a point of intervention to help Blacks with darker skin tone achieve better health.Conclusion: The present study highlights the important role feature-based discrimination plays in determining mental and physical health outcomes among Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randl B Dent
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nao Hagiwara
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elena V Stepanova
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Tiffany L Green
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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10
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Cobb RJ, Parker LJ, Thorpe RJ. Self-reported Instances of Major Discrimination, Race/Ethnicity, and Inflammation Among Older Adults: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:291-296. [PMID: 30508069 PMCID: PMC8127073 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the relationship between self-reported instances of major discrimination and inflammation among older adults, and explores whether this relationship varies in accordance with race/ethnicity. We hypothesized that self-reported instances of major discrimination would be associated with higher levels of high-risk inflammation and that this relationship would be stronger for racial/ethnic minorities than whites. METHODS Data from the 2006/2008 Health and Retirement Study, an ongoing biennial nationally representative sample of older adults in the United States, were used to collect measures of self-reported instances of major discrimination and high-risk C-reactive protein (CRP), which was assayed from blood samples. Modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors was applied to estimate the prevalence ratios of self-reported instances of major discrimination, as it relates to high-risk CRP (CRP ≥ 22 kg/m2), and test whether this relationship varies by race/ethnicity. RESULTS Respondents who experienced any instances of major discrimination had a higher likelihood of high-risk CRP (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07-1.22) than those who did not report experiencing any instances of major discrimination. This association was independent of differences in newly diagnosed health conditions and socioeconomic status. The relationship between any self-reported instance of major discrimination and high-risk CRP was weaker for blacks than whites (PR: 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69-0.95). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that self-reported instances of major lifetime discrimination is a psychosocial factor that is adversely associated with high-risk CRP among older adults; this association is especially pronounced among older whites. Future studies among this population are required to examine whether the relationship between self-reported instances of major discrimination and high-risk CRP changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryon J Cobb
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren J Parker
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wainwright AB, Cannito MP. Referential Ambiguity in the Narrative Productions of African American Adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2015; 24:S990-S1000. [PMID: 26425928 DOI: 10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the production of referential ambiguities in two contrasting narrative conditions among age-defined groups of healthy African American women. METHOD Twenty middle-aged adults (M = 51 years) and 20 older adults (M = 72 years) produced a complex story retelling and a personal narrative. All narratives were transcribed orthographically, parsed into T-units, and analyzed for surface structure markings of referents and the presence of ambiguities. RESULTS The results demonstrated that older adults produced more ambiguities than middle-aged adults, were more compromised with task complexity, used more role or relation designations to refer to story characters while underusing proper names, and exhibited significant lexical retrieval deficits during ongoing narrative production. Middle-aged adults produced more proper names, but were also challenged by the complexity of the story-retelling task. Moreover, the results showed that older adults produced more African American English variants than middle-aged adults. CONCLUSION This investigation revealed a pattern of age-related ambiguities during narrative production. The results demonstrated that lexical retrieval from long-term semantic memory was an important predictor of ambiguity, whereas African American English contributed negligibly. These results show that referential ambiguities may be a robust characteristic of cognitive-linguistic changes that occur with typical aging.
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12
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Bradford Wainwright A, Cannito MP. Distance and Interference in the Reference Management of African American Adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2015; 24:594-607. [PMID: 25997165 DOI: 10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of distance and interference on the adequacy of reference management in 2 contrasting narrative conditions among age-defined groups of healthy African American adults. METHODS Twenty middle-aged (M = 51 years) and 20 older (M = 72 years) women produced a complex story retelling and a personal narrative of a childhood experience. All narratives were transcribed orthographically, parsed into terminal units (T-units), and analyzed for surface structure markings of referents. RESULTS Results varied on the basis of task complexity and specific dependent variables. Older adults produced shorter T-unit distances between nouns and pronouns in story retelling compared with middle-aged adults. Middle-aged adults, but not older adults, exhibited longer T-unit distances between referents on story retelling than on personal narratives. Both groups performed similarly in the management of intervening information between referents. The presence of African American English features was related to interference but not to referential distance. CONCLUSIONS Older adults demonstrated an effective age-related strategy for simplifying complex story retelling by producing shorter T-unit distances and, thus, less intervening information between referents. These findings suggest that referential distance may be a more important factor in mediating story recall. (For a summary and guidelines for therapy, see Bunce, 1991.).
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13
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Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. Weight Discrimination and Risk of Mortality. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:1803-11. [PMID: 26420442 DOI: 10.1177/0956797615601103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Discrimination based on weight is a stressful social experience linked to declines in physical and mental health. We examined whether this harmful association extends to risk of mortality. Participants in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 13,692) and the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS; N = 5,079) reported on perceived discriminatory experiences and attributed those experiences to a number of personal characteristics, including weight. Weight discrimination was associated with an increase in mortality risk of nearly 60% in both HRS participants (hazard ratio = 1.57, 95% confidence interval = [1.34, 1.84]) and MIDUS participants (hazard ratio = 1.59, 95% confidence interval = [1.09, 2.31]). This increased risk was not accounted for by common physical and psychological risk factors. The association between mortality and weight discrimination was generally stronger than that between mortality and other attributions for discrimination. In addition to its association with poor health outcomes, weight discrimination may shorten life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine
| | - Yannick Stephan
- Dynamics of Human Abilities and Health Behaviors Laboratory, University of Montpellier
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Grandner MA, Knutson KL, Troxel W, Hale L, Jean-Louis G, Miller KE. Implications of sleep and energy drink use for health disparities. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:14-22. [PMID: 25293540 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The popularity of energy drinks has increased rapidly in the past decade. One of the main reasons people use energy drinks is to counteract effects of insufficient sleep or sleepiness. Risks associated with energy drink use, including those related to sleep loss, may be disproportionately borne by racial minorities and those of lower socioeconomic status. In this review, a brief introduction to the issue of health disparities is provided, population-level disparities and inequalities in sleep are described, and the social-ecological model of sleep and health is presented. Social and demographic patterns of energy drink use are then presented, followed by discussion of the potential ways in which energy drink use may contribute to health disparities, including the following: 1) effects of excessive caffeine in energy drinks, 2) effects of energy drinks as sugar-sweetened beverages, 3) association between energy drinks and risk-taking behaviors when mixed with alcohol, 4) association between energy drink use and short sleep duration, and 5) role of energy drinks in cardiometabolic disease. The review concludes with a research agenda of critical unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Grandner
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Masters RK, Hummer RA, Powers DA, Beck A, Lin SF, Finch BK. Long-term trends in adult mortality for U.S. Blacks and Whites: an examination of period- and cohort-based changes. Demography 2014; 51:2047-73. [PMID: 25403151 PMCID: PMC4420626 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-014-0343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Black-white differences in U.S. adult mortality have narrowed over the past five decades, but whether this narrowing unfolded on a period or cohort basis is unclear. The distinction has important implications for understanding the socioeconomic, public health, lifestyle, and medical mechanisms responsible for this narrowing. We use data from 1959 to 2009 and age-period-cohort (APC) models to examine period- and cohort-based changes in adult mortality for U.S. blacks and whites. We do so for all-cause mortality among persons aged 15-74 as well as for several underlying causes of death more pertinent for specific age groups. We find clear patterns of cohort-based reductions in mortality for both black men and women and white men and women. Recent cohort-based reductions in heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, female breast cancer, and other cancer mortality have been substantial and, save for breast cancer, have been especially pronounced for blacks. Period-based changes have also occurred and are especially pronounced for some causes of death. Period-based reductions in blacks' and whites' heart disease and stroke mortality are particularly impressive, as are recent period-based reductions in young men's and women's mortality from infectious diseases and homicide. These recent period changes are more pronounced among blacks. The substantial cohort-based trends in chronic disease mortality and recent period-based reductions for some causes of death suggest a continuing slow closure of the black-white mortality gap. However, we also uncover troubling signs of recent cohort-based increases in heart disease mortality for both blacks and whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Masters
- Department of Sociology and Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 327 Ketchum 214, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA,
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Olshansky SJ, Antonucci T, Berkman L, Binstock RH, Boersch-Supan A, Cacioppo JT, Carnes BA, Carstensen LL, Fried LP, Goldman DP, Jackson J, Kohli M, Rother J, Zheng Y, Rowe J. Differences In Life Expectancy Due To Race And Educational Differences Are Widening, And Many May Not Catch Up. Health Aff (Millwood) 2012; 31:1803-13. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Jay Olshansky
- S. Jay Olshansky ( ) is a professor at the School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Toni Antonucci
- Toni Antonucci is a research professor in the Life Course Development Program and is the Elizabeth M. Douvan Collegiate Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor
| | - Lisa Berkman
- Lisa Berkman is director of the Center for Population and Development Studies and the Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Public Policy and Epidemiology at Harvard University, in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert H. Binstock
- Robert H. Binstock, now deceased, was a professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Axel Boersch-Supan
- Axel Boersch-Supan is director of the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy, in Mannheim, Germany
| | - John T. Cacioppo
- John T. Cacioppo is the Tiffany and Margaret Blake Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, in Illinois
| | - Bruce A. Carnes
- Bruce A. Carnes is a professor in the Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, in Oklahoma City
| | - Laura L. Carstensen
- Laura L. Carstensen is the Fairleigh S. Dickinson Jr. Professor in Public Policy at Stanford University, in California
| | - Linda P. Fried
- Linda P. Fried is the DeLamar Professor of Public Health and a professor of epidemiology and dean of Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, in New York City
| | - Dana P. Goldman
- Dana P. Goldman is the Norman Topping Chair in Medicine and Public Policy at the University of Southern California, in Los Angeles
| | - James Jackson
- James Jackson is a professor of psychology, health behavior, and health education at the School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - Martin Kohli
- Martin Kohli is a professor of sociology at the European University Institute, in Florence, Italy
| | - John Rother
- John Rother is president and CEO of the National Coalition on Health Care, in Washington, D.C
| | - Yuhui Zheng
- Yuhui Zheng is a research assistant professor in the Titus Family Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, at the University of Southern California
| | - John Rowe
- John Rowe is the chair of the MacArthur Research Network on Aging and a professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health
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