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Stevens CM, Jain SK. Vitamin D/Bone Mineral Density and Triglyceride Paradoxes Seen in African Americans: A Cross-Sectional Study and Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1305. [PMID: 38279305 PMCID: PMC10816015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is known to have a positive effect on bone health. Despite the greater frequency of vitamin D deficiency in African Americans (AA), they have a higher bone mineral density (BMD) compared to whites, demonstrating a disconnect between BMD and vitamin D levels in AA. Another intriguing relationship seen in AA is the triglyceride (TG) paradox, an unusual phenomenon in which a normal TG status is observed even when patients house conditions known to be characterized by high TG levels, such as Type II diabetes. To the best of our knowledge, no study has examined whether these two paradoxical relationships exist simultaneously in AA subjects with Type II diabetes. In this study, we compared levels of blood markers, including HbA1c, TG, and vitamin D, measured as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)VD] µM/mL, [25(OH)VD]/TG, calcium, and BMD in AA (n = 56) and white (n = 26) subjects with Type II diabetes to see whether these relationships exist concurrently. We found that AA subjects had significantly lower TG and [25(OH)VD] levels and a significantly higher BMD status compared to white subjects, even when the ages, BMI, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, and calcium levels were similar between the two groups. This demonstrates that these two paradoxical relationships exist simultaneously in Type II diabetic AA subjects. In addition to these findings, we discuss the current hypotheses in the literature that attempt to explain why these two intriguing relationships exist. This review also discusses four novel hypotheses, such as altered circulating levels and the potential role of estrogen and hydrogen sulfide on BMD and HMG-CoA reductase as a possible contributor to the TG paradox in AA subjects. This manuscript demonstrates that there are still many unanswered questions regarding these two paradoxical relationships and further research is needed to determine why they exist and how they can be implemented to improve healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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2
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Aiges M, Ramana KV. Significance of Vitamin Supplementation in Reducing the Severity of COVID-19. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:254-264. [PMID: 36967461 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230324081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a serious pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, caused significant lockdowns, healthcare shortages, and deaths worldwide. The infection leads to an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response causing severe respiratory distress and multiple-organ failure. Quick development of several vaccines efficiently controlled the spread of COVID-19. However, the rise of various new subvariants of COVID-19 demonstrated some concerns over the efficacy of existing vaccines. Currently, better vaccines to control these variants are still under development as several new subvariants of COVID-19, such as omicron BA-4, BA-5, and BF-7 are still impacting the world. Few antiviral treatments have been shown to control COVID-19 symptoms. Further, control of COVID-19 symptoms has been explored with many natural and synthetic adjuvant compounds in hopes of treating the deadly and contagious disease. Vitamins have been shown to modulate the immune system, function as antioxidants, and reduce the inflammatory response. Recent studies have investigated the potential role of vitamins, specifically vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, in reducing the immune and inflammatory responses and severity of the complication. In this brief article, we discussed our current understanding of the role of vitamins in controlling COVID-19 symptoms and their potential use as adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myia Aiges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT-84606, USA
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT-84606, USA
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3
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Lu X, Wang Z, Chen L, Wei X, Ma Y, Tu Y. Efficacy and safety of selenium or vitamin E administration alone or in combination in ICU patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:550-560. [PMID: 37739705 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micronutrient administration that contributes to antioxidant defense has been extensively studied in critically ill patients, but consensus remains elusive. Selenium and vitamin E are two important micronutrients that have synergistic antioxidant effects. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of selenium or vitamin E administration alone and the combination of both on clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized in the ICU. METHODS After electronic searches on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SinoMed, VIP database and Wanfang data, initially 1767 papers were found, and 30 interventional studies were included in this analysis. We assessed the risk-difference between treatment and control (standard treatment) groups by pooling available data on length of stay (ICU length of stay and hospital length of stay), mortality (ICU mortality, hospital mortality, 28-day mortality, 6-month mortality and all-cause mortality), duration of mechanical ventilation, adverse events and new infections. RESULTS By analyzing the included studies, we found no significant effect of selenium administration alone on mortality, mechanical ventilation duration, or adverse events in ICU patients. However, after excluding studies with high heterogeneity, the meta-analysis showed that selenium alone reduced the length of hospital stay (MD: -1.38; 95% CI: -2.52, -0.23; I-square: 0%). Vitamin E administration alone had no significant effect on mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, or adverse events in ICU patients. However, after excluding studies with high heterogeneity, the meta-analysis showed that vitamin E alone could reduce the length of ICU stay (MD: -1.27; 95% CI: -1.86, -0.67; I-square: 16%). Combined administration of selenium and vitamin E had no significant effect on primary outcomes in ICU patients. CONCLUSIONS Selenium administration alone may shorten the length of hospital stay, while vitamin E alone may reduce the length of ICU stay. The putative synergistic beneficial effect of combined administration of selenium and vitamin E in ICU patients has not been observed, but more clinical studies are pending to confirm it further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yabin Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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4
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The Interplay of Oxidative Stress and ROS Scavenging: Antioxidants as a Therapeutic Potential in Sepsis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101575. [PMID: 36298439 PMCID: PMC9609850 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from the disproportion of oxidants and antioxidants contributes to both physiological and pathological conditions in sepsis. To combat this, the antioxidant defense system comes into the picture, which contributes to limiting the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the reduction of oxidative stress. However, a strong relationship has been found between scavengers of ROS and antioxidants in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. ROS is widely believed to cause human pathology most specifically in sepsis, where a small increase in ROS levels activates signaling pathways to initiate biological processes. An inclusive understanding of the effects of ROS scavenging in cellular antioxidant signaling is essentially lacking in sepsis. This review compiles the mechanisms of ROS scavenging as well as oxidative damage in sepsis, as well as antioxidants as a potent therapeutic. Direct interaction between ROS and cellular pathways greatly affects sepsis, but such interaction does not provide the explanation behind diverse biological outcomes. Animal models of sepsis and a number of clinical trials with septic patients exploring the efficiency of antioxidants in sepsis are reviewed. In line with this, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were effective, and results from recent studies are promising. The usage of these potent antioxidants in sepsis patients would greatly impact the field of medicine.
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Jovic TH, Ali SR, Ibrahim N, Jessop ZM, Tarassoli SP, Dobbs TD, Holford P, Thornton CA, Whitaker IS. Could Vitamins Help in the Fight Against COVID-19? Nutrients 2020; 12:E2550. [PMID: 32842513 PMCID: PMC7551685 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited proven therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The role of vitamin and mineral supplementation or "immunonutrition" has previously been explored in a number of clinical trials in intensive care settings, and there are several hypotheses to support their routine use. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate whether vitamin supplementation is beneficial in COVID-19. A systematic search strategy with a narrative literature summary was designed, using the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Trials Register, WHO International Clinical Trial Registry, and Nexis media databases. The immune-mediating, antioxidant and antimicrobial roles of vitamins A to E were explored and their potential role in the fight against COVID-19 was evaluated. The major topics extracted for narrative synthesis were physiological and immunological roles of each vitamin, their role in respiratory infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and COVID-19. Vitamins A to E highlighted potentially beneficial roles in the fight against COVID-19 via antioxidant effects, immunomodulation, enhancing natural barriers, and local paracrine signaling. Level 1 and 2 evidence supports the use of thiamine, vitamin C, and vitamin D in COVID-like respiratory diseases, ARDS, and sepsis. Although there are currently no published clinical trials due to the novelty of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is pathophysiologic rationale for exploring the use of vitamins in this global pandemic, supported by early anecdotal reports from international groups. The final outcomes of ongoing trials of vitamin supplementation are awaited with interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Jovic
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Stephen R Ali
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Nader Ibrahim
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Sam P Tarassoli
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
| | - Thomas D Dobbs
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Patrick Holford
- Institute for Optimum Nutrition, Ambassador House, Paradise Road, Richmond TW9 1SQ, UK;
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Sciences 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PY, UK;
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
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Elke G, Hartl WH, Kreymann KG, Adolph M, Felbinger TW, Graf T, de Heer G, Heller AR, Kampa U, Mayer K, Muhl E, Niemann B, Rümelin A, Steiner S, Stoppe C, Weimann A, Bischoff SC. Clinical Nutrition in Critical Care Medicine - Guideline of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine (DGEM). Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 33:220-275. [PMID: 31451265 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enteral and parenteral nutrition of adult critically ill patients varies in terms of the route of nutrient delivery, the amount and composition of macro- and micronutrients, and the choice of specific, immune-modulating substrates. Variations of clinical nutrition may affect clinical outcomes. The present guideline provides clinicians with updated consensus-based recommendations for clinical nutrition in adult critically ill patients who suffer from at least one acute organ dysfunction requiring specific drug therapy and/or a mechanical support device (e.g., mechanical ventilation) to maintain organ function. METHODS The former guidelines of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine (DGEM) were updated according to the current instructions of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) valid for a S2k-guideline. According to the S2k-guideline classification, no systematic review of the available evidence was required to make recommendations, which, therefore, do not state evidence- or recommendation grades. Nevertheless, we considered and commented the evidence from randomized-controlled trials, meta-analyses and observational studies with adequate sample size and high methodological quality (until May 2018) as well as from currently valid guidelines of other societies. The liability of each recommendation was described linguistically. Each recommendation was finally validated and consented through a Delphi process. RESULTS In the introduction the guideline describes a) the pathophysiological consequences of critical illness possibly affecting metabolism and nutrition of critically ill patients, b) potential definitions for different disease phases during the course of illness, and c) methodological shortcomings of clinical trials on nutrition. Then, we make 69 consented recommendations for essential, practice-relevant elements of clinical nutrition in critically ill patients. Among others, recommendations include the assessment of nutrition status, the indication for clinical nutrition, the timing and route of nutrient delivery, and the amount and composition of substrates (macro- and micronutrients); furthermore, we discuss distinctive aspects of nutrition therapy in obese critically ill patients and those treated with extracorporeal support devices. CONCLUSION The current guideline provides clinicians with up-to-date recommendations for enteral and parenteral nutrition of adult critically ill patients who suffer from at least one acute organ dysfunction requiring specific drug therapy and/or a mechanical support device (e.g., mechanical ventilation) to maintain organ function. The period of validity of the guideline is approximately fixed at five years (2018-2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Elke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang H Hartl
- Department of Surgery, University School of Medicine, Grosshadern Campus, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Adolph
- University Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas W Felbinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Neuperlach and Harlaching Medical Center, The Munich Municipal Hospitals Ltd, Oskar-Maria-Graf-Ring 51, 81737, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tobias Graf
- Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Geraldine de Heer
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinic for Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Axel R Heller
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University of Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kampa
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, Lutheran Hospital Hattingen, Bredenscheider Strasse 54, 45525, Hattingen, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Klinikstr. 36, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Elke Muhl
- Eichhörnchenweg 7, 23627, Gross Grönau, Germany.
| | - Bernd Niemann
- Department of Adult and Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Giessen University Hospital, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rümelin
- Clinic for Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Bad Kissingen, Kissinger Straße 150, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Steiner
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, St Vincenz Hospital Limburg, Auf dem Schafsberg, 65549, Limburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Arved Weimann
- Department of General, Visceral and Oncological Surgery, Klinikum St. Georg, Delitzscher Straße 141, 04129, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department for Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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7
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Raffaeli G, Ghirardello S, Passera S, Mosca F, Cavallaro G. Oxidative Stress and Neonatal Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1739. [PMID: 30564143 PMCID: PMC6288438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a frequent condition in critically ill patients, especially if exposed to extracorporeal circulation, and it is associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality. The inflammation triggered by the contact of blood with a non-endogenous surface, the use of high volumes of packed red blood cells and platelets transfusion, the risk of hyperoxia and the impairment of antioxidation systems contribute to the increase of reactive oxygen species and the imbalance of the redox system. This is responsible for the increased production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite resulting in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage. The understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to redox imbalance would pave the way for the future development of preventive approaches. This review provides an overview of the clinical impact of the oxidative stress during neonatal extracorporeal support and concludes with a brief perspective on the current antioxidant strategies, with the aim to focus on the potential oxidative stress-mediated cell damage that has been implicated in both short and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genny Raffaeli
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghirardello
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Passera
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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8
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Forni LG, Kelly FJ, Leach RM. Radical approach to the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Redox Rep 2016; 3:85-97. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1997.11747095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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9
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Koekkoek WAC(K, van Zanten ARH. Antioxidant Vitamins and Trace Elements in Critical Illness. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 31:457-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533616653832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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10
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Marshall B, Thomas R. Trace Element and Vitamin Supplementation in Critical Illness. J Intensive Care Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/175114370700800309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Marshall
- ST1 Anaesthetics Intensive Care Unit Royal Hampshire County Hospital Romsey Road Winchester SO22 5DG
| | - Richard Thomas
- Consultant in Anaesthetics & Intensive Care Medicine Royal Hampshire County Hospital Romsey Road Winchester SO22 5DG
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11
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Abstract
Pulmonary oxidant stress plays an important pathogenetic role in disease conditions including acute lung injury/adult respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), hyperoxia, ischemia-reperfusion, sepsis, radiation injury, lung transplantation, COPD, and inflammation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), released from activated macrophages and leukocytes or formed in the pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells, damage the lungs and initiate cascades of pro-inflammatory reactions propagating pulmonary and systemic stress. Diverse molecules including small organic compounds (e.g. gluthatione, tocopherol (vitamin E), flavonoids) serve as natural antioxidants that reduce oxidized cellular components, decompose ROS and detoxify toxic oxidation products. Antioxidant enzymes can either facilitate these antioxidant reactions (e.g. peroxidases using glutathione as a reducing agent) or directly decompose ROS (e.g. superoxide dismutases [SOD] and catalase). Many antioxidant agents are being tested for treatment of pulmonary oxidant stress. The administration of small antioxidants via the oral, intratracheal and vascular routes for the treatment of short- and long-term oxidant stress showed rather modest protective effects in animal and human studies. Intratracheal and intravascular administration of antioxidant enzymes are being currently tested for the treatment of acute oxidant stress. For example, intratracheal administration of recombinant human SOD is protective in premature infants exposed to hyperoxia. However, animal and human studies show that more effective delivery of drugs to cells experiencing oxidant stress is needed to improve protection. Diverse delivery systems for antioxidants including liposomes, chemical modifications (e.g. attachment of masking pegylated [PEG]-groups) and coupling to affinity carriers (e.g. antibodies against cellular adhesion molecules) are being employed and currently tested, mostly in animal and, to a limited extent, in humans, for the treatment of oxidant stress. Further studies are needed, however, in order to develop and establish effective applications of pulmonary antioxidant interventions useful in clinical practice. Although beyond the scope of this review, antioxidant gene therapies may eventually provide a strategy for the management of subacute and chronic pulmonary oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Howe KP, Clochesy JM, Goldstein LS, Owen H. Mechanical Ventilation Antioxidant Trial. Am J Crit Care 2015; 24:440-5. [PMID: 26330437 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2015335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients each year require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Inflammatory processes may prevent successful weaning, and evidence indicates that mechanical ventilation induces oxidative stress in the diaphragm, resulting in atrophy and contractile dysfunction of diaphragmatic myofibers. Antioxidant supplementation might mitigate the harmful effects of the oxidative stress induced by mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVE To test the clinical effectiveness of antioxidant supplementation in reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation. METHODS A randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled double-blind design was used to test whether enterally administered antioxidant supplementation would decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation, all-cause mortality, and length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. Patients received vitamin C 1000 mg plus vitamin E 1000 IU, vitamin C 1000 mg plus vitamin E 1000 IU plus N-acetylcysteine 400 mg, or placebo solution as a bolus injection via their enteral feeding tube every 8 hours. RESULTS Clinical and statistically significant differences in duration of mechanical ventilation were seen among the 3 groups (Mantel-Cox log rank statistic = 5.69, df = 1, P = .017). The 3 groups did not differ significantly in all-cause mortality during hospitalization or in the length of stay in the intensive care unit or hospital. CONCLUSIONS Enteral administration of antioxidants is a simple, safe, inexpensive, and effective intervention that decreases the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P. Howe
- Kimberly P. Howe is corporate director of academic affairs, Northside Medical Center, Youngstown, Ohio. John M. Clochesy is a professor, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida. Lawrence S. Goldstein is medical director of the medical intensive care unit, Northside Medical Center, and an associate professor at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio. Hugh Owen is a pharmacist at Northside Medical Center
| | - John M. Clochesy
- Kimberly P. Howe is corporate director of academic affairs, Northside Medical Center, Youngstown, Ohio. John M. Clochesy is a professor, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida. Lawrence S. Goldstein is medical director of the medical intensive care unit, Northside Medical Center, and an associate professor at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio. Hugh Owen is a pharmacist at Northside Medical Center
| | - Lawrence S. Goldstein
- Kimberly P. Howe is corporate director of academic affairs, Northside Medical Center, Youngstown, Ohio. John M. Clochesy is a professor, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida. Lawrence S. Goldstein is medical director of the medical intensive care unit, Northside Medical Center, and an associate professor at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio. Hugh Owen is a pharmacist at Northside Medical Center
| | - Hugh Owen
- Kimberly P. Howe is corporate director of academic affairs, Northside Medical Center, Youngstown, Ohio. John M. Clochesy is a professor, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida. Lawrence S. Goldstein is medical director of the medical intensive care unit, Northside Medical Center, and an associate professor at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio. Hugh Owen is a pharmacist at Northside Medical Center
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13
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Valacchi G, Sticozzi C, Lim Y, Pecorelli A. Scavenger receptor class B type I: a multifunctional receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1229:E1-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Malnutrition in the oral and maxillofacial surgery surgical patient can have critical implications in the overall well-being and prognosis of the long-term, hospitalized, ill patient. The OMS should be capable of assessing the patient's nutritional status and nutritional requirements and developing appropriate recommendations for proper nutritional management. Knowledge of the various modalities of nutritional support should be readily available to the OMS practitioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Fang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Brooklyn Hospital, 121 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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15
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Valacchi G, Vasu VT, Yokohama W, Corbacho AM, Phung A, Lim Y, Aung HH, Cross CE, Davis PA. Lung vitamin E transport processes are affected by both age and environmental oxidants in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:227-34. [PMID: 17602719 PMCID: PMC2770005 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the physiological importance of alpha-tocopherol (AT), the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining cellular and tissue tocopherol levels remain to be fully characterized. Scavenger receptor B1 (SRB1), one of a large family of scavenger receptors, has been shown to facilitate AT transfer from HDL to peripheral tissues via apo A-1-mediated processes and to be important in the delivery of AT to the lung cells. In the present studies the effects of age and two environmental oxidants ozone (O(3)) (0.25 ppm 6 h/day) and cigarette smoke (CS) (60 mg/m(3) 6 h/day) for 4 days on selected aspects of AT transport in murine lung tissues were assessed. While AT levels were 25% higher (p<0.05) and 15% lower (p<0.05) in plasma and lung tissue, respectively, in aged versus young mice, acute environmental exposure to O(3) or CS at the doses used had no effect. Gene expression levels, determined by RT-PCR of AT transport protein (ATTP), SRB1, CD36, ATP binding cassette 3 (ABCA3) and ABCA1 and protein levels, determined by Western blots for SRB1, ATTP and ABCA1 were assessed. Aged mouse lung showed a lower levels of ATTP, ABCA3 and SRB1 and a higher level CD36 and ABCA1. Acute exposure to either O(3) or CS induced declines in ATTP and SRB1 in both aged and young mice lung. CD36 increased in both young and aged mice lung upon exposure to O(3) and CS. These findings suggest that both age and environmental oxidant exposure affect pathways related to lung AT homeostasis and do so in a way that favors declines in lung AT. However, given the approach taken, the effects cannot be traced to changes in these pathways or AT content in any specific lung associated cell type and thus highlight the need for further follow-up studies looking at specific lung associated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Hybertson BM, Chung JH, Fini MA, Lee YM, Allard JD, Hansen BN, Cho OJ, Shibao GN, Repine JE. Aerosol-administered alpha-tocopherol attenuates lung inflammation in rats given lipopolysaccharide intratracheally. Exp Lung Res 2005; 31:283-94. [PMID: 15962709 DOI: 10.1080/01902140590918560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intrapulmonary administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a well-characterized lung inflammatory response involving alveolar macrophage activation, proinflammatory cytokine elaboration, and neutrophil influx. Vitamin E, a lipophilic antioxidant consisting of a family that includes tocopherols and tocotrienols, has previously been shown to have a variety of anti-inflammatory effects, raising interest in its possible uses in disease prevention or therapy. Because aerosol delivery is a specific and rapid way to administer agents to the lungs, the authors undertook to determine whether inhaled vitamin E aerosols would have an anti-inflammatory effect in the lungs. Using a rat model of acute lung inflammation caused by intratracheally administered LPS (10 microg Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS), the authors examined the effect of aerosol-administered vitamin E, in this case alpha-tocopherol, on several indices of lung inflammation which are increased by LPS treatment. It was found that inhaled alpha-tocopherol aerosol, but not inhaled alpha-tocopherol acetate aerosol, decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) mRNA levels in lung tissue, TNFalpha and CINC-1 immunoreactive protein levels in lung lavage, and the number of neutrophils recoverable by lung lavage from rats given LPS intratracheally. These results contribute to the increasing body of work describing immunomodulatory functions of alpha-tocopherol, and support the idea that direct aerosol administration of alpha-tocopherol may play a beneficial role in strategies to control inflammatory lung illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks M Hybertson
- Webb-Waring Institute for Cancer, Aging and Antioxidant Research, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box C-322, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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17
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18
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Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, Klotz P, Farver K, Ruzinski JT, Radella F, Garcia I, Maier RV. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2002; 236:814-22. [PMID: 12454520 PMCID: PMC1422648 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200212000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of early, routine antioxidant supplementation using alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in reducing the rate of pulmonary morbidity and organ dysfunction in critically ill surgical patients. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Oxidative stress has been associated with the development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and organ failure through direct tissue injury and activation of genes integral to the inflammatory response. In addition, depletion of endogenous antioxidants has been associated with an increased risk of nosocomial infections. The authors postulated that antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients may reduce the incidence of ARDS, pneumonia, and organ dysfunction. METHODS This randomized, prospective study was conducted to compare outcomes in patients receiving antioxidant supplementation (alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate) versus those receiving standard care. The primary endpoint for analysis was pulmonary morbidity (a composite measure of ARDS and nosocomial pneumonia). Secondary endpoints included the development of multiple organ failure, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, and mortality. RESULTS Five hundred ninety-five patients were enrolled and analyzed, 91% of whom were victims of trauma. The relative risk of pulmonary morbidity was 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.60-1.1) in patients receiving antioxidant supplementation. Multiple organ failure was significantly less likely to occur in patients receiving antioxidants than in patients receiving standard care, with a relative risk of 0.43 (95% confidence interval 0.19-0.96). Patients randomized to antioxidant supplementation also had a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay. CONCLUSIONS The early administration of antioxidant supplementation using alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid reduces the incidence of organ failure and shortens ICU length of stay in this cohort of critically ill surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery B Nathens
- Division of Trauma and General Surgery, Harborview Medical Center and the Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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19
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Hybertson BM, Connelly KG, Buser RT, Repine JE. Ferritin and desferrioxamine attenuate xanthine oxidase-dependent leak in isolated perfused rat lungs. Inflammation 2002; 26:153-9. [PMID: 12184628 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016511611435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron, through its participation in reactions that generate reactive oxygen species, may contribute to the oxidative lung injury observed in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A number of investigators have shown that the endogenous iron storage protein ferritin increases in the blood of patients with and at-risk for ALI and ARDS, but the significance of these increases are not known. In the present investigation, we measured lung tissue levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lung leak in isolated rat lungs perfused with xanthine oxidase (XO) and purine, an enzymatic system which generates reactive oxygen species. We found that adding ferritin (100 ng/mL) or desferrioxamine (DFO, 10 mM), an iron chelator, to the vascular perfusate solution decreased oxidant-induced leak in isolated rat lungs perfused with XO and purine. Addition of ferritin or DFO also decreased TBARS in isolated rat lungs perfused with XO and purine; neither ferritin nor DFO, however, decreased XO activity in vitro. Our results suggest that oxidative lung leak may be altered by the availability of reactive iron and that ferritin may contribute to protection against oxidative lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks M Hybertson
- Webb-Waring Institute for Cancer, Aging, and Antioxidant Research, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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Habashi NM, O'Connor J, McCunn M. Venilator Management and Criical Care Issues Following Cardiothoracic Trauma. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2002. [DOI: 10.1177/108925320200600209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the cardiac, pulmonary, or vascular systemsmay result in severe critical illness. Not only does the injury itself result in compromise of normal physiology, but initiation of the inflammatory cascade and mismanagement of the ventilator may lead to worsening status, the acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. Traumatic injury places the patient athigh risk of infection and nutritional compromise. We review basic concepts of mechanical ventilation and ventilator -associated or -induced lung injury. Barotrauma, volutrauma, atelectrauma and biotrauma, and methods for the clinician to prevent them, arediscussed. Airway pressure release ventilation, mandatory minute ventilation and adaptive support ventilation techniques are intro-duced, as is a discussion of the importance of spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation. Special attention is paid to a comprehensive approach to respiratory care. Unique modalities such as prone positioning, independent lung ventilation, and extracorporeal support are presented. The importance of adapting the mode or the minimal-injury concepts of mechanical ventilation to specific injuries is presented. Management approaches to these injuries, including ventilator therapy, pain control, surgical techniques, and critical care issues are described. An overview of the issues of infection inherent to trauma, and nutritional matters, including enteral versus parenteral therapy is presented. Immune-enhanced diets and antioxidantdrugs are integral components of the comprehensive approach to the trauma patient suffering critical illness, and pertinent literatureis summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader M. Habashi
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James O'Connor
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maureen McCunn
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Anesthesiology, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Prelack K, Sheridan RL. Micronutrient supplementation in the critically ill patient: strategies for clinical practice. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2001; 51:601-20. [PMID: 11535921 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200109000-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Prelack
- Burn and Trauma Services, Massachusetts General Hospital , 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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22
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Porter JM, Ivatury RR, Azimuddin K, Swami R. Antioxidant Therapy in the Prevention of Organ Dysfunction Syndrome and Infectious Complications after Trauma: Early Results of a Prospective Randomized Study. Am Surg 1999. [DOI: 10.1177/000313489906500522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the etiology of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome and infectious complications in trauma patients by either direct cellular toxicity and/or the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Studies have shown that the antioxidant defenses of the body are decreased in trauma patients; these include glutathione, for which N-acetylcysteine is a precursor, and selenium, which is a cofactor for glutathione. Eighteen trauma patients were prospectively randomized to a control or antioxidant group where they received N-acetylcysteine, selenium, and vitamins C and E for 7 days. As compared with the controls, the antioxidant group showed fewer infectious complications (8 versus 18) and fewer organs dysfunctioning (0 versus 9). There were no deaths in either group. We conclude that these preliminary data may support a role for the use of this antioxidant mixture to decrease the incidence of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome and infectious complications in the severely injured patient. This remains to be confirmed in larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raj Swami
- The Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, New York
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24
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Hybertson BM, Kitlowski RP, Jepson EK, Repine JE. Supercritical fluid-aerosolized vitamin E pretreatment decreases leak in isolated oxidant-perfused rat lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 84:263-8. [PMID: 9451645 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that direct pulmonary administration of supercritical fluid-aerosolized (SFA) vitamin E would decrease acute oxidative lung injury. We previously reported that rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 formed respirable particles of vitamin E and that administering SFA vitamin E to rats increased lung vitamin E levels and decreased neutrophil-mediated lung leak. In the present investigation, we found that pretreatment with SFA vitamin E protected isolated rat lungs against the oxidant-induced lung leak caused by perfusion with xanthine oxidase (XO) and purine, an enzyme system that generates superoxide union (O2-.) and hydrogen peroxide. SFA vitamin E droplets were 0.7-3 microns in diameter, and inhalation of the airborne droplets for 30 min deposited approximately 55 micrograms of vitamin E in rat lungs. Isolated rat lungs perfused with XO (0.02 U/ml) and purine (10 mM) gained more weight (1.75 +/- 0.12 g, n = 8), retained more Ficoll (11.5 +/- 1.2 mg/left lung, n = 7), and accumulated more Ficoll in their lung lavages (700 +/- 146 micrograms/ml, n = 8) than control lungs [0.25 +/- 0.06 g (n = 10), 6.2 +/- 1.2 mg/left lung (n = 9), and 141 +/- 31 micrograms/ml (n = 8), respectively, P < 0.05]. In contrast, isolated lungs from rats that were pretreated with SFA vitamin E had decreased (P < 0.05) weight gains (0.32 +/- 0.06 g, n = 7), Ficoll retentions (3.3 +/- 1.1 mg/left lung, n = 7), and lung lavage Ficoll concentrations (91 +/- 26 micrograms/ml, n = 6) after perfusion with XO and purine compared with isolated lungs from control rats perfused with XO and purine. This protective effect was not observed in rat lungs given sham treatments (CO2 alone or vitamin E acetate aerosolized with supercritical CO2). Our results suggest that direct pulmonary supplementation of vitamin E decreases susceptibility to vascular leakage caused by XO-derived oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Hybertson
- Webb-Waring Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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25
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Sakalihasan N, Pincemail J, Defraigne JO, Nusgens B, Lapiere C, Limet R. Decrease of plasma vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) levels in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 800:278-82. [PMID: 8959014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Sakalihasan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
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26
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Doctrow SR, Huffman K, Marcus CB, Musleh W, Bruce A, Baudry M, Malfroy B. Salen-manganese complexes: combined superoxide dismutase/catalase mimics with broad pharmacological efficacy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1996; 38:247-69. [PMID: 8895812 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S R Doctrow
- Eukarion, Inc. Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA
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27
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Eddleston JM, Sharer NM. Antioxidant Therapy in Critical Illness. YEARBOOK OF INTENSIVE CARE AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80053-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lamy
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Centre for the Biochemistry of Oxygen, CHU, Domaine Universitaire du Sart, Liège, Belgium
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29
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Goode HF, Cowley HC, Walker BE, Howdle PD, Webster NR. Decreased antioxidant status and increased lipid peroxidation in patients with septic shock and secondary organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:646-51. [PMID: 7712754 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199504000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine antioxidant vitamin concentrations, lipid peroxidation, and an index of nitric oxide production in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with septic shock and relate the findings to the presence of secondary organ failure. DESIGN A prospective, observational study. SETTING A nine-bed ICU in a University teaching hospital. PATIENTS Sixteen consecutive patients with septic shock, defined as: a) clinical evidence of acute infection; b) hypo- or hyperthermia (< 35.6 degrees C or > 38.3 degrees C); c) tachypnea (> 20 breaths/min or being mechanically ventilated); d) tachycardia (> 90 beats/min); e) shock (systolic pressure < 90 mm Hg) or receiving inotropes. Fourteen patients also had secondary organ dysfunction. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Antioxidant vitamin concentrations were significantly lower in the patients than the reference range obtained from a comparable group of healthy controls. The mean plasma retinol (vitamin A) concentration was 26.5 +/- 19.3 micrograms/dL compared with 73.5 +/- 18.3 micrograms/dL in healthy subjects (p < .01). Additionally, 13 (81%) patients had retinol values below the lower limit of our reference range (< 37.0 micrograms/dL). Tocopherol (vitamin E) plasma concentrations were below the reference range in all patients (< 9.0 mg/L), with a mean value of 3.6 +/- 2.0 mg/L compared with 11.5 +/- 1.3 mg/L in healthy subjects (p < .001). Plasma beta carotene and lycopene concentrations were undetectable (< 15 micrograms/L) in eight (50%) patients, and below our reference range (< 101 micrograms/L and < 154 micrograms/L, respectively) in the remaining patients. In the five patients with three or more dysfunctional secondary organs, plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly increased (p < .05), suggesting increased lipid peroxidation. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances correlated negatively with both plasma retinol and plasma tocopherol (r2 = .42, p < .01 and r2 = .48, p < .005, respectively). In the five patients from whom we were able to collect urine, nitrite excretion was increased approximately 400-fold (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate decreased antioxidant status in the face of enhanced free radical activity, and suggest potential therapeutic strategies involving antioxidant repletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Goode
- Clinical Oxidant Research Group, St. James's University Hospital, UK
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30
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Aarts L, van der Hee R, Dekker I, de Jong J, Langemeijer H, Bast A. The widely used anesthetic agent propofol can replace alpha-tocopherol as an antioxidant. FEBS Lett 1995; 357:83-5. [PMID: 8001686 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane is protected against lipid peroxidation through endogenous antioxidants such as the lipid soluble alpha-tocopherol. The anesthetic agent propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) has a chemical structure which is similar to alpha-tocopherol, since it also contains a phenolic OH-group. The transient protection of GSH against lipid peroxidation in control liver microsomes is not observed in microsomes deficient in alpha-tocopherol. Introducing propofol (2 and 5 microM) restored the protective effect of GSH. Similar to the control microsomes the GSH-protective effect did not occur in previously heated microsomes. These results suggest that propofol acts similarly to alpha-tocopherol as a chain breaking antioxidant in liver microsomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aarts
- Department of Anesthesiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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31
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Roumen RM, Hendriks T, de Man BM, Goris RJ. Serum lipofuscin as a prognostic indicator of adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Br J Surg 1994; 81:1300-5. [PMID: 7953392 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800810913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxic oxygen free radical damage is thought to play an important role in events such as trauma and sepsis, in which adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure (MOF) are the major causes of late death. Serum lipofuscin concentration has been proposed as an indicator of lipid peroxidation caused by toxic oxygen free radicals. Serum lipofuscin level was measured in 75 healthy controls and sequentially in 66 patients in the intensive care unit; the latter included 18 patients who had undergone elective major vascular surgery, 20 after repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and 28 with severe blunt trauma. Fifteen of the 66 patients died within 2 days. Ten of the remaining 51 patients developed ARDS and/or MOF and 41 had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Serum lipofuscin concentration in controls showed a positive correlation with age. Compared with controls, all three patient groups had significantly increased lipofuscin concentrations during the first day after major vascular surgery, trauma or shock. In addition, the ten patients who subsequently developed ARDS and/or MOF showed significantly increased lipofuscin levels on day 1, compared with those in the 41 who had an uncomplicated clinical course. The concentration of serum lipofuscin, which may act as a simple and valuable measure of grading oxidative stress, is positively related to the incidence of subsequent ARDS and/or MOF in patients at risk of these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Roumen
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Quinlan GJ, Evans TW, Gutteridge JM. Linoleic acid and protein thiol changes suggestive of oxidative damage in the plasma of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Free Radic Res 1994; 20:299-306. [PMID: 8069387 DOI: 10.3109/10715769409145629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients with the acute lung injury syndrome ARDS are under oxidative stress from the disease and from treatment with high inspired oxygen concentrations. Oxidative stress can lead to molecular damage by a variety of reactive oxygen intermediates generated in the lung. In the present study we sequentially monitor changes in plasma total lipid linoleic acid fatty acid levels, using GC-MS, and express these as a function of changes in plasma protein thiol values. In nine out of eleven ARDS patients there was a relationship between loss of protein thiols and loss of total lipid linoleic acid. In three patients changes in protein thiols preceded changes in total lipid linoleic acid by several days. Parallel decreases in plasma total lipid fatty acid esters of linoleic acid and protein thiols are suggestive of oxidative stress leading to molecular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Quinlan
- Dept of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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33
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Dahn MS. Nutrition support in organ failure. Nutr Clin Pract 1994; 9:1-2. [PMID: 8159134 DOI: 10.1177/011542659400900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Hans P, Canivet JL, Pincemail J, Muller JP, Byttebier G, Lamy M. Plasma vitamin E, total lipids and myeloperoxidase levels during spinal surgery. A comparison between two anesthetic agents: propofol and isoflurane. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991; 35:302-5. [PMID: 1649539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1991.tb03294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of vitamin E (Vit. E), total lipids (TL), Vit. E to TL ratio and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were studied in 20 patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery and randomly allocated to two anesthetic groups: propofol (bolus dose + continuous infusion and thiopental/isoflurane. Peripheral blood samples were withdrawn prior to induction, each hour during anesthesia and 1 h after the end of surgery. Mean Vit. E and TL levels as well as mean Vit. E to TL ratios remained in the normal range over the entire period of study whatever the anesthetic regimen. MPO levels rose significantly in the post-operative period only, but without statistical difference between the two groups. Therefore, anesthesia with propofol or thiopental/isoflurane modifies neither total lipid concentrations nor plasma Vit. E, which is a potent endogenous inhibitor of lipid peroxidation bound to lipoproteins. The rise of plasma MPO suggests a moderate post-operative neutrophil activation which is not influenced by anesthetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hans
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
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Ogilvie AC, Groeneveld AB, Straub JP, Thijs LG. Plasma lipid peroxides and antioxidants in human septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1991; 17:40-4. [PMID: 1645378 DOI: 10.1007/bf01708408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess if an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is involved in human septic shock and its outcome, we measured plasma levels of the lipid peroxides malondialdehyde--as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance--conjugated dienes and fluorescent products, together with the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium in 12 patients with septic shock and compared them with values of normal controls. At first measurements, malondialdehyde (median 3.9 mumol/l; range 2-38.8) and fluorescent products (median 21.2%; range 9.4-134) were elevated (p less than 0.05), alpha-tocopherol (median 15 mumol/l; range 7-25) and selenium (median 0.76 micrograms/ml; range 0.49-1.09) were depressed (p less than 0.05). Conjugated dienes and glutathione peroxidase activity were in the normal range. In non-survivors (n = 5) initial levels of malondialdehyde and fluorescent products (median 11 versus 3.1 mumol/l; 74 versus 13% respectively) were higher than in survivors (p less than 0.05) and initial selenium levels were lower (median 0.58 versus 0.92 micrograms/l; p less than 0.05). These results are consistent with the concept that an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance--as indicated by elevated plasma lipid peroxides and depressed antioxidants--is involved in human septic shock and a fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ogilvie
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Free University Hospital, The Netherlands
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