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Vukolova MN, Yen LY, Khmyz MI, Sobolevsky AI, Yelshanskaya MV. Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-emerging role of AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1252953. [PMID: 38033869 PMCID: PMC10683763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1252953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission and are implicated in various neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of the two fastest iGluRs subtypes, namely, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors, in the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although both AMPA and kainate receptors represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of these diseases, many of their antagonists show adverse side effects. Further studies of factors affecting the selective subunit expression and trafficking of AMPA and kainate receptors, and a reasonable approach to their regulation by the recently identified novel compounds remain promising directions for pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N. Vukolova
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Laura Y. Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margarita I. Khmyz
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria V. Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Haider A, Elghazawy NH, Dawood A, Gebhard C, Wichmann T, Sippl W, Hoener M, Arenas E, Liang SH. Translational molecular imaging and drug development in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:11. [PMID: 36759912 PMCID: PMC9912681 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects elderly people and constitutes a major source of disability worldwide. Notably, the neuropathological hallmarks of PD include nigrostriatal loss and the formation of intracellular inclusion bodies containing misfolded α-synuclein protein aggregates. Cardinal motor symptoms, which include tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, can effectively be managed with dopaminergic therapy for years following symptom onset. Nonetheless, patients ultimately develop symptoms that no longer fully respond to dopaminergic treatment. Attempts to discover disease-modifying agents have increasingly been supported by translational molecular imaging concepts, targeting the most prominent pathological hallmark of PD, α-synuclein accumulation, as well as other molecular pathways that contribute to the pathophysiology of PD. Indeed, molecular imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be leveraged to study parkinsonism not only in animal models but also in living patients. For instance, mitochondrial dysfunction can be assessed with probes that target the mitochondrial complex I (MC-I), while nigrostriatal degeneration is typically evaluated with probes designed to non-invasively quantify dopaminergic nerve loss. In addition to dopaminergic imaging, serotonin transporter and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor probes are increasingly used as research tools to better understand the complexity of neurotransmitter dysregulation in PD. Non-invasive quantification of neuroinflammatory processes is mainly conducted by targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) on activated microglia using established imaging agents. Despite the overwhelming involvement of the brain and brainstem, the pathophysiology of PD is not restricted to the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, PD also affects various peripheral organs such as the heart and gastrointestinal tract - primarily via autonomic dysfunction. As such, research into peripheral biomarkers has taken advantage of cardiac autonomic denervation in PD, allowing the differential diagnosis between PD and multiple system atrophy with probes that visualize sympathetic nerve terminals in the myocardium. Further, α-synuclein has recently gained attention as a potential peripheral biomarker in PD. This review discusses breakthrough discoveries that have led to the contemporary molecular concepts of PD pathophysiology and how they can be harnessed to develop effective imaging probes and therapeutic agents. Further, we will shed light on potential future trends, thereby focusing on potential novel diagnostic tracers and disease-modifying therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nehal H. Elghazawy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Alyaa Dawood
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al-Tagamoa Al-Khames, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Catherine Gebhard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology/School of Medicine, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Marius Hoener
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Karolinska Institutet, MBB, Molecular Neurobiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Ren C, He KJ, Hu H, Zhang JB, Dong LG, Li D, Chen J, Mao CJ, Wang F, Liu CF. Induction of Parkinsonian-Like Changes via Targeted Downregulation of Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in the Striatum. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:295-314. [PMID: 34719508 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous investigations have suggested that decreased expression of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is involved in glutamate excitotoxicity and contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), GLT-1 is decreased in animal models of PD. GLT-1 is mainly expressed in astrocytes, and the striatum is a GLT-1-rich brain area. OBJECTIVE The aim was to explore the function and mechanism of astrocytic GLT-1 in PD-like changes. METHODS In the study, PD-like changes and their molecular mechanism in rodents were tested by a behavioral assessment, micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), western blotting, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, and high performance liquid chromatography pre-column derivatization with O-pthaldialdehida after downregulating astrocytic GLT-1 in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS In vivo, after 6 weeks of brain stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus into the striatum, rats in the astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown group showed poorer motor performance, abnormal gait, and depression-like feature; but no olfactory disorders. The results of micro-PET/CT and western blotting indicated that the dopaminergic system was impaired in astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown rats. Similarly, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive immune-staining in neurons of astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown rats showed deficit in cell count. In vitro, knockdown of astrocytic GLT-1 via RNA interference led to morphological injury of TH-positive neurons, which may be related to the abnormal calcium signal induced by glutamate accumulation after GLT-1 knockdown. Furthermore, the GLT-1 agonist ceftriaxone showed a protective effect on TH-positive neuron impairment. CONCLUSION The present findings may shed new light on the future prevention and treatment of PD based on blocking glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Kai-Jie He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Guo Dong
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Ossowska K. Zona incerta as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2020; 267:591-606. [PMID: 31375987 PMCID: PMC7035310 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The zona incerta has recently become an important target for deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD). The present review summarizes clinical, animal and anatomical data which have indicated an important role of this structure in PD, and discusses potential mechanisms involved in therapeutic effects of DBS. Animal studies have suggested initially some role of neurons as well as GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors of the zona incerta in locomotion and generation of PD signs. Anatomical data have indicated that thanks to its multiple interconnections with the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord and cerebellum, the zona incerta is an important link in a neuronal chain transmitting impulses involved in PD pathology. Finally, clinical studies have shown that DBS of this structure alleviates parkinsonian bradykinesia, muscle rigidity and tremor. DBS of caudal zona incerta seemed to be the most effective therapeutic intervention, especially with regard to reduction of PD tremor as well as other forms of tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Wąsik A, Romańska I, Zelek-Molik A, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. Multiple Administration of Endogenous Amines TIQ and 1MeTIQ Protects Against a 6-OHDA-Induced Essential Fall of Dopamine Release in the Rat Striatum: In Vivo Microdialysis Study. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:523-531. [PMID: 29076060 PMCID: PMC5871648 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) represents one of the neurodegenerative disorders which are caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. Different toxins, e.g., 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), are used to model PD in animals. 6-OHDA is a neurotoxin which damages catecholaminergic neurons via production of oxygen radicals. Tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs) are endogenous amines which are present in the mammalian brain. Some of them, like TIQ and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ), demonstrate neuroprotective properties. These compounds act as reversible MAO inhibitors and this way block free radical formation. To continue our previous experiments, we evaluated the effect of acute and chronic treatment with TIQ and 1MeTIQ on locomotor/exploratory activity and the release of dopamine as well as its metabolite 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in the striatum of unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned and sham-operated rats using in vivo microdialysis methodology. Additionally, the changes in the concentration of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra were measured. A unilateral 6-OHDA lesion in the substantia nigra produces a strong reduction in the release of dopamine (approx. 70%) and 3-MT (approx. 50%) in the rat striatum. This effect was completely inhibited by multiple administration of TIQ and 1MeTIQ. The results obtained from the in vivo microdialysis study suggest that multiple treatment with both endogenous amines, TIQ and 1MeTIQ, protects dopaminergic neurons against a 6-OHDA-induced deficit of dopamine release. Furthermore, these amines were able to maintain physiological functions of striatal dopamine neurons damaged by a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Irena Romańska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zelek-Molik
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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Lorenc-Koci E, Czarnecka A, Kamińska K, Knutelska J, Zygmunt M, Dudek M. Contribution of the nitric oxide donor molsidomine and the antiparkinsonian drug l-DOPA to the modulation of the blood pressure in unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 69:29-35. [PMID: 27764702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction between dopaminergic and nitrergic neurotransmission in the brain plays a crucial role in the control of motor function and in the regulation of blood pressure (BP). In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopaminergic denervation of the striatum leads to disturbances in the nitrergic system in the basal ganglia. Recently, it has been demonstrated that addition of a low dose of the nitric oxide donor molsidomine to l-DOPA therapy improves dopaminergic neurotransmission in the denervated nigrostriatal system and weakens dyskinesias in rodent models of the disease. METHODS The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of chronic administration of molsidomine (2mg/kg) and l-DOPA (25mg/kg), alone and in combination, on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in the anesthetized, unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. The measurement of SBP and DBP was performed 24h after the penultimate and immediately after the last drug doses. RESULTS In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats receiving saline, spontaneous, small decreases in SBP and DBP were observed during the measurements lasting 60min. Administration of molsidomine alone or in combination with l-DOPA distinctly decreased the BP in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats already after 10min compared to those treated with saline or l-DOPA alone, respectively. In both groups, the molsidomine-mediated declines in BP persisted till the end of measurement but they disappeared after 24h. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in this PD model molsidomine evokes a short-lasting decrease in BP in contrast to conventional antihypertensive drugs that maintain long-term effect and worsen orthostatic hypotension in parkinsonian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland.
| | - Anna Czarnecka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland
| | - Joanna Knutelska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Pharmacological Screening, Chair of Pharmacodynamic, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zygmunt
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Pharmacological Screening, Chair of Pharmacodynamic, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dudek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Pharmacological Screening, Chair of Pharmacodynamic, Kraków, Poland
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Wąsik A, Polak D, Romańska I, Michaluk J, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. The impact of 1MeTIQ on the dopaminergic system function in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1205-1213. [PMID: 27657483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. As a model of PD we used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) which exerts toxic effects on catecholaminergic neurons and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ) as neuroprotective compound. The aim of the present study, was to investigate the potential neuroprotective properties of 1MeTIQ against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxic effects in the rat. METHODS In the behavioral study, we measured locomotor activity and catalepsy. In the biochemical studies using HPLC methodology, we analyzed the concentration of dopamine and its metabolites in rat brain. RESULTS Behavioral tests showed that 6-OHDA decreased rat locomotor activity and produced an increase of catalepsy. These effects did not blocked by 1MeTIQ injections. Biochemical studies indicated that 6-OHDA lesion significantly reduced the concentration of dopamine and its metabolites in the nigro-striatal pathway in the lesioned (ipsilateral) side. Moreover, 6-OHDA induced an increase in the rate of dopamine oxidation. Both acute and chronic administration of 1MeTIQ did not reverse the effects of 6-OHDA lesion on the ipsilateral side, however, it produced a significant elevation of the dopamine concentration in the contralateral side. It is evident that multiple treatments with 1MeTIQ stimulate undamaged neurons to increased activity. CONCLUSION 1MeTIQ was shown to possess neuroprotective potential to the dopaminergic neurons damaged by 6-OHDA lesion. This compound has a protective effect but does not have neurorestorative capacity. It does not reverse damage already caused but will maintain the function and activity of undamaged dopamine neurons at physiological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wąsik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland.
| | - Dawid Polak
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Romańska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland
| | - Jerzy Michaluk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland
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Combined low calcium and lack magnesium is a risk factor for motor deficit in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:266-70. [PMID: 23391905 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The populations of the Kii Peninsula in Japan and of Guam present high incidences of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia complex. It is thought that low levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the drinking water are involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that catalepsy, behavioral immobility and a Parkinsonian symptom results from functionally impaired dopaminergic neurons in mice fed low amounts of Ca and Mg (LCa/Mg). A group of mice fed a LCa/Mg diet for 6 weeks was compared to a control group on a standard diet. Cataleptic symptoms such as akinesia and rigidity were measured by the bar test. The anti-parkinsonian drugs dopamine (DA) precursor L-3,4-dihydroxy phenylamine (L-DOPA), the selective DA receptor D(2) agonist bromocriptine, and the DA releaser amantadine were tested for their effects on induced catalepsy. The mice developed catalepsy after 3 weeks on the LCa/Mg diet. LCa/Mg diet-induced catalepsy was improved by the administration of L-DOPA (50-200 mg/kg i.p.) in combination with benserazide (25 mg/kg i.p.), or of bromocriptine (0.25-4 mg/kg i.p.) or of amantadine (5-20 mg/kg i.p.). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the intensity of tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence was significantly decreased in the substantia nigra at the 6th week of LCa/Mg feeding in comparison with pair-fed controls. These results suggest that catalepsy in LCa/Mg mice results from hypofunction of the dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, our results support the hypothesis that LCa/Mg intake is one etiological factor in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease.
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Nakagawasai O, Taniguchi R, Tan-No K, Yamadera F, Nemoto W, Yaoita F, Tadano T. Pharmacological evaluation of catalepsy in low calcium and/or magnesium deficient feeding mice. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.431172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Masilamoni GJ, Bogenpohl JW, Alagille D, Delevich K, Tamagnan G, Votaw JR, Wichmann T, Smith Y. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist protects dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons from degeneration in MPTP-treated monkeys. Brain 2011; 134:2057-73. [PMID: 21705423 PMCID: PMC3122374 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system and of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus are important pathological features of Parkinson's disease. There is an urgent need to develop therapies that slow down the progression of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we tested whether the highly specific metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist, 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl] pyridine, reduces dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuronal loss in monkeys rendered parkinsonian by chronic treatment with low doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Weekly intramuscular 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine injections (0.2-0.5 mg/kg body weight), in combination with daily administration of 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl] pyridine or vehicle, were performed until the development of parkinsonian motor symptoms in either of the two experimental groups (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl] pyridine versus 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/vehicle). After 21 weeks of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment, all 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/vehicle-treated animals displayed parkinsonian symptoms, whereas none of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl] pyridine-treated monkeys were significantly affected. These behavioural observations were consistent with in vivo positron emission tomography dopamine transporter imaging data, and with post-mortem stereological counts of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, as well as striatal intensity measurements of dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, which were all significantly higher in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl] pyridine-treated animals than in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/vehicle-treated monkeys. The 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl] pyridine treatment also had a significant effect on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced loss of norepinephrine neurons in the locus coeruleus and adjoining A5 and A7 noradrenaline cell groups. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/vehicle-treated animals, almost 40% loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive norepinephrine neurons was found in locus coeruleus/A5/A7 noradrenaline cell groups, whereas the extent of neuronal loss was lower than 15% of control values in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl] pyridine-treated monkeys. Our data demonstrate that chronic treatment with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist, 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl] pyridine, significantly reduces 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity towards dopaminergic and noradrenergic cell groups in non-human primates. This suggests that the use of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonists may be a useful strategy to reduce degeneration of catecholaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasingh J Masilamoni
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Johnson KA, Conn PJ, Niswender CM. Glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2009; 8:475-91. [PMID: 19702565 DOI: 10.2174/187152709789824606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms including tremor and bradykinesia. The primary pathophysiology underlying PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Loss of these neurons causes pathological changes in neurotransmission in the basal ganglia motor circuit. The ability of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors to modulate neurotransmission throughout the basal ganglia suggests that these receptors may be targets for reversing the effects of altered neurotransmission in PD. Studies in animal models suggest that modulating the activity of these receptors may alleviate the primary motor symptoms of PD as well as side effects induced by dopamine replacement therapy. Moreover, glutamate receptor ligands may slow disease progression by delaying progressive dopamine neuron degeneration. Antagonists of NMDA receptors have shown promise in reversing motor symptoms, levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and neurodegeneration in preclinical PD models. The effects of drugs targeting AMPA receptors are more complex; while antagonists of these receptors exhibit utility in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, AMPA receptor potentiators show promise for neuroprotection. Pharmacological modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) may hold even more promise for PD treatment due to the ability of mGluRs to fine-tune neurotransmission. Antagonists of mGluR5, as well as activators of group II mGluRs and mGluR4, have shown promise in several animal models of PD. These drugs reverse motor deficits in addition to providing protection against neurodegeneration. Glutamate receptors therefore represent exciting targets for the development of novel pharmacological therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Taylor AL, Bonventre JV, Uliasz TF, Hewett JA, Hewett SJ. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha inhibition prevents neuronal NMDA receptor-stimulated arachidonic acid mobilization and prostaglandin production but not subsequent cell death. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1828-40. [PMID: 18564366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes encompass a superfamily of at least 13 extracellular and intracellular esterases that hydrolyze the sn-2 fatty acyl bonds of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The purpose of this study was to characterize which phospholipase paralog regulates NMDA receptor-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) release. Using mixed cortical cell cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes, we found that [(3)H]-AA released into the extracellular medium following NMDA receptor stimulation (100 microM) increased with time and was completely prevented by the addition of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (10 microM) or by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). Neither diacylglycerol lipase inhibition (RHC-80267; 10 microM) nor selective inhibition of Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) [bromoenol lactone (BEL); 10 microM] alone had an effect on NMDA receptor-stimulated release of [(3)H]-AA. Release was prevented by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) (5 microM) and AACOCF(3) (1 microM), inhibitors of both cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) and Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) isozymes. This inhibition effectively translated to block of NMDA-induced prostaglandin (PG) production. An inhibitor of p38MAPK, SB 203580 (7.5 microM), also significantly reduced NMDA-induced PG production providing suggestive evidence for the role of cPLA(2)alpha. Its involvement in release was confirmed using cultures derived from mice deficient in cPLA(2)alpha, which failed to produce PGs in response to NMDA receptor stimulation. Interestingly, neither MAFP, AACOCF(3) nor cultures derived from cPLA(2)alpha null mutant animals showed any protection against NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity, indicating that inhibition of this enzyme may not be a viable protective strategy in disorders of the cortex involving over-activation of the NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava L Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Koros E, Rosenbrock H, Birk G, Weiss C, Sams-Dodd F. The selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist MTEP, similar to NMDA receptor antagonists, induces social isolation in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:562-76. [PMID: 16794564 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has repeatedly been shown that uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists can mimic certain aspects of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in human volunteers and laboratory animals. The purpose of the present study was to expand these findings and to determine whether the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) antagonist, MTEP (3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine), could induce similar effects in Wistar rats. First, MTEP (1.0-10.0 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) after acute and subchronic (daily for 5 days) administration as well as the uncompetitive antagonists of the NMDA receptor of either high affinity, phencyclidine (0.5-4.0 mg/kg; subcutaneously (s.c.)) and (+)-MK-801 (0.03-0.25 mg/kg; s.c.), or low-moderate affinity, ketamine (2.0-16.0 mg/kg; s.c.) and memantine (0.15-20.0 mg/kg; s.c.), following daily administration for 3 days were tested in the social interaction test to determine their ability to reproduce the negative and positive symptoms measured by social isolation and stereotyped behavior, respectively. Second, the compounds were tested in the motility test following acute administration to determine their ability to induce locomotor hyperactivity reflecting the positive symptoms. In line with previous findings, all examined NMDA receptor antagonists produced social interaction deficits, locomotor hyperactivity, and stereotypy except memantine. Notably, this study found that MTEP following both acute and subchronic administration dose-dependently induced social isolation, but did not cause either locomotor hyperactivity or stereotypy. These data demonstrate that social behavior deficits in rats can be caused by both the blockade of the NMDA receptor and the inhibition of mGluR5, whereas mGluR5 antagonists may not independently be able to mimic the positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Koros
- Department of CNS Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany.
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15
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Pilc A, Ossowska K. Metabotropic glutamate receptors. Amino Acids 2007; 32:165-7. [PMID: 17245617 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Konieczny J, Wardas J, Kuter K, Pilc A, Ossowska K. The influence of group III metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation by (1S,3R,4S)-1-aminocyclo-pentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid on the parkinsonian-like akinesia and striatal proenkephalin and prodynorphin mRNA expression in rats. Neuroscience 2007; 145:611-20. [PMID: 17224239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are widely distributed in the basal ganglia, especially on the terminals of pathways which seem to be overactive in Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to determine whether (1S,3R,4S)-1-aminocyclo-pentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid (ACPT-1), an agonist of group III mGluRs, injected bilaterally into the globus pallidus (GP), striatum or substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), can attenuate the haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats, and whether that effect was related to modulation of proenkephalin (PENK) or prodynorphin (PDYN) mRNA expression in the striatum. Administration of ACPT-1 (0.05-1.6 microg/0.5 microl/side) caused a dose-and-structure-dependent decrease in the haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg i.p. or 1.5 mg/kg s.c.)-induced catalepsy whose order was as follows: GP>striatum>SNr. ACPT-1, given alone to any of those structures, induced no catalepsy in rats. Haloperidol (3 x 1.5 mg/kg s.c.) significantly increased PENK mRNA expression in the striatum, while PDYN mRNA levels were not affected by that treatment. ACPT-1 (3 x 1.6 microg/0.5 microl/side) injected into the striatum significantly attenuated the haloperidol-increased PENK mRNA expression, whereas administration of that compound into the GP or SNr did not influence the haloperidol-increased striatal PENK mRNA levels. Our results demonstrate that stimulation of group III mGluRs in the striatum, GP or SNr exerts antiparkinsonian-like effects in rats. The anticataleptic effect of intrastriatally injected ACPT-1 seems to correlate with diminished striatal PENK mRNA expression. However, since the anticataleptic effect produced by intrapallidal and intranigral injection of ACPT-1 is not related to a simultaneous decrease in striatal PENK mRNA levels, it is likely that a decrease in enkephalin biosynthesis is not a necessary condition to obtain an antiparkinsonian effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Konieczny
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Hewett SJ, Bell SC, Hewett JA. Contributions of cyclooxygenase-2 to neuroplasticity and neuropathology of the central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:335-57. [PMID: 16750270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases (PTGS), are heme-containing bis-oxygenases that catalyze the first committed reaction in metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) to the potent lipid mediators, prostanoids and thromboxanes. Two isozymes of COX enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) have been identified to date. This review will focus specifically on the neurobiological and neuropathological consequences of AA metabolism via the COX-2 pathway and discuss the potential therapeutic benefit of COX-2 inhibition in the setting of neurological disease. However, given the controversy surrounding the use of COX-2 selective inhibitors with respect to cardiovascular health, it will be important to move beyond COX to identify which down-stream effectors are responsible for the deleterious and/or potentially protective effects of COX-2 activation in the setting of neurological disease. Important advances toward this goal are highlighted herein. Identification of unique effectors in AA metabolism could direct the development of new therapeutics holding significant promise for the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Hewett
- Department of Neuroscience MC3401, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Ossowska K, Konieczny J, Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Kuter K, Wolfarth S, Pilc A. An influence of ligands of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes on parkinsonian-like symptoms and the striatopallidal pathway in rats. Amino Acids 2006; 32:179-88. [PMID: 16699817 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several data indicate that inhibition of glutamatergic transmission may be important to alleviate of parkinsonian symptoms. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review recent studies on the search for putative antiparkinsonian-like effects of mGluR ligands and their brain targets. In order to inhibit glutamatergic transmission, the group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) were blocked, and group II (mGluR2/3) or III (mGluR4/7/8) mGluRs were activated. Systemic or intrastriatal administration of group I mGluR antagonists (mGluR5 - MPEP, MTEP; mGluR1 - AIDA) was found to inhibit parkinsonian-like symptoms (catalepsy, muscle rigidity) in rats. MPEP administered systemically and mGluR1 antagonists (AIDA, CPCCOEt, LY367385) injected intrastriatally reversed also the haloperidol-increased proenkephalin (PENK) mRNA expression in the striatopallidal pathway. Similarly, ACPT-1, a group III mGluR agonist, administered into the striatum, globus pallidus or substantia nigra inhibited the catalepsy. Intrastriatal injection of this compound reduced the striatal PENK expression induced by haloperidol. In contrast, a group II mGluR agonist (2R,4R-APDC) administered intrastriatally reduced neither PENK expression nor the above-mentioned parkinsonian-like symptoms. Moreover, a mixed mGluR8 agonist/AMPA antagonist, (R,S)-3,4-DCPG, administered systemically evoked catalepsy and enhanced both the catalepsy and PENK expression induced by haloperidol. The results reviewed in this article seem to indicate that group I mGluR antagonists or some agonists of group III may possess antiparkinsonian properties, and point at the striatopallidal pathway as a potential target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Abstract
After their discovery, the two known cannabinoid receptors, CB(1) and CB(2), have been the focus of research into the cellular signalling mechanisms of cannabinoids. The initial assessment, mainly derived from expression studies, was that cannabinoids, via G(i/o) proteins, negatively modulate cyclic AMP levels, and activate inward rectifying K(+) channels. Recent findings have complicated this assessment on different levels: (1) cannabinoids include a wide range of compounds with varying profiles of affinity and efficacy at the known CB receptors, and these profiles do not necessarily match their biological activity; (2) CB receptors appear to be intrinsically active and possibly coupled to more than one type of G protein; (3) CB receptor signalling mechanisms are diverse and dependent on the system studied; (4) cannabinoids have other targets than CB receptors. The aim of this mini review is to discuss the current literature regarding CB receptor signalling pathways. These include regulation of adenylyl cyclase, MAP kinase, intracellular Ca(2+), and ion channels. In addition, actions of cannabinoids that are not mediated by CB(1) or CB(2) receptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk G Demuth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, CP Snow Building, Hatfield, Herts, UK
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Turle-Lorenzo N, Breysse N, Baunez C, Amalric M. Functional interaction between mGlu 5 and NMDA receptors in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:117-27. [PMID: 15726332 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrophysiological evidence suggests a synergistic relationship between metabotropic (mGlu) and ionotropic (iGlu) glutamate receptors. The functional consequences of these interactions have not been investigated in neurodegenerative diseases such as in Parkinson's disease. OBJECTIVE The goals of this study are as follows: (1) to investigate the effects of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) and dizocilpine (MK-801), antagonists at metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) and NMDA receptors, respectively, on the akinetic syndrome observed in bilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rats; (2) to investigate if the effects of MPEP were potentiated by co-treatment with a behaviorally inactive dose of MK-801; and (3) to investigate the effects of L-DOPA alone and in combination with MPEP on the akinetic syndrome observed in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. METHODS The effects of the different treatments (single and co-treatment) administered for 3 weeks were measured in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats trained to release a lever rapidly after a visual stimulus onset in a simple reaction time task. RESULTS MPEP 0.75 mg/kg reversed the akinetic deficits produced by striatal dopamine depletion, while MPEP 0.375 mg/kg had no effect. Co-administration with MK-801 0.02 mg/kg, ineffective alone, failed to speed the recovery process of MPEP 0.75 mg/kg but revealed the anti-akinetic action of MPEP 0.375 mg/kg. L-DOPA 3 mg/kg alone had a potent anti-akinetic effect in 6-OHDA lesioned rats, and this effect was not potentiated by a subthreshold MPEP treatment. CONCLUSION These results support a critical role for mGlu5 receptor blockade in improving parkinsonian symptomatology either as a single treatment or in combination with low concentrations of L-DOPA and demonstrate an interaction between NMDA and mGluR5 in regulating these effects.
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Ismayilova N, Crossman A, Verkhratsky A, Brotchie J. Effects of adenosine A1, dopamine D1 and metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors-modulating agents on locomotion of the reserpinised rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 497:187-95. [PMID: 15306204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia are characterised by an imbalance between activity of the direct and indirect pathways regulated by dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, respectively. In this study, we investigated the effects of treatments combining adenosine A(1) and metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors modulators on locomotion induced by dopamine D1 receptor activation in the reserpine-treated rats. Administration of the adenosine A(1) receptor agonist and mGlu5 receptor antagonist resulted in the significant reduction of dopamine D1 receptor agonist-induced locomotion. The combination of adenosine A(1) receptor agonist with mGlu5 receptor antagonist had no greater effect than these compounds alone. However, the adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist attenuated the inhibitory effect of mGlu5 receptor antagonist. The data suggest that the effect of mGlu5 receptor blockade on locomotion elicited by dopamine D1 receptor stimulation involves activation of adenosine A(1) receptors. This interaction can improve our understanding of pathophysiology of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Ismayilova
- The University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, 1.124 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Battaglia G, Busceti CL, Molinaro G, Biagioni F, Storto M, Fornai F, Nicoletti F, Bruno V. Endogenous activation of mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors contributes to the development of nigro-striatal damage induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice. J Neurosci 2004; 24:828-35. [PMID: 14749427 PMCID: PMC6729818 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3831-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We combined the use of knock-out mice and subtype-selective antagonists [2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) and (E)-2-methyl-6-(2-phenylethenyl)-pyridine (SIB1893)] to examine whether endogenous activation of mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors contributes to the pathophysiology of nigro-striatal damage in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of parkinsonism. High doses of MPTP (four injections of 20 mg/kg, i.p., every 2 hr) induced a high mortality rate and a nearly total degeneration of the nigro-striatal pathway in wild-type mice. mGlu5 knock-out mice were less sensitive to MPTP toxicity, as shown by a higher survival and a milder nigro-striatal damage. Protection against MPTP (80 mg/kg) toxicity was also observed after MPEP injections (four injections of 5 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before each MPTP injection). MPEP treatment did not further increase neuroprotection against 80 mg/kg of MPTP in mGlu5 knock-out mice, indicating that the drug acted by inhibiting mGlu5 receptors. In wild-type mice, MPEP was also neuroprotective when challenged against lower doses of MPTP (either 30 mg/kg, single injection, or four of 10 mg/kg injections). The action of MPEP was mimicked by SIB1893 but not by the mGlu1 receptor antagonist 7-hydroxyiminocyclopropan[b]chromen-1a-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. MPEP did not change the kinetics of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion formation in the striatum of mice injected with MPTP. We conclude that mGlu5 receptors act as amplifiers of MPTP toxicity and that mGlu5 receptor antagonists may limit the extent of nigro-striatal damage in experimental models of parkinsonism.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/pharmacokinetics
- 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism
- Animals
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Corpus Striatum/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Homovanillic Acid/metabolism
- MPTP Poisoning/chemically induced
- MPTP Poisoning/pathology
- MPTP Poisoning/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Substantia Nigra/drug effects
- Substantia Nigra/metabolism
- Substantia Nigra/pathology
- Survival Rate
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
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Rukoyatkina NI, Gorbunova LV, Gmiro VE, Lukomskaya NY. The ability of new non-competitive glutamate receptor blockers to weaken motor disorders in animals. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 33:273-8. [PMID: 12762595 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022107516333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability of mono- and dicationic phenylcyclohexyl derivatives, which are non-competitive glutamate antagonists, to prevent convulsions induced in mice by intragastric NMDA or kainate, to weaken catalepsy induced in rats by haloperidol and to exert their own influences of movement activity and behavior in animals was studied. The actions of study compounds were compared with those of the known NMDA antagonists memantine and dizocilpine. NMDA-induced convulsions were effectively prevented by both mono- and dications, while only dications were effective against kainate convulsions. Anticataleptic activity was significantly more marked in monocations, which lacked the ability to block non-NMDA receptors. Side effects on motor coordination were less marked with study compounds than with dizocilpine. Thus, the effects of phenylcyclohexyl derivatives in in vivo experimental models correlate with their anti-NMDA and anti-AMPA activity. They can be regarded as potential agents for treating parkinsonism and other motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Rukoyatkina
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 M. Torez Prospekt, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Segovia G, Mora F, Crossman AR, Brotchie JM. Effects of CB1 cannabinoid receptor modulating compounds on the hyperkinesia induced by high-dose levodopa in the reserpine-treated rat model of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003; 18:138-49. [PMID: 12539206 DOI: 10.1002/mds.10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the potential of CB1 cannabinoid receptor modulating compounds in the treatment of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa)-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. In the reserpine-treated rat model of parkinsonism, administration of a high dose of L-dopa (150 mg/kg) but not of Cl-APB (0.5 mg/kg) or quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) produced a hyperkinetic state characterised by an increase in horizontal and vertical activity, which likely represent correlates of antiparkinsonian and dyskinetic activity, respectively. Injection of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716 (0.1-3 mg/kg) reduced the increase in vertical activity elicited by L-dopa without affecting the increase in horizontal activity. Injection of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (0.1-3 mg/kg) reduced the L-dopa-induced increase in vertical activity and, at the highest dose only (3 mg/kg), also reduced horizontal activity elicited by L-dopa. WIN55,212-2 (1 mg/kg) reduced motor activity induced by both the D1 receptor agonist Cl-APB (0.5 mg/kg) and the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) in the reserpine-treated rat. SR141716 (1 mg/kg) had no effects on motor activity induced by Cl-APB (0.5 mg/kg) nor quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) in the reserpine-treated rat. Injection of the inhibitor of endocannabinoid transport AM404 (0.1-1 mg/kg) did not affect the increase in horizontal or vertical activity elicited by L-dopa (150 mg/kg) in the reserpine-treated rat. The data suggest that both CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists and agonists can modulate the behavioural effects of L-dopa and may be useful for the treatment of the dyskinesia associated with long-term L-dopa treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Segovia
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Wolfarth S, Ossowska K. The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in regulation of striatal proenkephalin expression: implications for the therapy of Parkinson′s disease. Neuroscience 2003; 122:747-56. [PMID: 14622918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of the striatopallidal pathway, associated with an enhancement of enkephalin expression, has been suggested to contribute to the development of parkinsonian symptoms. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the blockade of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: subtypes 1 and 5 (mGluR1/5), or stimulation of group II: subtypes 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) may normalize enkephalin expression in the striatopallidal pathway in an animal model of parkinsonism. The proenkephalin mRNA level measured by in situ hybridization in the striatum was increased by pretreatments with haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg s.c., three times, 3 h apart). Triple (3 h apart), bilateral, intrastriatal administration of selective antagonists of mGluR1: (S)-(+)-alpha-amino-4-carboxy-2-methylbenzeneacetic acid (3 x 5 microg/0.5 microl) or 7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxylate (3 x 2.5 microg/0.5 microl), reversed the haloperidol-induced increases in proenkephalin mRNA levels in the rostral and central regions of the striatum. Similarly, repeated (6 times, 1.5 h apart), systemic injections of an antagonist of mGluR5, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (6 x 10 mg/kg i.p.) counteracted an increase in the striatal proenkephalin mRNA expression elicited by haloperidol. None of the abovementioned antagonists of mGluR1 and mGluR5 per se influenced the proenkephalin expression. Differential effects were induced by agonists of the group II mGluRs, viz. (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine administered intraventricularly (3 times at 0.1-0.2 microg/4 microl, 3 h apart) increased both the normal and haloperidol-increased proenkephalin mRNA level, whereas (2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate injected intrastriatally (3 times at 15 microg/0.5 microl, 3 h apart) was ineffective. The present study indicates that the blockade of striatal glutamate receptors belonging to the group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5) but not stimulation of the group II mGluRs may normalize the function of the striatopallidal pathway in an animal model of parkinsonism, which may be important for future antiparkinsonian therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wardas
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Ossowska K, Konieczny J, Pilc A, Wolfarth S. The striatum as a target for anti-rigor effects of an antagonist of mGluR1, but not an agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Brain Res 2002; 950:88-94. [PMID: 12231232 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to find out whether the metabotropic receptor 1 (mGluR1) and group II mGluRs, localized in the striatum, are involved in antiparkinsonian-like effects in rats. Haloperidol (1 mg/kg ip) induced parkinsonian-like muscle rigidity, measured as an increased resistance of a rat's hind foot to passive flexion and extension at the ankle joint. (RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA; 0.5-15 microg/0.5 microl), a potent and selective mGluR1 antagonist, or (2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (2R,4R-APDC; 7.5-15 microg/0.5 microl), a selective group II agonist, was injected bilaterally into the striatum of haloperidol-treated animals. AIDA in doses of 7.5-15 microg/0.5 microl diminished the haloperidol-induced muscle rigidity. In contrast, 2R,4R-APDC injections were ineffective. The present results may suggest that the blockade of striatal mGluR1, but not the stimulation of group II mGluRs, may ameliorate parkinsonian muscle rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Chronic but not acute treatment with a metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor antagonist reverses the akinetic deficits in a rat model of parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12097518 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-13-05669.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have recently been considered as potential pharmacological targets in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and particularly in parkinsonism. Within the basal ganglia, receptors of group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5) are widely expressed; the present study was thus aimed at blocking these receptors in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson's disease in the rat. Considering the prominent expression of mGluR5, we have used the selective mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) to target these receptors. In rats trained to quickly depress a lever after a visual cue, bilateral lesions of the dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum produced severe akinetic deficits, which were expressed by increases in delayed responses and reaction times. Acute MPEP injection (1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect, whereas chronic administration, ineffective in a control group, significantly reversed the akinetic deficits. Alleviation of these deficits was seen after 1 week of treatment, and the preoperative performance was fully recovered after a 3 week treatment of MPEP at all doses. Chronic MPEP also induced ipsilateral rotation in the unilateral 6-OHDA circling model. However, no effect was seen of MPEP (1.5, 3, or 6 mg/kg, i.p.) on haloperidol-induced catalepsy (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Altogether, these results suggest a specific role of mGluRs in the regulation of extrapyramidal motor functions and a potential therapeutic value for mGluR5 antagonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Dutra RC, Andreazza AP, Andreatini R, Tufik S, Vital MABF. Behavioral effects of MK-801 on reserpine-treated mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:487-95. [PMID: 11999899 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dizocilpine (MK-801), a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, were studied on dopamine-related behaviors induced by reserpine treatments. This study focuses on behavioral syndromes that may used as models for Parkinson's disease, or tardive dyskinesia, and its response after glutamatergic blockage. Reserpine (1 mg/kg), administered once every other day for 4 days, produced increases in orofacial dyskinesia, tongue protrusion and vacuous chewing in mice, which are signs indicative of tardive dyskinesia. Reserpine also produced tremor and catalepsy, which are signs suggestive of Parkinson's disease. MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg), administered 30 min before the observation test, prevented the vacuous chewing movements, tongue protrusions and catalepsy induced by reserpine. However, MK-801 injection produced a significant increase of tremor in reserpine-treated mice. Reserpine (1 mg/kg), administered 90 min before the test and followed by apomophine injection (0.1 mg/kg) 5 min before the test, did not produce oral dyskinesia in mice. On the other hand, reserpine induced increases in tremor and catalepsy compared to control mice. MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) administration attenuated the catalepsy and tremor induced by reserpine. Pretreatment with reserpine (1 mg/kg) 24 h before the observation test produced increases in vacuous chewing movements and tongue protrusion, as well as increases in tremor and catalepsy, whereas MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) injection 90 min before the test reversed the effects of reserpine. These results show that reserpine produces different and abnormal movements, which are related to dose and schedule employed and can be considered as parkinsonian-like and tardive dsykinesia signs. The glutamatergic blockage produced by NMDA can restore these signs, such as vacuous chewing movements, tongue protrusions, catalepsy and tremor according to the employed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Dutra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do SNC-Centro Politécnico, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Turner MS, Mignon L, Napier TC. Alterations in responses of ventral pallidal neurons to excitatory amino acids after long-term dopamine depletion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301:371-81. [PMID: 11907195 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.301.1.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the possibility that excitatory amino acid (EAA) sensitivity within the ventral pallidum (VP) is altered by long-term removal of dopamine (DA). Electrophysiological experiments were conducted in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats 21 to 28 days after they received unilateral substantia nigra injections of the dopaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). VP neurons increased firing at low microiontophoretic ejection currents of the EAA agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA); however, high currents decreased action potential amplitude and rapidly caused cessation of neuronal firing. These responses likely reflected the induction of depolarization block for they were reversed by coiontophoresis of the hyperpolarizing transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at ejection current levels that normally suppressed firing. The ability of NMDA and AMPA to induce such inactivation was greater in the VP of 6-OHDA-lesioned hemispheres, but unchanged in reserpinized rats, verifying that the alterations in responding to NMDA were the result of chronic, rather than acute, DA removal. The adaptations do not appear to be the consequence of a diminished GABAergic tone for the ability of bicuculline to increase firing (due to blocking a tonic GABAergic input) was not changed. However, low ejection currents of GABA that were insufficient to alter firing rate greatly attenuated the ability of NMDA to induce an apparent depolarization inactivation when coiontophoresed with NMDA onto VP neurons of the lesioned, but not the unlesioned, hemisphere. These studies show that chronic DA removal altered the EAA-induced amplitude-decreasing (i.e., the apparent depolarization inactivation) effects in VP neurons in the absence of a decrease in GABAergic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Turner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Ossowska K, Konieczny J, Wolfarth S, Wierońska J, Pilc A. Blockade of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) produces antiparkinsonian-like effects in rats. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41:413-20. [PMID: 11543761 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(01)00083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine a potential beneficial effect of the blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) by the selective non-competitive antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), in models of parkinsonian symptoms in rats. Haloperidol, 0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/kg ip, was used to induce hypolocomotion, catalepsy and muscle rigidity, respectively. The locomotor activity was estimated by an open-field test, the catalepsy -- by a 9-cm cork test. The muscle rigidity was measured as an increased resistance of a hind leg to passive extension and flexion at the ankle joint. Additionally, increases in the electromyographic activity were recorded in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. MPEP (1.0-10mg/kg ip) inhibited the muscle rigidity, electromyographic activity, hypolocomotion and catalepsy induced by haloperidol. MPEP administered alone (5mg/kg ip) did not induce catalepsy, nor did it influence the muscle tone or locomotor activity in rats. The present results suggest that blockade of mGluR5 receptors may be important to amelioration of both parkinsonian akinesia and muscle rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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31
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Ossowska K, Wolfarth S, Schulze G, Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Lorenc-Koci E, Smiałowska M, Coper H. Decline in motor functions in aging is related to the loss of NMDA receptors. Brain Res 2001; 907:71-83. [PMID: 11430887 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the contribution of central dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems to the age-dependent loss of motor functions in rats. Rats of three age groups were compared: young (3-5-month-old), middle-aged (20-21-month-old) and old (29-31-month-old). The obtained results showed an age-dependent decline in the electromyographic (EMG) resting and reflex activities in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles, as well as in the T-maze performance. Although these disturbances were accompanied with significant age-dependent decreases in the binding to NMDA, AMPA and dopamine D2 receptors, and a decline in the number of nigral dopamine neurons, they were significantly correlated with the loss of the binding to NMDA receptors only. The reduction in T-maze performance with aging was additionally correlated with a decrease in motor functions (EMG activity). The study suggests a crucial role of the loss of NMDA receptors in age-dependent motor disabilities, as well as in disturbances measured in the T-maze.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Aging/psychology
- Animals
- Ankle Joint/physiopathology
- Biomarkers
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Brain Mapping
- Cell Count
- Dizocilpine Maleate/metabolism
- Dopamine/physiology
- Electromyography
- Female
- Glutamic Acid/physiology
- Learning Disabilities/etiology
- Learning Disabilities/metabolism
- Learning Disabilities/pathology
- Maze Learning
- Movement Disorders/etiology
- Movement Disorders/metabolism
- Movement Disorders/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Pliability
- Psychomotor Performance
- Raclopride/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reaction Time
- Receptors, AMPA/analysis
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/analysis
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/analysis
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology
- Substantia Nigra/metabolism
- Substantia Nigra/pathology
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/analysis
- alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Lorenc-Koci E, Wardas J, Wolfarth S, Pilc A. (S)-4C3HPG, a mixed group I mGlu receptor antagonist and a group II agonist, administered intrastriatally, counteracts parkinsonian-like muscle rigidity in rats. Brain Res 2001; 903:177-84. [PMID: 11382401 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether S-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (S)-4C3HPG, a mixed group I glutamate metabotropic receptor antagonist and a group II agonist, attenuated parkinsonian-like muscle rigidity in rats. Muscle tone was examined using a combined mechano and electromyographic method, which measured simultaneously the muscle resistance (MMG) of the rat's hind foot to passive extension and flexion in the ankle joint and the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the antagonistic muscles of that joint: gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. Muscle rigidity was induced by pretreatment with haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.). (S)-4C3HPG injected in doses of 5 and 15 microg/0.5 microl bilaterally, into the rostral region of the striatum, decreased both the haloperidol-induced muscle rigidity (MMG) and the enhanced electromyographic activity (EMG). The present results suggest that blockade of mGluR1 receptors and/or activation of mGluR2 ones, localized in the rostral part of the striatum, may be responsible for the anti-parkinsonian effect of (S)-4C3HPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smêtna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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33
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Tariq M, Khan HA, Al Moutaery K, Al Deeb S. Protective effect of quinacrine on striatal dopamine levels in 6-OHDA and MPTP models of Parkinsonism in rodents. Brain Res Bull 2001; 54:77-82. [PMID: 11226716 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies provide evidence that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may play a role in the development of experimental parkinsonism. In this investigation an attempt was made to determine a possible protective effect of quinacrine (QNC), a PLA2 inhibitor on MPTP as well as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in rodents. For MPTP studies, adult male mice (C57 BL) were treated with MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 5 days. QNC was injected i.p. in the doses of 0, 10, 30 and 60 mg/kg daily 30 min before MPTP in four different groups. Two other groups of mice received either vehicle (control) or a high dose of QNC (60 mg/kg). Two hours after the last injection of MPTP, striata were collected for the analysis of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and glutathione (GSH). For the 6-OHDA study, male Wistar rats were infused with 6-OHDA (60 microg) in the right striatum under chloral hydrate anesthesia. The rats in different groups were treated with 0, 5, 15 and 30 mg/kg QNC (i.p.) for 4 days, while first injection was given 30 min before 6-OHDA. On day 5, rats were sacrificed and striata were stored at -80 degrees C. Administration of MPTP or 6-OHDA significantly reduced striatal DA, which was significantly attenuated by QNC. Concomitant treatment with QNC also protected animals against MPTP or 6-OHDA-induced depletion of striatal GSH. Our findings clearly suggest the role of PLA2 in MPTP and 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. However, further studies are warranted to explore the therapeutic potential of PLA2 inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tariq
- Neuroscience Research Group, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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34
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Mateu G, Privat A, Thibault J, Vignon J. Modulation of glutamate neurotoxicity on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures by the presence of striatal target cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:607-13. [PMID: 10884605 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(99)00110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate toxicity was compared in substantia nigra (SN)/striatum (STR) and SN/cerebellum (CRB) co-cultures on both the entire neuronal population (neuron specific enolase (NSE) immunopositive cells) and dopaminergic neurons (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunopositive cells). In SN/CRB co-cultures NSE- and TH-positive cells were more sensitive to glutamate-induced toxicity than in SN/STR co-cultures. Moreover, in SN/STR co-cultures as compared to SN/CRB and SN cultures, glutamate toxicity was prevented to a larger extent by TCP, a non-competitive NMDA antagonist. These results suggest that target cells induce a differential expression of the different glutamate receptor subtypes in mesencephalic dopaminergic cells. Alternatively, the presence of target cells may induce the selective development of a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons expressing predominantly NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mateu
- INSERM U336, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
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Eradiri OL, Starr MS. Striatal dopamine depletion and behavioural sensitization induced by methamphetamine and 3-nitropropionic acid. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 386:217-26. [PMID: 10618473 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine (4 x 5 mg/kg i.p. at 2-h intervals) and 3-nitropropionic acid (20 mg/kg i.p. on days 1-4 and 6-9, saline on day 5), administered alone or in combination (3-nitropropionic acid as above and methamphetamine on day 5), were investigated in rats 1 week after the last injection. Neither methamphetamine nor 3-nitropropionic acid on their own altered brain dopamine levels, but in combination, they selectively lowered dopamine in the terminal regions of the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens. Methamphetamine depleted 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the striatum, while 3-nitropropionic acid depleted 5-HT in the accumbens and substantia nigra, but a combination of the two toxins failed to lower 5-HT in any of these brain regions. Measurements of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity disclosed no change in the capacity to decarboxylate L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in any region with any of the treatments, but a lowered capacity to decarboxylate 5-hydroxytryptophan in the nigra after all three treatments. Methamphetamine evoked characteristic hyperactivity and stereotypy in the animals, whereas 3-nitropropionic gave rise to early hypermotility followed by hypoactivity. At 1 week after treatment with 3-nitropropionic/methamphetamine, rats exhibited normal spontaneous motor behaviour, a poor response to dopamine D(1) receptor stimulation and an exaggerated response to dopamine D(2) receptor agonists. These results show that combined systemic treatment with methamphetamine and 3-nitropropionic acid partially depletes dopamine in the basal ganglia, rendering the animals supersensitive to dopamine D(2) receptor activation without altering their spontaneous locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L Eradiri
- Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, UK
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Karcz-Kubicha M, Lorenz B, Danysz W. GlycineB antagonists and partial agonists in rodent models of Parkinson's disease--comparison with uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38:109-19. [PMID: 10193902 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiparkinsonian-like activity of glutamate receptor antagonists (mostly of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors) has been demonstrated in animals and for uncompetitive agents, also in humans. In the present study we investigated the potential antiparkinsonian-like activity of compounds acting at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor complex in three animal models of Parkinson's disease and compared them with the new uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MRZ 2/579. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy was inhibited by the Merz glycine site antagonists MRZ 2/570, MRZ 2/571 and MRZ 2/576 but not by another antagonist L-701,324 or the glycine site partial agonists ACPC and D-CS. None of the tested glycine site antagonists or partial agonists increased locomotor activity or potentiated L-DOPA responses in reserpine and alpha-MT treated rats. In rats with a unilateral 6-OHDA medial forebrain bundle lesion neither glycine site antagonists nor partial agonists affected rotations on their own or enhanced the contralateral rotations induced by L-DOPA. In contrast, the uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MRZ 2/579 was active in all antiparkinsonian tests used in this study. Based on the present data the therapeutic potential of the glycine site antagonists and partial agonists tested for the treatment of Parkinson's disease is rather doubtful. Uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists seem to possess a better profile as antiparkinsonian agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karcz-Kubicha
- Department of Pharmacological Research, Merz + Co., Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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37
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Ossowska K, Lorenc-Koci E, Konieczny J, Wolfarth S. The role of striatal glutamate receptors in models of Parkinson's disease. Amino Acids 1999; 14:11-5. [PMID: 9871435 DOI: 10.1007/bf01345236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of antagonists of the NMDA receptor on the parkinsonian-like muscle rigidity in rats. Reserpine and haloperidol increased the muscle resistance of the hind foot to passive movements, as well as the reflex electromyographic (EMG) activity in the gastroenemius and tibialis anterior muscles. MK-801 (0.32-1.28 mg/kg s.c.), an uncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor, and L-701,324 (5-40 mg/kg i.p.), an antagonist of the glycine site, reduced the muscle tone and the reflex EMG activity enhanced by reserpine or haloperidol. AP-5 (2 and 5 micrograms/0.5 microliter), a competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor, and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (1.0-4.5 micrograms/0.5 microliter), the glycine site antagonist injected bilaterally into the rostral striatum, inhibited the muscle rigidity induced by haloperidol. In contrast, AP-5, injected alone bilaterally into the intermediate-caudal striatum induced muscle rigidity. The present results suggest that: (1) the inhibitory effect of the NMDA receptor antagonists on the parkinsonian-like muscle rigidity depends, at least partly, on their action on the rostral striatum; (2) the blockade of NMDA receptors in the intermediate-caudal striatum may reduce the beneficial impact of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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38
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Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that neurons die by apoptosis, an active form of cell death involving a relatively stereotyped series of biochemical changes that culminate in nuclear fragmentation, in many different developmental and pathophysiological settings. In contrast to most other cell types, neurons have elaborate morphologies with complex neuritic arbors that often extend great distances from the cell body. Neuronal death signals are likely to be activated at remote synaptic sites and, indeed, overactivation of glutamate receptors and underactivation of trophic factor receptors are implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We now report that biochemical changes consistent with apoptosis are engaged locally in synapses. Exposure of cortical synaptosomes to staurosporine and Fe2+ resulted in loss of membrane phospholipid asymmetry, caspase activation, and mitochondrial alterations (membrane depolarization, calcium overload, and oxyradical accumulation) characteristic of apoptosis. The caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization in synaptosomes. Studies of the effects of cytosolic extracts from synaptosomes exposed to apoptotic insults, on isolated nuclei, showed that signals capable of inducing nuclear apoptosis are generated locally in synapses. Exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to staurosporine and glutamate resulted in caspase activation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization in dendrites, and zVAD-fmk prevented the membrane depolarization. Glutamate-induced increases in caspase activity were first observed in dendrites and later in the cell body, and focal application of glutamate to individual dendrites resulted in local activation of caspases. Collectively, the data demonstrate that apoptotic biochemical cascades can be activated locally in synapses and dendrites and suggest a role for such local apoptotic signals in synapse loss and neuronal death in neurodegenerative disorders that involve excessive activation of glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Mattson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Starr MS. Antiparkinsonian actions of glutamate antagonists--alone and with L-DOPA: a review of evidence and suggestions for possible mechanisms. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND DEMENTIA SECTION 1998; 10:141-85. [PMID: 9620061 DOI: 10.1007/bf02251229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been much speculation of late as to whether antagonists of glutamate receptors can be used to combat the motor difficulties of Parkinson's disease, either as monotherapy, or as polytherapy to boost the effects of conventional L-DOPA treatment. The latter seems to be the more practical approach and the therapeutic implications of such treatment have been discussed in some detail. However, the mechanisms by which glutamate antagonists potentiate the antiparkinsonian actions of L-DOPA, remain cryptic. In this review we have explored the evidence and considered the practicality of using NMDA and non-NMDA receptor blockers to treat parkinsonism, as well as focusing on the ways in which the behavioural synergy between dopamine and glutamate systems could conceivably arise at the cellular level. Particular attention has been paid to the differential interaction between glutamate antagonists and postsynaptic dopamine D1 and D2 receptory mechanisms, since these are currently believed to reflect the activity of the two major basal ganglia output circuits: the so-called direct pathway to the substantia nigra and the indirect pathway to the globus pallidus. Finally, we have considered the new proposal, that inhibiting glutamate transmission in the basal ganglia accelerates the enzymic conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine at presynaptic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Starr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of London, United Kingdom
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Jolkkonen J, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Glutamatergic regulation of striatal peptide gene expression in rats. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND DEMENTIA SECTION 1998; 10:187-98. [PMID: 9620062 DOI: 10.1007/bf02251230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA levels encoding enkephalin and substance P were measured in the rat striatum following cortical ablation, blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or inhibition of glutamate release by lamotrigine. Unilateral ablation of the cerebral cortex resulted in a decrease of substance P mRNA levels particularly in the rostral dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum ipsilateral to the lesion. There was a similar trend for a reduction in levels of enkephalin mRNA. Continuous, intrastriatal infusion of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid, (CPP, 0.12 and 1.2microg/day) decreased both enkephalin mRNA and substance P mRNA in dose-dependent manner evenly throughout the striatum adjacent to the infusion site. Following subchronic administration of the presumed glutamate release inhibitor, lamotrigine (5 and 20mg/kg IP) there was no significant alterations in either enkephalin mRNA or substance P mRNA levels in the striatum. Both enkephalin mRNA and substance P mRNA expression in the rat striatum appear tonically stimulated through postsynaptic NMDA receptor mediated mechanisms. This contrasts with differential dopaminergic modulation of peptides in striatal output neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jolkkonen
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Division, King's College, London
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Dipyridamole potentiates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced experimental Parkinsonism in mice. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 1998; 4:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(98)00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bon CL, Paulsen O, Greenfield SA. Association between the low threshold calcium spike and activation of NMDA receptors in guinea-pig substantia nigra pars compacta neurons. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:2009-15. [PMID: 9753088 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and the low threshold calcium spike (LTS) of phasically firing neurons in the rostral part of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in mid-brain slices. Bath perfusion of 10 microM NMDA gradually increased the LTS area and the effect reached a maximum after 6 min of perfusion. This enhancement of the LTS by NMDA was blocked both by a competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 50 microM D-AP5 and 10 microM MK801, respectively, demonstrating that this effect of NMDA was mediated through NMDA receptors. Prolonged exposure to increasing concentrations of NMDA (0.1-100 microM) progressively decreased the LTS area. The higher doses led to an irreversible marked depolarization and decrease of the membrane resistance. These results suggest that the LTS of SNpc neurons can trigger a NMDA receptor-dependent response which may have physiological and pathological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bon
- University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
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Lorenc-Koci E, Konieczny J, Wolfarth S. Contribution of the glycine site of NMDA receptors in rostral and intermediate-caudal parts of the striatum to the regulation of muscle tone in rats. Brain Res 1998; 793:315-20. [PMID: 9630698 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of the glycine site of NMDA receptors in the striatum to the regulation of muscle tone. Muscle tone was examined using a combined mechanoand electromyographic method, which measured simultaneously the muscle resistance (MMG) of the rat's hind foot to passive extension and flexion in the ankle joint and the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the antagonistic muscles of that joint: gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. Muscle rigidity was induced by haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg i.p.). 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (5,7-DCKA), a selective glycine site antagonist, injected in doses of 2.5 and 4.5 microg/0.5 microl bilaterally, into the rostral region of the striatum, decreased both the haloperidol-induced muscle rigidity (MMG) and the enhanced electromyographic activity (EMG). 5,7-DCKA injected bilaterally in a dose of 4.5 microg/0.5 microl into the intermediate-caudal region of the striatum of rats not pretreated with haloperidol had no effect on the muscle tone. The present results suggest that blockade of the glycine site of NMDA receptors in the rostral part of the striatum may be mainly responsible for the antiparkinsonian action of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smetna St., PL-31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Samii A, Letwin SR, Calne DB. Prospects for new drug treatment in idiopathic parkinsonism. Drug Discov Today 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(97)01158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Andaloro VJ, Monaghan DT, Rosenquist TH. Dextromethorphan and other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists are teratogenic in the avian embryo model. Pediatr Res 1998; 43:1-7. [PMID: 9432105 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199801000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a calcium-conducting class of excitatory amino acid receptors that are involved in neuronal development and migration. Certain well known teratogens (e.g. homocysteine, ethanol, and chloroform) that induce congenital neural tube and neural crest defects also have the capacity to act as NMDA receptor antagonists. We hypothesized that teratogenicity was a general property of NMDA receptor antagonists, and that high affinity NMDA receptor antagonists would induce neural tube and neural crest defects. Chicken embryos were given 5, 50, or 500 nmol/d of selected NMDA receptor antagonists for 3 consecutive days during the process of neural tube closure, beginning 4 h after the beginning of incubation. Selected NMDA receptor antagonists represented three classes of antagonists: ion channel blockers, glycine site antagonists, and glutamate site agonists and antagonists. All classes of NMDA receptor antagonists induced embryonic death and congenital defects of the neural crest and neural tube; however, the channel blockers were the most potent teratogens. Dextromethorphan at 500 nmol/embryo/d killed more than half the embryos and induced congenital defects in about one-eighth of the survivors; dextromethorphan was also highly lethal at 50 nmol/embryo/d. Glutamate site NMDA receptor agonists (NMDA and homoquinolinic acid) displayed weak toxicity relative to their known NMDA receptor potency. Taken together, these data indicate that NMDA receptor antagonists, particularly channel blockers, are potent teratogens in the chicken embryo model. Because dextromethorphan is a widely used nonprescription antitussive, its strong teratogeneticity using this model is particularly noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Andaloro
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6260, USA
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Ozer H, Ekinci AC, Starr MS. Dopamine D1- and D2-dependent catalepsy in the rat requires functional NMDA receptors in the corpus striatum, nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Brain Res 1997; 777:51-9. [PMID: 9449412 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the anticataleptic activity of MK-801 versus the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 and the D2 antagonist raclopride, using the horizontal bar test in the rat. MK-801, 0.2 mg/kg i.p., strongly opposed the cataleptogenic actions of SCH 23390 and raclopride administered systemically (1 and 3 mg/kg i.p., respectively), or directly into the corpus striatum (CS) or nucleus accumbens (NAc; 1 and 10 microg, respectively). Conversely, intraCS and intraNAc pretreatment with MK-801 (10 microg) markedly attenuated the cataleptic response to a systemic injection of SCH 23390 or raclopride. In the latter experiments the anticataleptic effect of MK-801 was pronounced and sustained (> 2 h), except with intraCS MK-801 versus raclopride, where it was initially profound but only short-lived (15 min). Stereotaxic injection of MK-801 (1 microg) into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) prevented catalepsy developing to either dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonism. These results indicate there must be unimpeded glutamate neurotransmission in the CS and NAc before catalepsy can develop fully to D1 and D2 dopamine receptor blockade in these structures. The weaker glutamate-D2 interaction in the CS than in the NAc may be related to differences in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subpopulations in these nuclei. Finally, the ability of intranigral MK-801 to diminish both D1- and D2-dependent catalepsy suggests the SNr acts as a common output pathway for the expression of both forms of catalepsy in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ozer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Istanbul, Beyazrt Istanbul, Turkey
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Mateu G, Privat A, Thibault J, Vignon J. Comparison of glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate toxicities on rat mesencephalic primary cell cultures. Int J Dev Neurosci 1997; 15:851-65. [PMID: 9568533 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(97)00038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicities of glutamate and NMDA were studied on primary cultures of rat embryonic substantia nigra. The toxicity of the general neuronal population (identified with neuron specific enolase-NSE) was compared with that of dopaminergic neurons (identified with TH antibodies). We have shown that there exists a time-dependent toxicity to glutamate in 9 d old cultures in vitro and exposures as short as 5 min are significantly toxic. By comparing the effects of long time exposures (24 h) to NMDA and glutamate, we can show dose-dependent toxicity; however NMDA shows a less marked effect, especially at high doses (> 500-1000 microM) as opposed to less potent lower doses (< 500 microM). In comparison to the general population of NSE-positive mesencephalic neurons, TH-positive neurons seem to exhibit a similar vulnerability to EAA. The fact that TH-positive neurons are only partially protected against glutamate toxicity by the non-competitive NMDA antagonist TCP indicates that they are more susceptible to non-NMDA mediated neurotoxicity than the general neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mateu
- INSERM U336, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Montpellier, France
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Kaur S, Ozer H, Starr M. MK 801 reverses haloperidol-induced catalepsy from both striatal and extrastriatal sites in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 332:153-60. [PMID: 9286616 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether the anticataleptic effect of (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)-cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK 801) is due to a blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in striatal output pathways as well as in the striatum. Catalepsy induced by haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.) was more effectively reversed by MK 801 (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) given 10 min prior to rather than 45 min after the neuroleptic. Catalepsy evoked by intrastriatal haloperidol (7 micrograms/side) was also strongly attenuated by systemic MK 801 (0.2 mg/kg i.p.). We also found that the cataleptic rigidity induced by systemic haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.) could be prevented by prior injection of MK 801 into the striatum (10 micrograms), subthalamic nucleus (5 micrograms), entopeduncular nucleus (5 micrograms) or substantia nigra pars reticulata (1 microgram). These results suggest that the anticataleptic action of systemic MK 801 versus haloperidol, is due to the blockade of NMDA receptors in the striatum as well as in striatal output circuits through the subthalamus. However, systemic MK 801 (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) was without effect on the catalepsy elicited by injecting muscimol into the globus pallidus (25 ng) or ventromedial thalamus (50 ng). These findings suggest that MK 801 has little influence over thalamic excitatory feedback to the cortex, and that hypoactivity of the pallidum may not be a prerequisite for hyperactivity in the subthalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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Starr MS, Starr BS, Kaur S. Stimulation of basal and L-DOPA-induced motor activity by glutamate antagonists in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21:437-46. [PMID: 9195601 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In parkinsonism, glutamate pathways within the basal ganglia become overactive, leading to the suggestion that glutamate antagonists might possess antiparkinsonian qualities. This report examines the motor properties of antagonists of NMDA and AMPA-type glutamate receptors, as well as some inhibitors of glutamate release, in animal models of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. High affinity NMDA open-channel blockers (e.g. MK 801, phencyclidine), are highly potent antagonists with inconsistent antiakinetic and strong myorelaxant activity. Other compounds are better tolerated and are capable of relieving immobility and muscular rigidity by themselves (e.g. 1-aminoadamantanes, polyamine site antagonists, kappa agonists, riluzole). Yet others do not restore movements alone (e.g. dextromethorphan, ketamine), but may interact with and strengthen the antiparkinsonian action of L-DOPA (e.g. competitive NMDA and AMPA antagonists, lamotrigine). They may do this by potentiating dopaminergic behaviours mediated by D1 or D2 receptors, or by some other mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Starr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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50
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Morelli M. Dopamine/glutamate interaction as studied by combining turning behaviour and c-Fos expression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21:505-9. [PMID: 9195609 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors extensively interact in the mediation of motor behaviours originated in basal ganglia. In unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats, this interaction is of a different sign depending on whether D1 or D2 receptors are stimulated. Contralateral turning behaviour induced by D1 agonists is potentiated by the NMDA antagonist MK 801, while turning behaviour induced by D2 agonists is decreased. NMDA receptors not only modulate the acute turning behaviour induced by DA agonists but also the long-term effects induced by stimulation of DA receptors. MK 801, in fact, prevents the sensitization (priming) of D1-mediated turning behaviour induced by a single exposure to a DA agonist. Prevention of priming by MK 801, also appears to be different depending on whether D1 or D1/D2 receptors are stimulated. Studies on c-fos expression induced by DA D1 agonists in the 6-OHDA lesioned striatum show that detection of Fos-like immunoreactivity correlates to the long-term but not the acute effects induced by DA receptor stimulation and NMDA receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morelli
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Italy
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