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Yanagida B, Yamamoto T, Suzuki H. Amylin-like immunoreactivity in the extra-islet peptide YY-producing and glucagon-immunoreactive cells in Japanese quail pancreas. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13074. [PMID: 38864153 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated amylin-like substance distribution in the pancreas of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using a specific anti-rat amylin serum. We detected amylin-immunoreactive cells dispersed in the pancreatic extra-islet region but not in the islet region. The synthetic rat amylin-containing serum pre-absorption abolished the staining profile. Almost all amylin-immunoreactive cells were immuno-positive for peptide YY (PYY). In addition, certain amylin-immunoreactive cells stained immuno-positive for glucagon. Amylin and PYY co-secreted from the extra-islet cells might participate in the insulin and glucagon release regulation in the pancreas and food intake modulation through the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonten Yanagida
- Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Munakata, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Science, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirohumi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Munakata, Fukuoka, Japan
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2
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Valle A, Castillo P, García-Rodríguez A, Palou A, Palou M, Picó C. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor as a Potential Mediator of the Beneficial Effects of Myo-Inositol Supplementation during Suckling in the Offspring of Gestational-Calorie-Restricted Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:980. [PMID: 38613013 PMCID: PMC11013066 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of myo-inositol (MI) supplementation during suckling against the detrimental effects of fetal energy restriction described in animal studies, particularly focusing on the potential connections with BDNF signaling. Oral physiological doses of MI or the vehicle were given daily to the offspring of control (CON) and 25%-calorie-restricted (CR) pregnant rats during suckling. The animals were weaned and then fed a standard diet until 5 months of age, when the diet was switched to a Western diet until 7 months of age. At 25 days and 7 months of age, the plasma BDNF levels and mRNA expression were analyzed in the hypothalamus and three adipose tissue depots. MI supplementation, especially in the context of gestational calorie restriction, promoted BDNF secretion and signaling at a juvenile age and in adulthood, which was more evident in the male offspring of the CR dams than in females. Moreover, the CR animals supplemented with MI exhibited a stimulated anorexigenic signaling pathway in the hypothalamus, along with improved peripheral glucose management and enhanced browning capacity. These findings suggest a novel connection between MI supplementation during suckling, BDNF signaling, and metabolic programming, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of MI during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián García-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Browne N, Horgan K. The Impact of a Proprietary Blend of Yeast Cell Wall, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Zinc Proteinate on Growth, Nutrient Utilisation, and Endocrine Hormone Secretion in Intestinal Cell Models. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:238. [PMID: 38254407 PMCID: PMC10812779 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In piglets, it is observed that early weaning can lead to poor weight gain due to an underdeveloped gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is unsuitable for an efficient absorption of nutrients. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate have demonstrated their ability to improve intestinal development by increasing cell proliferation, which is vital during this transition period when the small and large intestinal tracts are rapidly growing. Previous reports on butyrate inclusion in feed demonstrated significantly increased feed intakes (FIs) and average daily gains (ADGs) during piglet weaning. Similar benefits in piglet performance have been observed with the inclusion of yeast cell wall in diets. A proprietary mix of yeast cell wall, SCFAs, and zinc proteinate (YSM) was assessed here in vitro to determine its impact on cellular growth, metabolism and appetite-associated hormones in ex vivo small intestinal pig cells and STC-1 mouse intestinal neuroendocrine cells. Intestinal cells demonstrated greater cell densities with the addition of YSM (150 ppm) compared to the control and butyrate (150 ppm) at 24 h. This coincided with the higher utilisation of both protein and glucose from the media of intestinal cells receiving YSM. Ghrelin (an appetite-inducing hormone) demonstrated elevated levels in the YSM-treated cells on a protein and gene expression level compared to the cells receiving butyrate and the control, while satiety hormone peptide YY protein levels were lower in the cells receiving YSM compared to the control and butyrate-treated cells across each time point. Higher levels of ghrelin and lower PYY secretion in cells receiving YSM may drive the uptake of protein and glucose, which is potentially facilitated by elevated gene transporters for protein and glucose. Greater ghrelin levels observed with the inclusion of YSM may contribute to higher cell densities that could support pig performance to a greater extent than butyrate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Browne
- Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, A86 X006 Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Karina Horgan
- Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, A86 X006 Co. Meath, Ireland
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4
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Zheng Y, Rajcsanyi LS, Peters T, Dempfle A, Wudy SA, Hebebrand J, Hinney A. Evaluation of the MC3R gene pertaining to body weight and height regulation and puberty development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10419. [PMID: 37369769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported an impact of the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) on the regulation of body weight, linear growth and puberty timing. Previously, allele p.44Ile of a frequent non-synonymous variant (NSV) p.Val44Ile was reported to be associated with decreased lean body mass (LBM) and later puberty in both sexes. We Sanger sequenced the coding region of MC3R in 185 children or adolescents with short normal stature (SNS) or 258 individuals with severe obesity, and 192 healthy-lean individuals. Eleven variants (six NSVs) were identified. In-silico analyses ensued. Three rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants (p.Phe45Ser, p.Arg220Ser and p.Ile298Ser) were only found in severely obese individuals. One novel highly conserved NSV (p.Ala214Val), predicted to increase protein stability, was detected in a single lean female. In the individuals with SNS, we observed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) (p = 0.012) for p.Val44Ile (MAF = 11.62%). Homozygous p.44Ile carriers with SNS had an increased BMI, but this effect did not remain significant after Bonferroni correction. In line with previous findings, the detected LoF NSVs may suggest that dysfunction in MC3R is associated with decreased body height, obesity and delayed puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Luisa Sophie Rajcsanyi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid Dempfle
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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5
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Correspondence: André C. Carpentier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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Lee BJ, Jeong JK. Positioning-dependent bidirectional NELL2 signaling in the brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1049595. [PMID: 36329889 PMCID: PMC9623028 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1049595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byung Ju Lee, ; Jin Kwon Jeong,
| | - Jin Kwon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Byung Ju Lee, ; Jin Kwon Jeong,
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Jeong JK, Dow SA, Young CN. Sensory Circumventricular Organs, Neuroendocrine Control, and Metabolic Regulation. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080494. [PMID: 34436435 PMCID: PMC8402088 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is critical in metabolic regulation, and accumulating evidence points to a distributed network of brain regions involved in energy homeostasis. This is accomplished, in part, by integrating peripheral and central metabolic information and subsequently modulating neuroendocrine outputs through the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. However, these hypothalamic nuclei are generally protected by a blood-brain-barrier limiting their ability to directly sense circulating metabolic signals—pointing to possible involvement of upstream brain nuclei. In this regard, sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), brain sites traditionally recognized in thirst/fluid and cardiovascular regulation, are emerging as potential sites through which circulating metabolic substances influence neuroendocrine control. The sensory CVOs, including the subfornical organ, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, and area postrema, are located outside the blood-brain-barrier, possess cellular machinery to sense the metabolic interior milieu, and establish complex neural networks to hypothalamic neuroendocrine nuclei. Here, evidence for a potential role of sensory CVO-hypothalamic neuroendocrine networks in energy homeostasis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Colin N. Young
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-202-994-9575; Fax: +1-202-994-287
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8
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McMillan TR, Forster MAM, Short LI, Rudecki AP, Cline DL, Gray SL. Melanotan II, a melanocortin agonist, partially rescues the impaired thermogenic capacity of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide deficient mice. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:427-437. [PMID: 33332767 DOI: 10.1113/ep088838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can chronic treatment of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) deficient mice with the melanocortin agonist melanotan II during cold acclimation rescue the impaired thermogenic capacity previously observed in PACAP deficient mice? What is the main finding and its importance? Using a genetic model of PACAP deficiency, this study provides evidence that PACAP acts upstream of the melanocortin system in regulating sympathetic nerve activity to brown adipose tissue in mice. ABSTRACT Impaired adipose tissue function in obesity, including reduced thermogenic potential, has detrimental consequences for metabolic health. Hormonal regulation of adaptive thermogenesis is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for human obesity. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed in nuclei of the hypothalamus known to regulate energy expenditure, and functional studies reveal a role for PACAP in the central regulation of thermogenesis, although mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesized that PACAP acts upstream of the melanocortin system to regulate sympathetic nerve activity to stimulate thermogenesis. To assess this, female PACAP-/- and PACAP+/+ mice were given daily peripheral injections of a melanocortin receptor agonist, melanotan II (MTII), for 3 weeks during cold acclimation, and the effect of MTII on thermogenic capacity and adipose tissue remodelling was examined by physiological and histological analyses. MTII partially rescued the impaired thermogenic capacity in PACAP-/- mice as compared to PACAP+/+ mice as determined by measuring noradrenaline-induced metabolic rate. In addition, MTII treatment during cold acclimation corrected the previously identified deficit in lipid utilization in response to adrenergic stimulation in PACAP-/- null mice, suggesting impaired lipid mobilization may contribute to the impaired thermogenic capacity of PACAP-/- mice. Results presented here provide physiological evidence to suggest that PACAP acts upstream of melanocortin receptors to facilitate sympathetically induced mechanisms of adaptive thermogenesis in response to cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thecla Rae McMillan
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maeghan A M Forster
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Landon I Short
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander P Rudecki
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah L Gray
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
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Son JW, Kim S. Comprehensive Review of Current and Upcoming Anti-Obesity Drugs. Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:802-818. [PMID: 33389955 PMCID: PMC7801751 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and its prevalence continues to increase globally. Because obesity is a chronic, complex, and heterogeneous disease influenced by genetic, developmental, biological, and environmental factors, it is necessary to approach obesity with an integrated and comprehensive treatment strategy. As it is difficult to achieve and sustain successful long-term weight loss in most patients with obesity through lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy), pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity should be considered as an adjunct therapy. Currently, four drugs (orlistat, naltrexone extended-release [ER]/bupropion ER, phentermine/topiramate controlled-release, and liraglutide) can be used long-term (>12 weeks) to promote weight loss by suppressing appetite or decreasing fat absorption. Pharmacotherapy for obesity should be conducted according to a proper assessment of the clinical evidence and customized to individual patients considering the characteristics of each drug and comorbidities associated with obesity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety of these available long-term anti-obesity drugs and introduce other potential agents under investigation. Furthermore, we discuss the need for research on personalized obesity medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Won Son
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungrae Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Kim JG, Lee BJ, Jeong JK. Temporal Leptin to Determine Cardiovascular and Metabolic Fate throughout the Life. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113256. [PMID: 33114326 PMCID: PMC7690895 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin links peripheral adiposity and the central nervous system (CNS) to regulate cardiometabolic physiology. Within the CNS, leptin receptor-expressing cells are a counterpart to circulating leptin, and leptin receptor-mediated neural networks modulate the output of neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous activity to balance cardiometabolic homeostasis. Therefore, disrupted CNS leptin signaling is directly implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Independently, maternal leptin also plays a central role in the development and growth of the infant during gestation. Accumulating evidence points to the dynamic maternal leptin environment as a predictor of cardiometabolic fate in their offspring as it is directly associated with infant metabolic parameters at birth. In postnatal life, the degree of serum leptin is representative of the level of body adiposity/weight, a driving factor for cardiometabolic alterations, and therefore, the levels of blood leptin through the CNS mechanism, in a large part, are a strong determinant for future cardiometabolic fate. The current review focuses on highlighting and discussing recent updates for temporal dissection of leptin-associated programing of future cardiometabolic fate throughout the entire life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Geun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea;
- Institute for New Drug Development, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.J.L.); (J.K.J.); Tel.: +82-52-259-2351 (B.J.L.); +1-202-994-9815 (J.K.J.)
| | - Jin Kwon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Correspondence: (B.J.L.); (J.K.J.); Tel.: +82-52-259-2351 (B.J.L.); +1-202-994-9815 (J.K.J.)
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11
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T. de Barros C, Rios AC, Alves TFR, Batain F, Crescencio KMM, Lopes LJ, Zielińska A, Severino P, G. Mazzola P, Souto EB, Chaud MV. Cachexia: Pathophysiology and Ghrelin Liposomes for Nose-to-Brain Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175974. [PMID: 32825177 PMCID: PMC7503373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, a severe multifactorial condition that is underestimated and unrecognized in patients, is characterized by continuous muscle mass loss that leads to progressive functional impairment, while nutritional support cannot completely reverse this clinical condition. There is a strong need for more effective and targeted therapies for cachexia patients. There is a need for drugs that act on cachexia as a distinct and treatable condition to prevent or reverse excess catabolism and inflammation. Due to ghrelin properties, it has been studied in the cachexia and other treatments in a growing number of works. However, in the body, exogenous ghrelin is subject to very rapid degradation. In this context, the intranasal release of ghrelin-loaded liposomes to cross the blood-brain barrier and the release of the drug into the central nervous system may be a promising alternative to improve its bioavailability. The administration of nose-to-brain liposomes for the management of cachexia was addressed only in a limited number of published works. This review focuses on the discussion of the pathophysiology of cachexia, synthesis and physiological effects of ghrelin and the potential treatment of the diseased using ghrelin-loaded liposomes through the nose-to-brain route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T. de Barros
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Alessandra C. Rios
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Thaís F. R. Alves
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Fernando Batain
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Kessi M. M. Crescencio
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Laura J. Lopes
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (E.B.S.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Patricia Severino
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil;
- Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Priscila G. Mazzola
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Candido Portinari Street, Campinas, 13083-871 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (E.B.S.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marco V. Chaud
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology College, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-15-98172-4431
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12
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Ding W, Zhang C, Wang B, Zhou X, Sun L, Zhong S, Liu J, Zhang J, Wang X, Wu Q. Loss of the centrosomal protein Cenpj leads to dysfunction of the hypothalamus and obesity in mice. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:419-433. [PMID: 32803714 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cenpj is a centrosomal protein located at the centrosomes and the base of cilia, it plays essential roles in regulating neurogenesis and cerebral cortex development. Although centrosomal and cilium dysfunction are one of the causes of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, the role that Cenpj plays in the regulation of body weight remains unclear. Here, we deleted Cenpj by crossing Cenpjflox/flox mice with Nkx2.1-Cre mice. Loss of the centrosomal protein Cenpj in Nkx2.1-expressing cells causes morbid obesity in mice at approximately 4 months of age with expended brain ventricles but no change of brain size. We found that hypothalamic cells exhibited reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis upon Cenpj depletion at the embryonic stages, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the number of Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and electrophysiological dysfunction of NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in adults. Furthermore, depletion of Cenpj also reduced the neuronal projection from the ARC to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), with decreased melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) expression in PVN neurons. The study defines the roles that Cenpj plays in regulating hypothalamus development and body weight, providing a foundation for further understanding of the pathological mechanisms of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Changjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baisong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Le Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Suijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China. .,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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13
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Gosztonyi G, Ludwig H, Bode L, Kao M, Sell M, Petrusz P, Halász B. Obesity induced by Borna disease virus in rats: key roles of hypothalamic fast-acting neurotransmitters and inflammatory infiltrates. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1459-1482. [PMID: 32394093 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity epidemic is increasing worldwide with major adverse consequences on health. Among other possible causes, the hypothesis of an infectious contribution is worth it to be considered. Here, we report on an animal model of virus-induced obesity which might help to better understand underlying processes in human obesity. Eighty Wistar rats, between 30 and 60 days of age, were intracerebrally inoculated with Borna disease virus (BDV-1), a neurotropic negative-strand RNA virus infecting an unusually broad host spectrum including humans. Half of the rats developed fatal encephalitis, while the other half, after 3-4 months, continuously gained weight. At tripled weights, rats were sacrificed by trans-cardial fixative perfusion. Neuropathology revealed prevailing inflammatory infiltrates in the median eminence (ME), progressive degeneration of neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala, and a strikingly high-grade involution of the hippocampus with hydrocephalus. Immune histology revealed that major BDV-1 antigens were preferentially present at glutamatergic receptor sites, while GABAergic areas remained free from BDV-1. Virus-induced suppression of the glutamatergic system caused GABAergic predominance. In the hypothalamus, this shifted the energy balance to the anabolic appetite-stimulating side governed by GABA, allowing for excessive fat accumulation in obese rats. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltrates in the ME and ventro-medial arcuate nucleus hindered free access of appetite-suppressing hormones leptin and insulin. The hormone transport system in hypothalamic areas outside the ME became blocked by excessively produced leptin, leading to leptin resistance. The resulting hyperleptinemic milieu combined with suppressed glutamatergic mechanisms was a characteristic feature of the found metabolic pathology. In conclusion, the study provided clear evidence that BDV-1 induced obesity in the rat model is the result of interdependent structural and functional metabolic changes. They can be explained by an immunologically induced hypothalamic microcirculation-defect, combined with a disturbance of neurotransmitter regulatory systems. The proposed mechanism may also have implications for human health. BDV-1 infection has been frequently found in depressive patients. Independently, comorbidity between depression and obesity has been reported, either. Future studies should address the exciting question of whether BDV-1 infection could be a link, whatsoever, between these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gosztonyi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moujahed Kao
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Sell
- Division of Pathology, Martin Luther Hospital, 12351, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Petrusz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Béla Halász
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, 1094, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Fu S, Meng Y, Lin S, Zhang W, He Y, Huang L, Du H. Transcriptomic responses of hypothalamus to acute exercise in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7743. [PMID: 31579613 PMCID: PMC6764357 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus has an integral role in energy homeostasis regulation, and its dysfunctions lead to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Physical activity positively affects the prevention and treatment of T2D. However, there is not much information on the adaptive mechanisms of the hypothalamus. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to determine how acute exercise affects hypothalamic transcriptome from both type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and control Wistar rats with or without a single session of running (15 m/min for 60 min). Through pairwise comparisons, we identified 957 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 726, 197, and 98 genes were found between GK and Wistar, exercised GK and GK, and exercised Wistar and Wistar, respectively. The results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment revealed that lipid metabolism-related terms and pathways were enriched in GK and exercised GK rats, and nervous system related terms and pathways were enriched in exercised GK and Wistar rats. Furthermore, 45 DEGs were associated with T2D and related phenotypes according to the annotations in the Rat Genome Database. Among these 45 DEGs, several genes (Plin2, Cd36, Lpl, Wfs1, Cck) related to lipid metabolism or the nervous system are associated with the exercise-induced benefits in the hypothalamus of GK rats. Our findings might assist in identifying potential therapeutic targets for T2D prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhuan Meng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shudai Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Kim HR, Kim DH, Kim KK, Jeong B, Kang D, Lee TH, Park JW, Kwon HM, Lee BJ. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) regulates TNF-α-induced hypothalamic inflammation. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2762-2770. [PMID: 31281956 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) is a widely expressed transcription factor and is important in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we have identified TonEBP expression in the hypothalamus, which is particularly high in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. TonEBP overexpression stimulates POMC transcription, and TonEBP haploinsufficiency in TonEBP (+/-) mice results in a decrease in hypothalamic POMC expression. TonEBP (+/-) mice show reduced sickness responses, which include anorexia and hyperthermia, that are initially induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. TonEBP (+/-) mice also show lower levels of TNF-α-induced hypothalamic expression of POMC and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that TonEBP is an important molecular regulator in the development of inflammatory sickness responses through the control of POMC and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Rae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Kwang Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Dasol Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyug Moo Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
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16
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Tyra M, Ropka-Molik K, Piórkowska K, Oczkowicz M, Szyndler-Nędza M, Małopolska M. Association of Ghrelin Gene Polymorphisms with Fattening Traits and Feed Intake in Pig: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070410. [PMID: 31266237 PMCID: PMC6680418 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary From a production point of view, feed intake, growth and carcass quality are among the most important traits in pig breeding. Understanding the mechanisms and processes going on inside the animal’s body can help in the selection of herds and improvement in economic effectiveness. Previous research conducted on different species has showed that ghrelin (GHRL) is responsible for feed intake, efficiency of growth, etc. Thus, evaluation of the regulatory regions and coding sequence of the porcine GHRL gene may be useful as a molecular marker for selected fattening and feed efficiency traits. In this paper, a promising mutation at the locus g.4486C>T was found, which was associated with total feed intake. Abstract Numerous studies have been conducted to explain the biological functions and mechanism of ghrelin (GHRL) action in animals. However, the exact role of ghrelin in the regulation of growth and development in pigs is still unclear. The ghrelin gene is considered to be a good candidate marker for the identification of economically important traits in pig production such as feed intake, growth or carcass quality. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the regulatory regions and coding sequence of the porcine GHRL gene and determine the effect of polymorphisms at the ghrelin gene locus on selected fattening traits. Data were obtained from 346 gilts (pure breeds: Landrace, 188; Duroc, 74; Pietrain, 84). The PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) method was used to detect polymorphisms within GHRL. Three polymorphisms were found, one in the promoter region (c.-93A>G) and two in the 3’UTR sequence (g.4428T>C; g.4486C>T). A significant (p ≤ 0.01) additive effect on daily gain (negative) and age at slaughter (positive) was obtained at the locus c.-93A>G. However, the most promising mutation was at the locus g.4486C > T, which is associated with total feed intake. Overall, the described GHRL polymorphisms may be useful as molecular markers in pig selection but future studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Tyra
- Department of Pig Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Piórkowska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Maria Oczkowicz
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szyndler-Nędza
- Department of Pig Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Martyna Małopolska
- Department of Pig Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
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17
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Li X, Fan K, Li Q, Pan D, Hai R, Du C. Melanocortin 4 receptor-mediated effects of amylin on thermogenesis and regulation of food intake. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3149. [PMID: 30851142 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Amylin, a pancreatic hormone cosecreted with insulin, exerts important anorexic and weight-loss effects. Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) signalling plays a critical role in energy homeostasis; however, its role on amylin-dependent regulation of food intake and adaptive thermogenesis of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) are unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of amylin on food intake and thermogenesis on IBAT via the MC4R pathway in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute food consumption and thermogenesis in IBAT were measured in male wild-type (WT) and MC4R-deficient mice following intraperitoneal injection of amylin and SHU9119, an MC3R/4R antagonist, to determine the role of the central melanocortin system on the hypothalamus and IBAT. RESULTS Amylin (50 μg/kg) suppressed feeding and stimulated thermogenesis on IBAT via activation of the MC4R system in mice. Pharmacological blockade of MC4R using SHU9119 (50 μg/kg) attenuated amylin-induced inhibition of feeding and stimulation of thermogenesis in IBAT. No changes were observed when SHU9119 was injected alone. Moreover, amylin significantly increased MC4R expression and c-Fos neuronal signals in the arcuate nucleus and significantly increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation in the hypothalamus and IBAT and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression in the IBAT of WT mice via the MC4R pathway. CONCLUSION The melanocortin system was involved in amylin-induced suppression of food intake and activation of thermogenesis in both the hypothalamus and IBAT via modulation of ACC phosphorylation and UCP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Kuikui Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Deng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rihan Hai
- Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou, China
| | - Chenguang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou, China
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18
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Pilitsi E, Farr OM, Polyzos SA, Perakakis N, Nolen-Doerr E, Papathanasiou AE, Mantzoros CS. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: Available medications and drugs under investigation. Metabolism 2019; 92:170-192. [PMID: 30391259 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease with a continuously rising prevalence that currently affects more than half a billion people worldwide. Energy balance and appetite are highly regulated via central and peripheral mechanisms, and weight loss triggers a homeostatic response leading to weight regain. Lifestyle and behavioral modifications are the cornerstones of obesity management; however, they often fail to achieve or sustain long-term weight loss. Pharmacotherapy added onto lifestyle modifications results in an additional, albeit limited, weight reduction. Regardless, this weight reduction of 5-10% conveys multiple cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. In this review, evidence on the food and drug administration (FDA)-approved medications, i.e., orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine/topiramate, liraglutide and naltrexone/bupropion, is summarized. Furthermore, anti-obesity agents in the pipeline for potential future therapeutic use are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pilitsi
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Eric Nolen-Doerr
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, United States of America
| | - Aimilia-Eirini Papathanasiou
- Division of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Gaspar JM, Mendes NF, Corrêa-da-Silva F, Lima-Junior JCD, Gaspar RC, Ropelle ER, Araujo EP, Carvalho HM, Velloso LA. Downregulation of HIF complex in the hypothalamus exacerbates diet-induced obesity. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:550-561. [PMID: 29935943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) can regulate whole-body energy homeostasis in response to changes in blood glucose, suggesting that it acts as a sensor for systemic energy stores. Here, we hypothesized that hypothalamic HIF-1 could be affected by diet-induced obesity (DIO). We used eight-week old, male C57Bl6 mice, fed normal chow diet or with high fat diet for 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The expression of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta was measured by PCR and western blotting and its hypothalamic distribution was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Inhibition of HIF-1beta in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus was performed using stereotaxic injection of shRNA lentiviral particles and animals were grouped under normal chow diet or high fat diet for 14 days. Using bioinformatics, we show that in humans, the levels of HIF-1 transcripts are directly correlated with those of hypothalamic transcripts for proteins involved in inflammation, regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and the ubiquitin/proteasome system; furthermore, in rodents, hypothalamic HIF-1 expression is directly correlated with the phenotype of increased energy expenditure. In mice, DIO was accompanied by increased HIF-1 expression. The inhibition of hypothalamic HIF-1 by injection of an shRNA resulted in a further increase in body mass, a decreased basal metabolic rate, increased hypothalamic inflammation, and glucose intolerance. Thus, hypothalamic HIF-1 is increased during DIO, and its inhibition worsens the obesity-associated metabolic phenotype. Thus, hypothalamic HIF-1 emerges as a target for therapeutic intervention against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Gaspar
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira Mendes
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Corrêa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José C de Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Cao W, Li M, Wu T, Feng F, Feng T, Xu Y, Sun C. αMSH prevents ROS-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Foxo1/mTORC2 in mice adipose tissue. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40872-40884. [PMID: 28388573 PMCID: PMC5522219 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH) is an important adenohypophysis polypeptide hormone that regulates body metabolic status. To date, it is well known that the disorder of hypothalamic αMSH secretion is related to many metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type II diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In our study, we focused on the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced adipocyte apoptosis and tried to unveil the role of αMSH in this process and the signal pathway which αMSH acts through. Kunming white mice were used and induced to oxidative stress status by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) injection and a significant reduction of αMSH were found in mice serum, while elevated ROS level and mRNA level of pro-apoptotic genes were observed in mice adipose tissue. What is more, when detect the function of αMSH in ROS-induced apoptosis, similar inhibitory trend was found with the oxidative stress inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) in ROS-induced adipocyte apoptosis and this trend is αMSH receptor melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R) depended, while an opposite trend was found between αMSH and Foxo1, which is a known positive regulator of adipocyte apoptosis. Further, we found that the repress effect of αMSH in adipocytes apoptosis is acting through Foxo1/mTORC2 pathway. These findings indicate that, αMSH has a strong inhibitory effect on ROS-induced adipocyte apoptosis and underlying mechanism is interacting with key factors in mTOR signal pathway. Our study demonstrated a great role of αMSH in adipocyte apoptosis and brings a new therapeutic mean to the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meihang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianjiao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tongying Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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21
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Central s-resistin deficiency ameliorates hypothalamic inflammation and increases whole body insulin sensitivity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3921. [PMID: 29500410 PMCID: PMC5834531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
S-resistin, a non-secretable resistin isoform, acts as an intracrine factor that regulates adipocyte maduration, inflammatory and insulin response in 3T3-L1 cells. However, its intracellular function in vivo is still unknown. In this study, we analyze the central role of s-resistin, decreasing its hypothalamic expression using an intracerebroventricular injection of lentiviral RNAi. The data present herein support an improvement in the hypothalamic leptin and insulin signaling pathway upon s-resistin downregulation. Furthermore, hypothalamic levels of pro-inflammatory markers decrease, meanwhile those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increases. Interestingly, peripheral NEFA decreases alike circulating leptin and resistin levels. These data demonstrate that hypothalamic s-resistin controls fuel mobilization and adipokines secretion. Importantly, central s-resistin downregulation improves systemic insulin sensitivity, as demonstrated after an IPGTT. Interestingly, our data also indicate that s-resistin downregulation could improve hypothalamic inflammation in aged Wistar rats. Altogether, our findings suggest that hypothalamic s-resistin seems to be a key regulator of the brain-fat axis which links inflammation with metabolic homeostasis.
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Visfatin Triggers Anorexia and Body Weight Loss through Regulating the Inflammatory Response in the Hypothalamic Microglia. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:1958947. [PMID: 29362519 PMCID: PMC5738586 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1958947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visfatin is an adipokine that is secreted from adipose tissue, and it is involved in a variety of physiological processes. In particular, visfatin has been implicated in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are directly linked to systemic inflammation. However, the potential impacts of visfatin on the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis, which is involved in microglial inflammation, have not fully been investigated. In this study, we found that treatment with exogenous recombinant visfatin protein led to the activation of the inflammatory response in a microglial cell line. In addition, we observed that central administration of visfatin led to the activation of microglia in the hypothalamus. Finally, we found that visfatin reduced food intake and body weight through activating POMC neurons in association with microglia activation in mice. These findings indicate that elevation of central visfatin levels may be associated with homeostatic feeding behavior in response to metabolic shifts, such as increased adiposity following inflammatory processes in the hypothalamus.
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Dore R, Levata L, Gachkar S, Jöhren O, Mittag J, Lehnert H, Schulz C. The thermogenic effect of nesfatin-1 requires recruitment of the melanocortin system. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:111-122. [PMID: 28851749 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is a bioactive polypeptide expressed both in the brain and peripheral tissues and involved in the control of energy balance by reducing food intake. Central administration of nesfatin-1 significantly increases energy expenditure, as demonstrated by a higher dry heat loss; yet, the mechanisms underlying the thermogenic effect of central nesfatin-1 remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate whether the increase in energy expenditure induced by nesfatin-1 is mediated by the central melanocortin pathway, which was previously reported to mediate central nesfatin-1´s effects on feeding and numerous other physiological functions. With the application of direct calorimetry, we found that intracerebroventricular nesfatin-1 (25 pmol) treatment increased dry heat loss and that this effect was fully blocked by simultaneous administration of an equimolar dose of the melanocortin 3/4 receptor antagonist, SHU9119. Interestingly, the nesfatin-1-induced increase in dry heat loss was positively correlated with body weight loss. In addition, as assessed with thermal imaging, intracerebroventricular nesfatin-1 (100 pmol) increased interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) as well as tail temperature, suggesting increased heat production in the iBAT and heat dissipation over the tail surface. Finally, nesfatin-1 upregulated pro-opiomelanocortin and melanocortin 3 receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, accompanied by a significant increase in iodothyronine deiodinase 2 and by a nonsignificant increase in uncoupling protein 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha mRNA in the iBAT. Overall, we clearly demonstrate that nesfatin-1 requires the activation of the central melanocortin system to increase iBAT thermogenesis and, in turn, overall energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dore
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Luka Levata
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sogol Gachkar
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olaf Jöhren
- Center of BrainBehavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carla Schulz
- Department of Internal Medicine ICenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Yuan J, Gilbert ER, Cline MA. The central anorexigenic mechanism of amylin in Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) involves pro-opiomelanocortin, calcitonin receptor, and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 210:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Energy homeostasis is regulated by homeostatic and nonhomeostatic reward circuits which are closely integrated and interrelated. Before, during, and after meals, peripheral nutritional signals, through hormonal and neuronal pathways, are conveyed to selective brain areas, namely the hypothalamic nuclei and the brainstem, the main brain areas for energy balance regulation. These orexigenic and anorexigenic centers are held responsible for the integration of those signals and for an adequate output to peripheral organs involved in metabolism and energy homeostasis.Feeding includes also a hedonic behavior defined as food intake for pleasure independently of energy requirement. This nonhomeostatic regulation of energy balance is based on food reward properties, unrelated to nutritional demands, and involves areas like mesolimbic reward system, such as the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, and also opioid, endocannabinoid, and dopamine systems.Herein, focus will be put on the brain circuits of homeostatic and nonhomeostatic regulation of food intake and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Matafome
- Institute of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences-IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Complementary Sciences, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Institute of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences-IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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RNA-seq analysis of the hypothalamic transcriptome reveals the networks regulating physiopathological progress in the diabetic GK rat. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34138. [PMID: 27677945 PMCID: PMC5039700 DOI: 10.1038/srep34138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is an animal model of non-obese type 2 diabetes (T2D). The GK rat was generated through the introduction of various genetic mutations from continuous inbreeding; these rats develop diabetes spontaneously. The mutated genes in GK rats may play key roles in the regulation of diabetes. The hypothalamus plays a central role in systematic energy homeostasis. Here, the hypothalamic transcriptomes in GK and Wistar rats at 4, 8 and 12 weeks were investigated by RNA-seq, and multiple variants and gene expression profiles were obtained. The number of variants identified from GK rats was significantly greater than that of Wistar rats, indicating that many variants were fixed and heritable in GK rats after selective inbreeding. The differential gene expression analysis indicated that GK rats had a dysfunctional hypothalamic melanocortin system and attenuation of the hypothalamic glucose-sensing pathway. In addition, we generated integrated gene network modules by combining the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, co-expression network and mutations in GK and Wistar rats. In the modules, GK-specific genes, such as Bad, Map2k2, Adcy3, Adcy2 and Gstm6, may play key roles in hypothalamic regulation in GK rats. Our research provides a comprehensive map of the abnormalities in the GK rat hypothalamus, which reveals the new mechanisms of pathogenesis of T2D.
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Stijnen P, Ramos-Molina B, O'Rahilly S, Creemers JWM. PCSK1 Mutations and Human Endocrinopathies: From Obesity to Gastrointestinal Disorders. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:347-71. [PMID: 27187081 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prohormone convertase 1/3, encoded by the PCSK1 gene, is a serine endoprotease that is involved in the processing of a variety of proneuropeptides and prohormones. Humans who are homozygous or compound heterozygous for loss-of-function mutations in PCSK1 exhibit a variable and pleiotropic syndrome consisting of some or all of the following: obesity, malabsorptive diarrhea, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, altered thyroid and adrenal function, and impaired regulation of plasma glucose levels in association with elevated circulating proinsulin-to-insulin ratio. Recently, more common variants in the PCSK1 gene have been found to be associated with alterations in body mass index, increased circulating proinsulin levels, and defects in glucose homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the endocrinopathies and other disorders observed in prohormone convertase 1/3-deficient patients, discusses the possible biochemical basis for these manifestations of the disease, and proposes a model whereby certain missense mutations in PCSK1 may result in proteins with a dominant negative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Ramli NS, Ismail P, Rahmat A. Red pitaya juice supplementation ameliorates energy balance homeostasis by modulating obesity-related genes in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:243. [PMID: 27456968 PMCID: PMC4960886 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) or known as buah naga merah in Malay belongs to the cactus family, Cactaceae. Red pitaya has been shown to give protection against liver damage and may reduce the stiffness of the heart. Besides, the beneficial effects of red pitaya against obesity have been reported; however, the mechanism of this protection is not clear. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the red pitaya-targeted genes in obesity using high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rat model. METHODS A total of four groups were tested: corn-starch (CS), corn-starch + red pitaya juice (CRP), high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) and high-carbohydrate, high-fat + red pitaya juice (HRP). The intervention with 5 % red pitaya juice was continued for 8 weeks after 8 weeks initiation of the diet. Retroperitoneal, epididymal and omental fat pads were collected and weighed. Plasma concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using commercial kits. Gene expression analysis was conducted using RNA extracted from liver samples. A total of eighty-four genes related to obesity were analyzed using PCR array. RESULTS The rats fed HCHF-diet for 16 weeks increased body weight, developed excess abdominal fat deposition and down-regulated the expression level of IL-1α, IL-1r1, and Cntfr as compared to the control group. Supplementation of red pitaya juice for 8 weeks increased omental and epididymal fat but no change in retroperitoneal fat was observed. Red pitaya juice reversed the changes in energy balance homeostasis in liver tissues by regulation of the expression levels of Pomc and Insr. The increased protein expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in HCHF group and red pitaya treated rats confirmed the results of gene expression. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study revealed the usefulness of this diet-induced rat model and the beneficial effects of red pitaya on energy balance homeostasis by modulating the anorectic, orexigenic and energy expenditure related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Shazini Ramli
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Patimah Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Malaysia
| | - Asmah Rahmat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Malaysia
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Abstract
The essential role of the brain in maintaining energy homeostasis has motivated the drive to define the neural circuitry that integrates external and internal stimuli to enact appropriate and consequential metabolic and behavioral responses. The hypothalamus has received significant attention in this regard given its ability to influence feeding behavior, yet organisms rely on a much broader diversity and distribution of neuronal networks to regulate both energy intake and expenditure. Because energy balance is a fundamental determinant of survival and success of an organism, it is not surprising that emerging data connect circuits controlling feeding and energy balance with higher brain functions and degenerative processes. In this review, we will highlight both classically defined and emerging aspects of brain control of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Waterson
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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30
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Brain signaling systems in the Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: promising target to treat and prevent these diseases. Future Sci OA 2015; 1:FSO25. [PMID: 28031898 PMCID: PMC5137856 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes in the brain signaling systems play an important role in etiology and pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MS), being a possible cause of these diseases. Therefore, their restoration at the early stages of T2DM and MS can be regarded as a promising way to treat and prevent these diseases and their complications. The data on the functional state of the brain signaling systems regulated by insulin, IGF-1, leptin, dopamine, serotonin, melanocortins and glucagon-like peptide-1, in T2DM and MS, are analyzed. The pharmacological approaches to restoration of these systems and improvement of insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, lipid metabolism, and to prevent diabetic complications are discussed.
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31
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Vaanholt LM, Mitchell SE, Sinclair RE, Speakman JR. Mice that are resistant to diet-induced weight loss have greater food anticipatory activity and altered melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and dopamine receptor 2 (D2) gene expression. Horm Behav 2015; 73:83-93. [PMID: 26122292 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced weight loss varies considerably between individuals, but the mechanisms driving these individual differences remain largely unknown. Here we investigated whether key neuropeptides involved in the regulation of energy balance or reward systems were differentially expressed in mice that were prone or resistant to caloric restriction (CR) induced weight loss. Mice (n=30 males and n=34 females) were fed 70% of their own baseline ad libitum intake for 25days, after which their brains were collected and expression of various neuropeptides were investigated and compared between the 10 male and 10 female mice that showed the greatest (high weight loss, HWL) or lowest weight loss (LWL) (n=40 in total). HWL mice showed a differential neuropeptide profile to LWL in both sexes, characterised by increased expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), leptin receptor (ObRb), and melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) in the arcuate nucleus. No changes in the expression of fat mass and obesity related gene (FTO) or suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (Socs3) were observed. Levels of dopamine D2 receptor were decreased in the nucleus accumbens in HWL compared to LWL mice. HWL mice showed a stronger increase in food anticipatory activity (FAA) in response to CR than LWL mice. These results indicate that the mice prone to diet-induced weight loss experienced greater hunger, potentially driving their elevated FAA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticipation, Psychological/physiology
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Caloric Restriction
- Diet, Reducing
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Female
- Food
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Obese
- Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Obesity/diet therapy
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Leptin/genetics
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Treatment Failure
- Weight Loss/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobke M Vaanholt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rachel E Sinclair
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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da Silva AI, Braz GRF, Silva-Filho R, Pedroza AA, Ferreira DS, Manhães de Castro R, Lagranha C. Effect of fluoxetine treatment on mitochondrial bioenergetics in central and peripheral rat tissues. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:565-74. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have focused on the mitochondrion as a direct drug target in the treatment of metabolic diseases (obesity, metabolic syndrome). Relatively few studies, however, have explicitly investigated whether drug therapies aimed at changing behavior by altering central nervous system (CNS) function affect mitochondrial bioenergetics, and none has explored their effect during early neonatal development. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of chronic treatment of newborn male rats with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine on the mitochondrial bioenergetics of the hypothalamus and skeletal muscle during the critical nursing period of development. Male Wistar rat pups received either fluoxetine (Fx group) or vehicle solution (Ct group) from the day of birth until 21 days of age. At 60 days of age, mitochondrial bioenergetics were evaluated. The Fx group showed increased oxygen consumption in several different respiratory states and reduced production of reactive oxygen species, but there was no change in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening or oxidative stress in either the hypothalamus or skeletal muscle. We observed an increase in glutathione S-transferase activity only in the hypothalamus of the Fx group. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic exposure to fluoxetine during the nursing phase of early rat development results in a positive modulation of mitochondrial respiration in the hypothalamus and skeletal muscle that persists into adulthood. Such long-lasting alterations in mitochondrial activity in the CNS, especially in areas regulating appetite, may contribute to permanent changes in energy balance in treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Isabel da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Glauber Ruda Feitoza Braz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Silva-Filho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Anderson Apolonio Pedroza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diorginis Soares Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães de Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lagranha
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
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