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Gladding JM, Rafiei N, Mitchell CS, Begg DP. Excision of the endothelial blood-brain barrier insulin receptor does not alter spatial cognition in mice fed either a chow or high-fat diet. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 212:107938. [PMID: 38772444 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Insulin is transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelium to regulate aspects of metabolism and cognition. Brain insulin resistance often results from high-fat diet (HFD) consumption and is thought to contribute to spatial cognition deficits. To target BBB insulin function, we used Cre-LoxP genetic excision of the insulin receptor (InsR) from endothelial cells in adult male mice. We hypothesized that this excision would impair spatial cognition, and that high-fat diet consumption would exacerbate these effects. Excision of the endothelial InsR did not impair performance in two spatial cognition tasks, the Y-Maze and Morris Water Maze, in tests held both before and after 14 weeks of access to high-fat (or chow control) diet. The HFD increased body weight gain and induced glucose intolerance but did not impair spatial cognition. Endothelial InsR excision tended to increase body weight and reduce sensitivity to peripheral insulin, but these metabolic effects were not associated with impairments to spatial cognition and did not interact with HFD exposure. Instead, all mice showed intact spatial cognitive performance regardless of whether they had been fed chow or a HFD, and whether the InsR had been excised or not. Overall, the results indicate that loss of the endothelial InsR does not impact spatial cognition, which is in line with pharmacological evidence that other mechanisms at the BBB facilitate insulin transport and allow it to exert its pro-cognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Gladding
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Neda Rafiei
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Mitchell
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denovan P Begg
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Zhou AL, Swaminathan SK, Salian VS, Wang L, Curran GL, Min HK, Lowe VJ, Kandimalla KK. Insulin Signaling Differentially Regulates the Trafficking of Insulin and Amyloid Beta Peptides at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2176-2186. [PMID: 38625027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is instrumental in clearing toxic metabolites from the brain, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, and in delivering essential nutrients to the brain, like insulin. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, increased Aβ levels are paralleled by decreased insulin levels, which are accompanied by insulin signaling deficits at the BBB. Thus, we investigated the impact of insulin-like growth factor and insulin receptor (IGF1R and IR) signaling on Aβ and insulin trafficking at the BBB. Following intravenous infusion of an IGF1R/IR kinase inhibitor (AG1024) in wild-type mice, the BBB trafficking of 125I radiolabeled Aβ peptides and insulin was assessed by dynamic SPECT/CT imaging. The brain efflux of [125I]iodo-Aβ42 decreased upon AG1024 treatment. Additionally, the brain influx of [125I]iodoinsulin, [125I]iodo-Aβ42, [125I]iodo-Aβ40, and [125I]iodo-BSA (BBB integrity marker) was decreased, increased, unchanged, and unchanged, respectively, upon AG1024 treatment. Subsequent mechanistic studies were performed using an in vitro BBB cell model. The cell uptake of [125I]iodoinsulin, [125I]iodo-Aβ42, and [125I]iodo-Aβ40 was decreased, increased, and unchanged, respectively, upon AG1024 treatment. Further, AG1024 reduced the phosphorylation of insulin signaling kinases (Akt and Erk) and the membrane expression of Aβ and insulin trafficking receptors (LRP-1 and IR-β). These findings reveal that insulin signaling differentially regulates the BBB trafficking of Aβ peptides and insulin. Moreover, deficits in IGF1R and IR signaling, as observed in the brains of type II diabetes and AD patients, are expected to increase Aβ accumulation while decreasing insulin delivery to the brain, which has been linked to the progression of cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Suresh K Swaminathan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vrishali S Salian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lushan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Albar NY, Hassaballa H, Shikh H, Albar Y, Ibrahim AS, Mousa AH, Alshanberi AM, Elgebaly A, Bahbah EI. The interaction between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease: a review article. Postgrad Med 2024; 136:377-395. [PMID: 38804907 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2024.2360887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Insulin serves multiple functions as a growth-promoting hormone in peripheral tissues. It manages glucose metabolism by promoting glucose uptake into cells and curbing the production of glucose in the liver. Beyond this, insulin fosters cell growth, drives differentiation, aids protein synthesis, and deters degradative processes like glycolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis. Receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Their widespread presence in the brain underscores the varied and critical functions of insulin signaling there. Insulin aids in bolstering cognition, promoting neuron extension, adjusting the release and absorption of catecholamines, and controlling the expression and positioning of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Importantly, insulin can effortlessly traverse the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, insulin resistance (IR)-induced alterations in insulin signaling might hasten brain aging, impacting its plasticity and potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Two primary pathways are responsible for insulin signal transmission: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, which oversees metabolic responses, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which guides cell growth, survival, and gene transcription. This review aimed to explore the potential shared metabolic traits between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and IR disorders. It delves into the relationship between AD and IR disorders, their overlapping genetic markers, and shared metabolic indicators. Additionally, it addresses existing therapeutic interventions targeting these intersecting pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezar Y Albar
- Internal Medicine Department, Dr. Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hamza Shikh
- Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yassin Albar
- Fakeeh College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Hafez Mousa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Medical Education, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rashid Hospital, Dubai Academic Health Cooperation, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asim Muhammed Alshanberi
- Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Care, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elgebaly
- Smart Health Academic Unit, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
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Liu G, Shu W, Chen Y, Fu Y, Fang S, Zheng H, Cheng W, Lin Q, Hu Y, Jiang N, Yu B. Bone-derived PDGF-BB enhances hippocampal non-specific transcytosis through microglia-endothelial crosstalk in HFD-induced metabolic syndrome. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:111. [PMID: 38685040 PMCID: PMC11057146 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome plays a crucial role in cognitive decline and brain-blood barrier (BBB) breakdown. However, whether the bone-brain axis participates in this pathological process remains unknown. Here, we report that platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) secretion by preosteoclasts in the bone accelerates neuroinflammation. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), a nonspecific transcytosis marker, was upregulated during HFD challenge. MAIN BODY Preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb transgenic mice with high PDGF-BB concentrations in the circulation recapitulated the HFD-induced neuroinflammation and transcytosis shift. Preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb knockout mice were partially rescued from hippocampal neuroinflammation and transcytosis shifts in HFD-challenged mice. HFD-induced PDGF-BB elevation aggravated microglia-associated neuroinflammation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion, which increased ALPL expression and transcytosis shift through enhancing protein 1 (SP1) translocation in endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm the role of bone-secreted PDGF-BB in neuroinflammation and the transcytosis shift in the hippocampal region during HFD challenge and identify a novel mechanism of microglia-endothelial crosstalk in HFD-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqiao Liu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Shu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College, South China University, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College, South China University, Hengyang, China
| | - Haonan Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weike Cheng
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingrong Lin
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Feng Z, Fang C, Ma Y, Chang J. Obesity-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction: phenotypes and mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:110. [PMID: 38678254 PMCID: PMC11056074 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a burgeoning global health issue, is increasingly recognized for its detrimental effects on the central nervous system, particularly concerning the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This manuscript delves into the intricate relationship between obesity and BBB dysfunction, elucidating the underlying phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. We commence with an overview of the BBB's critical role in maintaining cerebral homeostasis and the pathological alterations induced by obesity. By employing a comprehensive literature review, we examine the structural and functional modifications of the BBB in the context of obesity, including increased permeability, altered transport mechanisms, and inflammatory responses. The manuscript highlights how obesity-induced systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation contribute to BBB disruption, thereby predisposing individuals to various neurological disorders. We further explore the potential pathways, such as oxidative stress and endothelial cell dysfunction, that mediate these changes. Our discussion culminates in the summary of current findings and the identification of knowledge gaps, paving the way for future research directions. This review underscores the significance of understanding BBB dysfunction in obesity, not only for its implications in neurodegenerative diseases but also for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinzhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan Ave 1068, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Junlei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan Ave 1068, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Afsar A, Zhang L. Putative Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning the Inverse Roles of Mitochondrial Respiration and Heme Function in Lung Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:185. [PMID: 38534454 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria serve as the major source of oxidative stress. Impaired mitochondria produce less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but generate more reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be a major factor in the oxidative imbalance observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Well-balanced mitochondrial respiration is important for the proper functioning of cells and human health. Indeed, recent research has shown that elevated mitochondrial respiration underlies the development and therapy resistance of many types of cancer, whereas diminished mitochondrial respiration is linked to the pathogenesis of AD. Mitochondria govern several activities that are known to be changed in lung cancer, the largest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Because of the significant dependence of lung cancer cells on mitochondrial respiration, numerous studies demonstrated that blocking mitochondrial activity is a potent strategy to treat lung cancer. Heme is a central factor in mitochondrial respiration/oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and its association with cancer is the subject of increased research in recent years. In neural cells, heme is a key component in mitochondrial respiration and the production of ATP. Here, we review the role of impaired heme metabolism in the etiology of AD. We discuss the numerous mitochondrial effects that may contribute to AD and cancer. In addition to emphasizing the significance of heme in the development of both AD and cancer, this review also identifies some possible biological connections between the development of the two diseases. This review explores shared biological mechanisms (Pin1, Wnt, and p53 signaling) in cancer and AD. In cancer, these mechanisms drive cell proliferation and tumorigenic functions, while in AD, they lead to cell death. Understanding these mechanisms may help advance treatments for both conditions. This review discusses precise information regarding common risk factors, such as aging, obesity, diabetes, and tobacco usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afsar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Kehmeier MN, Khurana A, Bedell BR, Cullen AE, Cannon AT, Henson GD, Walker AE. Effects of dietary soy content on cerebral artery function and behavior in ovariectomized female mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H636-H647. [PMID: 38156886 PMCID: PMC11221805 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As females age, they transition through menopause, experiencing a decrease in estrogen and an increase in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease risk. Most standard rodent chows contain phytoestrogen-rich soybean meal, which can mimic the effects of estrogen. Understanding the impact of this soybean meal on vascular outcomes is crucial to proper experimental design. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of standard and soy-free chows on cerebral artery endothelial function and cognitive function in ovariectomized mice. Young female C57Bl/6J mice (n = 43; ∼6 mo) were randomly assigned to three groups: sham, ovariectomy (OVX), or ovariectomy on a diet containing soy (OVX + Soy). In posterior cerebral arteries, the OVX mice had a 27% lower maximal response to insulin compared with the sham mice. The OVX + Soy mice had a 27% greater maximal vasodilation to insulin compared with the OVX mice and there were no differences in vasodilation between the OVX + Soy and sham groups. The group differences in vasodilation were mediated by differences in nitric oxide bioavailability. The OVX + Soy mice also had greater insulin receptor gene expression in cerebral arteries compared with the OVX mice. However, no differences in aortic or cerebral artery stiffness were observed between groups. Interestingly, the OVX + Soy group scored better on nesting behavior compared with both sham and OVX groups. In summary, we found that ovariectomy impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation in cerebral arteries, but a diet containing soy mitigates these effects. These findings highlight the importance of considering dietary soy when performing vascular and behavioral tests in mice, particularly in females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To properly design experiments, we must consider how variables like diet impact our outcomes, particularly the effects of soy on females. We found that cerebral artery vasodilation in response to insulin was impaired in ovariectomized female mice compared with intact shams. However, ovariectomized mice fed a soy diet had a preserved cerebral artery insulin-mediated vasodilation. These results highlight that the effects of diet on vascular function may explain inconsistencies found between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie N Kehmeier
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Aleena Khurana
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Bradley R Bedell
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Abigail E Cullen
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Audrey T Cannon
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Grant D Henson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Ashley E Walker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
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8
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Bouquiaux C, Champagne B, Beaujean P. Multimillion Atom Simulations of Di-8-ANEPPS Chromophores Embedded in a Model Plasma Membrane: Toward the Investigation of Realistic Dyed Cell Membranes. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:518-531. [PMID: 38157204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A multistep computational approach has been employed to study a multimillion all-atom dyed plasma membrane, with no less than 42 different lipid species spanning the major head groups and a variety of fatty acids, as well as cholesterol, with the objective of investigating its structure and dynamics, as well as its impact on the embedded di-8-ANEPPS dyes. The latter are commonly used as bioimaging probes and serve as local microscopes. So, they provide information on membrane morphology via their second harmonic nonlinear optical (NLO) responses, which have the advantage of being specific to interface regions and sensitive to the chromophore environment. In previous studies, this chromophore has only been studied in simpler membrane models, far from the complexity of real lipid bilayers, while, owing to the ever-increasing computational resources, multimillion lipid bilayers have been studied, giving access to the effects of its heterogeneity. First, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, it is found that the combination of lipids produces a more ordered and denser membrane compared to its homogeneous model counterparts, while the local environment of the embedded dyes becomes enriched in phosphatidylcholine. Subsequently, the second harmonic first hyperpolarizability of the probes was calculated at the TDDFT level on selected frames of MD, highlighting the influence of the lipid environment. Due to the complexity of the system, machine learning (ML) tools have been employed to establish relationships between the membrane structural parameters, the orientation of the probes, and their NLO responses. These ML approaches have revealed influential features, including the presence of diacylglycerol lipids close to the dye. On the whole, this work provides a first step toward understanding the cooperation, synergy, and interactions that occur in such complex guest-host environments, which have emerged as new targets for drug design and membrane lipid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bouquiaux
- University of Namur, Theoretical Chemistry Lab, Unit of Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- University of Namur, Theoretical Chemistry Lab, Unit of Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Pierre Beaujean
- University of Namur, Theoretical Chemistry Lab, Unit of Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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9
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DiLucia SG, Kendrick BJ, Sims-Robinson C. Hyperinsulinemia Impairs Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of the Insulin Receptor and Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Brain Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14670. [PMID: 37834116 PMCID: PMC10572607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate perfusion of cerebral tissues, which is necessary for the preservation of optimal brain health, depends on insulin signaling within brain endothelial cells. Proper insulin signaling relies on the regulated internalization of insulin bound to the insulin receptor, a process which is disrupted by hyperinsulinemia via an unknown mechanism. Thus, the goal of this study was to characterize the impact of hyperinsulinemia on the regulation of molecular targets involved in cerebral blood flow and insulin receptor internalization into brain endothelial cells. The phosphorylation of molecular targets associated with cerebral blood flow and insulin receptor internalization was assessed in hyperinsulinemic brain endothelial cells. Insulin receptor uptake into cells was also examined in the setting of endocytosis blockade. Our data demonstrate that hyperinsulinemia impairs the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. These data correspond with an impairment in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the insulin receptor and dysregulated phosphorylation of key internalization effectors. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia alters the phosphorylation of molecular targets involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, disrupts signaling through the insulin receptor, and hinders the capacity for blood flow regulation by brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G. DiLucia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - B. Jacob Kendrick
- Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Shared Resource, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Catrina Sims-Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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10
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Rhea EM, Leclerc M, Yassine HN, Capuano AW, Tong H, Petyuk VA, Macauley SL, Fioramonti X, Carmichael O, Calon F, Arvanitakis Z. State of the Science on Brain Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Decline Due to Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0814. [PMID: 37611907 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is common and increasing in prevalence worldwide, with devastating public health consequences. While peripheral insulin resistance is a key feature of most forms of T2DM and has been investigated for over a century, research on brain insulin resistance (BIR) has more recently been developed, including in the context of T2DM and non-diabetes states. Recent data support the presence of BIR in the aging brain, even in non-diabetes states, and found that BIR may be a feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to cognitive impairment. Further, therapies used to treat T2DM are now being investigated in the context of AD treatment and prevention, including insulin. In this review, we offer a definition of BIR, and present evidence for BIR in AD; we discuss the expression, function, and activation of the insulin receptor (INSR) in the brain; how BIR could develop; tools to study BIR; how BIR correlates with current AD hallmarks; and regional/cellular involvement of BIR. We close with a discussion on resilience to both BIR and AD, how current tools can be improved to better understand BIR, and future avenues for research. Overall, this review and position paper highlights BIR as a plausible therapeutic target for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ana W Capuano
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Han Tong
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Shannon L Macauley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain, Bordeaux, France and Quebec, Canada
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Frederic Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain, Bordeaux, France and Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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11
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Daniel JM, Lindsey SH, Mostany R, Schrader LA, Zsombok A. Cardiometabolic health, menopausal estrogen therapy and the brain: How effects of estrogens diverge in healthy and unhealthy preclinical models of aging. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 70:101068. [PMID: 37061205 PMCID: PMC10725785 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Research in preclinical models indicates that estrogens are neuroprotective and positively impact cognitive aging. However, clinical data are equivocal as to the benefits of menopausal estrogen therapy to the brain and cognition. Pre-existing cardiometabolic disease may modulate mechanisms by which estrogens act, potentially reducing or reversing protections they provide against cognitive decline. In the current review we propose mechanisms by which cardiometabolic disease may alter estrogen effects, including both alterations in actions directly on brain memory systems and actions on cardiometabolic systems, which in turn impact brain memory systems. Consideration of mechanisms by which estrogen administration can exert differential effects dependent upon health phenotype is consistent with the move towards precision or personalized medicine, which aims to determine which treatment interventions will work for which individuals. Understanding effects of estrogens in both healthy and unhealthy models of aging is critical to optimizing the translational link between preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Daniel
- Department of Psychology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ricardo Mostany
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Laura A Schrader
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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12
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Song J. Amygdala activity and amygdala-hippocampus connectivity: Metabolic diseases, dementia, and neuropsychiatric issues. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114647. [PMID: 37011482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With rapid aging of the population worldwide, the number of people with dementia is dramatically increasing. Some studies have emphasized that metabolic syndrome, which includes obesity and diabetes, leads to increased risks of dementia and cognitive decline. Factors such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and central obesity in metabolic syndrome are associated with synaptic failure, neuroinflammation, and imbalanced neurotransmitter levels, leading to the progression of dementia. Due to the positive correlation between diabetes and dementia, some studies have called it "type 3 diabetes". Recently, the number of patients with cognitive decline due to metabolic imbalances has considerably increased. In addition, recent studies have reported that neuropsychiatric issues such as anxiety, depressive behavior, and impaired attention are common factors in patients with metabolic disease and those with dementia. In the central nervous system (CNS), the amygdala is a central region that regulates emotional memory, mood disorders, anxiety, attention, and cognitive function. The connectivity of the amygdala with other brain regions, such as the hippocampus, and the activity of the amygdala contribute to diverse neuropathological and neuropsychiatric issues. Thus, this review summarizes the significant consequences of the critical roles of amygdala connectivity in both metabolic syndromes and dementia. Further studies on amygdala function in metabolic imbalance-related dementia are needed to treat neuropsychiatric problems in patients with this type of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Nguyen V, Thomas P, Pemberton S, Babin A, Noonan C, Weaver R, Banks WA, Rhea EM. Central nervous system insulin signaling can influence the rate of insulin influx into brain. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:28. [PMID: 37076875 PMCID: PMC10114367 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated, saturable process, known to be affected by many peripheral substrates including insulin itself and triglycerides. This is in contrast to insulin leakage into peripheral tissues. Whether the central nervous system (CNS) can control the rate of insulin uptake by brain remains to be determined. Insulin BBB interactions are impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and CNS insulin resistance is widely prevalent in AD. Therefore, if CNS insulin controls the rate of insulin transport across the BBB, then the defective transport of insulin seen in AD could be one manifestation of the resistance to CNS insulin observed in AD. METHODS We investigated whether enhancing CNS insulin levels or induction of CNS insulin resistance using an inhibitor of the insulin receptor altered the blood-to-brain transport of radioactively labeled insulin in young, healthy mice. RESULTS We found that insulin injected directly into the brain decreased insulin transport across the BBB for whole brain and the olfactory bulb in male mice, whereas insulin receptor blockade decreased transport in female mice for whole brain and hypothalamus. Intranasal insulin, currently being investigated as a treatment in AD patients, decreased transport across the BBB of the hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest CNS insulin can control the rate of insulin brain uptake, connecting CNS insulin resistance to the rate of insulin transport across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Peter Thomas
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alice Babin
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Cassidy Noonan
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Riley Weaver
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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14
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Wu JR, Hernandez Y, Miyasaki KF, Kwon EJ. Engineered nanomaterials that exploit blood-brain barrier dysfunction fordelivery to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114820. [PMID: 37054953 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated physical and functional boundarythat tightly controls the transport of materials between the blood and the brain. There is an increasing recognition that the BBB is dysfunctional in a wide range of neurological disorders; this dysfunction can be symptomatic of the disease but can also play a role in disease etiology. BBB dysfunction can be exploited for the delivery of therapeutic nanomaterials. Forexample, there can be a transient, physical disruption of the BBB in diseases such as brain injury and stroke, which allows temporary access of nanomaterials into the brain. Physicaldisruption of the BBB through external energy sources is now being clinically pursued toincrease therapeutic delivery into the brain. In other diseases, the BBB takes on new properties that can beleveraged by delivery carriers. For instance, neuroinflammation induces the expression ofreceptors on the BBB that can be targeted by ligand-modified nanomaterials and theendogenous homing of immune cells into the diseased brain can be hijacked for the delivery ofnanomaterials. Lastly, BBB transport pathways can be altered to increase nanomaterial transport. In this review, we will describe changes that can occur in the BBB in disease, and how these changes have been exploited by engineered nanomaterials forincreased transport into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yazmin Hernandez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Katelyn F Miyasaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine.
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15
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Sun Y, Zabihi M, Li Q, Li X, Kim BJ, Ubogu EE, Raja SN, Wesselmann U, Zhao C. Drug Permeability: From the Blood-Brain Barrier to the Peripheral Nerve Barriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2023; 6:2200150. [PMID: 37649593 PMCID: PMC10465108 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery into the peripheral nerves and nerve roots has important implications for effective local anesthesia and treatment of peripheral neuropathies and chronic neuropathic pain. Similar to drugs that need to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), drugs must cross the peripheral nerve barriers (PNB), formed by the perineurium and blood-nerve barrier (BNB) to modulate peripheral axons. Despite significant progress made to develop effective strategies to enhance BBB permeability in therapeutic drug design, efforts to enhance drug permeability and retention in peripheral nerves and nerve roots are relatively understudied. Guided by knowledge describing structural, molecular and functional similarities between restrictive neural barriers in the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS), we hypothesize that certain CNS drug delivery strategies are adaptable for peripheral nerve drug delivery. In this review, we describe the molecular, structural and functional similarities and differences between the BBB and PNB, summarize and compare existing CNS and peripheral nerve drug delivery strategies, and discuss the potential application of selected CNS delivery strategies to improve efficacious drug entry for peripheral nerve disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Mahmood Zabihi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Xiaosi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
| | - Eroboghene E. Ubogu
- Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Srinivasa N. Raja
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ursula Wesselmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Consortium for Neuroengineering and Brain-Computer Interfaces, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
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16
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Leclerc M, Bourassa P, Tremblay C, Caron V, Sugère C, Emond V, Bennett DA, Calon F. Cerebrovascular insulin receptors are defective in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2023; 146:75-90. [PMID: 36280236 PMCID: PMC9897197 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Central response to insulin is suspected to be defective in Alzheimer's disease. As most insulin is secreted in the bloodstream by the pancreas, its capacity to regulate brain functions must, at least partly, be mediated through the cerebral vasculature. However, how insulin interacts with the blood-brain barrier and whether alterations of this interaction could contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology both remain poorly defined. Here, we show that human and murine cerebral insulin receptors (INSRs), particularly the long isoform INSRα-B, are concentrated in microvessels rather than in the parenchyma. Vascular concentrations of INSRα-B were lower in the parietal cortex of subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, positively correlating with cognitive scores, leading to a shift towards a higher INSRα-A/B ratio, consistent with cerebrovascular insulin resistance in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Vascular INSRα was inversely correlated with amyloid-β plaques and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, but positively correlated with insulin-degrading enzyme, neprilysin and P-glycoprotein. Using brain cerebral intracarotid perfusion, we found that the transport rate of insulin across the blood-brain barrier remained very low (<0.03 µl/g·s) and was not inhibited by an insulin receptor antagonist. However, intracarotid perfusion of insulin induced the phosphorylation of INSRβ that was restricted to microvessels. Such an activation of vascular insulin receptor was blunted in 3xTg-AD mice, suggesting that Alzheimer's disease neuropathology induces insulin resistance at the level of the blood-brain barrier. Overall, the present data in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brains and an animal model of Alzheimer's disease indicate that defects in the insulin receptor localized at the blood-brain barrier strongly contribute to brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease, in association with β-amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Leclerc
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Philippe Bourassa
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Vicky Caron
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Camille Sugère
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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17
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Insulin and IGF-1 elicit robust transcriptional regulation to modulate autophagy in astrocytes. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101647. [PMID: 36503893 PMCID: PMC9731889 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin is a principal metabolic hormone. It regulates a plethora of metabolic pathways in peripheral tissues. The highly homologous insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), on the other hand, is important for development and growth. Recent studies have shown that insulin and IGF-1 signaling plays fundamental roles in the brain. Loss of insulin or IGF-1 receptors in astrocytes leads to altered glucose handling, mitochondrial metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and behavioral abnormalities in mice. Here, we aim to investigate molecular mechanisms by which insulin and IGF-1 signaling regulates astrocyte functions. METHODS IR-flox and IRKO primary astrocytes were treated with 100 nM insulin or IGF-1 for 6 h, and their transcriptomes were analyzed. Astrocytes with either IR deletion, IGF1R deletion or both were used to examine receptor-dependent transcriptional regulations using qPCR. Additional immunoblotting and confocal imaging studies were performed to functionally validate pathways involved in protein homeostasis. RESULTS Using next-generation RNA sequencing, we show that insulin significantly regulates the expression of over 1,200 genes involved in multiple functional processes in primary astrocytes. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) triggers a similar robust transcriptional regulation in astrocytes. Thus, over 50% of the differentially expressed genes are regulated by both ligands. As expected, these commonly regulated genes are highly enriched in pathways involved in lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Additionally, insulin and IGF-1 induce the expression of genes involved in ribosomal biogenesis, while suppressing the expression of genes involved in autophagy, indicating a common role of insulin and IGF-1 on protein homeostasis in astrocytes. Insulin-dependent suppression of autophagy genes, including p62, Ulk1/2, and several Atg genes, is blunted only when both IR and IGF1R are deleted. CONCLUSIONS In summary, insulin and IGF-1 potently suppress autophagy in astrocytes through transcriptional regulation. Both IR and IGF1R can elicit ligand-dependent transcriptional suppression of autophagy. These results demonstrate an important role of astrocytic insulin/IGF-1 signaling on proteostasis. Impairment of this regulation in insulin resistance and diabetes may contribute to neurological complications related to diabetes.
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18
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Pemberton S, Galindo DC, Schwartz MW, Banks WA, Rhea EM. Endocytosis of insulin at the blood-brain barrier. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DELIVERY 2022; 2:1062366. [PMID: 37936681 PMCID: PMC10629879 DOI: 10.3389/fddev.2022.1062366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
For insulin to act within the brain, it is primarily transported from the blood across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the endocytic machinery necessary for delivering insulin to the brain remains unknown. Additionally, there are processes within the brain endothelial cell that are designed to respond to insulin binding and elicit intracellular signaling. Using pharmacological inhibitors of different types of endocytosis (clathrin-vs. caveolin-mediated), we investigated molecular mediators of both insulin BBB binding in isolated mouse brain microvessels and BBB insulin transport in mice studied by brain perfusion. We found clathrin-mediated mechanisms responsible for insulin surface binding in isolated brain microvessels while caveolin-mediated endocytosis may mediate BBB insulin transport specifically in the hypothalamus. These results further define the molecular machinery necessary for transporting insulin into the CNS and highlight the distinction between insulin internalization for transendothelial transport vs. intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pemberton
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Demi C Galindo
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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19
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Liu Q, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. The Role of Insulin Signaling in Hippocampal-Related Diseases: A Focus on Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214417. [PMID: 36430894 PMCID: PMC9699017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global concern and has become a major public health event affecting human health. Insulin is a metabolic hormone secreted mainly by the peripheral tissue pancreas. In recent years, more and more evidence has proved that insulin regulates various functions of the brain. The hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions affected by AD, is widely distributed with insulin receptors. Studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by insulin resistance, is closely related to AD, which has drawn extensive attention to the relationship between hippocampal insulin signaling and AD. Therefore, we provide an overview of intranasal insulin administration on memory and its underlying mechanism. We also highlight the molecular link between hippocampal insulin resistance and AD and provide a theoretical basis for finding new therapeutic targets for AD in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaoxing Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-3778; Fax: +86-10-6273-3199
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20
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Kitamura K, Okamoto A, Morio H, Isogai R, Ito R, Yamaura Y, Izumi S, Komori T, Ito S, Ohtsuki S, Akita H, Furihata T. Human Immortalized Cell-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Spheroid Models Offer an Evaluation Tool for the Brain Penetration Properties of Macromolecules. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2754-2764. [PMID: 35766901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable middle- or macromolecules (middle/macromolecules) have recently attracted significant attention as new drug delivery carriers into the human brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). During the development process of such carriers, it is necessary to thoroughly evaluate their human BBB permeability levels. In such evaluations, our recently established human immortalized cell-based multicellular spheroidal BBB models (hiMCS-BBB models) have shown high potential. However, the specifics of those capabilities have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we characterize the ability of the hiMCS-BBB models to evaluate RMT-mediated BBB penetration properties of middle/macromolecules. More specifically, we began by validating transferrin receptor (TfR)-mediated RMT functionalities using transferrin in the hiMCS-BBB models and then examined the BBB permeability levels of MEM189 antibodies (known BBB-permeable anti-TfR antibodies). The obtained results showed that, as with the case of transferrin, temperature-dependent uptake of MEM189 antibodies was observed in the hiMCS-BBB models, and the extent of that uptake increased in a time-dependent manner until reaching a plateau after around 2 h. To further expand the evaluation applicability of the models, we also examined the BBB permeability levels of the recently developed SLS cyclic peptide and observed that peptide uptake was also temperature-dependent. To summarize, our results show that the hiMCS-BBB models possess the ability to evaluate the RMT-mediated BBB-permeable properties of antibodies and peptides and thus have the potential to provide valuable tools for use in the exploration and identification of middle/macromolecules showing excellent BBB permeability levels, thereby contributing powerfully to the development of new drug delivery carriers for transporting drugs into the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kitamura
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hanae Morio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryuto Isogai
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryo Ito
- Research Center of Neurology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamaura
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Saki Izumi
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takafumi Komori
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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21
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Zhang Q, Jin K, Chen B, Liu R, Cheng S, Zhang Y, Lu J. Overnutrition Induced Cognitive Impairment: Insulin Resistance, Gut-Brain Axis, and Neuroinflammation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:884579. [PMID: 35873818 PMCID: PMC9298971 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.884579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnutrition-related obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and its prevalence is expected to steadily rise in the future. It is widely recognized that obesity exerts negative impacts on metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. However, relatively fewer reports exist on the impairment of brain structure and function, in the form of memory and executive dysfunction, as well as neurogenerative diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that besides obesity, overnutrition diets independently induce cognitive impairments via multiple mechanisms. In this study, we reviewed the clinical and preclinical literature about the detrimental effects of obesity or high-nutrition diets on cognitive performance and cerebral structure. We mainly focused on the role of brain insulin resistance (IR), microbiota-gut-brain axis, and neuroinflammation. We concluded that before the onset of obesity, short-term exposure to high-nutrition diets already blunted central responses to insulin, altered gut microbiome composition, and activated inflammatory mediators. Overnutrition is linked with the changes in protein expression in brain insulin signaling, leading to pathological features in the brain. Microbiome alteration, bacterial endotoxin release, and gut barrier hyperpermeability also occur to trigger mental and neuronal diseases. In addition, obesity or high-nutrition diets cause chronic and low-grade systematic inflammation, which eventually spreads from the peripheral tissue to the central nervous system (CNS). Altogether, a large number of unknown but potential routes interact and contribute to obesity or diet-induced cognitive impairment. The challenge for future research is to identify effective interventions involving dietary shifts and personalized therapy targeting the underlying mechanisms to prevent and improve cognition deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangyu Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ripeng Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangping Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Abstract
Mice with insulin receptor (IR)-deficient astrocytes (GFAP-IR knockout [KO] mice) show blunted responses to insulin and reduced brain glucose uptake, whereas IR-deficient astrocytes show disturbed mitochondrial responses to glucose. While exploring the functional impact of disturbed mitochondrial function in astrocytes, we observed that GFAP-IR KO mice show uncoupling of brain blood flow with glucose uptake. Since IR-deficient astrocytes show higher levels of reactive oxidant species (ROS), this leads to stimulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and, consequently, of the vascular endothelial growth factor angiogenic pathway. Indeed, GFAP-IR KO mice show disturbed brain vascularity and blood flow that is normalized by treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC ameliorated high ROS levels, normalized angiogenic signaling and mitochondrial function in IR-deficient astrocytes, and normalized neurovascular coupling in GFAP-IR KO mice. Our results indicate that by modulating glucose uptake and angiogenesis, insulin receptors in astrocytes participate in neurovascular coupling.
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23
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Watson LS, Wilken-Resman B, Williams A, DiLucia S, Sanchez G, McLeod TL, Sims-Robinson C. Hyperinsulinemia alters insulin receptor presentation and internalization in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2022; 19:14791641221118626. [PMID: 35975361 PMCID: PMC9393688 DOI: 10.1177/14791641221118626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptors are internalized by endothelial cells to facilitate their physiological processes; however, the impact of hyperinsulinemia in brain endothelial cells is not known. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the impact hyperinsulinemia plays on insulin receptor internalization through changes in phosphorylation, as well as the potential impact of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Hippocampal microvessels were isolated from high-fat diet fed mice and assessed for insulin signaling activation, a process known to be involved with receptor internalization. Surface insulin receptors in brain microvascular endothelial cells were labelled to assess the role hyperinsulinemia plays on receptor internalization in response to stimulation, with and without the PTP1B antagonist, Claramine. Our results indicated that insulin receptor levels increased in tandem with decreased receptor signaling in the high-fat diet mouse microvessels. Insulin receptors of cells subjected to hyperinsulinemic treatment demonstrate splice variation towards decreased IR-A mRNA expression and demonstrate a higher membrane-localized proportion. This corresponded with decreased autophosphorylation at sites critical for receptor internalization and signaling. Claramine restored signaling and receptor internalization in cells treated with hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, hyperinsulinemia impacts brain microvascular endothelial cell insulin receptor signaling and internalization, likely via alternative splicing and increased negative feedback from PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Watson
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brynna Wilken-Resman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alexus Williams
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephanie DiLucia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sanchez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Taylor L McLeod
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Catrina Sims-Robinson
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Catrina Sims-Robinson, PhD, Molecular and
Cellular Biology and Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South Carolina,
96 Jonathan Lucas Street Suite 309D2 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC 29425-2503,
USA.
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24
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Urbanczyk M, Zbinden A, Schenke-Layland K. Organ-specific endothelial cell heterogenicity and its impact on regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114323. [PMID: 35568103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are a key cellular component of the vascular system as they form the inner lining of the blood vessels. Recent findings highlight that ECs express extensive phenotypic heterogenicity when following the vascular tree from the major vasculature down to the organ capillaries. However, in vitro models, used for drug development and testing, or to study the role of ECs in health and disease, rarely acknowledge this EC heterogenicity. In this review, we highlight the main differences between different EC types, briefly summarize their different characteristics and focus on the use of ECs in in vitro models. We introduce different approaches on how ECs can be utilized in co-culture test systems in the field of brain, pancreas, and liver research to study the role of the endothelium in health and disease. Finally, we discuss potential improvements to current state-of-the-art in vitro models and future directions.
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25
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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26
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Martins LB, Braga Tibães JR, Berk M, Teixeira AL. Diabetes and mood disorders: shared mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2022; 26:183-195. [PMID: 34348557 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1957117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the current evidence on the association between Diabetes mellitus (DM) and mood disorders [i.e., Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD)], and therapeutic opportunities. METHODS We searched in MEDLINE (via Ovid) for placebo-controlled clinical trials published in the last 20 years that assessed drug repurposing approaches for the treatment of DM or mood disorders. RESULTS We found seven studies that aimed to verify the effects of antidepressants in patients diagnosed with DM, and eight studies that tested the effect of antidiabetic drugs in patients diagnosed with MDD or BD. Most studies published in the last two decades did not report a positive effect of antidepressants on glycemic control in patients with DM. On the other hand, antidiabetic drugs seem to have a positive effect on the treatment of MDD and BD. CONCLUSIONS While effect of antidepressants on glycemic control in patients with DM is still controversial, the use of antidiabetic drugs may be a promising strategy for patients with MDD or BD. Prospective studies are still needed.Key pointsMood disorders in patients with DM affect glycemic control, potentially increasing mortality risk.The effect of antidepressants on glycemic control in patients with DM is still controversial. The coexistence of complicated DM and a mood disorders would require a careful, individualised, and comprehensive evaluation.Insulin resistance may increase the risk of depressive symptoms and is associated with worse outcomes in BD.The use antidiabetic drugs may be a promising strategy for patients with MDD or BD. However, prospective trials are needed to prove a potential antidepressant activity of antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Bhering Martins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jenneffer Rayane Braga Tibães
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Division of Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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27
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Toward the Decipherment of Molecular Interactions in the Diabetic Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010115. [PMID: 35052794 PMCID: PMC8773210 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with cognitive complications in the brain resulting from acute and chronic metabolic disturbances happening peripherally and centrally. Numerous studies have reported on the morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, and cognitive changes in the brains of diabetic individuals. The detailed pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the development of the diabetic cognitive phenotype remain unclear due to intricate molecular changes evolving over time and space. This review provides an insight into recent advances in understanding molecular events in the diabetic brain, focusing on cerebral glucose and insulin uptake, insulin action in the brain, and the role of the brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Fully competent mitochondria are essential for energy metabolism and proper brain function; hence, the potential contribution of mitochondria to the DM-induced impairment of the brain is also discussed.
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28
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Zhou AL, Sharda N, Sarma VV, Ahlschwede KM, Curran GL, Tang X, Poduslo JF, Kalari KR, Lowe VJ, Kandimalla KK. Age-Dependent Changes in the Plasma and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Amyloid-β Peptides and Insulin. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1031-1044. [PMID: 34924382 PMCID: PMC10846947 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is the most common risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the hallmarks of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Moreover, sub-physiological brain insulin levels have emerged as a pathological manifestation of AD. OBJECTIVE Identify age-related changes in the plasma disposition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) trafficking of Aβ peptides and insulin in mice. METHODS Upon systemic injection of 125I-Aβ40, 125I-Aβ42, or 125I-insulin, the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx were assessed in wild-type (WT) or AD transgenic (APP/PS1) mice at various ages. Additionally, publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data [GSE129788] was employed to investigate pathways regulating BBB transport in WT mice at different ages. RESULTS The brain influx of 125I-Aβ40, estimated as the permeability-surface area product, decreased with age, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. In contrast, the brain influx of 125I-Aβ42 increased with age, accompanied by a decrease in plasma AUC. The age-dependent changes observed in WT mice were accelerated in APP/PS1 mice. As seen with 125I-Aβ40, the brain influx of 125I-insulin decreased with age in WT mice, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. This finding was further supported by dynamic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging studies. RAGE and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways at the BBB, which are implicated in Aβ and insulin transcytosis, respectively, were upregulated with age in WT mice, indicating BBB insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Aging differentially affects the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx of Aβ isoforms and insulin in a manner that could potentially augment AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vidur V. Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristen M. Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geoffry L. Curran
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph F. Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karunya K. Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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29
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Banks WA, Noonan C, Rhea EM, M. Rhea E. Evidence for an alternative insulin transporter at the blood-brain barrier. AGING PATHOBIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 4:100-108. [PMID: 36644126 PMCID: PMC9837797 DOI: 10.31491/apt.2022.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests there is an alternative insulin transporter besides the insulin receptor at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), responsible for shuttling insulin from the circulation into the brain. In this review, we summarize key features of the BBB and what makes it unique compared to other capillary beds; summarize what we know about insulin BBB transport; provide an extensive list of diseases, physiological states, and serum factors tested in modifying insulin BBB transport; and lastly, highlight potential alternative transport systems that may be involved in or have already been tested in mediating insulin BBB transport. Identifying the transport system for insulin at the BBB would aide in controlling central nervous system (CNS) insulin levels in multiple diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and obesity, where availability of insulin to the CNS is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Cassidy Noonan
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.,Corresponding author: Elizabeth M. Rhea, Mailing address: 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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30
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Moscote-Salazar L, Janjua T. Cerebral edema: Role of insulin and insulin signaling pathways in the brain. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/injms.injms_73_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Nagano H, Ito S, Masuda T, Ohtsuki S. Effect of Insulin Receptor-Knockdown on the Expression Levels of Blood-Brain Barrier Functional Proteins in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Pharm Res 2021; 39:1561-1574. [PMID: 34811625 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The insulin receptor (INSR) mediates insulin signaling to modulate cellular functions. Although INSR is expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its role in the modulation of BBB function is poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of INSR knockdown on the expression levels of functional proteins at the BBB. METHODS We established the INSR-knockdown cell line (shINSR) using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). The cellular proteome was analyzed using quantitative proteomics. RESULTS INSR mRNA and protein expressions were decreased in shINSR cells. The suppression of INSR-mediated signaling in shINSR cells was evaluated. The proteins involved in glycolysis and glycogenolysis were suppressed in shINSR cells. As amyloid-β peptide-related proteins, the expressions of presenilin-1 was increased, and those of the insulin-degrading enzyme and neprilysin were decreased. The expressions of BBB transporters, including the ABCB1/MDR1, ABCG2/BCRP, and SLCO2A1/OATP2A1 were significantly decreased by more than 50% in shINSR cells. The efflux activity of ABCB1/MDR1 was also suppressed. The expressions of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 were significantly increased, and those of the transferrin receptor were significantly decreased in shINSR cells. The expression of claudin-5 was also suppressed in shINSR cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that INSR-mediated signaling is involved in the regulation of functional protein expression at the BBB and contributes to the maintenance of BBB function. Changes in the expressions of amyloid-β peptide-related proteins may contribute to the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy via the suppression of INSR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Nagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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32
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Virtuoso A, Colangelo AM, Maggio N, Fennig U, Weinberg N, Papa M, De Luca C. The Spatiotemporal Coupling: Regional Energy Failure and Aberrant Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11304. [PMID: 34768733 PMCID: PMC8583302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal coordination of each element is a pivotal characteristic of systems, and the central nervous system (CNS) is not an exception. Glial elements and the vascular interface have been considered more recently, together with the extracellular matrix and the immune system. However, the knowledge of the single-element configuration is not sufficient to predict physiological or pathological long-lasting changes. Ionic currents, complex molecular cascades, genomic rearrangement, and the regional energy demand can be different even in neighboring cells of the same phenotype, and their differential expression could explain the region-specific progression of the most studied neurodegenerative diseases. We here reviewed the main nodes and edges of the system, which could be studied to develop a comprehensive knowledge of CNS plasticity from the neurovascular unit to the synaptic cleft. The future goal is to redefine the modeling of synaptic plasticity and achieve a better understanding of neurological diseases, pointing out cellular, subcellular, and molecular components that couple in specific neuroanatomical and functional regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Uri Fennig
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Nitai Weinberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
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33
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Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189987. [PMID: 34576151 PMCID: PMC8472298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin plays a range of roles as an anabolic hormone in peripheral tissues. It regulates glucose metabolism, stimulates glucose transport into cells and suppresses hepatic glucose production. Insulin influences cell growth, differentiation and protein synthesis, and inhibits catabolic processes such as glycolysis, lipolysis and proteolysis. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors are expressed on all cell types in the central nervous system. Widespread distribution in the brain confirms that insulin signaling plays important and diverse roles in this organ. Insulin is known to regulate glucose metabolism, support cognition, enhance the outgrowth of neurons, modulate the release and uptake of catecholamine, and regulate the expression and localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Insulin is also able to freely cross the blood–brain barrier from the circulation. In addition, changes in insulin signaling, caused inter alia insulin resistance, may accelerate brain aging, and affect plasticity and possibly neurodegeneration. There are two significant insulin signal transduction pathways: the PBK/AKT pathway which is responsible for metabolic effects, and the MAPK pathway which influences cell growth, survival and gene expression. The aim of this study is to describe the role played by insulin in the CNS, in both healthy people and those with pathologies such as insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease.
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34
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Ruze R, Xu Q, Liu G, Li Y, Chen W, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Liu S, Zhang G, Hu S, Yan Z. Central GLP-1 contributes to improved cognitive function and brain glucose uptake after duodenum-jejunum bypass on obese and diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E392-E409. [PMID: 34370593 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00126.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of cognitive function following bariatric surgery has been highlighted, yet its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Finding the improved brain glucose uptake of patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), duodenum-jejunum bypass (DJB), and sham surgery (Sham) were performed on obese and diabetic Wistar rats, and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide (Lira), antagonist exendin-(9-39) (Exe-9), and the viral-mediated GLP-1 receptor (Glp-1r) knockdown (KD) were applied on both groups to elucidate the role of GLP-1 in mediating cognitive function and brain glucose uptake assessed with the Morris water maze (MWM) and positron emission tomography (PET). Insulin and GLP-1 in serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) were measured, and the expression of glucose uptake-related proteins including glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), GLUT-4, phospho-Akt substrate of 160kDa (pAS160), AS160, Rab10, Myosin-Va as well as the c-fos marker in the brain were examined. Along with augmented glucose homeostasis following DJB, central GLP-1 was correlated with the improved cognitive function and ameliorated brain glucose uptake, which was further confirmed by the enhancive role of Lira on both groups whereas the Exe-9 and Glp-1r KD were opposite. Known to activate insulin-signaling pathways, central GLP-1 contributes to improved cognitive function and brain glucose uptake after DJB.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The improvement of cognitive function following bariatric surgery has been highlighted while its mechanisms remain elusive. The brain glucose uptake of patients was improved after RYGB, and the DJB and sham surgery performed on obese and diabetic Wistar rats revealed that the elevated central GLP-1 contributes to the dramatic improvement of cognitive function, brain glucose uptake, transport, glucose sensing, and neuronal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexiati Ruze
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuekai Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yacheng Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhuang Liu
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Yan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Cai W, Zhang X, Batista TM, García-Martín R, Softic S, Wang G, Ramirez AK, Konishi M, O'Neill BT, Kim JH, Kim JK, Kahn CR. Peripheral Insulin Regulates a Broad Network of Gene Expression in Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, and Nucleus Accumbens. Diabetes 2021; 70:1857-1873. [PMID: 34031123 PMCID: PMC8385615 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain is now recognized as an insulin-sensitive tissue; however, the role of changing insulin concentrations in the peripheral circulation in gene expression in the brain is largely unknown. Here, we performed a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp on 3-month-old male C57BL/6 mice for 3 h. We show that, in comparison with results in saline-infused controls, increases in peripheral insulin within the physiological range regulate expression of a broad network of genes in the brain. Insulin regulates distinct pathways in the hypothalamus (HTM), hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens. Insulin shows its most robust effect in the HTM and regulates multiple genes involved in neurotransmission, including upregulating expression of multiple subunits of GABA-A receptors, Na+ and K+ channels, and SNARE proteins; differentially modulating glutamate receptors; and suppressing multiple neuropeptides. Insulin also strongly modulates metabolic genes in the HTM, suppressing genes in the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, while increasing expression of genes regulating pyruvate dehydrogenase and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA and cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby rerouting of carbon substrates from glucose metabolism to lipid metabolism required for the biogenesis of membranes for neuronal and glial function and synaptic remodeling. Furthermore, based on the transcriptional signatures, these changes in gene expression involve neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. Thus, peripheral insulin acutely and potently regulates expression of a broad network of genes involved in neurotransmission and brain metabolism. Dysregulation of these pathways could have dramatic effects in normal physiology and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Cai
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Thiago M Batista
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rubén García-Martín
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samir Softic
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Guoxiao Wang
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alfred K Ramirez
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Masahiro Konishi
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Beddows CA, Dodd GT. Insulin on the brain: The role of central insulin signalling in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12947. [PMID: 33687120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signals to the brain where it coordinates multiple physiological processes underlying energy and glucose homeostasis. This review explores where and how insulin interacts within the brain parenchyma, how brain insulin signalling functions to coordinate energy and glucose homeostasis and how this contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait A Beddows
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Rhea EM, Banks WA. A historical perspective on the interactions of insulin at the blood-brain barrier. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12929. [PMID: 33433042 PMCID: PMC8052275 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Subsequent to the discovery of insulin in 1921, the role of insulin in the brain has been investigated throughly. The ability of insulin to act within the brain to regulate peripheral glucose levels helped evolve the research surrounding the ability of insulin to be transported into the brain. Investigations aiming to determine the transport of insulin into the brain from the circulation soon followed. Once it was established that insulin could enter the brain, the ability of insulin to bind brain microvessels and regulators of this process were determined. As technology advanced, quantitative measurements to specify the transport rate of insulin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the impact of physiological conditions and diseases were the logical next steps. Lastly, with the advent of genetic mouse models and high-specificity antagonists, the specific role of the insulin receptor in mediating insulin transport could begin to be explored. In this review, we summarise the main findings throughout the decades regarding the interactions of insulin at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA 98159
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington, USA 98108
- Corresponding author: Elizabeth M. Rhea;
| | - William A. Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA 98159
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington, USA 98108
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38
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Sallam NA, Borgland SL. Insulin and endocannabinoids in the mesolimbic system. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12965. [PMID: 33856071 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Easy access to palatable food and an abundance of food-related cues exacerbate non-homeostatic feeding. The metabolic and economical sequelae of non-homeostatic feeding outweigh those of homeostatic feeding and contribute significantly to the global obesity pandemic. The mesolimbic dopamine system is the primary central circuit that governs the motivation to consume food. Insulin and endocannabinoids (eCBs) are two major, presumably opposing, players in regulating homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding centrally and peripherally. Insulin is generally regarded as a postprandial satiety signal, whereas eCBs mainly function as pre-prandial orexinergic signals. In this review, we discuss the effects of insulin and eCB-mediated actions within the mesolimbic pathways. We propose that insulin and eCBs have regional- and time course-dependent roles. We discuss their mechanisms of actions in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, as well as how their mechanisms converge to finely tune dopaminergic activity and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Binayi F, Zardooz H, Ghasemi R, Hedayati M, Askari S, Pouriran R, Sahraei M. The chemical chaperon 4-phenyl butyric acid restored high-fat diet- induced hippocampal insulin content and insulin receptor level reduction along with spatial learning and memory deficits in male rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 231:113312. [PMID: 33412188 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) on plasma and hippocampal insulin and corticosterone levels, the hippocampus insulin receptor amount, and spatial learning and memory with or without receiving 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) in male rats. Rats were divided into high-fat and normal diet groups, then each group was subdivided into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 4-PBA groups. After weaning, the rats were fed with HFD for 20 weeks. Then, 4-PBA or DMSO were injected for 3 days. Subsequently, oral glucose tolerance test was done. On the following day, spatial memory tests were performed. Then the hippocampus Bip, Chop, insulin, corticosterone, and insulin receptor levels were determined. HFD increased plasma glucose, leptin and corticosterone concentrations, hippocampus Bip, Chop and corticosterone levels, food intake, abdominal fat weight and body weight along with impaired glucose tolerance. It decreased plasma insulin, and insulin content, and its receptor amount in hippocampus. HFD lengthened escape latency and shortened the duration spent in target zone. 4-PBA administration improved the HFD- induced adverse changes. Chronic HFD possibly through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent changes in the levels of hippocampal corticosterone, insulin and insulin receptor along with possible leptin resistance caused spatial learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Binayi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sahraei
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Martin H, Bullich S, Guiard BP, Fioramonti X. The impact of insulin on the serotonergic system and consequences on diabetes-associated mood disorders. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12928. [PMID: 33506507 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The idea that insulin could influence emotional behaviours has long been suggested. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be solved and there is no direct and clear-cut evidence demonstrating that such action involves brain serotonergic neurones. Indeed, initial arguments in favour of the association between insulin, serotonin and mood arise from clinical or animal studies showing that impaired insulin action in type 1 or type 2 diabetes causes anxiety- and depressive symptoms along with blunted plasma and brain serotonin levels. The present review synthesises the main mechanistic hypotheses that might explain the comorbidity between diabetes and depression. It also provides a state of knowledge of the direct and indirect experimental evidence that insulin modulates brain serotonergic neurones. Finally, it highlights the literature suggesting that antidiabetic drugs present antidepressant-like effects and, conversely, that serotonergic antidepressants impact glucose homeostasis. Overall, this review provides mechanistic insights into how insulin signalling alters serotonergic neurotransmission and related behaviours bringing new targets for therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Martin
- NutriNeuro, UMR 1286 INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Bullich
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS UMR5169, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS UMR5169, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- NutriNeuro, UMR 1286 INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
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41
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Horton WB, Barrett EJ. Microvascular Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Disease. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:29-55. [PMID: 33125468 PMCID: PMC7846151 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review takes an inclusive approach to microvascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic disease. In virtually every organ, dynamic interactions between the microvasculature and resident tissue elements normally modulate vascular and tissue function in a homeostatic fashion. This regulation is disordered by diabetes mellitus, by hypertension, by obesity, and by dyslipidemia individually (or combined in cardiometabolic disease), with dysfunction serving as an early marker of change. In particular, we suggest that the familiar retinal, renal, and neural complications of diabetes mellitus are late-stage manifestations of microvascular injury that begins years earlier and is often abetted by other cardiometabolic disease elements (eg, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia). We focus on evidence that microvascular dysfunction precedes anatomic microvascular disease in these organs as well as in heart, muscle, and brain. We suggest that early on, diabetes mellitus and/or cardiometabolic disease can each cause reversible microvascular injury with accompanying dysfunction, which in time may or may not become irreversible and anatomically identifiable disease (eg, vascular basement membrane thickening, capillary rarefaction, pericyte loss, etc.). Consequences can include the familiar vision loss, renal insufficiency, and neuropathy, but also heart failure, sarcopenia, cognitive impairment, and escalating metabolic dysfunction. Our understanding of normal microvascular function and early dysfunction is rapidly evolving, aided by innovative genetic and imaging tools. This is leading, in tissues like the retina, to testing novel preventive interventions at early, reversible stages of microvascular injury. Great hope lies in the possibility that some of these interventions may develop into effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Horton
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Eugene J Barrett
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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42
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Tyagi A, Pugazhenthi S. Targeting Insulin Resistance to Treat Cognitive Dysfunction. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2672-2691. [PMID: 33483903 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a devastating disease associated with aging. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, followed by vascular dementia. In addition to clinically diagnosed dementia, cognitive dysfunction has been reported in diabetic patients. Recent studies are now beginning to recognize type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. While studies on insulin action have remained traditionally in the domain of peripheral tissues, the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in the central nervous system on cognitive dysfunction are increasingly being reported by recent clinical and preclinical studies. The findings from these studies suggest that antidiabetic drugs have the potential to be used to treat dementia. In this review, we discuss the physiological functions of insulin in the brain, studies on the evaluation of cognitive function under conditions of insulin resistance, and reports on the beneficial actions of antidiabetic drugs in the brain. This review covers clinical studies as well as investigations in animal models and will further highlight the emerging link between insulin resistance and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anit Tyagi
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Subbiah Pugazhenthi
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Segarra M, Aburto MR, Acker-Palmer A. Blood-Brain Barrier Dynamics to Maintain Brain Homeostasis. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:393-405. [PMID: 33423792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic platform for exchange of substances between the blood and the brain parenchyma, and it is an essential functional gatekeeper for the central nervous system (CNS). While it is widely recognized that BBB disruption is a hallmark of several neurovascular pathologies, an aspect of the BBB that has received somewhat less attention is the dynamic modulation of BBB tightness to maintain brain homeostasis in response to extrinsic environmental factors and physiological changes. In this review, we summarize how BBB integrity adjusts in critical stages along the life span, as well as how BBB permeability can be altered by common stressors derived from nutritional habits, environmental factors and psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Segarra
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Maria R Aburto
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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44
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Meijer RI, Barrett EJ. The Insulin Receptor Mediates Insulin's Early Plasma Clearance by Liver, Muscle, and Kidney. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010037. [PMID: 33466380 PMCID: PMC7824884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the insulin receptor in mediating tissue-specific insulin clearance in vivo has not been reported. Using physiologic insulin doses, we measured the initial clearance rate (first 5 min) of intravenously injected ([125I]TyrA14)-insulin by muscle, liver, and kidney in healthy rats in the presence and absence of the insulin receptor blocker S961. We also tested whether 4 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) affected the initial rate of insulin clearance. Pre-treatment with S961 for 60 min prior to administering labeled insulin raised plasma ([125I]TyrA14)insulin concentration approximately 5-fold (p < 0.001), demonstrating receptor dependency for plasma insulin clearance. Uptake by muscle (p < 0.01), liver (p < 0.05), and kidney (p < 0.001) were each inhibited by receptor blockade, undoubtedly contributing to the reduced plasma clearance. The initial plasma insulin clearance was not significantly affected by HFD, nor was muscle-specific clearance. However, HFD modestly decreased liver clearance (p = 0.056) while increasing renal clearance by >50% (p < 0.01), suggesting a significant role for renal insulin clearance in limiting the hyperinsulinemia that accompanies HFD. We conclude that the insulin receptor is a major mediator of initial insulin clearance from plasma and for its clearance by liver, kidney, and muscle. HFD feeding increases renal insulin clearance to limit systemic hyperinsulinemia.
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Oghbaei H, Fattahi A, Hamidian G, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Ziaee M, Mahmoudi J. A closer look at the role of insulin for the regulation of male reproductive function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113643. [PMID: 33017586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While insulin demonstrates to have a considerable influence on the reproductive system, there are various unanswered questions regarding its precise sites, mechanisms of action, and roles for the developing and functioning of the adult male reproductive system. Apart from its effects on glucose level, insulin has an important role in the reproductive system directly by binding on insulin and IGF receptors in the brain and testis. To date, however, the effect of insulin or its alterations on blood-testis-barrier, as an important regulator of normal spermatogenesis and fertility, has not yet been studied. This review aimed to focus on the experimental and clinical studies to describe mechanisms by which insulin affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, testicular cells, spermatozoa, and sexual behavior. Moreover, we discussed the mechanism and impact of insulin changes in type 1 (insulin deficiency along with persisted or even increased sensitivity) and 2 (insulin resistance along with increased insulin level at the early stages of disease) diabetes and obesity on the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Oghbaei
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - GholamReza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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A Abdel Jaleel G, A Al-Awdan S, F Ahmed R, A H Ahmed-Farid O, Saleh DO. Melatonin regulates neurodegenerative complications associated with NAFLD via enhanced neurotransmission and cellular integrity: a correlational study. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1251-1261. [PMID: 32696189 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized globally as the leading cause of chronic liver diseases whose patients are asymptomatic and are diagnosed incidentally. It increases the rate of mortality which is usually related to cardiovascular events; however, scarce attention has been addressed to brain damage. This study was designed to investigate the impact of melatonin (MEL; 10 mg/kg) on overcoming the hepato and neuro-complications associated with high fat, high fructose (HFHF) diet induced-NAFLD in rats. NAFLD was induced by HFHF diet for 8 consecutive weeks. MEL was given orally for the last 10 days. Rats' general behavior was assessed by; open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST). On biochemical level; serum levels of glucose, insulin, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase as well as the hepatic levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol were evaluated. Monoamines' brain levels, their metabolites in addition to the brain level of 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were evaluated. Moreover, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NOx) were measured in both the liver and brain tissues. Oral treatment of NAFLD induced rats with MEL for ten consecutive days managed to increase the activity of the rats in the OFT and decrease the immobility period in the FST. Moreover, MEL reduced monoamines turnover and elevated brain 8-OHdG level. It also had the ability to counteract the elevated levels of GSH, NOx, MDA, and TNF- α in liver and brain tissues. MEL can be suggested to be a promising candidate for treating the neuronal side effects related to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad A Abdel Jaleel
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Sally A Al-Awdan
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Rania F Ahmed
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Omar A H Ahmed-Farid
- Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt.
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Zaghmi A, Drouin-Ouellet J, Brambilla D, Gauthier MA. Treating brain diseases using systemic parenterally-administered protein therapeutics: Dysfunction of the brain barriers and potential strategies. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120461. [PMID: 33218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of protein therapeutics is increasingly gaining importance for the treatment of human diseases. However, the presence of practically impermeable blood-brain barriers greatly restricts access of such pharmaceutics to the brain. Treating brain disorders with proteins thus remains a great challenge, and the slow clinical translation of these therapeutics may be largely ascribed to the lack of appropriate brain delivery system. Exploring new approaches to deliver proteins to the brain by circumventing physiological barriers is thus of great interest. Moreover, parallel advances in the molecular neurosciences are important for better characterizing blood-brain interfaces, particularly under different pathological conditions (e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). This review presents the current state of knowledge of the structure and the function of the main physiological barriers of the brain, the mechanisms of transport across these interfaces, as well as alterations to these concomitant with brain disorders. Further, the different strategies to promote protein delivery into the brain are presented, including the use of molecular Trojan horses, the formulation of nanosystems conjugated/loaded with proteins, protein-engineering technologies, the conjugation of proteins to polymers, and the modulation of intercellular junctions. Additionally, therapeutic approaches for brain diseases that do not involve targeting to the brain are presented (i.e., sink and scavenging mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada.
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48
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Söderbom G, Zeng BY. The NLRP3 inflammasome as a bridge between neuro-inflammation in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:345-391. [PMID: 32739011 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence increasingly suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). These diseases share many pathological processes, including oxidative stress, local inflammation/neuroinflammation and chronic, low-grade (systemic) inflammation, which are exacerbated by aging, a common risk factor for T2DM and NDDs. Here, we focus on the link between chronic inflammation driven by peripheral metabolic disease and how this may impact neurodegeneration in AD and PD. We review the relationship between these common pathological processes in AD and PD from the perspective of the "pro-inflammatory" signaling of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat- (LRR)-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex. Since the need for effective disease-modifying therapies in T2DM, AD and PD is significant, the relationship between these diseases is important as a positive clinical impact on one may benefit the others. We briefly consider how novel strategies may target neuro-inflammation and provide potential therapies for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bai-Yun Zeng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Bottinelli C, Cartiser N, Bévalot F, Fanton L, Guitton J. Is insulin intoxication still the perfect crime? Analysis and interpretation of postmortem insulin: review and perspectives in forensic toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:324-347. [PMID: 32458714 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is an anabolic hormone essential to glucose homeostasis. Insulin therapy, comprising human insulin (HI) or biosynthetic analogs, is critical for the management of type-1 diabetes and many of type-2 diabetes. However, medication error including non-adapted dose and confusion of insulin type, and misuse, such as massive self-administration or with criminal intent, can have lethal consequences. The aim of this paper is to review the state of knowledge of insulin analysis in biological samples and of the interpretation of insulin concentrations in the situation of insulin-related death investigations. Analytic aspects are considered, as quantification can be strongly impacted by methodology. Immunoanalysis, the historical technique, has a prominent role due to its sensitivity and ease of implementation. Recently, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has provided indispensable selectivity in forensic contexts, distinguishing HI, analogs, and degradation products. We review the numerous antemortem (dose, associated pathology, injection-to-death interval, etc.) and postmortem parameters (in corpore degradation, in vitro degradation related to hemolysis, etc.) involved in the interpretation of insulin concentration. The interest and limitations of various alternative matrices providing a valuable complement to blood analysis are discussed. Vitreous humor is one of the most interesting, but the low diffusion of insulin in this matrix entails very low concentrations. Injection site analysis is relevant for identifying which type of insulin was administered. Muscle and renal cortex are matrices of particular interest, although additional studies are required. A table containing most case reports of fatal insulin poisoning published, with analytical data, completes this review. A logic diagram is proposed to highlight analytical issues and the main parameters to be considered for the interpretation of blood concentrations. Finally, it remains a challenge to provide reliable biological data and solid interpretation in the context of death related to insulin overdose. However, the progress of analytical tools is making the "perfect crime" ever more difficult to commit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Cartiser
- Département de médecine légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Laurent Fanton
- Département de médecine légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, Institut de Médecine Légale, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
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50
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Huang X, Huang K, Li Z, Bai D, Hao Y, Wu Q, Yi W, Xu N, Pan Y, Zhang L. Electroacupuncture improves cognitive deficits and insulin resistance in an OLETF rat model of Al/D-gal induced aging model via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Brain Res 2020; 1740:146834. [PMID: 32304687 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on cognitive function and insulin resistance (IR) in an Al/D-gal-induced aging model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) using Ostuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. The Al/D-gal-OLETF rats for AD were randomly divided into the EA and non-EA groups. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM). The morphology of the hippocampal neurons was observed using hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. Aβ and total Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were detected using western blotting (WB) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fasting blood glucose (FPG) was determined using the glucose oxidase method. Plasma fasting insulin (FINS), serum C-peptide (C-P), and CSF insulin were detected using ELISA. The expression of the genes and proteins in the PI3K signaling pathway was detected using quantitative real-time PCR and WB. After EA intervention, the hippocampal Aβ and total Tau protein levels, body weight, FPG, FINS, and C-P were significantly decreased. The MWM showed that the percentage of time in the target quadrant of the EA group was elevated in the probe test. The protein levels of p-IRS1, p-IRS2, IDE, and p-GSK3β were significantly increased, while p-PI3K-p85α and p-Akt were decreased. In conclusion, EA improves cognitive function and insulin resistance in rat models of AD. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in those changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Huang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Kangbai Huang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- College of Sport and Healthy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Dongyan Bai
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qinglong Wu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Nenggui Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Youcan Pan
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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