1
|
Pan S, A.C. Souza L, Worker CJ, Reyes Mendez ME, Gayban AJB, Cooper SG, Sanchez Solano A, Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW, Feng Earley Y. (Pro)renin receptor signaling in hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase neurons is required for obesity-associated glucose metabolic impairment. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174294. [PMID: 38349753 PMCID: PMC11063935 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is achieved via complex interactions between the endocrine pancreas and other peripheral tissues and glucoregulatory neurocircuits in the brain that remain incompletely defined. Within the brain, neurons in the hypothalamus appear to play a particularly important role. Consistent with this notion, we report evidence that (pro)renin receptor (PRR) signaling within a subset of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVNTH neurons) is a physiological determinant of the defended blood glucose level. Specifically, we demonstrate that PRR deletion from PVNTH neurons restores normal glucose homeostasis in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition of PVNTH neurons mimics the deleterious effect of DIO on glucose. Combined with our finding that PRR activation inhibits PVNTH neurons, these findings suggest that, in mice, (a) PVNTH neurons play a physiological role in glucose homeostasis, (b) PRR activation impairs glucose homeostasis by inhibiting these neurons, and (c) this mechanism plays a causal role in obesity-associated metabolic impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Pan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lucas A.C. Souza
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Caleb J. Worker
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Miriam E. Reyes Mendez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Ariana Julia B. Gayban
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Silvana G. Cooper
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Alfredo Sanchez Solano
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory J. Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang JL, Pourhosseinzadeh MS, Lee S, Krämer N, Guillen JV, Cinque NH, Aniceto P, Momen AT, Koike S, Huising MO. Paracrine signalling by pancreatic δ cells determines the glycaemic set point in mice. Nat Metab 2024; 6:61-77. [PMID: 38195859 PMCID: PMC10919447 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
While pancreatic β and α cells are considered the main drivers of blood glucose homeostasis through insulin and glucagon secretion, the contribution of δ cells and somatostatin (SST) secretion to glucose homeostasis remains unresolved. Here we provide a quantitative assessment of the physiological contribution of δ cells to the glycaemic set point in mice. Employing three orthogonal mouse models to remove SST signalling within the pancreas or transplanted islets, we demonstrate that ablating δ cells or SST leads to a sustained decrease in the glycaemic set point. This reduction coincides with a decreased glucose threshold for insulin response from β cells, leading to increased insulin secretion to the same glucose challenge. Our data demonstrate that β cells are sufficient to maintain stable glycaemia and reveal that the physiological role of δ cells is to provide tonic feedback inhibition that reduces the β cell glucose threshold and consequently lowers the glycaemic set point in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Pourhosseinzadeh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Niels Krämer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaresley V Guillen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Naomi H Cinque
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paola Aniceto
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ariana T Momen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shinichiro Koike
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alikhani G, Balochian S. Robust stability control for nonlinear time varying delay fractional order practical systems and application in Glucose-Insulin system. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023; 26:1796-1805. [PMID: 36377247 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2145888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a long-term and prevalent disease that 10% of the world population suffer from. This study uses a state feedback controller to control blood glucose level in the delayed fractional order model of this disease. Thus, first, a proper state feedback controller for stabilizing the fractional order model with time-variant delays is presented. Then, stability and stabilization of the fractional order models in the fractional order insulin-glucose model with time-variant delays is presented. The results show that the insulin-glucose system with the proposed controller is stabilized and the blood glucose concentration is controlled in a proper time. Further studies might provide the opportunity for novel technologies in controlling and treating diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Alikhani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gonabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gonabad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| | - Saeed Balochian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gonabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gonabad, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buzsáki G, Tingley D. Cognition from the Body-Brain Partnership: Exaptation of Memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 2023; 46:191-210. [PMID: 36917822 PMCID: PMC10793243 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-101222-110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Examination of cognition has historically been approached from language and introspection. However, human language-dependent definitions ignore the evolutionary roots of brain mechanisms and constrain their study in experimental animals. We promote an alternative view, namely that cognition, including memory, can be explained by exaptation and expansion of the circuits and algorithms serving bodily functions. Regulation and protection of metabolic and energetic processes require time-evolving brain computations enabling the organism to prepare for altered future states. Exaptation of such circuits was likely exploited for exploration of the organism's niche. We illustrate that exploration gives rise to a cognitive map, and in turn, environment-disengaged computation allows for mental travel into the past (memory) and the future (planning). Such brain-body interactions not only occur during waking but also persist during sleep. These exaptation steps are illustrated by the dual, endocrine-homeostatic and memory, contributions of the hippocampal system, particularly during hippocampal sharp-wave ripples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA;
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Tingley
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA;
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Szmygin H, Szmygin M, Cheda M, Kłobuszewski B, Drelich-Zbroja A, Matyjaszek-Matuszek B. Current Insights into the Potential Role of fMRI in Discovering the Mechanisms Underlying Obesity. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4379. [PMID: 37445414 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming one of the major global health concerns. This chronic disease affects around 650 million people worldwide and is an underlying cause of a number of significant comorbidities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report on obesity from 2022, this disorder became the fourth leading cause of deaths in Europe. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying obesity is of essential importance to successfully prevent and treat this disease. The aim of this study was to review the current insights into the potential role of fMRI in discovering the mechanisms underlying obesity on the basis of recent scientific literature published up to December 2022 and searches of the PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases. The literature assessed indicated that a growing body of evidence suggests that obesity leads to changes in both structure and connectivity within the central nervous system. Emerging data from recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies prove that obese individuals present an increased motivational drive to eat as well as impaired processing in reward- and control-related brain regions. Apart from this, it is clear that fMRI might be a useful tool in detection of obesity-induced changes within the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Szmygin
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Szmygin
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cheda
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kłobuszewski
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Drelich-Zbroja
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Matyjaszek-Matuszek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sewaybricker LE, Huang A, Chandrasekaran S, Melhorn SJ, Schur EA. The Significance of Hypothalamic Inflammation and Gliosis for the Pathogenesis of Obesity in Humans. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:281-296. [PMID: 36251886 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated preclinical literature demonstrates that hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis are underlying causal components of diet-induced obesity in rodent models. This review summarizes and synthesizes available translational data to better understand the applicability of preclinical findings to human obesity and its comorbidities. The published literature in humans includes histopathologic analyses performed postmortem and in vivo neuroimaging studies measuring indirect markers of hypothalamic tissue microstructure. Both support the presence of hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis in children and adults with obesity. Findings predominantly point to tissue changes in the region of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, although findings of altered tissue characteristics in whole hypothalamus or other hypothalamic regions also emerged. Moreover, the severity of hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis has been related to comorbid conditions, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and low testosterone levels in men, independent of elevated body adiposity. Cross-sectional findings are augmented by a small number of prospective studies suggesting that a greater degree of hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis may predict adiposity gain and worsening insulin sensitivity in susceptible individuals. In conclusion, existing human studies corroborate a large preclinical literature demonstrating that hypothalamic neuroinflammatory responses play a role in obesity pathogenesis. Extensive or permanent hypothalamic tissue remodeling may negatively affect the function of neuroendocrine regulatory circuits and promote the development and maintenance of elevated body weight in obesity and/or comorbid endocrine disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98015, USA
| | | | - Susan J Melhorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yadav Y, Dey CS. PP2Cα aggravates neuronal insulin resistance leading to AD-like phenotype in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 644:49-54. [PMID: 36630734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal insulin resistance is a major risk for development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Studies already reported few kinases participating in neuronal insulin signaling connected with progression of AD pathogenesis, yet complete information is missing. α isoform of Protein Phosphatase-2C (PP2C) is a Ser/Thr phosphatase, only known in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as a positive regulator of insulin signaling. However, many aspects of its function in neuronal insulin signaling and insulin resistance are unidentified. Recently, we reported that PP2Cα positively regulates neuronal glucose uptake possibly by a mechanism of dephosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser522 and by inactivating AMPK, exacerbating hyperinsulinemia mediated neuronal insulin resistance. Since PP2Cα affected neuronal insulin signaling and AD is connected to neuronal insulin resistance, in the present study, we studied the role of PP2Cα in regulating activities of both isoforms of GSK3α and GSK3β (one of the leading kinases for AD progression). The results led us to test the role of PP2Cα on AD hallmarks. Silencing of PP2Cα caused hyperphosphorylation of a potential kinase Tau, leading to NFT formation and increased Aβ deposition. Our study thereby demonstrates escalation of hyperinsulinemia mediated neuronal insulin resistance leading to AD-like pathogenesis by PP2Cα in vitro and hints a novel molecule, PP2Cα, linking AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Yadav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 10016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 10016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dischinger U, Kötzner L, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Kleinschmidt H, Haas C, Perez J, Presek C, Koschker AC, Miras AD, Hankir MK, Vogel J, Germer CT, Fassnacht M, Herrmann MJ, Seyfried F. Hypothalamic integrity is necessary for sustained weight loss after bariatric surgery: A prospective, cross-sectional study. Metabolism 2023; 138:155341. [PMID: 36341838 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hypothalamus is the main integrator of peripheral and central signals in the control of energy homeostasis. Its functional relevance for the effectivity of bariatric surgery is not entirely elucidated. Studying the effects of bariatric surgery in patients with hypothalamic damage might provide insight. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Prospective study to analyze the effects of bariatric surgery in patients with hypothalamic obesity (HO) vs. matched patients with common obesity (CO) with and without bariatric surgery. METHODS 65 participants were included (HO-surgery: n = 8, HO-control: n = 10, CO-surgery: n = 12, CO-control: n = 12, Lean-control: n = 23). Body weight, levels of anorexic hormones, gut microbiota, as well as subjective well-being/health status, eating behavior, and brain activity (via functional MRI) were evaluated. RESULTS Patients with HO lost significantly less weight after bariatric surgery than CO-participants (total body weight loss %: 5.5 % vs. 26.2 %, p = 0.0004). After a mixed meal, satiety and abdominal fullness tended to be lowest in HO-surgery and did not correlate with levels of GLP-1 or PYY. Levels of PYY (11,151 ± 1667 pmol/l/h vs. 8099 ± 1235 pmol/l/h, p = 0.028) and GLP-1 (20,975 ± 2893 pmol/l/h vs. 13,060 ± 2357 pmol/l/h, p = 0.009) were significantly higher in the HO-surgery vs. CO-surgery group. Abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus was increased in feces of HO and CO after bariatric surgery. Comparing HO patients with lean-controls revealed an increased activation in insula and cerebellum to viewing high-caloric foods in left insula and cerebellum in fMRI. CONCLUSIONS Hypothalamic integrity is necessary for the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in humans. Peripheral changes after bariatric surgery are not sufficient to induce satiety and long-term weight loss in patients with hypothalamic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Dischinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Laura Kötzner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Helena Kleinschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Haas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jose Perez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Presek
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Koschker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed K Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zakharova IO, Bayunova LV, Derkach KV, Ilyasov IO, Morina IY, Shpakov AO, Avrova NF. Effects of Intranasally Administered Insulin and Gangliosides on Hypothalamic Signaling and Expression of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis Genes in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
10
|
Diamanti K, Cavalli M, Pereira MJ, Pan G, Castillejo-López C, Kumar C, Mundt F, Komorowski J, Deshmukh AS, Mann M, Korsgren O, Eriksson JW, Wadelius C. Organ-specific metabolic pathways distinguish prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and normal tissues. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 3:100763. [PMID: 36198307 PMCID: PMC9589007 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors cause defects in pancreatic islets driving type 2 diabetes (T2D) together with the progression of multi-tissue insulin resistance. Mass spectrometry proteomics on samples from five key metabolic tissues of a cross-sectional cohort of 43 multi-organ donors provides deep coverage of their proteomes. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology terms provides a tissue-specific map of altered biological processes across healthy, prediabetes (PD), and T2D subjects. We find widespread alterations in several relevant biological pathways, including increase in hemostasis in pancreatic islets of PD, increase in the complement cascade in liver and pancreatic islets of PD, and elevation in cholesterol biosynthesis in liver of T2D. Our findings point to inflammatory, immune, and vascular alterations in pancreatic islets in PD that are hypotheses to be tested for potential contributions to hormonal perturbations such as impaired insulin and increased glucagon production. This multi-tissue proteomic map suggests tissue-specific metabolic dysregulations in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klev Diamanti
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marco Cavalli
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J. Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gang Pan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Casimiro Castillejo-López
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden,Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (KI/AZ ICMC), Department of Medicine, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Filip Mundt
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland,Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Atul S. Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Department of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Wadelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tu L, Fukuda M, Tong Q, Xu Y. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:71. [PMID: 35619170 PMCID: PMC9134642 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), has been long known for its involvement in glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, it is still not fully understood how the brain detects and responds to the changes in the circulating glucose levels, as well as brain-body coordinated control of glucose homeostasis. In this review, we address the growing evidence implicating the brain in glucose homeostasis, especially in the contexts of hypoglycemia and diabetes. In addition to neurons, we emphasize the potential roles played by non-neuronal cells, as well as extracellular matrix in the hypothalamus in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Further, we review the ionic mechanisms by which glucose-sensing neurons sense fluctuations of ambient glucose levels. We also introduce the significant implications of heterogeneous neurons in the VMH upon glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis, in which sex difference is also addressed. Meanwhile, research gaps have also been identified, which necessities further mechanistic studies in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Tu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Engel DF, Velloso LA. The timeline of neuronal and glial alterations in experimental obesity. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108983. [PMID: 35143850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In experimental models, hypothalamic dysfunction is a key component of the pathophysiology of diet-induced obesity. Early after the introduction of a high-fat diet, neurons, microglia, astrocytes and tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus undergo structural and functional changes that impact caloric intake, energy expenditure and systemic glucose tolerance. Inflammation has emerged as a central component of this response, and as in other inflammatory conditions, there is a time course of events that determine the fate of distinct cells involved in the central regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. Here, we review the work that identified key mechanisms, cellular players and temporal features of diet-induced hypothalamic abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane F Engel
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rosenbaum JL, Melhorn SJ, Schoen S, Webb MF, De Leon MRB, Humphreys M, Utzschneider KM, Schur EA. Evidence That Hypothalamic Gliosis Is Related to Impaired Glucose Homeostasis in Adults With Obesity. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:416-424. [PMID: 34848489 PMCID: PMC8914420 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preclinical research implicates hypothalamic glial cell responses in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the current study we sought to translate such findings to humans by testing whether radiologic markers of gliosis in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) were greater in individuals with obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis or T2D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using cross-sectional and prospective cohort study designs, we applied a validated quantitative MRI approach to assess gliosis in 67 adults with obesity and normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or T2D. Assessments of glucose homeostasis were conducted via oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and β-cell modeling. RESULTS We found significantly greater T2 relaxation times (a marker of gliosis by MRI), that were independent of adiposity, in the groups with IGT and T2D as compared with the group with normal glucose tolerance. Findings were present in the MBH, but not control regions. Moreover, positive linear associations were present in the MBH but not control regions between T2 relaxation time and glucose area under the curve during an OGTT, fasting glucose concentrations, hemoglobin A1c, and visceral adipose tissue mass, whereas negative linear relationships were present in the MBH for markers of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. In a prospective cohort study, greater MBH T2 relaxation times predicted declining insulin sensitivity over 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Findings support a role for hypothalamic gliosis in the progression of insulin resistance in obesity and thus T2D pathogenesis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rosenbaum
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Susan J Melhorn
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stefan Schoen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Mary F Webb
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mary Rosalynn B De Leon
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Madelaine Humphreys
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kristina M Utzschneider
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Toward the Decipherment of Molecular Interactions in the Diabetic Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010115. [PMID: 35052794 PMCID: PMC8773210 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with cognitive complications in the brain resulting from acute and chronic metabolic disturbances happening peripherally and centrally. Numerous studies have reported on the morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, and cognitive changes in the brains of diabetic individuals. The detailed pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the development of the diabetic cognitive phenotype remain unclear due to intricate molecular changes evolving over time and space. This review provides an insight into recent advances in understanding molecular events in the diabetic brain, focusing on cerebral glucose and insulin uptake, insulin action in the brain, and the role of the brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Fully competent mitochondria are essential for energy metabolism and proper brain function; hence, the potential contribution of mitochondria to the DM-induced impairment of the brain is also discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pan X, Tao S, Tong N. Potential Therapeutic Targeting Neurotransmitter Receptors in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:884549. [PMID: 35669692 PMCID: PMC9163348 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.884549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules secreted by neurons to coordinate communication and proper function among different sections in the central neural system (CNS) by binding with different receptors. Some neurotransmitters as well as their receptors are found in pancreatic islets and are involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Neurotransmitters can act with their receptors in pancreatic islets to stimulate or inhibit the secretion of insulin (β cell), glucagon (α cell) or somatostatin (δ cell). Neurotransmitter receptors are either G-protein coupled receptors or ligand-gated channels, their effects on blood glucose are mainly decided by the number and location of them in islets. Dysfunction of neurotransmitters receptors in islets is involved in the development of β cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes (T2D).Therapies targeting different transmitter systems have great potential in the prevention and treatment of T2D and other metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Islet Transplantation, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shibing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Ziyang First People’s Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Islet Transplantation, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Nanwei Tong,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Díaz-Catalán D, Alcarraz-Vizán G, Castaño C, de Pablo S, Rodríguez-Comas J, Fernández-Pérez A, Vallejo M, Ramírez S, Claret M, Parrizas M, Novials A, Servitja JM. BACE2 suppression in mice aggravates the adverse metabolic consequences of an obesogenic diet. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101251. [PMID: 34015524 PMCID: PMC8190493 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is a central feature in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accumulating evidence indicates that β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 2 (BACE2) inhibition exerts a beneficial effect on β-cells in different models of T2D. Thus, targeting BACE2 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this disease. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of BACE2 suppression on glucose homeostasis in a model of diet-induced obesity. METHODS BACE2 knock-out (BKO) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 or 16 weeks. Body weight, food intake, respiratory exchange ratio, locomotor activity, and energy expenditure were determined. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. β-cell proliferation was assessed by Ki67-positive nuclei, and β-cell function was determined by measuring glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Leptin sensitivity was evaluated by quantifying food intake and body weight after an intraperitoneal leptin injection. Neuropeptide gene expression and insulin signaling in the mediobasal hypothalamus were determined by qPCR and Akt phosphorylation, respectively. RESULTS After 16 weeks of HFD feeding, BKO mice exhibited an exacerbated body weight gain and hyperphagia, in comparison to WT littermates. Glucose tolerance was similar in both groups, whereas HFD-induced hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and β-cell expansion were more pronounced in BKO mice. In turn, leptin-induced food intake inhibition and hypothalamic insulin signaling were impaired in BKO mice, regardless of the diet, in accordance with deregulation of the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide genes. Importantly, BKO mice already showed increased β-cell proliferation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with respect to WT littermates after two weeks of HFD feeding, before the onset of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results reveal that BACE2 suppression in an obesogenic setting leads to exacerbated body weight gain, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Thus, we conclude that inhibition of BACE2 may aggravate the adverse metabolic effects associated with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Díaz-Catalán
- Pathogenesis and Prevention of Diabetes Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Gema Alcarraz-Vizán
- Pathogenesis and Prevention of Diabetes Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Carlos Castaño
- Pathogenesis and Prevention of Diabetes Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Sara de Pablo
- Pathogenesis and Prevention of Diabetes Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Rodríguez-Comas
- Pathogenesis and Prevention of Diabetes Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ramírez
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Claret
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelina Parrizas
- Pathogenesis and Prevention of Diabetes Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Anna Novials
- Pathogenesis and Prevention of Diabetes Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Joan-Marc Servitja
- Pathogenesis and Prevention of Diabetes Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pereira G, Gillies H, Chanda S, Corbett M, Vernon SD, Milani T, Bateman L. Acute Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 2 Agonism Results in Sustained Symptom Improvement in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:698240. [PMID: 34539356 PMCID: PMC8441022 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.698240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex multi-symptom disease with widespread evidence of disrupted systems. The authors hypothesize that it is caused by the upregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2) in the raphé nuclei and limbic system, which impairs the ability to maintain homeostasis. The authors propose utilizing agonist-mediated receptor endocytosis to downregulate CRFR2. Materials and Methods This open-label trial tested the safety, tolerability and efficacy of an acute dose of CT38s (a short-lived, CRFR2-selective agonist, with no known off-target activity) in 14 ME/CFS patients. CT38s was subcutaneously-infused at one of four dose-levels (i.e., infusion rates of 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.20 μg/kg/h), for a maximum of 10.5 h. Effect was measured as the pre-/post-treatment change in the mean 28-day total daily symptom score (TDSS), which aggregated 13 individual patient-reported symptoms. Results ME/CFS patients were significantly more sensitive to the transient hemodynamic effects of CRFR2 stimulation than healthy subjects in a prior trial, supporting the hypothesized CRFR2 upregulation. Adverse events were generally mild, resolved without intervention, and difficult to distinguish from ME/CFS symptoms, supporting a CRFR2 role in the disease. The acute dose of CT38s was associated with an improvement in mean TDSS that was sustained (over at least 28 days post-treatment) and correlated with both total exposure and pre-treatment symptom severity. At an infusion rate of 0.03 μg/kg/h, mean TDSS improved by -7.5 ± 1.9 (or -25.7%, p = 0.009), with all monitored symptoms improving. Conclusion The trial supports the hypothesis that CRFR2 is upregulated in ME/CFS, and that acute CRFR2 agonism may be a viable treatment approach warranting further study. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03613129.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tina Milani
- Bateman Horne Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
In this review, Lee and Olefsky discuss the characteristics of chronic inflammation in the major metabolic tissues and how obesity triggers these events, including a focus on the role of adipose tissue hypoxia and macrophage-derived exosomes. Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance, and the current obesity epidemic is driving a parallel rise in the incidence of T2DM. It is now widely recognized that chronic, subacute tissue inflammation is a major etiologic component of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of immunometabolism. We discuss the characteristics of chronic inflammation in the major metabolic tissues and how obesity triggers these events, including a focus on the role of adipose tissue hypoxia and macrophage-derived exosomes. Last, we also review current and potential new therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Myers MG, Affinati AH, Richardson N, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system regulation of organismal energy and glucose homeostasis. Nat Metab 2021; 3:737-750. [PMID: 34158655 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability (for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass). Rather than viewing the adipose tissue and glucose control systems separately, we suggest that the brain systems that control them are components of a larger, highly integrated, 'fuel homeostasis' control system. This conceptual framework, along with new insights into the organization and function of distinct neuronal systems, provides a context within which to understand how metabolic homeostasis is achieved in both basal and postprandial states. We also review evidence that dysfunction of the central fuel homeostasis system contributes to the close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the goal of identifying more effective treatment options for these common metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Myers
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison H Affinati
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Richardson
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|